Optical Networks

Prof. Anjan K Ghosh DAIICT

Review
Shot and thermal noise in photodiode and TIA SNR with both p-i-n and APD photodiodes

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Optical Networks

Review
Fiber optic link design between points two points A and B Loss budget and SNR Dispersion and bandwidth and SNR

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Overview
Directional Coupler
Essential component for branching out or combining optical links for making a network

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Directional Coupler
2 port passive system Generally 2 input ports, 2 output ports 1 input -2 output or 2 input -1 output available 1 input -N output is also possible

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Optical Directional Coupler

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Making a DC
Fusing fibers Integrated Optics

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Fused Fiber based DC

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Optical DC

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Integrated Optics
Making optical waveguides on glass, quartz, LiNbO3 or semiconductor substrates Planar technology Processes same as those in semiconductor device or IC manufacturing Aim is to integrate lasers, lenses, waveguides, photodiodes, in a planar substrate

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Integrated Optics

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Integrated Optical Waveguide

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Integrated Optical Waveguide

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Power Division in an Ideal DC

Pi P3 = Pi

P4 = (1-)Pi

0<<1 Ideal P3+P4 = Pi

No Extra Loss

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Loss in a DC
Splitting Ratio , = P3/(P3 + P4) < 1 Splitting loss in dB: = -10log10 [P3/(P3 + P4) ] Excess loss = 10log10Pi/(P3 + P4) dB

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Loss in a DC
Coupler Insertion loss from 1 to 3 = Splitting loss + Excess loss = 10log10(Pi/P3) dB Cross talk = 10log10(P2/Pi) dB

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Loss in a DC
Connectors are used to connect a fiber to a DC port Actual insertion loss = DC insertion loss + 2 x average coupler loss

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8x8 star coupler made with 2x2 DC

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NxN with 2X2 DCs

If N = 2m then we may need (N/2)log2(N) stages Arranged in log2(N) columns of N/2 rows of DCs

Insertion loss from input port 1 to output port j = log2(N) x insertion loss for each

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Coupling in Optical Waveguides

From: http://www.globalspec.com/reference/13962/160210/chapter-12-4-1-fiber-optic-components-fiber-optic-couplers

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Coupling in Optical Waveguides

From: http://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?AID=21766

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Coupling in DC
Two waveguides close together Evanescent field from the modes in one excites the modes in other Coupled mode solutions

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Coupling in 2 Fiber Cores

2 = F 2 sin 2 (CL / F )
F2 = 1 a(a)2 1+ 234 3

C = 21

5
a7

L = coupling length, a = core radius, a = change in core radius

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Fiber Optic DC
Splitting or coupling ratio depends on
Length L Wavelength Core radius and change in core radius

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Integrated Optic DC with Two Identical Waveguides Parallel to Each Other

From: http://www.compeng.dit.ie/postdocs/qwang/Photonic%20Integrated%20Circuits.htm

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Integrated Optic DC with Two Identical Waveguides Parallel to Each Other

= cos L
2
2 p 2 q exp(qs ) = h( p 2 + q 2 )

p=

4 2 n12

q = 2

4 2 nc2

h = width of each waveguide, s = separation, b = propagation constant n1 = refractive index of waveguide, nc = refractive index of substrate
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Optical Field Amplitude in a DC

Output field amplitudes

input field amplitudes

This signifies a 90 deg phase shift

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Application of a DC = splitting or combining

Fiber 1 Fiber 3 Fiber 2

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Summary
Directional Couplers

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Reading
Chapter 3.1 of the book by Ramaswami and Sivarajan

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