Unit-IV- Kinematics of particles

Kinematics: Kinematics is the study of motion of a moving body without considering the forces which cause the motion and kinetics is the study of motion of a moving body with also considering the external forces which cause the motion. Types of plane motion

(i)

Rectilinear - The motion of a particle along a straight line is known as rectilinear (or) straight line motion. E.g: A car moving on a straight line, A ball thrown vertically upward. Uniform acceleration Variable acceleration Curvilinear - The motion of a particle along a curved as known as curvilinear motion.

(ii) 1. 2.

Characteristics of kinematics Displacement (S): The displacement of a moving particle is the change in its position, during which the particle remains in motion. It is a vector quantity, has both magnitude and direction. Speed: It is the distance traveled by the particle or body along per unit time. It is a scalar quantity has magnitude only. Speed =

dis tan ce travelled m km (or ) Time taken hr s

3.

Average speed: It is the ratio of total distance to total time it takes to travel that distance. Average speed =

Total Dis tan ce travelled m km (or ) Time taken hr s

4.

Velocity: It is the rate of change of displacement. It is a vector quantity. Velocity =

Dis tan ce travelled in particular direction m ds (or) Time taken s dt

When the particle moves in one direction, and it covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, then the velocity of the particle is known as uniform velocity. When there is a change is direction (or) change is magnitude (or) change in magnitude and direction, then the velocity is known as variable velocity.

5.

Average velocity: It is the ratio of displacement and time interval. Average velocity =

Change in position Change in tim e

6.

Acceleration (a): It is the rate of change of velocity. It is a vector quantity. Acceleration =

change of velocity m 2 Time taken s

Final velocity Initial velocity Time taken

(or)

d 2s dt 2

Negative acceleration is called as retardation (Final velocity < initial velocity) Equations of motion in a straight line

 v = u + at

s = ut +

1 at 2

v2= u2 +2as
If a body starts from rest, its initial velocity is zero (u = 0) When a body starts moving vertically downwards, initial velocity is zero (u = 0) If a body comes to rest, its final velocity is zero (v = 0) When a body is projected vertically upwards, at the highest point its final velocity is zero (v = 0)

where u initial velocity (m/s), v- final velocity (m/s), s- distance traveled by the particle(m) t- time taken by the particle, to change from u to v (sec), a acceleration of the particle (m/s2) Distance traveled in nth second: Equations of motion Rectilinear motion Vertical downward motion v = u + gt s = ut +

sn = u +

a (2n 1) 2

where n is the seconds

Sl.No. 1 2 3 4

Horizontal motion v = u + at s = ut +

Vertical upward motion v = u - gt s = ut -

1 at 2

1 gt 2

1 gt 2

v2 = u2 + 2as

v2 = u2 +2gh

v2 = u2 - 2gh

sn = u +

a (2n 1) 2

sn = u +

g (2n 1) 2

sn = u

g ( 2n 1) 2

Important points - upward motion:

M axim um

height attained , hmax =

u2 2g
u m im ax um height , t = g

T e taken by the particle im

to reach

,
2u g

Total tim taken by the particle e

u=

to return the ground

surface , T =

2 g x hmax

if hmax is known if time is known

u = t xg

Important points - downward motion:

S ik g tr in v lo ity e c o th p r le f e a tic , mv g o in d wwr s o n ad , fr m o th p s n e o itio o r s , v = 2g f et h

Rectilinear motion with variable acceleration: When a particle is moving in a straight line with variable acceleration, it is not possible to write general equations due to a number of possible variations on the parameters like velocity, displacement, time taken etc..

Case i: Displacement is a function of time

Displacem e

nt , s = f (t )

Velocity , v =

ds d = [ f (t )] dt dt

Accelerati on , a =

Case ii: Acceleration is a function of time

dv d 2 = [ f (t )] dt dt 2

Accelerati
D isplacem e

on , a = f (t )

V elocity

nt , s = vdt = f (t )dt

, v = f (t )dt

Case iii: Acceleration is a function of velocity

Accelerati on , a = v Accelerati on , a = v

dv ds dv ds

where acceleration equation a is in terms of velocity.

Case iv: Acceleration is a function of distance where acceleration equation a is in terms of distance.