Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Current priorities include international Current priorities are climate change, Current priorities include democracy,
debt, transforming markets, global ecological debt and local sustainability time banks, well-being and public services
finance and local economic renewal
nef (the new economics foundation) is a registered charity founded in 1986 by the leaders of The Other Economic Summit (TOES), which
forced issues such as international debt onto the agenda of the G7/G8 summit meetings. It has taken a lead in helping establish new
coalitions and organisations such as the Jubilee 2000 debt campaign; the Ethical Trading Initiative; the UK Social Investment Forum; and
new ways to measure social and economic well-being.
“The impression, which slowly dawns on one as one reads this manifesto, is that,
if this is all true, then really what we’re facing is the need for a significant
revolution in the way we organise just about everything in our society:
how we think about work, childcare, family, transport, the environment etc.
Unlike most previous calls to revolution, this one proceeds logically, calmly and
remains always grounded in an appeal to that thing we all care about in a very deep
and uncomplicated way: happiness. I can’t commend the work highly enough.”
Well-being is more than just happiness. As well as feeling satisfied and happy, well-being means developing as a
person, being fulfilled, and making a contribution to the community.
Where does our well-being come from? Research suggests that there are three main influences:
• Our parents, through our genes and our upbringing, influence about 50 per cent of the variation in happiness between
people.
• Our circumstances, which include our income, as well as other external factors such as the climate and where we live,
account for only 10 per cent. Does money make us happier? Not after our basic needs are met, because we are always
moving the goalposts. We adapt very quickly to the material gains which come from increases in income and we also
compare ourselves to others who have more and this can lead to dissatisfaction.
• Our outlook and activities – like our friendships, being involved in our community, sport, and hobbies as well as
our attitude to life – account for the remaining 40 per cent. This is where we have the most opportunity to make a
difference to well-being.
The well-being of future generations depends on not destroying our environment. We need to start moving
towards a system of taxing environmental bad’s, such as fossil fuels, and reducing the tax burden on good’s,
such as work. This could pay a double dividend of protecting the environment and improving people’s well-being.
The National Health Service (NHS) and other health institutions need to continue to broaden their focus to
promote complete health, which is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as “a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. To do this, we need
to accelerate the move towards a preventative health system. We also need to tackle mental health far more
systematically. Treating people holistically means that health professionals need to go beyond just curing the
biomedical causes of disease to thinking about the social and psychological aspects of how patients are treated.
All health institutions should have some system in place to involve patients as partners in the business of delivering
health; there needs to be investment in training frontline staff on good practice around this. Local authorities could
promote healthier communities through encouraging local organisations, such as healthy living centres, to take the
well-being agenda forward.
Parental leave should be extended to cover at least the first two years of a child’s life. This could be taken by either
parent, or potentially shared between them. High-quality childcare should be subsidised for those parents who
need, or wish, to work. Parents should also be actively supported to be the best parents they can be. This will
require a mixture of community support, good local facilities, and education.
A society more engaged in meaningful pastimes is likely to be less focused on the illusion that material goods
will bring it happiness. We should endeavour to make the well-being choice the easy choice, to wean us off
our national pastimes of shopping and TV watching. We need to increase support for cheap and local leisure
provision, such as sports centres and arts venues, as well as informal open spaces and parks.
There is a link between well-being and democratic involvement that has implications for public-service delivery.
We need to go beyond giving a choice of provider in public-service delivery to involving people in the design and
delivery of the services they receive. We should also drop the swathes of central-government targets that service
providers face and replace them with a process of stakeholder engagement and accountability which places the
user in the centre.
For most of human history, trying to output has almost doubled in the UK Therefore, nef’s (the new economics
understand what led to well-being in the last 30 years, life satisfaction foundation’s) model of well-being has
was the stuff of philosophy or has remained resolutely flat (see two personal dimensions and a social
poetry. Recently, however, some Figure 1). Meanwhile depression context:
psychologists and sociologists have has risen significantly over the last
finally turned away from studying 50 years in developed countries.1 • People’s satisfaction with their
illness and dysfunctionality and In order to make better judgements life which is generally measured
begun to study well-being, happiness, about what government should be by an indicator called life satis-
and flourishing. The results have doing in response to this situation, faction: this captures satisfaction,
profound implications for individuals we should consider the lessons from pleasure and enjoyment.
and for government. This well-being well-being research.
manifesto seeks to answer the • People’s personal development
question “what would politics look like Well-being research for which there is not yet one
if promoting people’s well-being was What is well-being? Some academics standard psychological indicator
one of government’s main aims?” argue that well-being is best – the concept includes being
understood in terms of our overall engaged in life, curiosity, ‘flow’ (a
One of the main ways in which happiness or satisfaction with life. state of absorption where hours
governments in developed countries But evidence shows that there is pass like minutes), personal
try to promote well-being is through much more to life than satisfaction: development and growth,
increasing economic growth. The people also want to be leading rich autonomy, fulfilling potential,
logic to this is that by increasing and fulfilling lives – developing their having a purpose in life, and the
national and individual incomes, capabilities, fulfilling their potential, feeling that life has meaning.3
people have more choices about and leading socially useful lives. 2
how they should lead their lives. • People’s social well-being
Psychologists, however, have thrown – a sense of belonging to our
a large spanner in the works. The communities, a positive attitude
relationship between economic towards others, feeling that we
prosperity and both individual and are contributing to society and
social well-being in developed engaging in pro-social behaviour,
countries seems to have broken and believing that society is
down. For example, whilst economic capable of developing positively.4
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Therefore, promoting individual well-being is not just an important end in itself; it also has useful consequences
for a flourishing society in all sorts of other ways, including the enhancement of people’s social well-being.
For people to lead truly flourishing This dimension of personal interaction between genetic pre-
lives they need to feel they are development is also closely related to dispositions and our upbringing
personally satisfied and developing, the kind of individual characteristics and environment.9 We call this
as well as functioning positively in that underpin government agendas ‘influence by our parents’.
regard to society. Unfortunately too around active citizenship or
many people are instead languishing enterprise. Well-being is not just 2. Life circumstances. These
– living unhappy, unfulfilled lives about a passive happiness; it is also include factors such as our
as well as lacking social and about an active engagement with income, material possessions,
community engagement. Estimates life and with others. Promoting well- and marital status, as well as
from the US suggest that less than being is a ‘good’ in itself as well as a contextual circumstances such as
20 per cent of the population are contributor to other ends (see Box 1). our neighbourhood, whether we
flourishing and over 25 per cent have just moved jobs or home,
are languishing, with the rest being The basic findings of well-being and indeed our favourite British
somewhere in between. 5 research obsession: the weather. People
Where does our well-being come tend to adapt to changes in
There has been some recent interest from? There is more research on the circumstances quite quickly and
by policy-makers in life satisfaction, satisfaction and happiness elements so these factors have only a small
but this only tells part of the story. of well-being than on the personal influence on people’s happiness
Whilst life satisfaction seems strongly development and social well-being – researchers estimate it explains
(and inversely) related to mental aspects. Nevertheless, what we know only 10 per cent of the variation.
health and depression, personal is fascinating. US research suggests But, as a society, we tend to spend
development seems to be more that there are three main influences: 8 a disproportionate amount of time
strongly linked to overall health, focused on this aspect of our
longevity, resilience, and the ability 1. Genetics. We have a lives. In particular, money is often
to cope with adverse circumstances predisposition to a certain level seen as a key to happiness, but it
and ‘thrive’ in life. For example, older of happiness. Researchers argue is not necessarily so. We call this
people who score highly on the that it is the largest influence ‘influence by our circumstances’.
personal development dimension on our happiness level and it
have a different biological profile and explains about 50 per cent of
are therefore less likely to develop the variation in people’s current
serious illnesses in later life.6 happiness. There is, of course, an
3. Intentional activities. These are Not only does economic growth not So what else affects our well-being?
pursuits that we actively engage in bring happiness, but many of the One of the most important factors
and they account for 40 per cent things associated with growth can which promote well-being is our
of the variation in our happiness. reduce our well-being. By focusing personal relationships. Marriage and
They include actual behaviours purely on economic indicators, we long-term cohabiting relationships
and aims such as working towards have missed the negative side effects have a beneficial effect on well-being.
our goals, socialising, exercising, of economic growth and efficiency. Having intimate friendships and
doing engaging and meaningful These might include the depletion of family networks is also an important
work; they also include cognitive environmental resources, the stress contributor to well-being17 as is
activities such as appreciating and from working long hours, and the belonging to some kind of community
savouring life or looking at the unravelling of local economies and or social group. The biggest message
bright side of things. Adaptation communities when the out-of-town of the whole body of well-being
rarely occurs for these kinds of supermarket settles nearby. Research research is that as a society we now
activities, as they are impermanent also shows that people who are devote too much time to increasing
or can be infinitely varied. It is materialistic are less happy than our standard of living and not enough
clear that this is the area where we those who value other things,12 and it time to fostering our relationships.
can make the most difference to is undeniable that we live in a culture
our own well-being. We call this that promotes materialism. Perhaps While unemployment is one of the
‘influence by our activities and it is no surprise that alongside a biggest sources of unhappiness,
our outlook’. near doubling of economic output good quality work can be an
in the last 30 years, we have seen important source of well-being. In
So where does well-being come depression and mental illness rise13 particular, it can bring ‘flow’ – a state
from? Is it from money? The short – the Office of National Statistics of absorption where hours pass
answer is “not after our basic needs (ONS) estimates that 10 per cent of like minutes. The most important
are met”. Whilst there is some the population is depressed at any condition for creating flow at work
correlation across nations between given time.14 Trust (responses to the is for the job to be challenging and
wealth and satisfaction,10 many question “do you think most other for the level of the challenge to be
developing countries have very high people can be trusted”) has fallen matched to the skills and capabilities
levels of happiness (see Figure from around 60 per cent in the 1950s of the worker.
2). People in developed countries to around 30 per cent today.15 The
don’t seem happier than they were economically efficient society is not In terms of health, how we perceive
40 or 50 years ago, despite rising necessarily a society which promotes our condition is the crucial factor
living standards (see Figure 1). high well-being. – our objective health status
Within countries, however, very matters less. Those people who see
rich people tend to be a little bit themselves as healthy are happier
happier than the moderately well than those who do not, even when
off, both of whom are happier than their objective level of health is the
the seriously impoverished. How do same. So hypochondriacs are right to
we make sense of these seemingly complain – but it is their unhappiness
contradictory findings? The evidence that makes them sicker! And as your
suggests that after our basic needs mother told you, exercise brings
are met, we adapt very quickly to happiness both in the short and
the material gains which come longer term.18
from increases in income. We also
compare ourselves to others and, Education has little effect on life
unless we are at the top of the pile, satisfaction in itself but it is an
this can lead to dissatisfaction important factor in our personal
(see Box 2).11 development19 and in promoting
social well-being.
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Our physical environment appears What can government do? through recent legislation that there
to have some limited independent It is obvious that government cannot is indeed potential for the further
effect on our well-being. For example, and should not attempt to make promotion of well-being. In the
living close to open green space has us happy but that the impacts of Local Government Act 2000, all
been shown to enhance people’s government can have profound local authorities were given a new
well-being,20 while ugly or toxic effects on the culture within which power of well-being which enables
environments can diminish well- we live. Are we a materialistic society them to do anything that promotes
being. We adjust very quickly to many focused on individual gain? Or are we social, economic and environmental
environmental factors, including our a companionable, sustainable society well-being. nef has carried out a
climate. So the dream of moving to which has the time to enjoy the fruits pilot project with Nottingham City
sunnier climes is unlikely to deliver of its economic prosperity? Council building trans-departmental
permanent well-being enhancement well-being indicators – supporting the
with surveys showing that people Government already does a great Council in the twin aims of working
living in sunny California are no deal to promote well-being; the towards ‘joined-up government’ and
happier than those living in the frozen fact that we live in a democratic shedding light on policies that would
Midwestern US. 21 and stable state is an important enhance the well-being of young
prerequisite to our well-being. This people in the city23 (see Box 3).
is highlighted by the other extreme:
the low well-being of unstable This manifesto provides some ways of
ex-Soviet states (see Figure 2) and thinking about policy to promote well-
the fact that the lowest ever national being. It is by no means the final word,
score of life satisfaction was 1.6 on a rather a space to begin the debate
10-point scale, which occurred after and push forward the directions of
the government of the Dominican the thinking. To do this, we suggest
Republic was overthrown. 22 As well that there are eight inter-related areas
as providing a secure base for people where government could take action
to get on and live flourishing lives, to promote well-being:
the UK Government has recognised
It should be noted that work is • There should be opportunities find meaningful work and to support
broader than employment. It includes for interpersonal contact and the creation of appropriate work
unpaid work: voluntary work or friendships at work.30 opportunities. This can be done
work at home, such as caring for through, for example, supporting
children and the elderly as well as • There should be opportunities organisations such as intermediate
domestic chores. We tend not to for workers to develop their skills labour markets and social firms.
value unpaid work in our society, and capabilities at work.
even though our economy depends Research shows that material gain
on it. The value of unpaid work at • Generally, workers should not be has little impact on well-being once
home in the UK has been estimated relocated unless it is absolutely basic needs are met. Hence a pound
as approximately £150,000 million in necessary, as it destroys both in the pocket of a poorer person is
2002 – the equivalent of an extra 15 their and their families’ social worth more in well-being terms than
per cent on GDP that year. 28 A recent relationships and prevents them a pound to a rich person. In Europe,
nef survey found that people rated from forming community ties. there is also a relationship between
their voluntary work as significantly social inequality and lower well-being:
more meaningful and satisfying than There are many models of good in other words we do not like to
their paid work. 29 Thus, as well as workplaces whose lessons need to live in an unfair society. 35 This is an
considering the quality of work in the be drawn out and disseminated to instance where well-being research
economy, we should recognise and employers. Government itself is the strengthens the existing social justice
support unpaid work through valuing largest employer in the UK; thus it case for material redistribution. The
it in the national accounts, increasing should also take on board the well- case is even stronger in relation to
opportunities for volunteering, and being research and explicitly seek promoting overseas development
consider instituting a participation to promote the well-being of its through measures such as debt
income or a citizen’s service. employees. cancellation, reduction of UK trade
barriers, and increased aid.
Well-being literature provides many Focusing just on paid work, research
insights into what makes good work. shows that unemployment has terrible The well-being of future generations
It is in the self-interest of business effects on well-being. 32 This goes depends on protecting our
to promote good work as there far beyond the affect loss of income environment from climate change,
are linkages between quality work, has and includes the loss of identity, resource depletion, and other
productivity, and worker retention. meaning, and social relationships. environmental problems. One of the
Some of the key lessons emerging Research also shows that even most important changes that policy-
from research about quality work are: the employed are unhappier in an makers can make to move us towards
economy with high unemployment, this is to fundamentally change the
• Jobs should be redesigned as partly due to the lack of security. 33 incentives system. For example, the
far as possible to fit people’s Thus well-being research reinforces Treasury needs to follow through its
particular strengths and interests. the case for a full-employment Statement of Intent on Environmental
economy, even if this is not the Taxation of 1997 and its 2002 paper
• Workers should be given most efficient or highly productive Tax and the Environment with action.
more autonomy – the ability macroeconomic scenario. At present, We need to start moving towards a
to make decisions and control UK unemployment is relatively low, system of taxing environmental bad’s,
over their work. but this is, in part, due to the hidden such as fossil fuels, and reducing
unemployment of those people who the tax burden on good’s, such as
• Work should promote ‘flow’ are claiming incapacity benefits but work. Such a shift would have to
– it should be designed to are still capable of work. Recent be implemented with measures to
challenge, but not be so research suggests unemployment prevent it from having regressive
challenging that it provokes figures would double if they included effects and hitting the worst off.
anxiety and stress (see Box 4). people on incapacity benefits Increasing environmental taxes and
who were capable of working. 34 simultaneously reducing payroll taxes
Government, therefore, needs to help could have a small but positive effect
these often hard-to-reach groups to on employment if the payroll tax cuts
The basic income would have important redistributive effects. It would also promote employment as it would
reduce the level at which paid work becomes worthwhile: The present benefits system discourages work as
moving from unemployment to paid work may bring very little rise in disposable income after travel costs,
childcare etc., are taken into account.
A Citizen’s Income could be introduced through a transitional system which could begin as tax neutral, with the
basic income replacing the existing system of tax allowances, benefits, and state pension over time.
were aimed at lower-income groups. 36 work, or to pursue recreational One way to restore the adequate
Hence a ‘double dividend’ of reduced interests, which the evidence shows balance between work and life
pollution and increased employment are some of the real sources of in society is for the UK to end
is possible here. well-being. We do not adapt to our individual opt-outs to the EU Working
relationships and activities in the Time Directive and thus institute a
3. Reclaim our time same way that we adapt to our maximum 48-hour working week. If
levels of income. we wanted to go further, we could
Economic prosperity has not then reduce this maximum working
necessarily brought us stronger Economists argue that our choices week an hour each year until we
families, better relationships or more reveal what makes us most happy. reach a 35-hour week. This gradual
resilient and vibrant communities. The evidence suggests otherwise: approach would also give business
In fact, it appears that economic our choices – ‘revealed preferences’ time to make plans, rather than being
pressures have diverted us from – do not always show what makes given little real transition period as
these things which really matter. us happiest. We make systematic in the French case. If we took our
mistakes about where to allocate our productivity gains in the form of time,
The single most important shift we time. There may be a case, therefore, assuming annual labour productivity
need to make as a society to promote for action at the collective level. gains of two per cent, we could be
well-being is to improve our work-life working an average 30-hour week38
balance. Whilst, as discussed above, For some decades, as a society, we with an unchanged standard of living
we need to structure work in such have tended to take our productivity in a decade. 39
a way that it produces well-being, gains in the form of income. The
the evidence shows that overall we former trend of our moving towards a This would need to be accompanied
are spending too much time at work seven-hour day has now swung in the by appropriate pensions reform,
and not enough time doing other opposite direction back towards the re-engagement of those on incapacity
things. Research shows clearly that 10-hour day of a century ago. But as benefits into the labour market, and
individuals consistently mistake how our increasing income isn’t making us managed migration. 40 This policy is
much happier an increase in income any happier, well-being data suggests likely to be popular as suggested
will make them. In the US, research we should start taking our income by a recent European Union survey
which has tracked people across time gains in the form of that really scarce on attitudes at work – over 50 per
shows that at any given stage most resource: time. But this is a problem cent of workers want to reduce their
people believe that 20 per cent more which is difficult to tackle at the working week to an average of only
income would make them happier. individual level. We don’t want to 34 hours. Indeed the report also
But measuring their life satisfaction be left behind our neighbours; noted that people “remarkably, would
a few years later when they have we don’t want people to think we even accept a corresponding drop in
achieved that rise in income shows are not committed to our work; and income to achieve this”. 41 Economic
that they are no happier – they have what is the point of downshifting if analysis suggests that this policy
adapted to the new level of income. 37 everyone else is still working long should not have a negative effect on
So, we work too hard to bring in the hours anyway? employment. 42 In fact, reducing the
extra income to consume more, but it working week for the majority might
makes us no happier. In the process also offer more work opportunities for
we are left with less and less time to the unemployed and underemployed.
spend with our children, family and
friends, exercise, engage in voluntary
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area, over 1000 young people
completed detailed questionnaires ���
to measure their well-being. The
data shows that not only did both
their satisfaction with life and their ���
curiosity in life (a proxy measure
for personal development) both
fall as they got older, but also ���
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experience plummeted between
primary and secondary school, Figure 3: Average overall well-being and school satisfaction by Age.
and did not recover. Specifically,
their levels of interest in school
and the belief that they were Primary School
Secondary School
learning something also dropped Question % ‘Strongly
% ‘Strongly Agreeing’
a great deal. Agreeing’
I learn a lot
at school
71% 18%
School is
interesting
65% 12%
4. Create an education system that The purpose of the education system At its heart, education policy must
promotes flourishing should be explicitly to promote acknowledge that the best way
individual and societal well-being of enabling people to realise their
The purpose of our education system both now, and in the future. It should potential is to value them for who
is unclear in the eyes of most aim to create capable and emotionally they are rather than for their
children, parents and teachers. well-rounded young people who are performance against targets. There
Research by nef shows that between happy and motivated. To this end, is evidence to show that focusing
primary and secondary school there all schools should have a strategy heavily on testing can destroy
is a huge drop in young people’s well- to promote emotional, social and learning, innovation, experimentation,
being. This is both in terms of their physical well-being. This is not just and original thinking. 46
overall well-being as assessed by about rethinking the curriculum
life satisfaction and curiosity (a proxy – important as that is. This should Creative learning requires creative
measure for personal development be a ‘whole school’ approach teaching. The heavy regime of targets
in this context) and specifically their which considers a range of matters and centralised policy prescriptions
well-being whilst at school (see including the school culture and is destroying the natural curiosity and
Figure 3 and Box 6). environment, giving pupils a say, the imagination of teachers. Teachers
methods of teaching and assessment, need more space to explore with
This result suggests that our and school governance. 45 Whilst each other the challenges they face.
secondary education system is not various initiatives are taking forward
supporting young people to naturally some aspects of these ideas, The curriculum also needs to be
grow and flourish, which implies that they need to be integrated into a broadened to promote well-being
they have lower well-being, both comprehensive well-being strategy. in order to meet the full range
currently and across their lives, than of needs of young people in our
they might have done if the education society. As well as the obvious
system was different. need to broaden the vocational
elements of the curriculum and to
focus on life skills, there are some
wider issues. We need to cultivate 5. Refocus the NHS to promote policy-makers that there is a need to
the variety of ‘intelligences’ we have complete health shift the system from being treatment
– including musical, spatial, physical, oriented to being more prevention
interpersonal and intrapersonal. 47 There are obvious links between oriented. Whilst we are taking some
Therefore, we need to refocus promoting health and well-being. steps towards this, we need to
the curriculum to include more It is becoming increasingly clear accelerate this process and do a
opportunities around sports, arts that psychological factors influence great deal more. We need to invest
and creativity. There should be a people’s physical health to a very and commit to disease prevention
commitment to enhancing social and large degree. One of the most and public health promotion rather
emotional intelligence as much as astonishing findings is the huge than focusing on technical solutions
academic intelligence. We can, for positive influence of happiness to ill-health.
example, build on the work done in on longevity (see Box 7). Even
the UK on emotional literacy48 and the after allowing for all sorts of other The system itself could express the
pilots in the US which are looking at influences – such as income levels, values it promotes by being more
how far optimism (a well-established marital status and even loneliness personable, socially engaging, and
buffer against depression and low – researchers on the effects of empowering. In part, this could
well-being) and character strengths positive aging have found that happy be achieved through putting more
can be encouraged. 49 people live up to seven-and-a-half emphasis on smaller-scale health
years longer. The positive effects enterprises. ‘Cottage-hospital’-style
As discussed earlier, we systematically from well-being were even larger than approaches are more popular with
make errors in relation to choices the effects for body mass, smoking, patients and more successful in
about our well-being. Early on in and exercise. 50 Other studies show developing working partnerships
their lives, young people should be that unhappy people are more likely with local communities. Institutions
exposed to the evidence about the to regard themselves as ill, which should also have more freedom to
kinds of satisfaction derived from obviously creates pressures from set locally agreed health targets in
different sorts of life choices, perhaps the ‘unhappy-well’ on the current response to local need. Frontline
through broader study of the good health system. 51 In addition, risks staff could be given discretionary
life: questions around how we should of cardiovascular illnesses have powers and budgets that allow them
lead our lives, and what well-being is. been estimated to be twice as high to short circuit long-term bureaucracy,
nef has run two successful summer for people with depression, or if necessary. At the local level,
schools on well-being for 16-year-olds mental illnesses, and one-and-a- government could further encourage
that enabled them to radically change half times for those who are more and resource community-based
their views on what the good life is. generally unhappy. 52 institutions such as healthy living
Broader education of this kind will centres to take forward a ‘complete
enable young people to become The health service should consider health’ agenda.
more autonomous and make better its purpose to be the promotion of
decisions about their lives rather than complete health, which is defined The research also suggests that
be led by scripts forced on them by by the WHO as “a state of complete any well-being health policy needs
peers, the media, and advertising. physical, mental and social well- to think of illness in more than just
being and not merely the absence physical terms. In part, this is through
An education system that promotes of disease or infirmity”. 54 More recognising the importance of mental
flourishing is likely to lead to higher integration between physical health health. The evidence shows that it is
productivity, a more entrepreneurial provision and the promotion of our self-perceived health rather than
society, and greater active citizenship, personal and social well-being is our objective health which matters
as well as less anti-social behaviour required to make this happen. An for our well-being. Mental health is,
and fewer mental health problems. incredible amount is spent on our therefore, by definition, crucial to our
‘health’ service, but most of it focuses well-being. Up to one in six people
on dealing with physical symptoms of in the UK suffer from depression,
sickness. It is acknowledged amongst anxiety, or phobias at any given time.55
Corey Keyes defines social well-being as “the appraisal of one’s circumstance and functioning in society”.73 It is
clearly a concept related to social capital but it differs in that it is exclusively based on people’s own perceptions
ascertained through survey questions. The concept includes how people feel about the society in which they live,
their sense of belonging, as well as how much they contribute to society. Social well-being is a relatively under-
researched concept, but we would expect there to be important links, as well as differences between
social well-being and individual well-being.
8. Strengthen active This evidence bolsters the case for Well-being research has some
citizenship, social well-being government to support different sorts implications for the way that citizens
and civil society of community engagement, civil are involved in public-service delivery.
society organisations and spaces. There is increasing focus on the
Research shows clearly that we derive This could be done partly through use of choice in public services,
well-being from engaging with one setting up a Citizen’s Service but often this is restricted to choice
another and in meaningful projects. In – extending the Jury Service concept over service providers. This suffers
particular, the personal development to a range of other activities such from a range of well-documented
aspect of well-being is likely to be as volunteering, citizen’s panels, problems: Sometimes individual
linked with engaging actively with life environmental juries, etc. There is choice does not lead to optimum
and our communities. These findings also a particular need for younger outcomes at the collective level.
have implications for policy in relation and excluded groups to have more We cannot always choose what
to civil society, active citizenship and opportunities to engage in the we want as individuals but only in
public-service delivery. community and in politics.69 Time the collective (e.g. in relation to a
banks and reward card schemes better global environment).74 We
Well-being research comes together are ways in which marginal groups may not have the information to
with work which has been done on can be attracted into community make the best choices: It is often
social capital67 to show the profound engagement, through a form of difficult to know what constitutes a
importance of our communities and ‘mutuality’ where they gain clear good school or hospital. In the end
relationships to our quality of life (see benefits from what they are doing.70 it is those schools or hospitals with
Box 8). Community engagement not Government can also intervene good reputations which end up able
only improves the well-being of those where people are unable to engage to choose the people they take on
involved but also improves the well- due to financial circumstances or the due to increased demand – the very
being of others. 68 The relationship regulations of the benefits regime. A reverse of what choice was said to
is positive in both directions: means-tested ‘participation income’ deliver. Psychologist Barry Schwartz
involvement increases well-being could be paid to those who would has shown that too much choice
and happy people tend to be more otherwise have been unable to can lower our well-being as we feel
involved in their community. Therefore, carry out voluntary, community or overwhelmed.75
interventions in this area should lead caring activities.71 These kinds of
to a positive upward spiral. interventions would increase active Choice in public services can be
citizenship throughout society and, far broader than the choice of
in particular, would help to involve public service provider.76 It is being
people who have traditionally been on increasingly recognised through
the margins of political engagement. concepts such as personalisation
nef is leading this campaign The needs of communities must For more information please call
characterised by a highly diverse be at the heart of environmental, 020 7820 6300
membership that seeks to combat social and political justice. At a time
the spectre of ‘Ghost Town Britain’. of growing disenchantment with
It promotes the importance of local political processes, individuals and
sustainability and self-determination. communities can and should have a
For example, Local Works was a real impact on how money is spent
big part of the campaign to defend in their communities and what they
community pharmacies. Taking as invest in. Having a tangible impact on
a starting point the fact that local the delivery of services is a vital tool
communities should be more in charge for political, social, environmental and
of their own economies, education, economic reinvigoration in all of our
healthcare, consumer and leisure communities.
needs, Local Works is campaigning
for a legal framework that can make Local Works recognises that there
this happen. is no single blueprint, but that
communities should draw up and
implement their own plans to achieve
these goals.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the AIM Foundation for the funding which made
this work possible. We would also like to thank the range of people that
commented on and inputted into the manifesto including: James Baderman,
David Boyle, Jessica Bridges-Palmer, Brendan Burchill, Andrew Clark,
Pat Conaty, Richard Easterlin, Richard Eckersley, Felicia Huppert, Tim Jackson,
Tim Kasser, Corey Keyes, Sonja Lyubomirsky, Marie Marks, James Park,
James Robertson, Nikul Shah, Andrew Simms, Rajat Sood, Joar Vittersø,
and Stewart Wallis. Particular thanks to Andrea Westall for her support and
considerable input. Also many thanks to Mary Murphy for getting the
document to publication.