Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy

Bin weather data for Turkey

Husamettin Bulut, Orhan Buyukalaca*, Tuncay Ylmaz
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cukurova, 01330 Adana, Turkey
Received 16 April 2001; received in revised form 7 May 2001; accepted 9 June 2001

Abstract
One of the well-known and simple steady-state methods used to predict heating and cooling
energy consumption of buildings is the bin method that requires reliable and detailed bin data. In
this study, the bin data for Turkey are determined by using long-term measured data. The bin
data for dry-bulb temperature from
36  C to 45  C with 3  C increments are calculated in six
daily 4-h shifts for 78 provinces of Turkey. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Energy analysis; Bin data; Turkey

1. Introduction
Total yearly energy consumption is needed to evaluate the operating cost, which is an
essential step if one wants to come close to an optimal design, in the sense of minimizing
the life cycle cost of a building [1]. There exist a large number of methods for evaluation
of heating and cooling energy consumption of buildings. They range from simple
steady-state models to comprehensive dynamic simulation procedures.
Today, there is a variety of dynamic simulation programs available (such as DOE2, BLAST and TRNSYS) in which the inuence of many parameters that are mainly
function of time are taken into consideration. Although these models have gained
widespread acceptance as reliable estimative tools, they have also become very
complex and tedious to use [2].
The steady-state models, which are also called single-measure methods, are simple
procedures developed for estimation of energy consumption in buildings. The degreeday methods are the most known and the simplest methods among the steady-state
models. These type of methods can estimate energy consumption very accurately if the
* Corresponding author. Tel;+90-322-3386485; fax: +90-322-3386126.
E-mail address: orhan1@mail.cu.edu.tr (O. Buyukalaca).
0306-2619/01/$ - see front matter # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0306-2619(01)00029-0

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H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

Nomenclature

Ktot
Nbin
Qbin
Tb
To

Eciency of HVAC system

Total heat loss coecient (W/ C)
Number of hours (h)
Energy consumption (Wh)
Base temperature ( C)
Outdoor temperature ( C)

Subscript and superscript

i
Temperature interval (bin)
m
Total number of temperature intervals (bin)
tot
Total

heat loss coecient of the building, the eciency of the heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) system, utilization of the building, which aect the internal heat
gains, indoor temperature, and the ventilation rate, or the balance-point temperature
are suciently constant. However, for many applications, at least one of the above
parameters varies with time. For instance, the pattern of utilization of the building,
especially of commercial buildings, may generally exhibit large variations during a day
and during a week. The eciency of a heat pump system and HVAC equipment may
be aected directly or indirectly by outdoor temperature. Examples to the sources
for non-steadiness can be increased.
In such cases the bin method can be used. This method is based on the calculation
of the energy consumption for dierent values of the outdoor temperature (To,i) and
multiplying it by the corresponding number of hours (Nbin,i) in the temperature
interval (bin) centered on that temperature [1]:

Ktot

Tb
To;i
Qbin;i Nbin;i
1

where Ktot and  are, respectively, total heat loss coecient of the building, and the
eciency of the HVAC system. The balance point temperature Tb is the value of outdoor temperature below or above which heating or cooling is needed [3,4]. The bin
method can be used for predicting both heating and cooling energy requirements. The
plus subscript on the parenthesis of Eq. (1) is for heating and indicates that only positive
values are to be counted. For cooling, only negative values should be considered.
Qbin,i values are calculated separately using Eq. (1) for each temperature interval
(bin) and summed to obtain total energy consumption:
Qtot

m
X
Qbin;i
i1

where m is the total number of the temperature intervals (bins).

H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

137

Since the bin method is based on hourly weather data rather than daily averages, it
is more accurate than the degree-day method [5]. The bin method can account for the
part-load performance of HVAC equipment and has been specially used for analysis
of heat pump systems. Additionally, by performing separate calculations for dierent
time periods, variations of indoor loads with time, occupancy patterns and operating
schedules of HVAC systems can be considered. The latent loads at each temperature
bin can also be calculated, by the use of wet-bulb temperatures [6].
The bin method has several advantages over the degree-day method in that it provides information on concurrent weather conditions. Along with hours of occurrence of
dry-bulb temperature, the mean coincident values of wet-bulb temperature, solar
radiation, and wind speed can also be provided. This can lead to more precise evaluation of cooling tower performance, passive solar design, peak load conditions, and
ventilative and/or evaporative cooling potential [2].
History of the analysis of weather data for design of HVAC systems and energy consumption predictions in Turkey is quite new. This subject has been considered seriously
only in recent years and it is not complete yet. A comprehensive analysis of the degreedays data for 78 weather stations located in 78 dierent provinces of Turkey is presented
by the present authors [7]. Although there are some studies on the degree-day
and
.
degree-hour data for Turkey [810], the bin data studies are very limited. Ileri and Uner
[11] presented yearly bin data for dry-bulb temperature for 12 weather stations of Turkey obtained from typical meteorological year data generated from 7 years data. They
calculated bin data only in two separate time periods (08:0016:00 and 16:0008:00).
A complete and detailed bin weather data are not available for Turkey. The need
to ll the gap in bin data for Turkey provided stimulus for this study. The bin
weather data for 78 provinces of Turkey are presented in this study.

2. Meteorological data
Accuracy and reliability of calculations for building energy consumption depend
directly on the weather data used. This necessitates use of a weather database that is
based on a long term and recent values. In this study, bin weather data were calculated using hourly dry-bulb temperatures measured during at least 13 years between
1981 and 1998. The raw data
were taken from The State Meteorological Aairs
.
General Directorate (DMI) in diskettes for 78 provinces. Information for the
weather stations and the periods of the data considered are given in Table 1.
Based on the database shown in Table 1, bin data for dry-bulb temperature from

36  C to 45  C with 3  C increments were calculated in six daily 4-h shifts (14, 58,
912, 1316, 1720 and 2124 h) for 78 provinces of Turkey.
The number of the hours (Nbin) within each temperature interval (bin) was calculated separately for every month of the year. The calculations were performed
separately for every year of the period considered. Averaging over the years considered, the numbers of the hours are obtained for six separate time periods of the
day for each month. Using these data, the monthly total and yearly total number of
the hours were calculated.

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H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

Table 1
Information for the provinces considered in the study
Location

Longitude

Latitude

Elevation (m)

Period

Total years

Adana
Adapazar
Adyaman
Afyon
Agr
Aksaray
Amasya
Ankara
Antakya
Antalya
Ardahan
Artvin
Aydn
Balkesir
Bartn
Batman
Bayburt
Bilecik
Bingol
Bitlis
Bolu
Burdur
Bursa
Canakkale
Cankr
Corum
Denizli
Diyarbakr
Edirne
Elazg
Erzincan
Erzurum
Eskis ehir
Gaziantep
Giresun
Gumus hane
Hakkari
Ig
. dr
Iskenderun
Isparta
.
I. stanbul
Izmir
K.Maras
Karaman
Kars
Kastamonu
Kayseri
Kilis

35.18
30.25
38.17
30.32
43.08
34.03
35.51
32.53
36.07
30.42
42.42
41.49
27.50
27.52
32.21
41.10
40.15
29.58
40.30
42.06
31.36
30.20
29.04
26.24
33.37
34.58
29.05
40.12
26.34
39.13
39.30
41.16
30.31
37.22
38.24
39.27
43.46
44.02
36.07
30.33
29.05
27.10
36.56
33.14
43.05
33.46
35.29
37.05

36.59
40.47
37.45
38.45
39.31
38.23
40.39
39.57
36.15
36.53
41.08
41.10
37.51
39.39
41.38
37.52
40.16
40.09
38.52
38.22
40.44
37.40
40.11
40.08
40.36
40.33
37.47
37.55
41.40
38.40
39.44
39.55
39.46
37.05
40.55
40.27
37.34
39.56
36.37
37.45
40.58
38.24
37.36
37.11
40.36
41.22
38.43
36.44

20
30
678
1034
1585
980
412
894
100
42
1829
597
57
147
30
540
1550
526
1177
1559
742
967
100
3
751
798
428
660
48
1105
1215
1869
800
855
38
1219
1720
858
3
997
39
25
549
1025
1775
791
1068
638

19831998
19821998
19811998
19811998
19811998
19811998
19811998
19831995
19831998
19831998
19811998
19811998
19831998
19831997
19811998
19831998
19811998
19811998
19811998
19811998
19811998
19811998
19831998
19811998
19811995
19811998
19831998
19831998
19831998
19811998
19811998
19831998
19831998
19831998
19811998
19811998
19811998
19811998
19811998
19811998
19831998
19831998
19841998
19811998
19831998
19811998
19831998
19811998

16
17
18
18
18
18
18
13
16
16
17
18
16
15
18
15
18
17
18
18
18
18
16
17
13
18
16
16
16
18
18
14
15
16
18
18
18
16
18
18
16
16
15
18
15
18
16
17

(continued on next page)

139

H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

Table 1 (continued)
Location

Longitude

Latitude

Elevation (m)

Period

Total years

Krkkale
Krklareli
Krs ehir
Kocaeli
Konya
Kutahya
Malatya
Manisa
Mardin
Mersin
Mugla
Mus
Nevs ehir
Nigde
Ordu
Rize
Samsun
Siirt
Sinop
Sivas
Sanlurfa
Tekirdag
Tokat
Trabzon
Tunceli
Us ak
Van
Yalova
Yozgat
Zonguldak

33.30
27.13
34.10
29.54
32.30
29.58
38.18
27.26
40.44
34.36
28.21
41.31
34.40
34.40
37.52
40.30
36.20
41.56
35.10
37.01
38.46
27.29
36.54
39.43
39.32
29.29
43.41
29.16
34.49
31.48

39.50
41.44
39.08
40.46
37.52
39.24
38.21
38.36
37.18
36.49
37.12
38.44
38.25
37.59
40.59
41.02
41.17
37.56
42.02
39.49
37.08
40.59
40.18
41.00
39.06
38.40
38.28
40.39
39.50
41.27

725
232
985
76
1028
969
998
71
1080
5
646
1283
1260
1208
4
4
44
875
32
1285
547
4
608
30
979
919
1725
2
1298
136

19811995
19811998
19811995
19811998
19831998
19811998
19831998
19831998
19831998
19831998
19831998
19811998
19811998
19811998
19811998
19831998
19831998
19811998
19811998
19831998
19831998
19831998
19811998
19831998
19811998
19811998
19831998
19811998
19831998
19811998

15
18
15
18
16
17
16
16
16
16
16
18
18
18
18
16
16
18
18
16
16
16
17
16
18
18
16
18
16
18

3. Results and discussion

Although bin data are calculated in this study for each month of the year for 78
provinces, it is not practical to present all of them in this paper due to space limitations. Monthly bin data are given in Table 2 for Adana in 4-h periods, as an example. Also given in this table at the last row of the data group for each month is the
monthly total number of hours (Nbins).
Fig. 1 shows distribution of monthly total Nbin values for Adana. The smallest
temperature bin observed in Adana is
1.5  C (
3  C/0  C) with a yearly total value
of 12 h, whilst the maximum bin observed is 40.5  C (39  C/42  C ) with a yearly
total value of 5 h. Heating and cooling seasons can be estimated from Fig. 1. Heating requirement is maximum in December and January, during which Nbin is maximum (Nbin=227 h in December and Nbin=226 h in January) for the temperature
bin of 10.5  C (9  C/12  C). Transitions from heating to cooling and cooling to

140

H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

Table 2
Monthly total Nbin values (h/month) for Adana
Temperature bin ( C)
Time

3/0 0/3 3/6 6/9 9/12 12/15 15/18 18/21 21/24 24/27 27/30 30/33 33/36 36/39 39/42

January
14
58
912
1316
1720
2124
Total

1
2
0
0
0
0
3

8
13
1
0
1
4
27

29 49 31
6
35 44 26
4
8 27 46 31
1
4 25 41
5 24 52 33
19 45 46
9
97 193 226 124

0
0
10
41
9
1
61

0
0
1
12
0
0
13

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

February
14
58
912
1316
1720
2124
Total

2
4
0
0
0
1
7

8
11
2
0
1
5
27

22 36 35
8
23 39 29
6
7 17 34 29
2
8 15 24
6 15 34 35
16 27 45 16
76 142 192 118

1
0
19
38
17
2
77

0
0
4
21
3
0
28

0
0
0
4
1
0
5

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

March
14
58
912
1316
1720
2124
Total

0
1
0
0
0
0
1

2 10
3 12
0 1
0 0
0 1
1 5
6 29

6
5
33
32
35
13
124

1
2
22
37
15
3
80

0
0
7
18
6
0
31

0
0
1
7
1
0
9

0
0
0
1
0
0
1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

April
14
58
912
1316
1720
2124
Total

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
1
0
0
0
0
2

4
3
0
0
0
2
9

31
33
29
11
34
45
183

12
12
38
28
34
20
144

2
3
25
33
20
6
89

0
0
12
22
10
1
45

0
0
5
12
4
0
21

0
0
2
6
2
0
10

0
0
0
2
0
0
2

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

May
14
58
912
1316
1720
2124
Total

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

43
34
6
3
9
29
124

44
46
17
9
25
46
187

15
22
34
18
36
31
156

2
4
35
34
28
10
113

0
1
18
29
15
1
64

0
0
8
16
6
0
30

0
0
4
10
2
0
16

0
0
1
3
1
0
5

0
0
0
1
0
0
1

31 48 26
31 47 23
6 20 34
2
9 18
6 23 37
19 43 40
95 190 178
25 45
25 43
2
7
1
5
3 13
11 35
67 148
1
2
0
0
0
0
3

19
15
1
1
2
7
45

(continued on next page)

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H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

Table 2 (continued)
Temperature bin ( C)
Time

3/0 0/3 3/6 6/9 9/12 12/15 15/18 18/21 21/24 24/27 27/30 30/33 33/36 36/39 39/42

June
14
58
912
1316
1720
2124
Total

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

5
3
0
0
0
1
9

34
26
0
1
2
13
76

67
61
6
2
14
58
208

14
28
36
10
45
46
179

0
2
52
41
42
2
139

0
0
21
49
14
0
84

0
0
4
14
2
0
20

0
0
1
3
1
0
5

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

July
14
58
912
1316
1720
2124
Total

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2
2
0
0
0
1
5

28
24
0
0
1
5
58

86
78
4
1
11
80
260

7
19
48
6
61
36
177

1
1
58
65
43
1
169

0
0
12
44
7
1
64

0
0
2
7
1
0
10

0
0
0
1
0
0
1

August
14
58
912
1316
1720
2124
Total

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
2
0
0
0
0
3

21
24
0
0
0
4
49

86
76
2
0
11
63
238

16
21
40
3
58
56
194

0
1
62
47
44
1
155

0
0
18
63
9
0
90

0
0
2
9
2
0
13

0
0
0
2
0
0
2

September
14
58
912
1316
1720
2124
Total

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
1
0
0
0
0
1

4
5
0
0
0
2
11

21
23
0
1
2
8
55

60
58
4
1
5
37
165

34
30
20
2
43
65
194

1
3
48
15
46
8
121

0
0
39
59
19
0
117

0
0
8
32
4
0
44

0
0
1
9
1
0
11

0
0
0
1
0
0
1

October
14
58
912
1316
1720
2124
Total

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2
4
0
0
0
1
7

16
20
1
0
2
8
47

43
43
6
2
11
31
136

41
40
20
7
24
42
174

21
15
28
14
37
34
149

1
2
31
25
32
8
99

0
0
23
33
13
0
69

0
0
10
26
4
0
40

0
0
4
12
1
0
17

0
0
1
5
0
0
6

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

(continued on next page)

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H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

Table 2 (continued)
Temperature bin ( C)
Time

3/0 0/3 3/6 6/9 9/12 12/15 15/18 18/21 21/24 24/27 27/30 30/33 33/36 36/39 39/42

November
14
58
912
1316
1720
2124
Total

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1 4
1 5
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 2
2 12

December
14
58
912
1316
1720
2124
Total

0
1
0
0
0
0
1

3
5
0
0
0
1
9

9 31 46
12 35 42
3 10 22
0
3 12
3 11 27
7 22 46
34 112 195

24
22
35
20
41
35
177

4
3
27
29
26
7
96

1
0
16
29
9
1
56

0
0
5
20
2
0
27

0
0
2
5
0
0
7

0
0
0
2
0
0
2

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

18 42 42 17
24 43 35 14
3 19 37 39
0
4 20 32
3 19 44 40
10 35 49 25
58 162 227 167

2
2
19
41
16
4
84

0
0
6
22
2
0
30

0
0
1
5
0
0
6

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Fig. 1. Monthly total Nbin values for Adana.

heating occur in the months AprilMay and OctoberNovember, respectively. The

most repeated temperature bin in cooling season is 25.5  C (24  C/27  C) with
Nbin=260 h in July and Nbin=238 h in August.
In Table 3, yearly total Nbin values for six separate time periods of the day are
presented. Only 7 main provinces of Turkey that can be accepted the provinces
representing the climatic conditions of their regions are considered in the table due
to space limitations.

Table 3
Yearly total Nbin values (h/year) for six separate time periods of the day for representative provinces of Turkey
Temperature bin ( C)
Time

36/
33/
30/
27/
24/
21/
18/
15/
12/
9/
6/
3/ 0/

33
30
27
24
21
18
15
12
9

6
3 0
3

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3
8
0
0
0
1
12

Ankara
14
58
912
1316
1720
2124
Total

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
2
0
0
0
0
2

4
8
1
0
0
1
14

15
21
5
1
2
8
52

37
40
19
3
13
28
140

73
77
45
23
44
56
318

118
124
87
65
77
104
575

164
170
124
95
124
146
823

Diyarbakr
14
0
58
0
912 0
1316 0
1720 0
2124 0
Total 0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
0
0
0
0
1
2

0
3
1
0
0
0
4

2
3
0
0
1
3
9

5
8
3
1
4
4
25

20
21
6
3
5
9
64

54
61
10
6
12
34
177

101
102
33
14
44
85
379

150
153
88
48
96
131
666

Erzurum
14
2
58
1
912 0

4
5
1

9
9
2

14
19
6

26
26
11

28
28
17

36
38
28

50
50
39

56
64
55

88
89
71

117
115
82

146
139
99

22 84
33 100
3 19
0
3
2 16
11 52
71 274

6/
9

9/
12

12/
15

15/
18

18/
21

21/
24

24/
27

27/
30

30/
33

33/
36

36/
39

24
46
236
145
239
103
793

1
0
2
0
200 50
270 177
132 25
2
1
607 253

0
0
8
36
6
0
50

0
0
0
5
0
0
5

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
3
0
0
3

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0 0
2
0 0
126 55 7
140 153 57
112 74 15
7
0 0
387 282 79

0
0
0
4
1
0
5

171 215 183

172 203 168
72 149 164
18
73 133
67 167 189
135 217 186
635 1024 1023

159
147
157
188
172
163
986

160
156
135
167
133
140
891

215 223
207 218
121 146
124 121
129 183
176 273
972 1164

172
176
138
117
127
148
878

171
158
127
128
133
159
876

173
165
117
120
126
150
851

191
177
113
104
123
158
866

189
177
124
117
127
165
899

120
120
159
123
135
166
823

30
40
168
138
141
117
634

3
0
0
5
0
0
139 70 20
156 153 87
136 100 42
48
6
0
487 329 149

161
150
128
82
124
142
787

163
146
132
130
138
155
864

147
136
121
135
122
136
797

130
116
106
112
113
124
701

119
118
100
104
104
105
650

132
124
92
97
92
115
652

139
122
90
82
89
122
644

99
100
104
81
92
131
607

34
66
116
108
105
111
540

3
29
142
103
117
45
439

175 171
163 162
120 101

185
155
112

162
152
105

114
122
115

61
83
129

14
36
147

2
4
130

0
0
68

0
0
20

0
0
2

0
0
4
27
10
0
41

0
0
0

0
0
0

39/ 42/
42 45

0
0
0

H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

Adana
14
58
912
1316
1720
2124
Total

3/
6

0
0
0

143

(continued on next page)

144

Table 3 (continued)
Temperature bin ( C)
Time

36/
33/
30/
27/
24/
21/
18/
15/
12/
9/
6/
3/ 0/

33
30
27
24
21
18
15
12
9

6
3 0
3

Samsun
14
0
58
0
912 0
1316 0
1720 0
2124 0
Total 0

0
0
3
13

0
1
5
26

0
3
11
53

2
10
23
98

5
19
27
124

12
27
35
176

26
38
43
246

43
54
60
332

67
73
73
461

93
92
102
601

100
106
122
712

119 96
128 102
144 140
849 772

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3
3
2
1
3
3
15

22
22
11
10
13
17
95

88
95
48
38
52
68
389

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

8
11
1
0
1
4
25

46 113
55 121
14 49
5 24
13 49
29 84
162 440

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

4
3
0
0
1
1
9

18
18
6
2
9
15
68

83
82
37
28
51
69
350

6/
9
95
119
145
811

9/
12
106
110
154
789

12/
15
95
117
149
712

186 205 203 192

179 198 198 180
120 189 165 154
102 170 162 150
149 188 171 164
177 194 191 185
913 1144 1090 1025
157 204 197
159 192 191
113 160 180
63 138 180
111 171 191
146 191 203
749 1056 1142

15/
18

27/
30

30/
33

33/
36

36/
39

126
101
22
385

135 90
74 38
2
0
279 148

25
8
0
35

2
0
0
2

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

200 223 127

171 205 162
147 155 175
144 149 157
149 160 198
172 213 201
983 1105 1020

11
0
45
2
195 87
185 153
156 49
37
2
629 293

0
0
12
36
7
0
55

0
0
0
3
1
0
4

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

177
168
153
165
162
165
990

142
146
176
142
172
194
972

2
0
3
0
115 29
188 88
104 25
14
2
426 144

0
0
3
17
3
0
23

0
0
0
3
0
0
3

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

105
123
129
630

18/
21
118
117
71
503

21/
24

181 211
170 212
136 132
137 128
142 140
148 178
914 1001

174 209 189 205 230 227 108

172 198 176 194 195 212 156
106 179 174 161 171 176 199
92 173 189 157 173 175 190
129 208 188 176 167 177 199
163 210 188 194 198 220 169
836 1177 1104 1087 1134 1187 1021

24/
27

22
32
199
182
176
102
713

12
1
51
3
199 50
216 63
142 13
32
1
652 131

0
0
2
2
0
0
4

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

39/ 42/
42 45

H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

1316 0
1720 0
2124 0
Total 3
.
Istanbul
14
0
58
0
912 0
1316 0
1720 0
2124 0
Total 0
.
Izmir
14
0
58
0
912 0
1316 0
1720 0
2124 0
Total 0

3/
6

Table 4
Yearly total Nbin values (h/year) for 78 provinces of Turkey
Province

Temperature bin  C

36/
33/
30/
27/
24/
21/
18/
15/
12/
9/
6/
3/ 0/

33
30
27
24
21
18
15
12
9

6
3 0
3
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
25
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
42
0
0
0
0
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
78
0
0
0
0
0
50
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
105
0
0
0
0
0
85
0
0
0
0
0
18
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
142
3
0
0
0
0
170
0
0
0
0
0
45
0
9
5
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
2
0
0

0
0
0
2
170
9
2
2
0
0
234
0
0
0
0
0
102
0
21
13
3
0
0
0
8
8
0
4
0
3

0
0
0
13
213
29
4
14
0
0
333
0
0
0
0
5
186
0
48
42
20
0
0
0
22
16
0
9
2
16

0
0
0
63
290
73
8
52
0
0
435
2
0
1
3
20
300
3
98
114
45
4
2
0
60
55
0
25
13
53

0
2
6
149
373
159
36
140
0
0
530
30
0
12
15
34
433
26
198
252
105
52
5
1
167
153
3
64
55
136

0
22
40
332
572
283
147
318
2
0
623
159
2
68
74
96
577
174
368
474
275
176
36
27
358
348
31
177
166
305

12
71
152 545
151 464
598 797
678 785
511 753
428 751
575 823
35 160
6 103
724 757
477 846
59 245
251 572
336 725
273 540
728 843
491 811
639 917
858 1085
667 925
406 689
237 568
152 405
659 943
664 950
171 418
379 666
414 749
573 836

274
886
811
917
671
793
874
878
362
336
793
915
478
825
969
755
805
904
768
788
901
949
810
738
874
899
684
787
880
837

6/
9

9/
12

12/
15

15/
18

18/
21

635
1053
971
947
695
892
887
876
736
755
902
892
810
1013
1112
871
887
923
722
734
985
1077
1028
981
826
918
930
864
871
787

1024
977
887
916
774
883
888
851
1055
1080
923
929
1066
972
1034
847
978
936
704
795
1061
935
981
1048
831
948
1023
797
864
750

1023
1035
737
924
728
881
903
866
992
1113
760
1037
1082
932
1063
756
881
975
682
770
1090
841
942
1126
869
943
923
701
886
692

986 891
1090 1089
687 689
893 761
663 551
896 812
987 899
899 823
918 802
1138 970
590 402
1231 1165
995 955
909 959
1050 902
705 687
694 523
1088 962
696 715
689 645
946 714
867 834
985 1011
1017 991
867 749
862 704
848 876
650 652
961 915
705 730

21/
24

24/
27

972 1164
864 578
708 726
583 432
448 360
652 519
727 560
634 487
942 1412
955 884
257 129
656 287
916 704
867 623
669 509
697 645
362 240
664 436
661 522
531 422
473 327
698 535
829 618
977 689
581 435
535 392
896 750
644 607
694 537
703 601

27/
30
793
332
641
285
258
366
382
329
869
733
35
94
544
448
229
542
122
253
386
335
163
390
428
416
284
233
564
540
406
447

30/ 33/ 36/ 39/ 42/

33 36 39 42 45
607
109
521
129
111
193
196
149
374
406
3
32
461
222
59
450
32
92
332
172
51
240
224
168
165
96
386
439
253
351

253
24
391
19
21
50
64
41
71
188
0
7
309
69
11
368
3
20
207
35
8
65
49
22
53
29
199
387
83
191

50
5 0
2
0 0
256 69 5
0
0 0
0
0 0
3
0 0
15
2 0
3
0 0
25
5 0
73 18 2
0
0 0
1
0 0
117 16 1
15
2 0
0
0 0
306 149 14
0
0 0
2
0 0
64
1 0
1
0 0
1
0 0
2
0 0
7
0 0
2
0 0
9
0 0
3
0 0
55
3 0
282 79 5
9
2 0
43
1 0

145

(continued on next page)

H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

Adana
Adapazar
Adyaman
Afyon
Agr
Aksaray
Amasya
Ankara
Antakya
Antalya
Ardahan
Artvin
Aydn
Balkesir
Bartn
Batman
Bayburt
Bilecik
Bingol
Bitlis
Bolu
Burdur
Bursa
Canakkale
Cankr
Corum
Denizli
Diyarbakr
Edirne
Elazg

3/
6

146

Table 4 (continued)
Province

Temperature bin ( C)

36/
33/
30/
27/
24/
21/
18/
15/
12/
9/
6/
3/ 0/

33
30
27
24
21
18
15
12
9

6
3 0
3
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

0
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6

0
53
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
26

2
98
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
62
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
50

12
124
0
0
0
5
6
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
119
0
16
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
82

29
176
2
0
0
20
29
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
17
202
2
28
0
5
0
13
0
9
2
0
0
0
0
0
116

61
246
12
0
0
47
88
48
0
2
0
0
0
0
36
285
17
61
0
12
1
39
0
33
13
4
0
0
0
0
167

131
332
52
2
0
113
203
104
0
20
0
0
0
0
70
411
55
121
0
33
9
83
0
76
45
32
0
1
0
0
233

253
461
168
20
0
261
359
207
0
86
0
0
3
10
162
504
133
237
0
118
55
182
1
169
144
103
0
19
0
4
294

425
601
365
84
0
475
599
440
0
240
15
0
30
109
336
596
378
416
12
278
140
347
14
373
343
253
13
99
0
47
485

639 781
712 849
708 870
294 638
42 290
702 859
794 831
723 691
0
8
528 802
95 389
25 162
155 420
381 750
520 654
691 775
802 1034
680 804
80 298
561 833
359 770
579 824
115 502
643 796
652 822
540 795
137 363
297 613
2
42
220 487
683 826

787
772
887
920
785
846
659
649
78
939
913
440
775
948
811
746
940
804
713
885
883
825
852
847
937
833
668
881
170
781
585

6/
9

9/
12

12/
15

15/
18

18/
21

21/
24

24/
27

27/
30

30/ 33/ 36/ 39/ 42/

33 36 39 42 45

812
811
904
958
1252
890
616
661
311
1078
1144
749
977
965
914
839
903
864
1059
842
905
847
1025
843
969
792
932
870
480
1153
631

820
789
876
857
1114
946
661
724
809
975
1090
1056
925
934
907
900
965
907
976
823
964
872
978
808
968
728
973
798
943
1113
693

795
712
920
738
1085
995
630
740
1232
844
1025
1142
788
1054
874
824
996
886
794
826
938
861
994
808
976
693
899
664
1108
868
709

812
630
886
705
1123
940
704
787
1258
833
983
990
708
1085
881
651
866
780
733
890
963
903
1097
835
926
715
858
620
1148
805
695

733
503
747
739
1219
662
769
790
1023
743
1105
914
723
930
786
473
642
656
854
826
957
815
1153
799
724
761
830
631
977
802
687

600 471 330 202

385 279 148 35
546 421 252 118
794 689 504 425
1177 570 101
2
447 298 151 76
697 543 364 178
708 557 419 324
1017 1477 1317 217
612 488 351 184
1020 629 293 55
1001 972 713 426
883 892 634 460
651 463 302 149
615 514 373 216
323 210
98 14
456 316 176 63
528 426 312 167
984 774 568 461
683 528 369 186
670 516 374 199
644 482 302 118
941 592 351 123
652 516 344 168
523 383 224 94
763 651 492 364
883 814 606 427
715 832 763 566
1034 1304 1301 243
793 660 478 347
583 462 371 267

59
6
2
0
24
2
293 95
0
0
22
4
30
0
144 18
13
0
35
0
4
0
144 23
264 105
23
6
58
5
0
0
16
0
55
4
313 125
56
6
47
9
21
0
21
1
35
1
15
0
188 50
255 88
305 83
8
0
168 33
99
9

0
0
0
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
17
0
0
0
0
0
16
0
1
0
0
0
0
3
13
3
0
1
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0

(continued on next page)

H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

Erzincan
Erzurum
Eskis ehir
Gaziantep
Giresun
Gumus hane
Hakkari
Igdr
.
Iskenderun
Isparta
.
Istanbul
.
Izmir
K.Maras
Karabuk
Karaman
Kars
Kastamonu
Kayseri
Kilis
Krkkale
Krklareli
Krs ehir
Kocaeli
Konya
Kutahya
Malatya
Manisa
Mardin
Mersin
Mugla
Mus

3/
6

Table 4 (continued)
Province

Temperature bin ( C)

Nevs ehir
Nigde
Ordu
Rize
Samsun
Siirt
Sinop
Sivas
Sanlurfa
Tekirdag
Tokat
Trabzon
Tunceli
Us ak
Van
Yalova
Yozgat
Zonguldak

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
1
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0

1
8
0
0
0
0
0
22
0
0
2
0
6
0
4
0
3
0

11
20
0
0
0
0
0
54
0
0
3
0
21
0
22
0
17
0

35
42
0
0
0
1
0
98
0
0
7
0
42
0
70
0
52
0

95
97
0
0
0
10
0
178
0
1
21
0
85
7
149
0
122
0

224
198
0
0
0
30
0
292
2
14
71
0
175
50
287
0
272
0

372
341
3
3
9
79
4
460
23
60
209
6
300
186
470
8
467
12

545
586
63
52
68
281
48
658
99
183
476
54
534
423
748
88
680
122

3/
6

807 959
776 814
358 811
392 820
350 836
670 869
287 845
865 844
323 687
498 893
767 807
286 788
911 791
748 981
941 827
398 836
940 930
505 1018

6/
9

9/
12

12/
15

15/
18

18/
21

21/
24

937
879
1221
1178
1177
890
1357
859
951
1074
885
1205
743
1065
781
1088
894
1024

954
912
1154
1155
1104
782
1153
934
902
1084
1003
1095
710
940
803
1091
928
989

946
919
1089
1067
1087
685
1074
947
749
969
1019
1044
694
873
785
1042
984
1120

866
907
1099
1114
1134
644
1080
808
657
1002
1028
1141
691
876
802
1095
838
1228

727
765
1174
1165
1187
645
1229
614
662
1084
904
1233
706
814
717
1125
658
1339

575
605
982
1081
1021
705
1097
466
712
968
650
1153
679
668
588
972
484
1018

24/
27
405
478
592
615
652
740
504
353
756
688
460
638
588
514
495
652
308
324

27/
30
218
291
207
113
131
638
81
195
738
222
286
106
455
373
228
312
138
55

30/ 33/ 36/ 39/ 42/

33 36 39 42 45
74
9
0
0
109 12
0
0
7
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
502 374 190 25
1
0
0
0
81 21
1
0
616 449 320 109
19
1
0
0
123 34
5
0
10
1
0
0
347 220 56
4
195 45
2
0
39
4
0
0
49
4
0
0
43
2
0
0
6
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

36/
33/
30/
27/
24/
21/
18/
15/
12/
9/
6/
3/ 0/

33
30
27
24
21
18
15
12
9

6
3 0
3

147

148

H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

Summing up the Nbin values for six separate time periods of the day produces total
number of hours within each temperature bin in a year. The results are given in
Table 4 for 78 provinces of Turkey. Analysis of the table reveals that Turkey has a
very non-uniform climate. The temperature bins observed vary between
34.5  C
(
36  C/
33  C) and 43.5  C (42  C/45  C).
Fig. 2 shows average frequency distribution of temperature bins. The frequency
values were obtained by averaging Nbin values for all the weather stations considered
in this study for each temperature bin separately. As can be seen from the gure,
frequency of very low and very high temperature bins are quite small in Turkey. The
most repeated bins are between 4  C and 22  C (frequency is higher than 8%).
Frequency exhibits a maximum at temperature bin of 10.5  C (9  C/12  C). At the
maximum point, frequency is 10.6%, corresponding an average total number of
hours of 928. Increase of frequency with temperature bin at low temperature bins is
slower than the decrease of frequency at high temperature bins.
The combined inuence of latitude and longitude on bin data for Turkey is shown
in the form of three-dimensional graphs in Fig. 3 for some selected temperature bins.
Nbin is usually zero at low temperature bins (Fig. 3a). However, it has small values in
eastern and especially in northeastern Turkey. This means that winter is quite severe
in the cities located in these regions. At relatively higher temperature bins (Fig. 3b
and c), Nbin starts to increase in inner and eastern Turkey. The most repeated bins
are moderate ones (Fig. 3df) and for these temperature bins, Nbin is high and
roughly uniform all over Turkey, although there are some non-uniformities. With
the increase of temperature bin, Nbin starts to decrease (Fig. 3g), although Nbin is
still high in southern and southeastern Turkey. At high temperature bins (Fig. 3h),
Nbin is usually zero except a few provinces located in southeastern Turkey. Summer
is quite severe in these cities and cooling is a necessity.
The landscape of Turkey, which contains large plains, high plateaus, high mountains and mountain chains, is quite non-uniform. Elevation of the cities varies
between 0 and 1869 m. A correlation between Nbin and elevation is evident from

Fig. 2. Average frequency distribution of Nbin values for Turkey.

H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

149

Fig. 3. Variation of yearly total Nbin with latitude and longitude for various temperature bins (temperature bins are (a)
25.5  C; (b)
7.5  C; (c)
1.5  C; (d) 4.5  C; (e) 13.5  C, (f) 19.5  C; (g) 28.5  C; (h)
40.5  C) (continued on next page).

Fig. 4a at low temperature bins (
31.5  C/
1.5  C). The value of Nbin increases with
elevation, although the data points scatter. The picture is not so clear in the case of
moderate (4.5  C/19.5  C) and high (25.5  C/40.5  C) temperature bins. However, it
can be concluded roughly that elevation has a weak inuence on Nbin at moderate
temperature bins (Fig. 4b) and Nbin decreases with the increase of elevation at high
temperature bins (Fig. 4c).

150

H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

Fig. 3. (continued)

Yearly total bin data for some representative cities of Turkey are shown in Fig. 5.
The dierence in climatic conditions of extreme provinces (e.g. Adana and Erzurum)
can be clearly seen from the gure. The most repeated bin is 1.5  C in Erzurum and
25.5  C in Adana. While, temperature can drop down to
36/
33  C in Erzurum,
only
3/0  C is observed in Adana.
Cumulative distribution of yearly bin data for the same provinces is shown in
Fig. 6. From the gure, one can get approximately the number of hours for heating

H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

151

Fig. 3. (continued)

season or cooling season by choosing a base temperature (here selecting the outdoor
dry-bulb temperature). For example, a building located in Adana without any signicant internal and external heat gain needs heating for approximately 4000 h per
year and cooling for about 2850 h per year. The heating period is taken as the period
with temperatures less than 18  C. The cooling period is taken as the time when
outdoor temperature is higher than 22  C. For Erzurum, while heating hours are
7500 h/year, cooling hours are only 450 h/year. These values show that, a building

152

H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

Fig. 3. (continued)

having moderate internal and external heat gains located in Erzurum needs no
cooling, but the same building requires more cooling than heating in Adana.

4. Conclusions
The bin data for dry-bulb temperature from
36  C to 45  C with 3  C increments
are calculated in six daily 4-h shifts for 78 provinces of Turkey. The heating and

H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

153

Fig. 4. Variation of yearly total Nbin with elevation: (a) low temperature bins; (b) medium temperature
bins; (c) high temperature bins.

cooling energy requirements of buildings can be estimated according to the bin

method using the data obtained. The monthly and yearly total bin data for six-time
periods of the day are also calculated. Examples to the monthly total bin data for
six-time periods of the day (for Adana) and to the yearly total bin data for six-time

154

H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

Fig. 5. Yearly total bin data for representative weather stations.

Fig. 6. Cumulative distribution of yearly total bin data for representative weather stations.

.
.
periods of the day (for Adana, Ankara, Diyarbakr, Erzurum, Istanbul, Izmir, and
Samsun) are given. Yearly total number of hours within each temperature bin is
presented for 78 provinces of Turkey in tables. The bin data for dry-bulb temperature for Turkey are analyzed in detail. The inuences of elevation and of latitude
and longitude on bin data are demonstrated. It is found that the low temperature
bins appear in eastern and northeastern Turkey that have high elevations relatively.
The high temperature bins were observed in southern and especially southeastern
Turkey. Although the observed temperature bins are between
34.5  C (
36  C/

33  C) and 43.5  C (42  C/45  C) for Turkey, the most repeated temperature bins
are in the range 4.5  C to 22.5  C.

H. Bulut et al. / Applied Energy 70 (2001) 135155

155

Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express
their gratitude to The State Meteorological Aairs
.
General Directorate (DMI) for providing meteorological data.

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