AP US History Review 2009 Session #3 1850- Imperialism

Includes the following chapters from The American Pageant (12th edition):
Ch 19-28 Ch 19 Drifting Toward Disunion, 1854-1861 So youre the little lady who wrote the book that started this great war?: [No. You and every politician is responsible for this war as you are all wars, so shut your bearded face dude!] Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin intended to show the cruelty of slavery, a powerful political force Many Northerners would not help enforce the Fugitive Slave Law/Act after reading it British & French citizens read it Their governments knew the common citizens would not support intervention on the side of the South and slavery Other books about slavery from the time: Hinton R. Helpers The Impending Crisis of the South - argued that non-slaveholding white southerners suffered the most from slavery Bleeding Kansas: Proslavery southerners regarded Kansas as slave territory by 1855 Bleeding Kansas in mid-1850s Lecompton Constitution was identified with proslavery (Border Ruffians from MO/Bushwackers), and The New England Immigrant Aid Society was associated with anti-slavery/free soilers (Jayhawkers from Lawrence, KS) 1856 Breaking point in Kansas attack on Lawrence by proslavery raiders Pres. Buchanan backed the Lecompton Constitution which hopelessly divided the Democratic Party Lecompton Constitution proposed the state of KS (1861) protect slavery already in KS Mid-1850s KS indicated the impracticality of popular sovereignty in territories (Bleeding Kansas) Kansass Lecompton Constitution allowed slavery in territory - supported by Buchanan & proslavery settlers Bleeding Sumner: Bleeding Sumner MA Sen. Charles Sumner insulted Sen. Butler and the South the harlot slavery - So, Preston Brooks, southern congressman and cousin of Sen. Butler, beat Sumner severely with his cane in the Capital bldg Sumner never completely recovered from the severe assault Brooks was sent canes to replace the one he broke while beating Sumner - This revealed the inflamed passion over slavery in North & South 1856 Election: Candidates & Parties for 1856 election: Frmont Republican (1st Rep candidate ever), Fillmore Know-Nothing (the American Party), & Buchanan Democrat (He won!) A Weak President Does Nothing: James Buchanan - chosen Democratic nominee for the 1856 election b/c he was not associated w/ KS-NB Act Lame Duck President Buchanan did not believe the Constitution gave him authority to use force to keep the South in the Union (USA). He was a lawyer from PA. (Lame Duck presidents are waiting for the president-elect to take office) President Buchanan declined using force to keep the South in the Union b/c: He believed secession was unconstitutional. He believed the Constitution did not give him the authority to use force to preserve the Union. He thought Northern public opinion would not support the use of force as many felt the South should be let go peacefully from the Union if they so chose. The US Army was small (~15,000) and was out West fighting Native Americans. He believed there was still a slim chance at reconciliation. His advisers were pro-Southern. Xenophobic (fear of foreigners) Racist Political Party - Nativism: The Know Nothing Party (the American Party) 1856 platform was Nativism Nativists of the 1850s known for their anti-Catholic and anti-foreign sentiments Republicans lost the 1856 election partly b/c South threatened a declaration of war if the Republicans won

Late 1856, many Northerners still voted for the Democratic presidential candidate b/c of valuable economic business connections w/ the South Economic Troubles in 1857: Panic of 1857 Result for South belief that Cotton was King b/c cotton prices were fairly stable while N industrialists were hit hard by the Panic of 1857. The Northern industrialists wanted a higher (protective) tariff as a result, Northeastern grain growers who had overproduced wheat for the Crimean War, once over, created a surplus which caused the price of grains to drop, & Republicans responded by offering to pass protective tariffs and free land for homesteaders (Act of 1862). The Supreme Court in 1857 Rules Slaves Are Property Not People with Any Rights Anywhere, Anytime: Dred Scott 1857 Supreme Court case based on Scotts slave status after having lived on free-soil with his master; Scott believed he was free as a result. - The Supreme Court expected the case to settle the issue of slavery in the territories once and for all - Supreme Court said Scott was not a citizen, so he had no right to bring suit in federal court in the first place - The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was unconstitutional - Majority of northerners were most outraged by the Supreme Courts ruling that Congress never had the authority to regulate/prohibit slavery in the territories - Proslavery southerners liked the Supreme decision Dred Scott case of 1857 Slave with family who sued his master for his freedom b/c his master had taken Scott into free territories and states, which Scott and abolitionists believed entitled him to his freedom. The court said he was property, like a mule, and was owned anywhere that he was taken. - Supreme Court case ruled Scott was not a citizen, and he therefore had no right to sue in federal court, the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was unconstitutional, and Congress never had the authority to ban slavery from any territory at any time. Debates for a Senate Seat in Illinois: Lincoln-Douglas debates - Douglas won the 1858 Illinois Senate seat - Douglas argued his Freeport Doctrine After the Dred Scott case and the Supreme Courts decision that Congress had no constitutional authority to prohibit slavery in the territories, Douglas argued that popular sovereignty ruled supreme that if the people of the territory voted down slavery, it would in fact stay down A Misguided Zealot or a Principled Man Who Resorted to Violence (as many have before and since)?: Harpers Ferry, VA (today in WV) October, 1859 - John Brown intended to raid the Federal arsenal there with his white and black abolitionists. He would foment a slave rebellion as slaves would flock to his location to be armed and create a sanctuary for runaway slaves Browns raid convinced the South, although incorrectly, that all northern abolitionists were crazy zealots like Brown and that the North was dominated by Brown-loving Republicans, which was not really true Lincoln won the 1860 Republican presidential nomination b/c he had fewer enemies than front-runner William H. Seward, who was even more despised by the South and even some in the West and North 1860 Election & Session: 1860 presidential candidates and their partys stance on slavery: Abraham Lincoln (IL) (Republican) ban slavery from the territories Stephan Douglas (IL) (Democrat) supported popular sovereignty in territories John Breckenridge (KY) (Democrat) for extension of slavery in territories John Bell (TN) (Constitutional Union) preserve the Union by compromise New party for 1860 election Constitutional Union Party John Bell (TN) moderates 1860 Republican platform favored protective tariffs, a transcontinental railroad (1862), free homesteads (1862), and non-extension of slavery

Before his 1860 presidential nomination, Lincoln had been a (corporate) lawyer, a rail splitter, a militia officer who never actually fought against Indians, a state legislator of Illinois, a US Congressman, and a failed candidate for Senator of Illinois in 1858 lost to Douglas 1860 election Lincoln was a minority candidate receiving less than the majority of the popular vote but did receive the majority of the electoral votes in Electoral College Lincolns victory in 1860 South Carolinas reaction glad somewhat b/c they had excuse for secession Secessionists supported leaving the Union b/c they were dismayed by the success of the Republicans, believed the North would not oppose secession, political balance was tipping against them, and they were tired of abolitionist attacks (both rhetorical and violent such as Harpers Ferry) Confederate States of America: Confederate States of America (CSA) first capitol in Montgomery, Alabama until VA seceded capitol moved to Richmond, Virginia Southern Debts: The South owed an immense debt to Northern creditors, and the South repudiated those debts refusing to acknowledge and refusing to pay them at all. President Lincoln & the Crisis: Lincoln opposed the Crittenden Compromise (Sen. Henry James Crittenden) which proposed (but was never adopted) that slavery be prohibited north of the 36 30 line, guaranteed federal protection of slavery in territories south of the 36 30 line, and permitted the expansion of slavery into new territories south of the 36 30 line such as AZ, NM, & Cuba b/c Lincoln stayed loyal to the Republican platform and his promise if elected to ban the expansion of slavery into the territories.

Ch 20 Girding for War: The North and the South, 1861-1865 Europeans like and study the American Civil War: Europeans favored a civil war in the USA b/c it would weaken US power in the W. Hemisphere Did Lincoln provoke a war as much as the Confederacy?: Lincolns decision to re-supply rather than reinforce Ft Sumter in Charleston harbor in South Carolina (April 1861) was moderate and led to the 1st official battle of the Civil War when CSA attacked States that joined the CSA after Ft Sumter VA, NC, TN, AK (Arkansas) What prompted people to fight for the Union?: Many Northerners were willing to fight the South to preserve the Union only after the attack on Ft Sumter Its nice to have God on your side, but Ive got to have Kentucky: In order to keep the Border States (MO, KY, MD, & Delaware (later W. VA in 1863) in the Union, Lincoln used legally dubious methods such as imposing martial law, sending troops to occupy and control radicals in the W VA region and in MO, suspending habeas corpus, and suspension of free speech and free press (1st Amendment) Border States offered certain advantages (shipbuilding was not one of them) Advantages: a large population, a good supply of horses and mules, a valuable manufacturing capacity, & large navigable rivers Lincolns declaration that the North sought only to preserve the Union with or without slavery revealed influence of the Border States on his policies (the need for the Union to keep) Border States that remained loyal to the Union MO, KY, MD, & DE (Delaware) Later in 1863 W VA, which stayed in the Union, was carved out of VA Southeastern & Native Americans of the Plains during the Civil War: During the Civil War most of the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, Choctaw, & Seminole) in Indian Territory (present day OK) supported and fought for the CSA For their loyalty to the USA/Union, the USA waged war on and put on reservations the Plains Indians The Confederate States of America had some advantages and disadvantages as did the USA/Union: To achieve independence, the CSA had to fight a defensive war to fight the invading Federal forces to a draw in order to win, whereas the USA had to invade and occupy the South to defeat the CSA

As the Civil War began, the South had the advantage of more talented military leaders, particularly early in the war, plus the tenacity of Southern fighting men. The greatest weakness of the South during the war was it lack of a diversified economy. The greatest strength of the North during the war was its diversified economy. Much of the hunger suffered by Confederate soldiers during the war was the result of the Souths poor transportation system. Northern advantages at the outset of the Civil War included control of the seas with the USN and more banks, factories, RRs, and people Soldiers: All of the following were similar characteristics of both the Southern and Northern soldiers, Johnny Reb and Billy Yank respectively: most had been farmers or farm laborers prior to the war, most were native born Americans although the North had many immigrants fighting for Union, almost half were under the age of 22 years old, & they were committed to the patriotism of their countries. Johnny Reb was typically jocular, emotional, religious, & bred to fight. Billy Yank was typically literate, intellectual, practical, & efficient Of all of the hardships of soldiers suffered during the war, the greatest was disease, which was often more life threatening to soldiers than death in combat. Northern soldiers eventually became known for their discipline and determination. Leadership issues: The Union and Lincoln had to find good commanders through a series of trials and errors. European alliances for the South hoped for, but not going to happen: A supposed asset of the South at the beginning of the war that never materialized to a real advantage was foreign intervention help from Britain and/or France. One reason Britain did not try to break the USAs naval blockade of the CSA was fear of losing the needed US grain shipments to sustain lost crops from bad harvests. The South believed the British would come to their aid b/c Cotton was King and Britain needed Southern cotton, but the British had a surplus of cotton and needed the grains from the North more than cotton from the South (They had surpluses and turned to Egypt and India) King Cotton failed for the South as a tool of diplomacy b/c: the British had a surplus of cotton, British textile workers favored the Norths cause and were antislavery, the North sent captured contraband cotton to Britain, & alternative sources of cotton could be had by the British in Egypt and India, both of which were controlled by the British more or less During the Civil War, the USA and the CSA needed foreign diplomacy to maintain their war effort. {North is making sure that Europe does not ally with the CSA using diplomacy to make that happen} One war at a time.: Trent Affair HMS Trent had two Southern diplomats aboard when a US warship stopped the British steamer near Cuba. The Southern diplomats were seized which outraged Britain, which threatened war and even mobilized troops in Canada. Lincoln said, One war at a time. The USA released the diplomats of the CSA to avoid escalating the war as England would have joined the war over the incident. CSAs Small Navy: CSA commerce-raiders (ships) such as the famous and most effective raider the CSS Alabama proved to be very effective in attacking US merchant shipping abroad (around the world) CSA commerce-raiders (Ex. CSS Alabama): dealt devastating blows to the Unions merchant marine and almost all of them were built in England until the British no longer allowed it realizing that the tactic could be used against them in the future of allowing enemy ships to be built in other countries France sees an opportunity that ultimately fails and creates to Cinco de Mayo (1862 Battle of Puebla): Napoleon IIIs attempt to install Maximillian on the Mexican throne during the 1860s was a clear violation of JQAs Monroe Doctrine - forbade Europeans from further conquest & colonization in W. Hemisphere. France abandoned its attempt to control Mexico in 1867 when the USA threatened war with France over Mexico after the Civil War ended (1865). USA vs. Canada again see why South Park is kind of funny but also historical reality:

During the Civil War, relations b/t the USA and Canada were at times poor spurred Canadian nationalism led to the Dominion status of Canada in 1867 giving self-rule for domestic affairs Did the CSAs states rights position advocating a weak central government hurt its own war effort?: Southern cause was weakened by the CSAs focus on states rights weakened the central govt of the CSA CSA President Jefferson Davis defied public opinion whereas Lincoln led public opinion Problems Lincoln had were less prostrating than Daviss b/c of states rights and the problems related to it that the CSA had the USAs government was long-established and fully recognized, unlike the CSAs newly formed govt emphasizing states rights w/ weak central authority Davis did not exercise arbitrary power as did Lincoln b/c of states rights How to raise an army? Volunteers and Conscription (drafting soldiers): North relied mainly on volunteers to fill the ranks, as did the South
Bounty Jumpers paid the bounty ($) for enlistment then leave to join another regiment for another bounty

Both the North and the South: exempted the wealthy from military service ($300 exemption, substitutes, or slave ownership in the South a rich mans war and a poor mans fight, had high desertion rates, relied mainly on volunteers, and drafted men by conscription (first the CSA in 1862, then the USA in 1863 the USAs very first draft for men to fight in war. (July 1863 NYC Draft Riots Gangs of New York) How to finance the war?: Union established a National Banking System first significant step toward unified banking network since 1836 During the Civil War, the USA launched a new national banking system to help stimulate the sale of govt bonds for the war and establish a standard bank-note currency to stabilize rag money (Greenbacks) To help pay for the war, both the North and the South: raised taxes, printed paper money that lost value over time b/c of war time inflation, and sold war bonds Did northern industry benefit from this industrial war?: The Civil War saw Northern industries emerge more prosperous than before the war, except for Union foreign shipping, whose merchant marine was hit hard by Confederate commerce-raiders and suffered an economic reversal CSA commerce-raiders (Ex. CSS Alabama): dealt devastating blows to the Unions merchant marine and almost all of them were built in England until the British no longer allowed it realizing that the tactic could be used against them in the future of allowing enemy ships to be built in other countries Northern women gain some opportunities from the war: During the Civil War (middle class) women in the North saw new opportunities to fill jobs in clerical work and particularly industries that previously did not employ women Other women were important such as Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix, and Sally Thompkins, all associated with nursing in either the N or the S President Lincoln and civil liberties during the Civil War: President Lincolns loose interpretation of civil liberties during the Civil War: resulted in suspension of the privilege of habeas corpus, led to the arrest of several critical newspaper editors, and Lincoln defended his actions as necessary to save the Union

Ch 21 The Furnace of Civil War, 1861-1865 Battles, Generals, Politicians, & Soldiers in the Civil War: At the beginning of the Civil War, Lincoln favored a quick military action to show the folly of secession Lincoln hoped a victory at First Bull Run (Manassas Junction) would lead to the capture of Richmond, VA, bring an end to slavery, destroy the economy of the South, pull Border States out of the CSA Know chronology: First Bull Run/Manassas, Antietam (Sharpsburg), Gettysburg, Appomattox Court House Southern victory at First Bull Run in 1861 actually reduced enlistments in the South b/c they thought they would not need to prepare for a long, costly war South won both the First and the Second Battles of Bull Run (Manassas)

Federal loss at Bull Run a big picnic in panic better than victory in that the North had to prepare for a long, protracted war US Army General George B. McClellan Little Mac Commander of the Army of the Potomac twice Best described as cautious, pompous, self-righteous, not self-critical, treated Lincoln with disdain Consistently overestimated Confederate strength leading to lack of offensive strategy and indecision Launched the Peninsula Campaign which failed He did train, prepare, and build the morale of the Army of the Potomac Fired by Lincoln then rehired then fired again Ran as Democrat against Lincoln in 1864 and lost Result of Union loss in the Peninsula Campaign (VA) Union strategy changed to total war against the CSA Lincoln began drafting the Emancipation Proclamation but needed victory to not seem desperate and weak and to be coming from a position of strength After Peninsula campaign, Union strategy was to cut the CSA in half, march through Georgia and the Carolinas, blockade the CSA coast, liberate (free) the slaves, capture the CSA capitol of Richmond, VA As a result of the failed Union Peninsula Campaign, Lincoln began drafting the Emancipation Proclamation, the Union adopted a strategy of total war against the South, and shifted Union strategy to capture the Confederate capitol at Richmond, VA, cut the CSA into two halves, march through Georgia and then the Carolinas, blockade the CSAs coast, and liberate slaves Final strategy for Union victory (the Anaconda plan) included a naval blockade of southern ports, undermining the southern economy, seize control of the Mississippi River to cut the CSA into two halves, capture Richmond, VA, the CSA capitol, What about guerrilla warfare? South considered Lee said no! Great Britain did not protest the USAs blockade of the CSA too much b/c GB may want to use similar tactics in the future wars (as they did in WWI) Most alarming threat to Unions naval blockade of the CSA were Confederate ironclad warships such as the CSA blockade runner Merrimack (CSS Virginia) which after a classic naval battle at Hampton Roads, VA in 1862 against the Unions Monitor ironclad which was fought to a draw the CSA scuttled (sank) its own ship so the Union would not get their hands on it After halting Lees troops at Antietam (Sharpsburg) in Maryland, Gen McClellan was removed from his command of the Army of the Potomac in 1862 (2nd time he lost his command of that Union army) Robert E. Lee invaded the North the first time into Maryland to bring MD into the CSA and force the North to sue for peace and to get foreign aid in the CSAs war effort McClellan found Lees battle plans for Antietam, but he did nothing significant with the intelligence information, but he did stop Lees advance on the bloodiest single day in American history 2 major battles of the Civil War Antietam 1862 bloodiest single day battle of the war and Gettysburg the bloodiest battle of the war, but it was 3 days, July 1st-3rd, 1863 Antietam was critical because it probably prevented intervention by Britain and France on behalf of the CSA Norths victory at Antietam (a draw really) allowed Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation b/c he needed to announce it not after defeats which would make the Union look weak and desperate, but from a position of strength after a victory (Antietams draw was close enough) Slavery was legally abolished in the USA as a result of the 13th Amendment Emancipation Proclamation Strengthened the moral cause and diplomatic position of the Union to a degree Officially issued in Jan. 1863 declared slaves free only in the CSA, not the slaves of the slave holding Border States Strengthened European working class support for the Union b/c of slavery Caused mounting opposition in the North to an abolition war Caused sharp increases in Union desertions from the army Caused heavy congressional defeats for Lincolns administration Caused complaints from abolitionists that it did not go far enough b/c of who it freed/who it did not free Allowed blacks to enlist in the Union Army [Glory]

African Americans who fought in the Civil War served bravely and suffered extremely heavy casualties 180,000 served and 38,000 died segregated and led by white officers often used for manual labor until the 54th Massachusetts [Glory] and other units distinguished themselves in battle won Congressional Medals of Honor (CMH) many years after the war was over They were tortured and murdered by Confederates often upon capture CSA enlisted blacks as soldiers too late it went against the social Darwinistic theories of white supremacy and black incompetence one month before the war ended Robert E. Lee decided to invade the North through Pennsylvania the second time he invaded the North in order to deliver a decisive blow that would agitate the northern peace movement July 1st-3rd, 1863, Union victory at Gettysburg, PA significant b/c Union victory meant Souths cause was Doomed Bloodiest battle of the Civil War (Not the one day battle that Antietam was) After 47 days of siege on July 4th, 1863, Union victory at Vicksburg, MS reopened the MS River to Northern trade, along w/ Gettysburg, foreign help irretrievably lost, helped quell (quiet down) Northern peace agitation, cut the CSA into 2 halves cut off supply & cattle & other goods from TX & LA One consequence of Union Gen. William Tecumseh Shermans style of total war was that it saved lives by shortening the war Shermans march through GA & the Carolinas burned Atlanta, GA & destroyed those states He made Georgia howl like he said he was He also said War is hell. Gen. Ullysses S. Grants basic strategy was to attack/assail the CSAs armies simultaneously (at the same time) & directly a war of attrition earning Grant the nickname the Butcher b/c his casualties were very high He also stopped POW (Prisoner of War) exchanges b/c the CSA could not easily replace soldiers killed or captured Grant lost 1 man for every 10 serving, while Lee lost 1 man for every 5 serving Northern Peace Democrats Copperheads (poisonous snakes): The group in the North most dangerous to Union cause were Northern Peace Democrats Clement L. Vallandigham Southern sympathizer & vocal opponent of the war who lived in the North willing to settle for peace those like him called copperheads after poisonous snake that strikes w/out warning no rattle 1864 Election: 1864 election Republicans joined the pro-war Democrats & founded the Union Party Lincolns running mate was Andrew Johnson only southern Senator who remained loyal to the Union (Johnson from TN) Democrats ran George McClellan who lost to Lincoln Lincolns reelection in 1864 was largely affected by the Unions victory at Atlanta, GA Shermans March to the Sea Lincolns victory in 1864 election was aided by Union victories (Ex. Sherman & Sheridan) & backing from Union soldiers who voted for him (on furloughs/leave or by absentee voting) Lincolns Assassination: Assassination of Lincoln calamity for South b/c Lincoln was lenient on the South Intricate plot to kill Lincoln and other heads of state to hurt the USA only Lincoln was actually killed Results of the Civil War: Civil War resulted in the following: expanded Federal taxation powers, ended nullification and secession as real issues, created the first Federal social welfare agency (Freedmens Bureau), & an end to slavery (13th Amendment) Casualties of the Civil War: Casualties of the Civil War black slavery, extreme states rights, & over a million men dead or wounded (~620,000 killed in the war high casualties)

Ch 22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 President after Lincoln: Andrew Johnson was made Lincolns running mate for the 1864 election for the Union Party b/c he was a pro-war Democrat, was loyal to the USA/Union (only S Senator to do so he was from TN), & he would attract votes for Lincoln that would not have been cast if Johnson was not Lincolns VP After Lincoln, President was Andrew Johnson (Lincolns VP in his second term as President) What happened to the leaders of the CSA after the war?: Fate of defeated CSA leaders was after brief jail terms, they were all pardoned in 1868 by Pres. Johnson What was life like in the war-torn South after the war?: Post-war South economy devastated, buildings, etc. destroyed in cities that were attacked, etc At the end of the Civil War, many white southerners still believed that secession was correct Slavery without submission; emancipation without freedom: Freedom for southern blacks at end of war came haltingly and unevenly in different parts of the conquered CSA For blacks, emancipation meant that many did not move north, many searched for lost family, many got married, an opportunity to form their own churches, & opportunity for education, many traveled to test their new freedom, & seek economic opportunity Exodusters blacks who migrated from the South to Kansas finally ended when MS River boat captains refused to take more across the MS River to go to KS Most ended up agricultural wage laborers or sharecroppers/tenant farmers for the same plantation owners or nearby plantations as they had as slaves & in effect became wage slaves with black codes restricting their new freedom under the Civil War Amendments (13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments) Main purpose of Black Codes (MS first to pass them) was to ensure a stable, subservient labor supply blacks could not vote, blacks were not allowed to serve on juries, blacks could not rent land, blacks could be punished for black idleness, & blacks could be fined for jumping labor contracts (bounty hunters would retrieve them and force them to return to labor) a form of slavery or serfdom Black Codes indicated to many Northerners that the arrogant South acted as if it had not lost the war Freedmens Bureau (helped the freedpeople and poor and even middle class whites too): Greatest achievements of the Freedmens Bureau were in education provided by brave teachers and pupils also provided some distribution of land, food & clothing, & help provide employment services White South viewed Freedmens Bureau (which also helped poor whites too) as meddlesome agency that upset the racial and social balance of the South Pres. Johnson agreed with that assertion & vetoed the bill for its extension which upset Congress Freedmens Bureau intended to be a post-war welfare agency for former slaves (& poor whites) & was quite successful in providing an education for former slaves (& many poor whites) Incident caused clash b/t Congress and Johnson was his veto of the bill to extend the Freedmens Bureau President Andrew Johnson again: Andrew Johnson (former Senator from Tennessee only Southern Senator who remained loyal to the Union) 1864 VP for Lincoln chosen to politically attract War Democrats & Pro-Union Southern sympathizers in the Butternut region of southern OH, IN, IL he was considered a champion for poor whites he taught himself how to read & his wife taught him basic math he was very bigoted Radical Republicans want to punish the former Confederate States (rightly and wrongly): Controversial Wade-Davis Bill for readmission of CSA states to Union 50% eligible voters of a former CSA state must take oaths of loyalty to the Union/USA along with stronger emancipation guarantees as well Lincoln pocket vetoed the bill by not signing it after Congress had disbanded its secession shows the differences b/t Lincoln and Congress (particularly Radical Republicans) Congressional Republicans viewed S states as conquered provinces that completely left the Union, so were therefore at the mercy of Congress for readmission Incident caused clash b/t Congress and Johnson was his veto of the bill to extend the Freedmens Bureau What did the Radical Republicans want, and why did they have a major problem with President Johnson?: As part of Reconstruction plan Radical Republicans originally expected to secure rights for freedmen, punish the planter aristocracy, restructure Southern society, have Pres. Johnson on their side, & use Federal power to aid blacks

Root cause of battle b/t Congress and Johnson was Johnsons soft treatment of the white South Both moderate and Radical Republicans did agree that freed male slaves be given the right of suffrage (the vote/enfranchisement) although they disagreed about many other issues related to Reconstruction
[for many Republicans, the ones who were not idealists, the issue was about Republican votes in the South to be harvested]

Radical Congressional Reconstruction finally ended when the last Federal troops left the South in 1877 [see Compromise of 1877/1876 election] Reconstruction might have been more successful if Thaddeus Stevenss radical Reconstruction program of drastic economic reforms & stronger protection of political rights had been enacted? Reconstruction involved extended controversies over readmission of S states, civil & political rights for freedmen, direction & control of Reconstruction process, treatment of former CSA leaders Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner (Bleeding Sumner) were leading Radical Republicans Radical Republican leaders in Congress included Thaddeus Stevens (Rep from PA), Charles Sumner (Sen from MA), & Hiram Revels (Af-Am Sen from MS One of the first two Af-Am Senators in US history) What did Congress want for Reconstruction?: Congressional Reconstruction hoped to provide basic rights & protection for freedpeople in the South through the Military Reconstruction Act, the Freedmens Bureau Act, the Force Acts (to stop the KKK), & the 14th Amendment Under Congressional Reconstruction, Southern states had to ratify the 14th Amendment & give freedmen the vote (only males sorry ladies ) Lincolns lenient plan for Reconstruction: Lincolns 10% plan for Reconstruction promised rapid (very quick) readmission of Southern states into the Union oath of loyalty to Union/USA to be given by only 10% of eligible voters & readmission (very lenient this is a major reason why the South mourned his assassination) Johnsons plan for Reconstruction is not at all what Radical Republicans expected, wanted, or will tolerate: Pres. Johnsons plan for Reconstruction aimed at swift (very quick) restoration of S states after a few basic conditions were met What did Congress think of Johnsons plan?: Congress objected to readmission of Southern states to the Union under Johnsons plan b/c states adopted Black Codes that limited black civil rights, states readmitted w/out consulting or approval of Congress, many former CSA leaders were elected to high political office, & feared a restored South reentered the Union with greater representation in Congress (House of Reps based on population) b/c former slaves now counted as a whole person (5/5ths) instead of 3/5ths of a person (3/5ths Compromise) How could the South be stronger in Congress than they were before the Civil War?: Congressional Republicans a most troubling aspect of Southern readmission to the Union was that their political representation was now stronger in national politics as the House based on population now counted former slaves, once as 3/5ths of a person, now counted as 5/5ths or a whole person therefore more representation in the House of Representatives than before the war Tennessee (Johnsons home state) was the first to meet all the conditions to be readmitted to the Union: 1st and only CSA state to be immediately readmitted to the Union/USA in 1866 under Congressional Reconstruction was Tennessee b/c it ratified the 14th Amendment Civil War Amendments to the US Constitution: The Civil War Amendments 13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments (13th free slaves, 14th citizenship & due process, 15th suffrage for black males) Fourteenth Amendment: 14th Amendment guaranteed citizenship & civil rights to freed slaves (or loss of Congressional representation) it also prohibited Ex-Confederates leaders from holding public office How did women who sought suffrage feel about the 14th Amendment, and even the 15th Amendment?: Many feminist leaders (Anthony, Stanton, etc.) were especially disappointed with the 14th Amendment b/c it specified for the first time in the US Constitution that only males could vote so they would not support the vote for black men and not for women Susan B. Anthony said she would sooner cut off her right arm than support the 14th Amendment despite the pleas from black leaders such as Frederick Douglas who claimed it was now the Negros hour

1866 mid-term (congressional) elections: 1866 Congressional elections voters endorsed/confirmed/supported Congressional Reconstruction [because Radical Republicans did well] What resources did Blacks have to combat racism and violence during Reconstruction?: The violence of the Reconstruction period was directed at blacks and whites who challenged the status quo Blacks in the South relied on the Union League to educate them on civic duties and participation in government later expanded their role to building churches, schools, formed unions, militias for protection against white violence from the KKK and others like them What about African-American women, how did they deal with Reconstruction in the South?: During Reconstruction, Af-Am women assumed new political roles including participation in black church life, monitor state constitutional conventions, participate in political rallies, organize mass meetings, but they could not vote! Pejorative terms associated with Reconstruction The Confederate Myth of Reconstruction Loewen: Scalawags Southern Unionists and Whigs see Loewen Ch 6 Carpetbaggers Northerners who came south to make $ - but what about school teachers for example? - see Loewen Ch 6 These terms are relative to white southerners who pushed this version of history during the black nadir (18901940) that still resonate in textbooks today Radical Reconstruction state govts passed a lot of desirable and badly needed reforms and many Redeemer govts that replaced them eventually kept those reforms b/c the South needed them Political corruption during the Reconstruction period was common N, S, E, & W Legacies of Reconstruction: Among the legacies of Reconstruction efforts were the long-term eclipse of Republican strength in the South, perpetuation of the ideas of states rights & local self-government under the Constitution, & a sense of resentment & grievance among white Southerners Federal Government abandoned Blacks & did not enforce the law leaving Blacks to fall into the nadir
[nadir a low point, trough, opposite of an apex the Black Nadir from ~1890-1940 saw lynchings, race riots, and civil rights and other laws ignored as Blacks suffered social, political, and economic hardships]

Ku Klux Klan Idiots: Primary motive for formation of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was to protect the virtues of white women but really it was formed to intimidate and harass blacks who were successful in government and in life after slavery in general Even though the Force Acts (to stop the KKK) & the US Army helped suppress the KKK, the KKK was successful in achieving its goal of intimidating blacks & undermining them politically Most radical Reconstruction govts in South expanded rights for women, although limited in scope [not myth]. They established public school systems [not myth] & were troubled by corruption and graft [myth]. Our first official impeachment of a President & his acquital: Official charge that the House of Reps used to impeach Pres Johnson was his dismissal of Sec of War Edwin Stanton contrary to the newly passed Tenure of Office Act which forbade the Pres from firing officials appointed to government positions such as the cabinet like Sec of State or War, etc. without congressional approval All of the following were reasons the Senate voted to acquit Johnson: many Senators felt the Tenure of Office Act was an abuse of Constitutional checks and balances, many were concerned that Wade would replace him as President he was considered too radical by many, many feared creating a destabilizing period if Johnson were removed from office, Johnson promised to stop obstructing Republican Reconstruction policies as he had done so many times (29 vetoes the most so far in US history over twice as many as Andy Jackson, Johnsons hero), & What about Johnson promising to step down as President? When and how did the USA acquire Alaska? (not a state 49th, same year as Hawaii 50th, until 1959): 1867 Sec of State William Seward purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million he was made fun of for purchasing Sewards Folly Sewards Icebox Frigidia b/c people could not see the value of the territory at the time

Ch 23 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age, 1869-1896 Rewards of service for Grant: At the end of the Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant accepted gifts such as houses & money from citizens in NY, IL, PA, & Washington DC 1868 Election: Election of 1868 Grant owed his victory to the votes of Freedmen/former slaves (~500,000) Civil War results: Result of the Civil War waste, extravagance, speculation, & graft (corruption) reduced the moral stature of the Republic/the USA Politics & Graft (Corruption) in the Gilded Age: Late 19th century political candidates who campaigned waving the bloody shirt reminded voters of treason of Confederate Democrats during the Civil War Most presidents of the 1870s & 1880s were Civil War veterans (except Cleveland, who hired a substitute), were Republicans (wave the bloody shirt) (except Cleveland Democrat), & won narrow victories Jim Fisk & Jay Gould, Black Friday, Wall Street gold market scheme to corner the market that almost worked Successful politicians in the post-Civil War decades usually were party loyalists During the Gilded Age, Democrats & Republicans had few significant economic differences (still battled) - like today in many ways especially the political & economic aspects Late 19th century Republicans associated w/ cultural values of Puritanism, personal morality, community welfare, active govt regulation, not toleration Late 19th century elections Democrats could count on support of South, Northern industrial cities, immigrant groups, Catholics & Lutherans, not Midwestern rural USA Spoils System (Patronage) & Politics of the Gilded Age: During the Gilded Age, the lifeblood of both the Democratic and Republican parties political patronage The Spoils System to pay off supporters with government jobs that were highly profitable Spoilsmen label attached to those who expected govt jobs from their partys elected office holders Elections & Voter Turnout: Presidential elections of the 1870s & 1880s aroused great voter interest (up to 80% voter turn out) One reason for the high voter turn out rates & partisan fervor (supporting ones party) of the Gilded Age sharp ethnic & cultural differences in 2 parties Republicans Puritan, personal morality, govt should regulate economy & morality o Northeast & Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) & Freedmen & rural community support Democrats Tolerant, Lutheran, Catholic members o South & Northern industrial cities & immigrants & political machines of cities William Marcy Boss Tweed (Gangs of New York): One weapon used to put William Marcy Boss Tweed of the Tammany Hall political machine in NYC Tweed Ring put in jail for corruption, fled to Spain & was recognized b/c of political cartoons, died in jail when returned to USA, cartoon satirist Thomas Nast would not take bribe to quit lampooning him, Tweed said, my constituents cant read, but they can see those damn pictures! Weapon Thomas Nasts cartoons Scandal related to the first transcontinental railroad: Crdit Mobilier scandal RR construction A Holding Company that over paid itself to do construction for the Union Pacific on the first transcontinental RR corruption in form of kickbacks Attempt to avoid prosecution for corruption, owners of Crdit Mobilier distributed shares of the valuable stock in the company & Union Pacific RR to congressmen Sequence of presidential terms of forgettable presidents of the Gilded Age (including Clevelands 2 nonconsecutive terms) Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland 1872 Election: President Grant reelected in 1872 b/c his opponents chose poor candidates for president, Horace Greeley

Noteworthy Republicans of the Gilded Age: Match Republicans with their political factions within the party: Roscoe Conkling Stalwarts (spoilists) James Blaine Half-Breeds (Mugwumps) Horace Greeley Liberal Republican Ulysses S. Grant Regular Republicans Economic Crisis in 1873: One cause of Panic of 1873 construction of more factories and production of more goods than the market could handle OVERPRODUCTION causes recessions/panics/depressions As solution to the Panic of 1873, debtors suggested inflationary policies (cheap money) Gold Bugs bankers/businessmen want gold standard money backed only on gold Tight Money Hard Money Less in circulation Loans repaid in stable money Deflation prices fall, value of money increases, fewer people have money Policy of Republicans & Most Democrats Silverites farmers/laborers bimetallism gold (Au) & silver (Ag) money backed by both metals Cheap Money More in circulation Products sold at higher prices (to repay debt) Inflation prices rise, value of money decreases, more people have money Policy of Populists & Some Democrats One result of Republican hard money policies formation of the Greenback Labor Party in 1878 Another result was that Republicans lost the House of Representatives to the Democrats in 1874 1876 Election/Compromise of 1877/Reconstruction Formally Ends in Last 3 Southern States: Major problem in 1876 presidential election centered on 2 sets of election returns from FL, SC, & LA Compromise of 1877 resulted in withdrawal of (the last) Federal troops in the South (SC & LA) in exchange for the South to let Rutherford B. Hayes become president over New Yorker, Samuel Tildon, who had prosecuted Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring Separate but equal makes Jim Crow segregation legal according to the venerable Supreme Court in 1896: {Remember Dred Scott?} 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case ruled separate but equal Homer Plessy, 1/8th black, an octrune, boarded whites only Pullman train car in LA. He was arrested, which he wanted, and he took his case through the courts to challenge segregation using the 14th Amendment. His case went to the US Sup Crt, which ruled that Jim Crow segregation of blacks and whites did not violate the Constitution as long as facilities were separate but equal which was legal & Constitutional What was Jim Crow again?: Legal codes established a system of segregation in the South and Midwest to a degree called Jim Crow laws {Legalized federally by the Supreme Court in 1896 in Homer Plessys infamous case see above} How did powerful whites keep blacks from using their 15th Amendment rights (& sometimes poor whites too)?: At the end of Reconstruction, Southern whites disenfranchised (took the vote away from) African-Americans using literacy tests, poll taxes, economic intimidation, & grandfather clauses Literacy test had to prove literacy reading Shakespeare or something very difficult, Poll taxes had to pay to vote, economic intimidation threats to themselves and their ability to survive if they did not go along, & grandfather clauses said if your grandfather voted in 1860, then you can vote, thus former slaves were kept from voting as their grandfathers were slaves in 1860 and did not vote. Tactics successful and also kept poor illiterate whites from voting, which the white aristocracy in the South wanted too. Who was the dude who won the 1876 election again, and what did he do/what did he deal with?: President Rutherford B. Hayes opened his administration with scenes of class warfare Ex. 1877 RR strike, Irish anti-Chinese in CA & 1882 Exclusion Act, & B & O RR strike [plus economic turmoil Panic of 1873] Labor struggles against powerful forces that do not want change: RR strike of 1877 started when the 4 largest RRs in the USA cut back employee salaries by 10% Labor unrest during the Hayes administration stemmed from long years of depression and deflation Labor unrest in the 1870s & 1880s resulted in use of Federal troops as strike breakers to force workers back to work so they always sided with management/employers/corporations rather than labor/workers/unions

Racism against the Chinese: In the wake of anti-Chinese violence in CA, the US Congress passed a law prohibiting immigration of Chinese laborers to the USA (1882 Chinese Exclusion Act) Internal developments in China resulted in Chinese immigration to USA disintegration of Chinese empire, seizure of farmlands by landlords, intrusion of European/USA/Japanese, internal political turmoil One of the main reasons Chinese came to USA in 19th century was to dig for gold Most ended up doing manual labor or opened small businesses suffered severe discrimination Chinese word tong means meeting hall (but came to be associated with Chinese gangs) How many Presidents have been assassinated, and who was the second one after Lincoln?; Four have been assassinated. Lincoln was the first US president assassinated James Garfield was the second Pres. James Garfield was assassinated by a deranged, disappointed office seeker (a Stalwart) Who was third?: William McKinley in 1901 in Buffalo, New York at the Worlds Fair, making TR the President Wasnt JFK the fourth?: Yes! Civil Service Reform: The Pendleton Act (1883) required appointees to public office to take a competitive examination (to prove merit for appointment to office) With the passage of the Pendleton Act, politicians now sought money from - big corporations - No longer get money from immigrants through the political machine, civil service workers, etc 1884 Election: 1884 election b/t James Blaine and Grover Cleveland noted for personal attacks on candidates Blaines corruption Mulligan letters Burn this letter scandal over RR Clevelands child out-of-wedlock w/ a widow He honestly admitted to it many people liked that Which of the following Gilded Age presidents was not a Republican like all of the rest? Grant, Hayes, Harrison, Arthur, Garfield, Cleveland President Grover Cleveland I guess thats where Sesame Street got the name: President Grover Clevelands hands-off approach to govt gained the support of (laissez-faire) big business [very Republican despite being a Democrat] On the tariff issue, Cleveland advocated a lower rate (which hurt him politically) Major campaign issue of 1888 presidential election the tariff policy Congress used to be more important than the president, which is what was intended politically in 1787: Late 19th century, it was generally true that the locus of political power was Congress not the President Congress spends lots of $$$: The Billion-Dollar Congress quickly disposed of rising govt surpluses by expanding pensions for Civil War veterans Populism: Populist Party platform at their 1892 convention: Govt ownership of RR, telephone, & telegraph, free & unlimited coinage of silver in ratio of 16 ounces to 1 ounce of gold, a one-term limit for the president, immigration restrictions (Nativist xenophobia), direct election of Senators (have to wait for the 17th Amendment), What about govt guarantees of price parity for farmers? Four states completely carried by Populists in 1893 KS, CO, ID, & NV Early Populist campaign to create a coalition of white & black farmers ended in racist backlash that eliminated black voting in the South [which was a shame because the party may have changed America] Politics of the 1890s affected by the Panic of 1873: Political development of 1890s largely shaped by the most severe & extended economic depression up to that time Panic of 1873

The Boy Orator of the Platte William Jennings Bryan: Economic unrest & repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act led to rise of pro-silver leader William Jennings Bryan Cross of Gold speech, failed presidential candidate several times, Populist w/ Democratic leanings, 1925 Scopes Monkey Trial died just after winning, but losing face How did JP Morgan help out the USA but hurt President Cleveland politically?: President Cleveland aroused widespread public anger by his action of (to stop endless chain of US Au for Ag) borrowing $65 million in gold from JP Morgans banking syndicate Greatest political beneficiary of backlash against Cleveland in Congressional 1894 elections - Republicans What did Liberal Republicans want?: Liberal Republican movement favored end to Military Reconstruction & civil service reform (spoils system) In Gilded Age, hard money policies were reflected in Resumption Act of 1875 US govt to remove all Greenbacks & redeem at face value in gold as of 1879, the Crime of 1873 coinage of silver began as 1873 but silver prices fell b/c of silver strikes out West so now Western miners w/ debtors who want the Dollar of Our Daddies to coin silver & promote inflation, Contraction holding back money/Greenbacks less printed & fewer gold pay outs so value of money increases fewer dollars in circulation therefore, deflation to stabilize US money of foreign creditors bad for average people during the Panic of 1873

Ch 24 Industry Comes of Age, 1865-1900 Railroads receive massive welfare, formed monopolies, & transform transportation and the continent: When private RR promoters asked the US govt for subsidies to build RRs, they gave reasons: Too risky w/out govt help, too costly w/out govt help, private investors would not accept initial financial losses, impossible to serve military & postal needs w/out govt help, What about the RRs repaying subsidies by paying higher taxes? During the Gilded Age, most RR barons built RRs w/govt assistance (except Hills Great Norther) National govt helped finance transcontinental RR construction in the late 19th century by providing RR corporations w/ - land grants (checker board pattern) Match each RR company w/ correct entrepreneur James Hill Great Norther, Cornelius Vanderbilt New York Central, Leland Stanford Central Pacific (from Sacramento, CA) Only transcontinental RR built w/out govt aid was Great Norther built by Canadian-American James Hill One by-product of development of RRs was movement of people to cities (eventually) - initially, RRs hauled only freight, not passengers cost was not efficient for transporting people Greatest single factor helping to spur amazing industrialization of post-Civil War years was the RR network The USA changed to standard time zones when major RRs decreed common fixed time zones to keep schedules for commerce & avoid nasty train wrecks very common back then Agreements b/t RR corporations to divide business in a given area & share the profits were called pools Early RR owners formed pools in order to avoid competition by dividing business in a given area Efforts to regulate RR monopolies first came in action by state legislatures (later found unconstitutional) Feeble attempts to regulate the RRs: First Federal regulatory agency designed to protect public interest from business combinations such as (pools/trusts/monopolies) was Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 (Interstate Commerce Commission) One of the most significant aspects of the ICC was represented first large scale attempt of Fed govt to regulate commerce/business Labor builds the nation while being exploited by big business: After the Civil War, plentiful supply of unskilled labor in USA helped build nation in to an industrial giant When Monopoly Was More Than Just a Game: One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased their profits was elimination of as much competition as possible through consolidation, monopoly, trusts, pools, etc

Entrepreneurs/Robber Barons: Match entrepreneur w/ business combination & enterprise: Andrew Carnegie vertical integration - Steel John D. Rockefeller trust control stock rebates Standard Oil JP Morgan interlocking directorate banking, then steel James Duke tobacco JP Morgan undermined competition by placing officers of his bank on the boards of supposedly independent companies that he wanted to control, Method known as interlocking directorate Steel industry owed much to inventive genius of Henry Bessemer-British (& William Kelly-American) USAs first billion-dollar corporation was United States Steel (JP Morgan after buying out Carnegie) Standard Oil Trust: 1st major product of oil industry kerosene (for oil lamps for lighting) [threw away by-product gasoline] Oil industry huge business w/ invention of internal combustion engine (for cars need oil & gas) To dominate oil industry, John D. Rockefeller used tactics such as employing spies, extorting rebates from RRs, pursued policy of rule or ruin, used high-pressure sales methods, What about Federal agents to break his competition? The elites embrace Social Darwinism crediting themselves, blaming others, and pretending to be charitable: Gospel of wealth Carnegie said this associated Godliness w/ riches believed wealth should display moral responsibility for their God-given money {There was no income tax back then; all money made was pure, take-home profit} Business is supported by Courts & the 14th Amendment, intended to help blacks, but helps corporations instead: To help corporations, courts ingeniously interpreted 14th Amendment to protect rights of ex-slaves to avoid corporate regulation by states th 14 Amendment especially helpful to giant corporations when defending themselves against state govt regulation b/c corporations were considered the same as an individual concerning rights Trust busting or union busting?: Sherman Antitrust Act [1890] at first was primarily used to curb power of labor unions (considered trusts) The South is slow to industrialize: During age of industrialization, South remained overwhelmingly rural & agricultural Souths major attraction for potential investors was cheap labor (& no unions) Late 19th century, tax benefits & cheap, non-union labor especially attracted textiles to the new South Many southerners saw employment in textile mills as only steady jobs & wages available (whole families could stay together and work together in mills for example) Changes brought by industrialization: One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought for workers lives need to adjust lives to time clock Changes for women brought by industrialization: Group most affected by new industrial age was women (new opportunities for work) {Poor women have always had to work out of economic necessity see below} Economic challenges: Despite generally rising wages in the late 19th century, industrial workers were extremely vulnerable to economic swings & depressions, employers whims, sudden unemployment, illness & accident, What about new educational requirements for jobs? Not until the 1920s & in particular the 1950s. The status of women: Image of Gibson Girl represented a romantic ideal of the independent athletic woman Most female workers of the 1890s worked for economic necessity! Ways in which labor was controlled by business: Which is least like the others? Lockout, yellow dog contract, blacklist, company town [look these up if you dont remember] What about a closed shop? [no why?] Was the Supreme Court neutral or on the side of business rather than labor? Generally, the Supreme Court in late 19th century interpreted the Constitution to favor corporations (not labor)

Labor unions & their struggles: Match labor organizations: National Labor Union social reform union defeated by the Panic of 1873 & 1870s economy Knights of Labor one big union skilled & unskilled workers, like NLU, but women & Af-Ams too, not Chinese championed producer cooperatives & industrial arbitration - Terence V. Powderly was their leader Efforts on behalf of workers National Labor Union won an 8 hour day for govt workers (only) One group barred membership from Knights of Labor Chinese (Blazing Saddles Mel Brooks) Knights of Labor believed conflict b/t capital & labor would disappear when labor would own & operate business & industries Knights of Labor believed that republican traditions & institutions of democracy could be preserved from corrupt monopolies by strengthening economic & political independence of workers One major reason Knights of Labor failed was its lack of class consciousness Knights of Labor weakened by association in public mind w/ Haymarket riot/Haymarket Square massacre & inclusion of both skilled & unskilled workers Most effective & most enduring labor union of post-Civil War was American Federation of Labor (AF of L) By 1900, American attitudes toward labor began to change as public recognized right of workers to bargain collectively & strike, yet vast majority of employers continued to fight organized labor (unions) By 1900, organized labor (unions) in USA had begun to develop a more positive image w/ the public Captains of Industry or Robber Barons?: People & historians found fault w/ captains of industry mostly argued (robber barons) built their corporations wealth & power by exploiting workers Even historians critical of captains of industry (robber barons) & capitalism generally concede that classbased protest has never been a powerful force in USA b/c USA has greater social mobility than Europe [Is this really true or something we like to tell ourselves in every single case?] Over last century, historians criticisms of Gilded Age industrial capitalism romantic idea that industrialization diminished workers spiritual life, assertion that workers were brutalized by the industrial system, claim US industrialization sharpened class divisions Why did industry thrive and expand during and after the Civil War?: Important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion were large pool of unskilled labor, abundance of natural resources, US ingenuity & inventiveness, political climate favored business, What about immigration restrictions? Factors promoting growth of manufacturing in post-Civil War USA included plentiful cheap labor, available investment capital, abundant natural resources, massive immigration, What about effective govt planning? No, there was none of that really, only massive subsidies/welfare Changes in national economy in late 19th century USA resulted in decline in agriculture relative to manufacturing, sharper class distinctions, a movement of more women into the workforce The first transcontinental railroad: 1st transcontinental RR completed constructed by [act passed and begun in 1862, finished in 1869 Utah] Union Pacific RR (Omaha, NB built west) & Central Pacific (Sacramento, CA built east) Railroads: Vital improvements in RR building in late 19th century included standard gauge track (width b/t tracks), air brakes (increased safety tremendously many brakemen died before air brakes more train wrecks too), steel rails (replaced iron rusts and bends much more dangerous), Pullman cars (nice first class cars double as sleeper cars too), & the block signal Railroading in late 19th century provided significant stimulus to agriculture, urbanization, immigration, industrialization, What about feminism? No! American inventors & entrepreneurs: Thomas Edison was instrumental in invention of electric light (bulb), mimeograph machine, motion pictures What about the telephone? No, that was Alexander Graham Bell.

Ch 25 America Moves to the City, 1865-1900 Growth of the cities: American cities experienced tremendous, rapid growth b/t 1865-1900 Europe experienced the same trend Major factor drawing people from farms in the country to the cities was available industrial jobs Problems in the cities: Which has the least in common with the others? Slums, dumbbell tenements, flophouses, lung block, [look these up if you dont know them] - What about bedroom communities? No! How did living in the city contribute to the rising divorce rate?: One of the most important factors leading to increased divorce rate of late 19th century was stress of urban life Opportunities in the city: The place offering the greatest opportunities for women in the USA b/t 1865-1900 was the big city Consumerism on the rise: One early symbol of the dawning era of US urban consumerism was the rise of large department stores Immigrants: New Immigrants who came to the USA after 1880 were culturally different from previous immigrants Old were northern European Protestants New were southern and eastern Europeans - such as Italians and Poles who often brought traditions of anarchy, socialism, etc Most Italian immigrants to USA b/t 1880 & 1920 came to escape poverty and backwardness - (ugly way to say underdevelopment) of southern Italy, which was poorer than northern Italy Bird of Passage immigrant who came to the USA to work for a short time & return home (to Europe, etc) Most New Immigrants tried to preserve their Old Country culture in USA - (Thank God think of the awesome food!) - (2nd & 3rd generations Americanize - often ashamed of Old Country culture sad and unfortunate) The New Immigrants who came to USA after 1880 were from S & E Europe (not northern Protestant Euros), tended to settle in NE cities like Boston, NY, Philadelphia, etc, & were largely Roman Catholic or Jewish (many pogroms violent acts directed at Jews) in E Europe, like Russia ( a push factor like war, refugee, famine, discrimination, etc), primarily sought economic opportunity (the pull factor), & had been highly mobile even before coming to the USA Reaction to immigrants: Many native born Americans tended to blame New Immigrants for corruption of city govt, lower industrial wages (b/c of some much cheap, unskilled labor available), degradation of life in US cities, & importing alien social & economic doctrines (like anarchism & socialism) By 1900, congressional legislation barred The Chinese & Contract Laborers from immigrating to the USA Labor unions do not want immigrants why not?: Labor unions favored immigration restriction b/c most immigrants were not opposed to factory labor, used as scabs/strikebreakers, willing to work for lower wages, difficult to unionize, and non-English speaking Other groups that opposed immigration why?: The American Protective Association (APA) supported immigration restrictions to support labor in USA (like a labor tariff) Did anyone like immigrants?: [Employers did why? Cheap labor.] Religious denomination that responded most favorably to New Immigration Roman Catholics Why? B/c many were Catholics from Ireland, Italy, and other nations. Religion in America: New urban environment most liberal Protestants rejected Biblical literalism & adapted religious ideas to modern culture (the way Darwin intended) Late 19th century, orthodox Protestant churches were challenged by - Darwins theory, mounting emphasis on materialism (consumerism), social doctrines of Catholicism & Judaism

Social Darwinism: Darwinian theory of organic evolution through natural selection (survival of the fittest) affected US religion by creating a split between religious conservatives who denied evolution and accomodationists who supported it Settlement Houses & Jane Addams: Settlement Houses such as Hull House engaged in child care, English instruction, cultural activities, social reform lobbying, What about instruction in socialism? No! [Jane Addams ran Hull House] Job opportunities for women: In the 1890s, positions for women as secretaries, department store clerks, and/or telephone operators were largely reserved for native born (white) women American higher education: The new, research-oriented, modern American university tended to deemphasize religious & moral instruction in favor of practical subjects & professional specialization American pragmatism: The pragmatists were a school of American philosophers who emphasized the provisional & fallible nature of knowledge & valued ideas that (practically) solved problems Free, mandatory public education: Americans offered growing support for a free public education system b/c people accepted the idea that a free & democratic govt cannot function w/out educated citizens Post-Civil War era witnessed an increase in compulsory (mandatory) school attendance laws African-American struggles as personified by Booker T. Washington and WEB DuBois: Booker T. Washington believed the key to political & civil rights for Af-Ams was economic independence Af-Am leader, Booker T. Washington promoted black self-help but did not challenge segregation [Washington born a slave wrote biography Up from Slavery built Tuskegee Institute in Alabama] W E B Du Bois talented tenth of Af-Ams should lead the race to full social & political equality now! [Du Bois born free in North 1st black to graduate from Harvard I assure you the honor was Harvards.] {The two men disagreed Washington accepted Jim Crow but sought economic equality & independence, while Du Bois demanded total equality thought Washingtons opinions were bad b/c it kept blacks subservient to white authority and power Washington recognized inability to achieve equality in USA at that time b/c of opposition Du Bois helped start the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP} Black leader Dr. W E B Du Bois - demanded complete (and immediate) equality for Af-Ams Important milestone for higher education: Morrill Act of 1862 granted public lands to states to support higher education (creating state universities through govt land grants research oriented & trained military too) Women go to college, some get their MRS degree: In decades sfter Civil War, college education for women increased became much more common (1 in 4 graduates were women) {Often earning an MRS degree, settling down as a wife and homemaker in her cult of domesticity} New institutions of higher learning: Major research universities founded after the Civil War University of California (Davis), Johns Hopkins, University of Chicago (Rockefeller), Stanford (jr) Quality of life during industrialization: During the industrial revolution, life expectancy measurably increased (eventually for most all in society) Public libraries spread literacy thanks in no small part to the Carnegie Foundation: The public library movement in Gilded Age USA greatly aided by generous philanthropy of - Andrew Carnegie {Rockefeller gave & his son set up the Rockefeller Foundation which supported all kinds of things} Newspapers expand: American newspapers expanded circulation & public attention by printing sensationalist stories of sex and scandal (like today) [Called Yellow Journalism Pulitzers newspapers Yellow Kid Pulitzer & Hearst]

Reformers seek to right economic inequalities and injustices: Henry George believed the root of social inequality & social injustice lay in - landowners who gained unearned money from rising land values wrote Progress and Poverty argued windfall real estate profits caused by rising land prices should be taxed at 100% rate by govt (& used to help the poor) Social critics defend Christianity against Darwinism: Gen. Lewis Wallaces book Ben Hur defended Christianity against Darwinism Literature that was socially critical: 19th century authors: Lewis Wallace anti-Darwinism & support for Bible (Ex. Ben Hur), Horatio Alger success & honor as products of honesty & hard work (rags to riches through virtue), Henry James psychological realism & dilemmas of sophisticated women (Ex. The Bostonians), William Dean Howells contemporary social problems divorce, labor strikes, socialism (taboo subjects for the time so people liked the realism) American novelists turn from romanticism & transcendentalism to rugged social realism reflected materialism (consumerism) & conflicts of new industrial society Authors who reflected increased attention on social problems by those from less affluence in late 19th century Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens), William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane (The Red Badge of Courage), Kate Chopin, What about Henry Adams? Late 19th century novels often pusued themes of social problems & conflict, the American West (always popular dime novels like the Deadwood Dick series I know funny huh?), corrupting influences of the city, & dilemmas of the new woman SEX! Now that got your attention huh? See below : 1865-1900, changes in sexual attitudes & practices were reflected soaring (higher) divorce rates, spreading practice of birth control (Comstock & Sanger), more frank (open) sexual discussion, & more women working outside of the home Margaret Sanger (operating mostly between 1900-1920s so a bit out of chronology here: Margaret Sanger vs. Anthony Comstock - Not in text book, but well worth knowing! [Why is it not in the book?] Anthony Comstock was responsible for getting obscenity laws passed in the USA The Comstock Laws (p.582 in 12th ed. of The American Pageant) which forbade doctors from conducting abortions, distributing birth control information, distributing any sexual material or literature by mail which was a Federal crime (Comstock personally determined what was obscene and what was not everything was to him an overly self-pious tyrannical egomaniac), or speak publicly about birth control. Margaret Sanger was a nurse and a bit of a radical. Married with a few children, she believed in socialism. She saw many women who had birthed 10-15 children give themselves nasty self-abortions. Sadie Sachs was a Russian Jew who had been pregnant several times and had given herself a self-abortion b/c she could not feed another child as she was so poor. She pled for help from the male doctor who replied, Tell your husband to sleep on the couch. Sachs got pregnant again and again self-aborted, but that time, the doctor could not save her. Sanger then committed herself to helping women by breaking the law and distributing birth control information on the street and through the mail. She spoke publicly and was arrested. Comstock crusaded against her, and she eventually fled to England, returning years later after Comstocks death. Eventually the issued died down, she returned and was vindicated for her actions by a public that changed its perception of social reform to help poor women in such a predicament. She went on to help start Planned Parenthood & was instrumental in the birth control pill - came out in the 1960s. Did families get bigger or smaller why?: In course of late 19th century, family size gradually decreased Sufferin till suffrage: By 1900, advocates for womens suffrage argued vote enabled women to extend roles as mothers & homemakers in public world not as equals to men and therefore deserving this was a strategic shift from earlier emphasis on equality National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) limited its membership to whites only Carrie Chapman Catt (new head of NAWSA) argued women should be granted suffrage b/c in city, women needed to affect such issues as public health & education & suffrage was a logical extension of a womens traditional role/sphere (cult of domesticity) in caring for the home & family not equality w/ men a shift away from past arguments for womens suffrage

Temperance (prohibition of alcohol): Growing prohibition/temperance movement especially reflected the concerns of many middle class women Husbands often drank away paycheck &/or w/ prostitutes {Escondido was a dry city no alcohol except moonshine - in the late 19th century incorporated as a city in 1888} {Carrie Nation used a hatchet to smash liquor bottles Temperance avenger scary!} Architecture: Term Richardson in late 19th century pertained to architecture Rise of a standard popular culture: During industrialization, Americans increasingly shared a common & standard popular culture Leading pastimes of late 19th century included bicycling, watching college football, watching baseball, the circus (P.T. Barnum walked elephants across the new Brooklyn Bridge suspension steel cable bridge many people did not trust it at first), & vaudeville (variety acts such as comedians, acrobats, jugglers, etc - like a big variety show very cool for the time even for our time) Sports: Sports developed after the Civil War basketball, bicycling (huge craze once safety bicycle was invented Wright Brothers owned a bicycle shop in Dayton, Ohio), croquet, college football (very dangerous compared to today b/c of rules not yet applied, lack of protection, etc), What about baseball? Already popular. Ethnic enclaves in the cities: By 1900, American cities were becoming heavily populated, segregated by race & ethnicity (neighborhoods), & more homogenous Ch 26 The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution, 1865-1896 Native Americans on the Great Plains: Post-Civil War USA, Indians surrendered their lands only when they received solemn promises from US govt to be left alone & provided w/supplies on remaining (reservation) lands {Indian agents from the Bureau of Indian Affairs were often corrupt and cheated Indians Ex. Give them rancid meat) Warfare b/t Indians & US military after (and during) the Civil War there was often great cruelty & massacre on both sides (but almost always initiated by whites) Indians baffled whites avenged savage massacres of Indians by whites, punished whites for breaking treaties, defend their lands against white invaders, & preserved nomadic way of life against forced settlement What would Loewen say about their settled and nomadic conditions? Match Native American Indian chief to tribe: Chief Joseph Nez Perc, Sitting Bull Sioux/Lakota, Geronimo - Apache As a result of complete defeat of Cpt. William Fettermans command (of 80 men) in 1866 govt abandoned the Bozeman Trail & guaranteed Sioux/Lakota their lands (American Pageant 12th ed. p.593 not very truthful) Plains Indians finally forced to surrender b/c of RRs & virtual extinction of buffalo (often from trains) Nez Perc of Idaho goaded (pushed) in to war when gold was discovered on their reservation land (the fate of many Indians when Au was discovered Ex. Cherokee & Sioux/Lakota) {Not in book - Truth about Fetterman, Custer, Wounded Knee, etc - the text sucks!} Buffalo nearly exterminated entirely through wholesale slaughter/butchery of whites (Train hunting) {Govt policy for defeating Plains Indians was to eliminate their primary resource very successful} A Century of Dishonor (1881) chronicled dismal Indian-white history in USA Helen Hunt Jackson 19th century humanitarians who advocated kind treatment of Indians had no more respect for traditional Indian culture than those who sought to exterminate them To assimilate Indians into US society, Dawes Act (1887) did not outlaw the sacred Sun Dance, dissolved many tribes as legal entities, tried to make rugged individualists of Indians (What would Loewen say?), promised Indians US citizenship in 25 years (but full citizenship for all Indians did not come until 1924), & wiped out tribal ownership of land (by allotting portions of that land to individual Indian farmers more scandals took more Indian lands like corruption of Indian agents from the B. of I. A.)

Dawes Severalty Act (1887) was designed to promote Indian assimilation (into white culture as farmers) What would Loewen say? The US govts outlawing of the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the Battle of Wounded Knee - Disgraceful slaughter of ~200 Indians, mostly elderly people, women, and children Chronological order Dawes Act, Oklahoma Land Rush (Far and Away), Indians granted full citizenship, Congress restores tribes (Indian New Deal) Factors eventually leading to defeat of Plains Indians included: RRs, disease, near-extermination of buffalo (Tatanka Sioux word for buffalo), & war w/ US Army Mining: Bitter conflict b/t whites & Indians intensified as mining frontier expanded *Hydraulic mining Ex. CA strip mining {Cowboys Cow Towns Dodge City, KS or Boom Towns like Virginia City, NV or Deadwood, SD} Mining frontier played a vital role in attracting first substantial white population to the West (plus capital $) Enormous mineral wealth taken from mining frontier of west helped finance the Civil War (& cause it too) Wild frontier towns where major cattle trails through Texas into Kansas or farther north were Abilene, KS; Ogallala, NB; & Cheyenne, WY {Homesteads and Soddies} Settlers on the Great Plains: Homestead Act (1862) a problem was 160 acres was inadequate for productive farming on rain-scarce Plains, assumed public land should be administered to promote frontier settlement but many settlers did not buy homesteads speculators did, drastic departure from previous govt land policies designed to raise $ Major problem faced by Great Plains settlers in 1870s was scarcity of water (and wood) Sooners settlers who jumped the gun to claim land in the Oklahoma Land Rush (Far and Away) Was Frederick Jackson Turners thesis correct?: Eastern city dwellers were the least likely to migrate to the West to cattle country or to farm the frontier 1890 superintendent of census announced the frontier line was gone Americans were disturbed that free land (If it ever was free think Davidson & Lytle Ch 5) West of MS River was gone (Enter Frederick Jackson Turner Frontier Thesis Grand Theory Davidson & Lytle Ch 5) Turners safety valve idea: Safety valve for overflow of discontented in the East b/c of social & economic conflict (Turner says yes research says no) Eastern city dwellers headed west to get free homesteads during depressions Western cities thrive: Cities like Denver & San Francisco served as major safety valves by providing homes for failed farmers & busted miners who were in the West so real safety valve was the western city Ex. Denver & SF The American West & Water: In long run, group probably did the most to shape the West were hydraulic engineers (irrigated) West Federal govt gave the most aid to economic & social developments Ex. Divert water hydraulics Post-Civil War Agriculture & Farmers Problems (You laugh, but this was the DBQ a few years ago): 1865-1900 most US farmers grew a single cash crop (perhaps tobacco or wheat therefore dependent) Root cause of US farmers problems after 1880 was OVERPRODUCTION of agricultural goods! Last decade of 19th century, volume of agricultural goods increased as prices for those goods decreased Ex. Cattle affected by overgrazing and bad winters while Argentina & other places produced more livestock or wheat prices drop due to overproduction in USA & other nations like Russia growing more wheat too further causing declining prices Late 19th century farmers believed their difficulties stemmed primarily from deflated currency (Populism) Agricultural production rose in post-Civil War years tenet farming (like sharecropping whites & blacks) spread rapidly through the Midwest & South Farmers organize to stop abuses against them: Farmers were slow to organize & promote their interest b/c they were by nature independent & individualistic {Bonanza Farming} First major farmers organization was Patrons of Husbandry (The Grange/Grangers) Original purpose of the Grange was to stimulate improvement through educational & social activities

In several states, farmers helped pass Granger Laws which regulated RR rates (from abuses varying freight rates, free passes, rebates, etc) Farmers Alliance formed to take action to break the strangling grip of RRs (Ex. Frank Norris The Octopus RRs in CA) Farmers Alliance especially weakened by - exclusion of black farmers Populist Party arose as direct successor of Farmers Alliance Populist Party presidential candidate in 1892 was James B. Weaver (Cleveland won) Populist leaders included: William Coin Harvey, Ignatius Donnelley, James B. Weaver, & Mary Elizabeth Lease, What about Eugene V. Debs? To win labors support, Populist Party opposed use of court injunctions to force striking laborers back to work {Lots of influence on The Wizard of Oz} Late 19th century Populists farmers held grievances against RRs, state govts, banks, grain-elevator operators, & both major political parties Democrats & Republicans Pro-farmer & Populist leaders of 1880s & 1890s Oliver Kelley, James B. Weaver, & Mary Elizabeth Lease Populists political program called for graduated income tax (the more you have, the more youre taxed), govt ownership of RRs & telephones, free, unlimited coinage of silver at ratio of 16 ounces of silver to 1 ounce of gold Which was half of the going rate at 32:1 ratio), loans for farmers based on crops stored in govt warehouses Populists & Labor Unions charged a conspiracy b/t govt & big business b/c Federal courts declared an income tax unconstitutional (why we see the 16th Amendment authorizing constitutional right to tax), & the Federal court injunction forcing workers back to work in the 1894 Pullman Strike 1892 Election: During 1892 presidential election large numbers of Southern white farmers refused to desert the Democratic Party & support the Populist Party b/c (even though it was in their best interest to switch) history of racial division in South made cooperation w/ Af-Ams difficult Coxeys army: Jacob Coxey and his army marched on Washington DC to demand govt relieve unemployed w/public works program (build stuff w/govt jobs and pay laborers FDR will do this during the Depression as part of the New Deal) (Instead, Cleveland, who sympathized, had them arrested for trespassing, and he thought govt hand outs would make people dependent on the govt apparently not businesses or the US govt when he borrowed gold from JP Morgan for the nations reserves Did USA become dependent on JP Morgan for handouts? Think Zinn.) Panic of 1893: Was Richard Olney, US Attorney General, sympathetic to workers and farmers hard-pressed by the Panic/Depression of 1893? (Think Pullman strike of 1894) 1894 Pullman Strike: Pres. Cleveland justified Federal intervention in 1894 Pullman Strike b/c it prevented transit of the US mail Match individual w/role in Pullman Strike of 1894 Richard Olney US Attny Gen used federal troops to crush strike, Eugene V. Debs Head or American Railway Union organized strike, George Pullman owner of Palace Railroad Car company & the company town, John Altgeld Governor of Illinois who sympathized w/striking workers (another violent episode where govt supported business against labor) Labor unions, Populists, & debtors saw in brutal Pullman strike proof of alliance of Federal govt, big business, & the courts (b/c of use of federal injunction court order to stop strike & go back to work) to act against the interests of the working class to keep them oppressed & keep profits maximized Pullman strike was first instance (not the last) of - govt use of Federal court injunction to break a strike 1896 Election: Depression of 1890s & episodes like the Pullman Strike made 1896 presidential election a battle b/t conservatives against workers & farmers {McKinley is the Wizard, the wonderful Wizard of Oz} 1896, McKinley is nominated for presidents by the Republicans (hell win too), not b/c he was an energetic & charismatic campaigner, but b/c he was an electoral favorite in Ohio, he was nationally known for the McKinley Tariff (high), was likeable and a Civil War vet, & was backed by the powerful Representative Mark Hanna who politically managed him and raised a huge sum of $ to get him elected

Mark Hanna (Ohio Representative president maker) believed the prime function of govt was to - aid business Democratic Party in 1896 nominated for president William Jennings Bryan Republican Party in 1896 nominated for president William McKinley winner but loser 3rd president assassinated Populist Party in 1896 nominated for president William Jennings Bryan same as Democrats Populism sold out to Democrats at this point really no longer distinct now tied to Democrats William Jennings Bryan 1896 youthful, energetic & charismatic, excellent orator, honest & sincere, What about a brilliant mind? {Harsh, but probably not necessarily textbook authors questions can be brutal!} William Jennings Bryan got presidential nomination in 1896 (ran for president 4 times & lost 4 times) b/c - he supported farmers demands for unlimited coinage of silver (Think Cross of Gold speech) 1896 elections major issue became free, unlimited coinage of silver (Silverites vs. Gold Bugs) One key to Republican victory in 1896 was huge amount of $ raised by Mark Hanna Strongest ally of Mark Hanna & Republicans in 1896 election was fear of alleged radical Bryan & free silver cause (& cheap shots forcing industrial workers to vote for McKinley or lose their job) 1896 election marked last time that serious effort was made to win the White House w/mostly agrarian votes (Zinn wonders what if they had really unified and included workers in their plight - what then?) 1896 McKinley victory ushered in long period of Republican presidential dominance along w/- diminishing voter turn outs Pres Election of 1896, McKinley carried upper Midwest (Wizard of Oz), most urban workers (b/c of tactics used to intimidate workers to vote for him, not Bryan, and/or actual fear of Populism & Bryan and their silver policy, & New England Bryan was too popular in the West & South President William McKinley: As President, McKinley can best be described as cautious & conservative (follower not a leader) That McKinleys mind is like a bed, youve got to make it up for him. Economics & Money based on gold, silver, or both: Monetary inflation needed to relieve social & economic hardships of late 19th century eventually came as a result of increased international gold supply (lowered value of gold, making US money, backed on gold, cheaper, increasing circulation, which was lessened by hard money policies) Cowboys & cattle drives: Frontier towns cow towns at end of Long Drive from Texas included Dodge City, KS, Abilene, KS (Ike was from Abilene & then moved to Gettysburg after presidency), & Cheyenne, WY Decline of long drive & cattle boom resulted from homesteading (fencing brutal range wars too), severe winters, overgrazing & overproduction, & barbed-wire fencing How and why did Republicans consolidate their power at this time?: Consolidation of Republican power & the eclipse of the Populists after 1896 (but not all of their ideas typical 3rd party influence to stimulate reforms) occurred b/c eastern labors opposition to free silver thought it would hurt their wages & cheap tactics of business to manipulate labors vote, a return of general economic prosperity (due to international gold market value dropping b/c of gold discoveries like South Africa and the Klondike), & a relative decline of rural population in USA relative to the cities

Ch 27 The Path to Empire, 1890-1899 Religious justification for American imperialism: Reverend Josiah Strongs book Our Century: Its Possible Future & Its Possible Crisis advocated American expansion to spread American religion & values 1890s demographics: By 1890s, the USA was bursting w/ a new sense of power b/c of the increasing population, wealth, & industrial production US foreign policy & imperialism: A major factor in the shift in US foreign policy toward imperialism in late 19th century was need for overseas markets for increased industrial & agricultural production

Numerous near-wars & diplomatic crises of the USA in late 1880s & 1890s demonstrated aggressive new national mood (National or American govt & military? What would Zinn Ch 12 say? Is this true?) War with Samoa? Why did the US want to control Samoa?: Clash b/t Germany & the USA over the Samoan Islands eventually resulted in colonial division of islands b/t Germany & the USA How did a US Naval officer influence the worlds navies?: US naval Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan argued that control of the sea was the key to world domination (Influence of Seapower on History - argued that history has shown great naval powers have empires) American economic imperialism and military imperialism in Latin America: To justify US intervention in Venezuela (over Venezuela-British boundary dispute), Sec of State Olney invoked Monroe Doctrine During the boundary dispute b/t Venezuela and Great Britain, the USA threatened war unless GB backed down & accepted Venezuelas claim A primary reason Great Britain submitted their border dispute (over Au discovered) w/ Venezuela to arbitration was growing tensions w/ Germany made GB reluctant to engage in conflict w/ the USA Venezuela boundary dispute was settled by arbitration of Venezuelan & British claims (British got most of what they wanted anyway) Which of the following was least enthusiastic about US imperialism in 1890s? Grover Cleveland, TR, William Randolph Hearst, Alfred T. Mahan, William McKinley How did the USA steal Hawaii?: One reason white American sugar lords tried to overthrow native Hawaiian rule & annex the islands the islands was fear Japanese might intervene in Hawaii on behalf of abused Japanese imported laborers Hawaiis Queen Liliuokalani was removed from power b/c she opposed US annexation & insisted native Hawaiians control Hawaii *US sugar planters, offspring of American missionaries who came in earlier 19th century, took the island from the Hawaiians Sanford B. Dole & other planters Before treaty annexing Hawaii to USA could be rushed through the US Senate in 1893 when Hawaii fell to US business interests Pres. Harrisons term expired and anti-imperialist Pres Cleveland became President Pres Cleveland rejected efforts to annex Hawaii b/c he believed Hawaiians were wronged & the majority of the US population was against annexation [He also said he would not sign the order to mobilize the military if Congress declared war on Spain] The Spanish-American-Cuban-Philippine War: In an attempt to persuade Spain to leave Cuba or encourage USA to help Cuba gain independence, Cuban insurrectos (revolutionaries) [Eurocentric perspective] adopted a scorched-earth policy of burning cane fields & sugar mills (to force US to do something US had lots of $ invested in Cuban sugar) Americans favored aid to Cuban revolutionaries for popular outrage at Spanish reconcentration camps (Spanish General Weyler) [British in Boer War & US in Philippines & Indians], fear Spanish misrule in Cuba menaced the Gulf of Mexico (& Caribbean) [negatively affect commerce shipping], sympathy for Cuban patriots fighting for freedom, atrocity stories reported by the Yellow Press (some true, some exaggerated, some fabricated/lies) [Hearst told Frederick Remington, photographer in Cuba before the Sp-Am War, You furnish the pictures, and Ill furnish the war.], What about the belief that Spains control of Cuba violated the anti-colonial provisions of Monroe Doctrine? No! Battleship USS Maine officially sent to Cuba (Havana) to protect & evacuate US citizens in case of war Battleship USS Maine was sunk by an explosion on the ship in Feb 1898 (~260 US sailors killed) [Officials at the time warned it may have been an accident, which later, in the 1960s/1970s?, it was proven to be an accident from heat radiating through the bulkhead to explode the black powder used for the big guns. USA blamed Spain for sinking it with an underwater mine so Remember the Maine, and to Hell with Spain.] Pres McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain mainly b/c the US people demanded it. Bad question really What would Zinn say in Ch 12 about the people of the USA wanting war? Who really wanted war? People? Government? Military? Business? Imperialists? Expansionists? US declared war on Spain even though Spanish had already agreed to - an armistice w/ Cuban revolutionaries

Teller Amendment (to declaration of war) USA would not annex Cuba & would uphold Cuban independence US military strength during the Sp-Am War was enhanced by its new steel navy; a major weakness of Spain was its aging naval fleet looked good on paper but was antiquated by 1898 compared to US ships The Philippine nationalist who led the insurrection against both Spanish rule & the later US occupation Emilio Aguinaldo When US captured Philippines from Spain Hawaii was annexed by USA (1898) as key territory in Pacific Rough Riders organized largely by TR but commanded by Leonard Wood TR volunteered - resigning from Dept. of Navy as assistant secretary went to war in tailored uniform Mostly made up of cowboys, criminals, & eastern polo players & athletes During the Spanish-American War, entire Spanish fleet was destroyed at the Battles of - (first) Manila Bay (Dewey) & (later) Santiago not Havana, Guantanamo Bay, Samoa, El Canay, San Juan & Kettle Hills When US invaded Puerto Rico during SP Am War most of population greeted as liberators rather than military occupationists & conquerors *But Puerto Rican nationalism, then & today, sought/seek independence **Today a Commonwealth of the USA since early 20th century Greatest loss of life for USA in Sp-Am War resulted from sickness in both Cuba & USA (disease Ex, Yellow Fever summer in Cuba, Typhoid, dysentery, etc Plus bad canned meat embalmed beef) At the time, most controversial event associated w/ Sp-Am War was acquisition of Philippines Imperialists wanted them Anti-imperialists did not want USA to take them All became US possessions under Treaty of Paris (Sp-Am War) Puerto Rico (Caribbean), Guam (Pacific), & the Philippines & capitol city, Manila (Pacific/Asia) [US controlled Cuba Caribbean] {Hawaii was not acquired through the war w/ Spain} Pres McKinley justified US acquisition of Philippines primarily emphasizing that no acceptable alternative [Paid Spain $20 million for our acquisitions from them due to war] {fear of other nations taking them, etc plus US ambitions would need them, so no choice to him} ***Taft who went to Philippines as a military governor more or less to modernize the islands, called them his little brown brothers US imperialists presented arguments against acquiring the Philippines: Violation of consent of the governed philosophy of Declaration of Independence, despotism abroad would or might lead to despotism at home, annexation propel US in to political & military cauldron of the Far East, Filipinos wanted freedom not colonial rule (US replacing Spain) {Filipinos had been mostly Catholics since time of Jamestown ~1607 see p.637 in 12th edition}, What about the idea that the islands were rightfully Spains possession? By acquiring the Philippines at end of Sp-Am War, USA assumed rule over (7) millions of Asians (Filipinos), became a full-fledged East Asian (& Pacific) power, assumed commitments difficult to defend (Ex. 12-7-1941 in WWII), & developed popular support for a big navy (& a Panama Canal) Know chronology of the sinking of the USS Maine, the US declaration of war on Spain, the Teller Amendment, & the Platt Amendment passing & then adoption by the Cubans for their constitution Puerto Ricans: Starting in 1917, many Puerto Ricans came to mainland USA seeking employment (mostly in NYC) *citizenship granted in 1917 all PRs are citizens of USA since 1917 when granted citizenship **Foraker Act of 1900 limited popular govt for PR see p.639 in 12th edition Would the USA extend its laws and protections to the people it acquired through imperialism?: On the question of whether US laws applied to overseas territory acquired in Sp-Am War, Supreme Court ruled that US laws did not necessarily apply (to those in newly acquired territories I wonder why?) If the USA promised (by law Teller Amendment) not to take over Cuba, how would it control Cuba?: USA gained a virtual right of intervention in Cuba in the Platt Amendment (to Cuban Constitution) [1901 forced into Cuban Constitution or US troops would not leave Cuba allowed US intervention in Cuban affairs if independence was threatened (in US eyes), Cubans could not go in to debt w/ countries other than the USA, & USA got USN/USMC bases such as Guantanamo Bay see p.639 in 12th edition]

Ch 28 America on the World Stage, 1899-1909 [12th edition] (Ch 28 is part of Ch 27 in the 13th edition) American-Philippine War (the old Filipino Insurrection): In 1899, guerrilla warfare broke out in the Philippines b/c US refused to give the Filipinos their independence Philippine insurrection (war) [insurrection is a Eurocentric term] finally broke (ended) when in 1901 Emilio Aguinaldo, Filipino insurrecto leader, was captured NOTE: Philippine Islands (named after King Philip of Spain) but the people are Filipinos with an F, whereas the Philippine fighters, an adjective, uses the Ph spelling. US war against the Philippine insurrectionists promoting independence resulted in torture and atrocities on both sides [Book acts like the US only retaliated in kind, but reconcentration/concentration camps and atrocities were part of US strategy see p.646 [12th edition] Pres McKinleys policy of benevolent assimilation in the Philippines was not appreciated by the Filipinos Filipino Immigrants: When Filipinos first came to USA, worked mainly as agricultural labor (replacing Chinese & Japanese now excluded since 1882 & 1907-08 respectively) The exploitation of China and the Open Door policy: Many Americans became concerned about the increasing foreign intervention in China b/c they feared US missions & missionaries would be jeopardized & Chinese markets would be closed to non-Europeans (like the USA who are non-Europeans Euros were carving up China) Americas Open Door policy was essentially an argument for free trade in China (free trade means low or no tariffs) Euros, Japan, & USA would not restrict trade in China an open door for all Chinas Boxer Rebellion (1900) [Eurocentric term] was an attempt to throw out or kill all foreigners (Foreign Devils) {Nationalistic response to spheres of influence of Euros, Japan, & USA} Response to Boxer Rebellion, USA abandoned its general principles of non-entanglement & noninvolvement in overseas conflict (w/ Europe, not Latin Am.) [Isolationism if we ever were truly isolationist] Once Boxer uprising ended, - China was spared further partition by foreign powers Extended Open Door policy advocated in Sec of State John Hays second note called on all big powers, including the USA, to observe the territorial integrity of China 1900 Election & an American Imperialist who stressed the strenuous life: Theodore Roosevelt (TR) received Republican nomination in 1900 mainly b/c NY party bosses (such as Platt) wanted him out of the NY governorship (where he was a liberal Republican progressive reformer) *Kick him upstairs to the VP political dead end unless the President dies **Mark Hanna (McKinley backer & Republican Representative from Ohio, said TR was one heartbeat away from the Presidency Just before his nomination for VP on Republican ticket in 1900, TR served as Governor of New York & was before that Assistant Secretary of the Navy, & was before that NYC Police Commissioner too In 1900 presidential election, Democrats & candidate William Jennings Bryan, insisted that US imperialism was the paramount (most important) issue of the campaign As a VP candidate in 1900, TR matched Bryans travels in a flamboyant campaign (around the country) [McKinley did not really campaign the same way by traveling and speaking] President Roosevelt the first one: Regarding the presidency, TR believed that the President could take any action not specifically prohibited by laws and the Constitution (He is considered to have started the Modern Presidency) Panama Canal: Construction of an isthmian canal (across the Panamanian isthmus shortest distance across Central America where the shortest canal route could be dug) was motivated mainly by a desire to improve US defense (USS Oregon took a long time during Sp-Am War to go around Tierra del Fuego (South America) to get to the Caribbean from the Pacific) {and the canal would enhance commerce of the seas of course} British gave up their opposition to an American-controlled isthmian canal b/c they confronted an unfriendly Europe and were bogged down in the Boer War (in South Africa over discovery of Au & later diamonds & the British use of concentration camps fighting the Boer guerrillas no prisoners taken either side) Alternative route for a canal b/t Atlantic/Gulf & Pacific that was seriously considered was - Nicaragua {Longer & not over mountains & no war needed to build 1904 election made that impossible for TR}

US entered the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty with Panama the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty with Britain - & the Gentlemens Agreement with Japan (Hay-Pauncefote Treaty British allowed US built canal) *Hay-Pauncefote Treaty in 13th edition I could not find in 12th edition US gained a perpetual (never-ending/continual) lease on the Panama Canal Zone in the - Hay-Bunau Treaty Bunau was a French citizen, not really a Panamanian Panama controls the canal today So how does a ship go over mountains as the canal crosses a mountain range? How does it work? Colombian senate rejected treaty w/ USA for canal b/c USA was not going to pay Colombian govt enough So were they greedy, or did they just think it was worth more than the US was willing to pay? TRs role in Panamanian revolution involved using the US Navy to block Colombian troops from crossing the isthmus & crushing the revolt (in their own country) Panamanian revolution began when a Chinese citizen & a donkey were killed (interesting but not a test question) TR wanted an isthmian canal constructed quickly b/c presidential election of 1904 was approaching He could/would not wait for Nicaraguan canal route w/out war or land snatching b/c of 1904 election During the building of Panama Canal the following difficulties were encountered labor troubles (shortages, segregation, better pay & living quarters, fatalities, etc. for some) (imported workers), landslides, poor sanitation (disease of Yellow Fever mosquitos finally eradicated by Dr. Gorgas), Yellow Fever [nature, accidents, explosives, noise, Ex. Trains often crushed people who could not hear them] What about Panamanian rebels fighting a guerrilla war and sabotage? No! TR defended his building of Panama Canal claimed that he had received a mandate from civilization Typical TR He got in trouble once for saying, I took the isthmus! cost US $ to Colombia US involvement in Latin American affairs as usual: US involvement in affairs of Latin American nations at turn of 20th century usually stemmed from the fact that those nations were constantly in debt [to whom? European and US creditors who prodded their govts
to intervene in the affairs of Latin Am govts people there resenting Euro & US economic imperialism]

TR adds to the Monroe Doctrine: Roosevelt Corollary (addition to the Monroe Doctrine sort of but not in the original spirit of the Monroe Doctrine written by Monroes then Sec of State John Quincy Adams) added new provision to Monroe Doctrine specifically designed to justify US intervention in affairs of Latin American countries (see p.657 in 12th edition) {USA to be an international police power in W. Hemisphere Latin America who resented it!!!!!!} {Message is still Euros stay out if Latin Am owed them money, USA would collect for them no Euro invasions to collect debts USA would invade Latin Am many times using this approach to foreign policy w/ our neighbors to the south, back then & today} TR carries his big stick and rarely speaks softly: TR promoted what might what might be called a Bad Neighbor Policy in Latin America by adding the Roosevelt Corollary (like a corollary to a theorem in geometry an addition that is related to the original) to the Monroe Doctrine {Later US will initial a Good Neighbor Policy w/ Latin America} US foreign policy in Latin America in the early 20th century: USs frequent interventions in the affairs of Latin American countries in the early 20th century left a legacy of ill will & distrust of the USA throughout Latin America Gee, I wonder why? *Opportunity was there for example if USA had backed Venezuela over border dispute in interests of that Latin American country rather than the British independent of any Anglo-American rivalries (b/t England & the USA) that existed at the time What is a jingo or jingoism?: Jingoism advocating extreme chauvinism, patriotism, paternalism, and an aggressive foreign policy such as imperialism and war of conquest and/or submission Japan experiences discrimination and racism from the USA: Gentlemens Agreement of 1907-1908 b/t TR & Japanese govt caused Japan to stop immigration of Japanese laborers to the US in return for the repeal of a racist, segregationist school decree in SF, CA to segregate all Asian students. {Yellow Peril fear by some Euros & Americans that Asians would rise up & take over the world}

Japanese immigrants first entered US territory to work as laborers on Hawaiis sugar plantations (then immigrated from there to the mainland for agricultural, construction, & mining jobs just as Filipinos did later) Root-Takahira agreement of 1908 US & Japan agreed to respect each others territorial holdings in Pacific (*foresee future conflict WWII) Also, agreement upheld an Open Door in China What was the Great White Fleet?: [Great White Fleet new US Navy sailed around the world to show what we had a good will tour I guess? Japanese loved our ships USN got new slogan, Join the Navy and See the World] Little, yet modern, imperial Japan defeats the antiquated and technologically unsophisticated Russians: In 1904, the Russo-Japanese War started b/c Russia sought ice-free ports in Chinese Manchuria. TR became involved when the Japanese, who were seriously winning they sank the entire Russian Baltic fleet which steamed all the way from the Baltic around Africa to off the coast of Japan to be completely destroyed by the Japanese Imperial Navy way more modern than Russian navy at the time. Japan asked for help b/c they were running out of Men and Yen (soldiers & $). Pres TR organized a conference at Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1905 to mediate an end to the war. He also helped arrange an international conference in Algrecias, Spain in 1906 over North African conflicts. These two efforts won him a Nobel Peace Prize. Ironic that Nobel invents dynamite & a peace prize is named after him. Also ironic, Mr. Imperialism & war-lover (war brings out the finest in humanity he believed), won a Nobel Peace Prize for actually arranging peace. He was a jingoist! He held the belief of Social Darwinism that whites carried Rudyard Kiplings {The Jungle Book guy dont get me started on this British Imperialist poet} so called white mans burden to civilize the rest of the inferior, backward, heathen races of the world. Philippine War occurred when TR was President after McKinleys assassination as well as many other aggressive big stick acts Carry a big stick and speak softly, and you will go far. As a result of the war, Japan won Sakhalin Island (near Russia will take it back at the end of WWII) Why Did America Become a World Power? pp.662-663 in 12th edition Group of historians known as the New Left revisionists argued USAs burst of overseas expansion was designed to create an informal empire that would guarantee American economic dominance of foreign markets & investments I think I would know this one if I were you!

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