Tambol Doy Hang

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG
ECOTOURISM
Chapter 1: Introduction to ecotourism

The Emergence of Ecotourism
In the last decade, ecotourism has emerged as one of the most important sectors in tourism. During 1998, the Government of India prepared policy document on ecotourism. This identifies the ecotourism resources of the country and lays down the need for a specialized, participatory, policy planning approach for the development of the ecotourism destinations. It also stipulates the roles to be played by the stakeholders such as the government, the tour operators, the destination managers, the tourists, the host community and the voluntary organizations. The State of Kerala (gods own country) has taken a pioneering step in this regard by creating a separate directorate for ecotourism. Some other states have public sector corporations to promote ecotourism, for example, Jungle Lodges and Resorts Limited of Karnataka State. The Wildlife Institute of India, which is a national institute, has got a separate wing to consider various issues related to ecotourism. This institute and others like the Kerala Forest Research Institute, and the Indian Institute of Forest Management, provides technical support by way of consultancies in preparing environmental\impact assessments for ecotourism projects. Recently the national government has taken over eight sanctuaries for eco-development projects, with the support of the United Nations Global Environment Facility. In all, these eight project tiger reserves, ecotourism has been visualized as an important component to provide employment opportunities for the local people, without having adverse impacts on the delicate ecosystems. The tourism destinations of India present a wide range of natural and cultural products. These include beaches, hill stations, wildlife sanctuaries, mountain regions, archaeological monuments, religious monuments, fairs and festivals, amusement parks etc. The government has taken several policy initiatives including providing incentives for promoting tourism in these areas, and also for developing new destinations and products. The incentives are given by way of interest subsidies, allocation of funds to state governments for unique schemes, classification of hotels, and awards for the best hotels, tour companies, destination managers etc.
2
ECOTOURISM
In the ecotourism program, the Government of India supports state governments in the purchase of trekking and camping equipment, and also helps projects which use renewable energy resources. Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) work as watchdogs to see that the tourism activities are managed on sustainable principles. NGOs also help the government and private sector in feasibility studies, development of strategies etc. Ecotourism lies mostly in the public sector and projects are being developed by government, but private sector support is expected by way of provision of accommodation, conduct of tours etc. There are not many ecotourism projects financed by international funding agencies.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7714e/w7714e06.htm http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2011/07/-ecoalert-worlds-newest-nation-to-emerge-aswildlife-ecotourism-hotspot.html
Ecotourism definitions and its implications Definition of Ecotourism

Defining "Ecotourism" has proven to be a difficult task given all the different players attempting to define it. People tend to define things in terms that are beneficial to themselves, hence the variety of definitions. There are however several workable definitions currently in wide use. The International Ecotourism Society defines Ecotourism as: "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people". The Australian Commission on National Ecotourism Strategy calls it: "nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable.
ECOTOURISM
Since the publication of her excellent book "Ecotourism and Sustainable Development" Martha Honey's definition is quickly becoming the standard. Most serious studies of ecotourism including several University programs now use this as the working definition. 7 defining points:
1) Involves travel to natural destinations. These destinations are often remote areas, whether inhabited or uninhabited, and are usually under some kind of environmental protection at the national, international, communal or private level. 2) Minimizes Impact. Tourism causes damage. Ecotourism strives to minimize the adverse effects of hotels, trails, and other infrastructure by using either recycled materials or plenty fully available local building materials, renewable sources of energy, recycling and safe disposal of waste and garbage, and environmentally and culturally sensitive architectural design. Minimization of impact also requires that the numbers and mode of behavior of tourists be regulated to ensure limited damage to the ecosystem. 3) Builds environmental awareness. Ecotourism means education, for both tourists and residents of nearby communities. Well before departure tour operators should supply travelers with reading material about the country, environment and local people, as well as a code of conduct for both the traveler and the industry itself. This information helps prepare the tourist as The Ecotourism Societies guidelines state to learn about the places and peoples visited" and "to minimize their negative impacts while visiting sensitive environments and cultures". Essential to good ecotourism are well-trained, multilingual naturalist guides with skills in natural and cultural history, environmental interpretation, ethical principles and effective communication. Ecotourism projects should also help educate members of the surrounding community, schoolchildren and the broader public in the host country. To do so they must offer greatly reduced entrance and lodge fees for nationals and free educational trips for local students and those living near the tourist attraction. 4) Provides direct financial benefits for conservation: Ecotourism helps raise funds for environmental protection, research and education through a variety of mechanisms, including park entrance fees, Tour Company, hotel, airline and airport taxes and voluntary contributions.
ECOTOURISM
5) Provides financial benefits and empowerment for local people: National Parks and other conservation areas will only survive if there are "happy people" around their perimeters. The local community must be involved with and receive income and other tangible benefits (potable water, roads, health clinics, etc.) from the conservation area and its tourist facilities. Campsites, lodges, guide services, restaurants and other concessions should be run by or in partnership with communities surrounding a park or other tourist destination. More importantly, if Ecotourism is to be viewed as a tool for rural development, it must also help shift economic and political control to the local community, village, cooperative, or entrepreneur. This is the most difficult and timeconsuming principle in the economic equation and the one that foreign operators and "partners" most often let fall through the cracks or that they follow only partially or formally. 6) Respects local culture: Ecotourism is not only "greener" but also less culturally intrusive and exploitative than conventional tourism. Whereas prostitution, black markets and drugs often are by-products of mass tourism, ecotourism strives to be culturally respectful and have a minimal effect on both the natural environment and the human population of a host country. This is not easy, especially since ecotourism often involves travel to remote areas where small and isolate communities have had little experience interacting with foreigners. And like conventional tourism, ecotourism involves an unequal relationship of power between the visitor and the host and a commoditization of the relationship through exchange of money. Part of being a responsible ecotourist is learning beforehand about the local customs, respecting dress codes and other social norms and not intruding on the community unless either invited or as part of a well-organized tour. 7) Supports human rights and democratic movements: Although tourism often is glibly hailed as a tool for building international understanding and world peace, this does not happen automatically; frequently in fact tourism bolsters the economies of repressive and undemocratic states. Mass tourism pays scant attention to the political system of the host country or struggles within it, unless civil unrest spills over into attacks on tourists. Ecotourism demands a more holistic approach to travel, one in which participants strive to respect, learn about and benefit both the local environment and local communities. Although not part of The Ecotourism Societies definition, giving economic benefits and showing cultural sensitivities to local communities cannot be separated from understanding their political circumstances. In many developing countries, rural populations living around national
5
ECOTOURISM
parks and other ecotourism attractions are locked in contests with the national government and multinational corporations for control of the assets and their benefits. Ecotourist therefore need to be sensitive to the host country's political environment and social climate and need to consider the merits of international boycotts called for by those supporting democratic reforms, majority rule, and human rights.
http://www.untamedpath.com/Ecotourism/what_is_ecotourism.html http://www.bonjourquebec.com/qc-en/basstlaurent0.html
Opportunities and constraints of ecotourism

According to Promchanya&Caccomo (2011) Tourism can bring both benefits and problems to an area. If well planned, developed and managed. Tourism generates local jobs and income and provides opportunities for local community. If not well planned, developed and managed. The opportunities for ecotourism development are: high opportunity for NGO, donors, and international organization for support; higher availability of information for local tourism entrepreneurs; more benefits to the hosting communities; and long term benefits. The constrain to it are: hosting communities may prioritize their welfare like hunger and health, which often in short term, and overlook eco-development; fast cash in other economic activities like logging may drive away eco decision; mass tourism; popularity of the destination; lack knowledge on ecotourism; and government and tour operators influences.
http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/02/ecotourism-benefits-the-environmentthrough-the-maintenance-of-biological-diversity-and-cultural-div.html#ixzz1g8InEwpI
6
ECOTOURISM
Chapter 2: Tourism impact

Economic impacts of tourism
BENEFICIAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS
The generation of foreign exchange, The creation of new job and employment opportunities, The stimulation of trade, income and entrepreneurship - especially in the service and small business sectors, The provision of new infrastructure which is available for non-tourism uses, Increased regional development - particularly in isolated areas, Greater tax revenues permitting greater government spending - or reduced taxes on other activities, and The operation of what is called the multiplier effect.
Price and Income Elasticity Leisure tourism is considered to be price and income elastic (Cooper et al, 1993), and therefore very responsive to economic conditions in both host and traveler-generating countries (e.g. USA & Japan). Price decreases and increases in destination countries (e.g. Thailand & Malaysia) are likely to, respectively, encourage or discourage some tourists from the traveler-generating countries (who would otherwise have visited) from coming. Similarly, income rises and income falls will have a parallel effect, respectively encouraging or discouraging overseas visiting by citizens of the travelergenerating nations.
The Economic Impacts of Tourists Spending The economic effects of visitors presence at destinations arise from the fact that travelers and tourists spend their money on a wide variety of goods and services. This expenditure can be seen as an injection of financial resources into the host economy, thereby creating new levels of consumer demand.
7
ECOTOURISM
Foreign Exchange Foreign tourists change their foreign currency (usually a 'hard' or fully convertible one) into the local currency to pay for their tourism experience. As a result, the host country now has more foreign currency to spend on its own needs, such as providing better medical and educational facilities, and/or stimulating general economic development etc. At the same time, in balance of payments terms, tourism expenditure is viewed as being equivalent to export income for traveler-receiving countries, e.g. Thailand and Indonesia. Conversely, tourism expenditure amounts to an import cost for visitor-generating countries.
Measuring Economic Impacts However, the measurement of the economic impacts of tourism is far more complicated than simply calculating the total amount of all such tourists expenditure, or their related receipts. Such calculations take no account of how much tourist expenditure leaks out of the economy either in payment for imported goods and services to satisfy tourists needs, or as taxes and savings. Nor does it account for how much additional expenditure is created through the cascading effect of money being re-spent again and again by different people and businesses throughout a particular economy (Cooper et al, 1993).
Direct, Indirect and Induced Multiplier Effects The cascading effect of tourists money being spent throughout the host economy begins at front-line tourist establishments, e.g. hotels, restaurants and taxis. The effect of this spending then permeates throughout the economy (Mathieson & Wall, 1982), creating impacts at three different levels: i.e. at the direct, indirect, and induced levels. This is the multiplier effect. The direct level of impact (also called the direct multiplier) is the value of tourist spending less the value of imports necessary to supply the front-line service-providers, such as hotels, etc. The direct impact - and the size of this multiplier - is likely to be less than an individual tourists actual
ECOTOURISM
expenditure because of leakage, except in the rare cases where the local economy can supply all that particular tourists needs (Cooper et al, 1993). Those travel industry businesses which directly receive the tourists money also need to purchase goods and services from other organizations within the local economy. The economic activity generated by these subsequent rounds of expenditure is called the indirect multiplier effect. The indirect effect will not involve all that money which was originally spent by tourists, as some of this money is also likely to leak out of circulation through imports, savings, and taxes. Finally, during the direct and indirect rounds of expenditure, money will be paid to local residents in the form of wages, salaries, rent, interest, and dividends; and also to local businesses for routine services. Some of this expenditure (called the induced multiplier) generates yet more rounds of economic activity - by being spent on local goods and services. It is only when all three levels of impact (i.e. direct + indirect + induced) are assessed that the full nature of this particular effect of tourism can be identified. In the multiplier process, direct multipliers flow from what visitors actually spend, while indirect multipliers are created by tourist industry expenditure. Induced multipliers come from the routine spending, by their non-tourism industry suppliers, of both their direct tourist and indirect tourist industry receipts.
The Multiplier Effect in Action In Fig 1, a tourists $100 expenditure creates at least another $160 worth of transactions, though $40 is lost as leakage ($20 to imports, $20 to savings). The left-hand column of Fig 2 shows the kinds of activities which tourists pay for, creating direct multiplier effects, while the right-hand column identifies those businesses from which travel companies make purchases, using tourist-generated money, and so creating indirect multipliers. Fig 3 below shows those non-travel industry businesses, who may receive tourist-generated money, and who then create induced multipliers by spending this revenue.
ECOTOURISM
Different Types of Multiplier There are five types of multiplier. Firstly, the income multiplier is the number of times which an individual amount of tourist expenditure should be multiplied to identify the total effect on the visited places economy.
The second and third types are the Fig 1: The Multiplier Effect
No 1 2 Expenditure a tourist spends $100 at a hotel the hotel spends this $100 on: an employees daily wages electricity bills building repairs imported drinks for guests 3 the employee spends his $40 on: a meal part of his rent a taxi fare 4 the caf which was paid the $10 by the employee buys fresh vegetables 5 the landlord who received the $20 towards the employees rent saves it to $0 pay for a future building extension (i.e. creates a leakage) 6 The taxi driver, who received the $10 taxi fare, spends it $10 $10 $0 $10 $20 $10 $10 $10 $40 $40 $20 $20 $20 $100 Costs Total $100
10
ECOTOURISM
Fig 2: How Tourism Spending Flows into the Economy
Tourists pay for: lodging food beverages entertainment clothing gifts & souvenirs photography
Travel companies pay for: wages, salaries, tips & gratuities commissions & payroll taxes food & beverage stocks music & entertainment administrative expenses professional services & insurance premiums advertising & publicity
medicines & medical attention utilities: gas, water, electricity, sewerage, rubbish removal etc. jewelry tobacco hairdressing cosmetics internal transport tours & sightseeing miscellaneous purchases of goods sold materials & supplies repairs & maintenance transportation, licenses & taxes rentals of premises & equipment interest charges & loan repayments capital asset replacements
[Source: WTO (i.e. the World Tourism Organization)]
11
ECOTOURISM
Fig 3: Ultimate Beneficiaries of Travel Industry Spending
accountants, advertising agencies, appliance stores, architects, arts & crafts producers, bakers, banks, butchers, carpenters, charities, chemists, clothing suppliers, confectioners, cultural organizations, dairies, dentists, department stores, doctors, electricians, engineering companies, farmers, fishermen, freight forwarders, garages, gardeners, giftware producers, government: education - health - utilities etc., grocers, furniture & office equipment suppliers, insurance agents, laundries, lawyers, newsagents, painters, plumbers, printers, publishers, sporting venues, supermarkets, vehicle manufacturers & repairers, wholesalers, etc. [Source: WTO]
Sales or transaction multiplier which measures changes in business turnover created by tourism expenditures; and the output multiplier. The latter is similar to the sales multiplier but includes changes in inventory or stock levels in addition to sales. The final two types are the employment multiplier which measures changes in economic activity caused by increases or decreases in tourism employment, and the government revenue multiplier. The latter measures the effect on government revenue of changes in tourism expenditure.
NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS
Although travel and tourism studies tend mainly to emphasize the beneficial features of tourisms economic impacts, there are some negative consequences also to consider. These are: Leakages of expenditure out of the local economy, Increased propensities (i.e. tendencies) to import, Opportunity costs, Displacement effects,
12
ECOTOURISM
Over-dependence on tourism, Inflation and higher land values, Seasonality issues, Over-reliance on expatriate labor, Creation of new or extra costs, and Problems over foreign capital investment.
An Increased Propensity to Import Growing tourist numbers may lead to increasing import requirements. According to Mathieson & Wall (1982), the demands by some tourists for their home comforts while on overseas holidays, especially for food and drinks from their home country, can impose extra costs on host countries by requiring them to import these items for resale to the visitors. This is especially so with small island economies which often do not produce locally what the tourists want - not just the food and drink brands that the visitors prefer, but also luxury purchases such as jewelry, cameras, and photographic equipment etc.
Leakage The revenue loss, which accompanies the spending of newly-acquired foreign exchange on buying foreign goods for re-sale to tourists, is called leakage. Other forms of leakage include savings, which are either not spent by anyone for a long time and just hoarded for the future, or lent by banks - but not necessarily in or near the tourism locality where they were earned. In the latter situation, the country benefits, as do the people living where the money is finally spent, but not the original community who actually hosted the tourists.
Opportunity Costs Every item of tourism expenditure in theory could have been spent on some other project, inevitably rising the question of which is more important: eg the new hotel, or a new stretch of road, a hospital, or a school etc. Similarly, the production of goods and services for tourism purposes
13
ECOTOURISM
requires the allocation of resources which could also have been used for other, perhaps more socially laudable, purposes. The opportunity cost in such situations is the cost of using scarce resources for tourism, either as consumption or development, as opposed to using the money for alternative, perhaps more socially preferable, purposes.
Displacement Effects Displacement can happen when a tourism development occurs at the expense of another industry, or when a new tourism project takes customers away from an existing attraction or facility - rather than adding sufficient numbers of new visitors to the local tourist destination to justify the investment. This type of situation, where tourism development simply substitutes one form of expenditure and economic activity for another, is known as the displacement effect.
Over-dependence on Tourism Anywhere, whether it is a town or a country is in an economically vulnerable position when it is dependent on the health and vigor of just one industry. This also applies when tourism is the principal industry (Mathieson & Wall, 1982). Indeed, tourism revenues may fluctuate, for more than just seasonal reasons, beyond a destination or an attractions ability to predict and manage such a situation.
Inflation and Higher Land Values Prices frequently rise, including land and property values, when there is sustained building demand for tourism facilities. However, a boom atmosphere at a destination frequently leads to over-investment in accommodation stock; and later, usually a fall in some buildings prices.
Seasonality Revenue and income flows usually vary with the seasons. Peak season visitor numbers can at some destinations and attractions exceed their quietest periods attendance figures by many times.
14
ECOTOURISM
This can even be by a factor of more than a hundred between a cold, wet UK January day (9 visitors) and a sunny UK mid-summer day (1500 + people), according to Glastonbury Abbeys (UK) management staff (Harcombe DPT, 1997). Consequently, the decision as to what the maximum number of customers that an attraction or tourist facility should cater for is a difficult one, especially for large hotels and theme parks - because of seasonal demand, and the need to ensure an adequate return on their investment. Too few beds or restaurant tables etc may mean customers are turned away in the high season. At the same time, excessive over-capacity in the low season means near-empty premises even though the organization still faces substantial fixed costs.
Use of Expatriate Labour. In some newly emerging economies, where there is a strongly perceived need for rapid economic and social development, the management of many of the new tourism facilities may initially be by expatriate staff (Mathieson & Wall, 1982). But their whole purpose of working there may be to repatriate most of their savings from this work back to their home countries - another form of leakage. Additionally, the expatriates may not a ways train local people adequately enough for them to take over, so perpetuating the foreigners presence. A problem that has sometimes emerged, especially in the Gulf countries, is that tourism may be a reasonably high status occupation (because of the fun element to it), but hospitality may not be. Consequently, the educated local elites may be unseen to learn hotel and catering work. Instead they may prefer to receive the profits from the hospitality businesses they own, while employing foreign staff to do the actual work.
Creation of Extra and/or New Costs More tourists mean new or increased requirements for utility production and/or facilities, such as water, electricity, and gas supplies, and sewage and garbage removal. In addition, the tourism facilities and attractions will need routine repair and maintenance. So also will all the
15
ECOTOURISM
related infrastructure, especially roads; and also any other transportation links and facilities that may be necessary, including railways, air and/or water links.
Foreign Capital Investment Investment in tourism and transport plant (e.g. airports, roads, railways, and hotels etc) can be very expensive, and may require foreign investment. However, profits will almost inevitably leak out, in such cases, to investors in investing countries. Indeed, many investors will not wish to invest in any less developed tourist-receiving countries unless - quite understandably - they can be sure they can redeem their profits in, or sell their business there for, hard currency.
http://www.journal.au.edu/abac_journal/may99/article3_f.html
Environmental impacts of tourism

The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. However, tourism's relationship with the environment is complex - many activities can have adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance
16
ECOTOURISM
Negative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as: soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat loss, increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to forest fires. It often puts a strain on water resources, and it can force local populations to compete for the use of critical resources.
DEPLETION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce. Water Resources The tourism industry generally overuses water resources for hotels, swimming pools, golf courses and personal use of water by tourists. This can result in water shortages and degradation of water supplies, as well as generating a greater volume of waste water. In drier regions like the Mediterranean, the issue of water scarcity is of particular concern. Because of the hot climate and the tendency of tourists to consume more water when on holiday than they do at home, the amount used can run up to 440 litres a day. This is almost double what the inhabitants of an average Spanish city use. Golf course maintenance can also deplete fresh water resources. In recent years golf tourism has increased in popularity and the number of golf courses has grown rapidly. Golf courses require an enormous amount of water every day and this can result in water scarcity. If the water comes from wells, over-pumping can cause saline intrusion into groundwater. Golf resorts are more and more often situated in or near protected areas or areas where resources are limited, exacerbating their impacts. An average golf course in a tropical country such as Thailand needs 1500kg of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides per year and uses as much water as 60,000 rural villagers.
17
ECOTOURISM
Local resources Tourism can create great pressure on local resources like energy, food, and other raw materials that may already be in short supply. Greater extraction and transport of these resources exacerbates the physical impacts associated with their exploitation. Because of the seasonal character of the industry, many destinations have ten times more inhabitants in the high season as in the low season. A high demand is placed upon these resources to meet the high expectations tourists often have (proper heating, hot water, etc.).
Land degradation Important land resources include fertile soil, forests, wetlands and wildlife. Increased construction of tourism facilities has increased the pressure on these resources and on scenic landscapes. Direct impact on natural resources in the provision of tourist facilities can be caused by the use of land for accommodation and other infrastructure provision, and the use of building materials. Forests often suffer negative impacts of tourism in the form of deforestation caused by fuel wood collection and land clearing. For example, one trekking tourist in Nepal can use four to five kilograms of wood a day
POLLUTION
Tourism can cause the same forms of pollution as any other industry: Air emissions Noise Solid waste and littering Releases of sewage Oil and chemicals Even architectural/visual pollution
18
ECOTOURISM
Air pollution and noise Transport by air, road, and rail is continuously increasing in response to the rising number of tourists and their greater mobility. Tourism now accounts for more than 60% of air travel. One study estimated that a single transatlantic return flight emits almost half the CO2 emissions produced by all other sources (lighting, heating, car use, etc.) consumed by an average person yearly. Air pollution from tourist transportation has impacts on the global level, especially from CO2 emissions related to transportation energy use. And it can contribute to severe local air pollution. Noise pollution from airplanes, cars, buses, (+ snowmobiles and jet skis) In addition to causing annoyance, stress, and even hearing loss for humans, it causes distress to wildlife and can cause animals to alter their natural activity patterns. In winter 2000, 76,271 people entered Yellowstone National Park on snowmobiles, outnumbering the 40,727 visitors who came in cars, 10,779 in snow coaches and 512 on skis. A survey of snowmobile impacts on natural sounds at Yellowstone found that snowmobile noise could be heard 70% of the time at 11 of 13 sample sites, and 90% of the time at 8 sites. At the Old Faithful geyser, snowmobiles could be heard 100% of the time during the daytime period studied. Snowmobile noise drowned out even the sound of the geyser erupting.
Solid waste and littering In areas with high concentrations of tourist activities and appealing natural attractions, waste disposal is a serious problem and improper disposal can be a major despoiler of the natural environment - rivers, scenic areas, and roadsides. For example, cruise ships in the Caribbean are estimated to produce more than 70,000 tons of waste each year. Solid waste and littering can degrade the physical appearance of the water and shoreline and cause the death of marine animals.
19
ECOTOURISM
In mountain areas, trekking tourists generate a great deal of waste. Tourists on expedition leave behind their garbage, oxygen cylinders and even camping equipment. Such practices degrade the environment with all the detritus typical of the developed world, in remote areas that have few garbage collection or disposal facilities The Wider Caribbean Region, stretching from Florida to French Guiana, receives 63,000 port calls from ships each year, and they generate 82,000 tons of garbage. About 77% of all ship waste comes from cruise vessels. On average, passengers on a cruise ship each account for 3.5 kilograms of garbage daily compared with the 0.8 kilograms each generated by the less well-endowed folk on shore.
Sewage Construction of hotels, recreation and other facilities often leads to increased sewage pollution. Wastewater has polluted seas and lakes surrounding tourist attractions, damaging the flora and fauna. Sewage runoff causes serious damage to coral reefs because it stimulates the growth of algae, which cover the filter-feeding corals, hindering their ability to survive. Sewage pollution threatens the health of humans and animals.
Aesthetic Pollution Often tourism fails to integrate its structures with the natural features and indigenous architectural of the destination. Large, dominating resorts of disparate design can look out of place in any natural environment and may clash with the indigenous structural design. A lack of land-use planning and building regulations in many destinations has facilitated sprawling developments along coastlines, valleys and scenic routes. The sprawl includes tourism facilities themselves and supporting infrastructure such as roads, employee housing, parking, service areas, and waste disposal.
20
ECOTOURISM
Physical impacts of tourism development

Construction activities Infrastructure development the development of tourism facilities can involve sand mining, beach and sand dune erosion and loss of wildlife habitats.
Deforestation and intensified or unsustainable use of land Construction of ski resort accommodation and a facility frequently requires clearing forested land. Coastal wetlands are often drained due to lack of more suitable sites.
Marina development Development of marinas and breakwaters can cause changes in currents and coastlines.
Coral reefs Especially fragile marine ecosystems - suffering worldwide from reef-based tourism developments. Evidence suggests a variety of impacts to coral result from shoreline development, increased sediments in the water, trampling by tourists, ship groundings, pollution from sewage, souvenir.
Physical impacts from tourist activities

Trampling Tourists using the same trail over and over again trample the vegetation and soil, eventually causing damage that can lead to loss of biodiversity and other impacts. Such damage can be even more extensive when visitors frequently stray off established trails.
21
ECOTOURISM
Anchoring and other marine activities In marine areas many tourist activities occur in or around fragile ecosystems. Anchoring, scuba diving, yachting and cruising are some of the activities that can cause direct degradation of marine ecosystems such as coral reefs.
Alteration of ecosystems by tourist activities Habitat can be degraded by tourism leisure activities. For example, wildlife viewing can bring about stress for the animals and alter their natural behaviour when tourists come too close.
www.geointeractive.com http://www.oecd.org/document/2/0,3746,en_2649_34389_1826114_1_1_1_1,00.html
22
ECOTOURISM
Social and cultural impacts of tourism

Doi hang is a destination for adventure tourists. Doi hang was managed by local people. If local people develop in the right way for example; develop in public utility, activities but still keep the same cultural, follow the natural way, do not follow technology like a big city. Tourists might be impact to the tourist attraction such as Pai in Mae Hong Sorn that was impact by tourist because local people think what it should to do for support the number of tourist. Not only the local people, the people from other province think there are a popular and do the business at Pai. The culture was change, the tourist visit Pai just a trend not for interesting in cultural of hill tribes or way of life of the location. But Doi hang is not popular like a Pai, local people can manage and control and also protected the impact from social and cultural of tourism. However, social and cultural are a little part to impact to Doi hang if the local people help each other and maintain, Doi hang will still sustainable.
23
ECOTOURISM
Chapter 3: Management of ecotourism

Management of sustainable tourism
Sustainable tourism is the concept of visiting a place as a tourist and trying to make only a positive impact on the environment, society and economy. A key aspect is respect for the people who call the location home, the culture and customs of the area, and the socio-economic system. While sustainable tourism is sometimes confused with ecotourism, ecotourism is actually only one aspect of sustainable tourism (Lisse, 2011). Doi hang district located in Chiang Rai province, have a natural resources as a source of eco-tourism and a lot of cultural attractions for example Huay Kaew waterfall, Pha Soet hot spring, Akha village, Huay Mak Liam hot spring, and Huai Tat waterfall. By contrast, our group survey showed that Doihang district has managed in the form of ecotourism, which is part of sustainable tourism and following the principles of sustainable tourism, for example, Using Resource Sustainable (in both the natural resources, society and culture is important and focus on doing business in the long run.), Supporting Local Economic (taking into consideration the price and value of the environment is not only the economy but also protect the environment from being destroyed as well.). And also consistent with the nature of tourism is sustainable such as Quality refers to the quality of the three major components is the quality of the environment, the quality of the experience, travel services received, and quality of life in the community, Balance refers to balance between the needs of the tourism industry, needs of local communities and capacity of resources.
http://traveltips.usatoday.com/meaning-sustainable-tourism-2297.html http://www.doihang.go.th/
24
ECOTOURISM
Visitors demand and variety of tourist types

From the survey area's way of living of the people and environment of the district attraction Doi Hang. We were aware of the changes and development of tourist attractions such as: 1. Huai Kaew waterfall is a large waterfall hot water all year round 25 km. away from Chiang Rai, but it is not popular.
2. Ban Akha village is not far from waterfall you can or drive to it but the village has a small parking. The house is still original home some house they make into a home stay or resort for tourists.
3. Huai Mak Liam Hot Spring is a hot spring along the Kok River current location is the office of Kok River National Park. As one of the hot springs were known tourist boat along the river so long. The lush tropical landscape in the dry season will have to ride an elephant and have camping area, toilets and restaurants for tourists. 4. Huai Tat. Waterfall is a medium-size in the middle of the forest tourists must travel by foot to about 3 kilometers, most of the foreign tourists visiting the popular hiking and sign seeing beautiful waterfalls. The last place is Pha search hot spring this place very attractions. It is open to the mineral bath and large outdoor pond, building a mineral bath and mineral bath with water massage, Thai massage, area for camping and elephant farm. From survey the most tourists as Adventure Tourism, Ecotourism and Foreigner tourists. http://www.tourismchiangrai.com/?p=preview&id_travel=50 http://www.doihang.go.th/detail.php?mn_id=&dt_id=0016
25
ECOTOURISM
Visitor management
Limits of acceptable change in Doi hang LAC methodology is an extension of the ROS concept and recognizes both the social and environmental dimensions of recreational impacts. It involves both resource managers and stakeholders in Identifying acceptable and achievable social and resource standards. Documenting gaps between desirable and existing circumstances. Identifying management actions to close these gaps. Monitoring and evaluating management effectiveness.
The management in visitor if they are so many and accommodation full we should improve accommodation for visitor more than before. But if too few tourists should create highlight for visitor may be visitor is like and dont like but its good more than dont doing anything.
The LAC planning system consists of nine steps. 1. Identifying concerns and issues. 2. Defining and describing opportunity classes. 3. Selecting indicators of resource and social conditions. 4. Carrying out an inventory of resource and social conditions. 5. Specifying standards for the resource and social indicators. 6. Identifying alternative opportunity class allocations. 7. Identifying management actions for each alternative. 8. Evaluating and selecting an alternative. 9. Implementing actions and monitoring conditions.
26
ECOTOURISM
Principles and guidelines for sustainable ecotourism Eco and Sustainable Tourism
Ecotourism is "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people." Sometimes it is defined as a sub-category of sustainable tourism or a segment of the larger nature tourism market. It includes an interpretation/learning experience, is delivered to small groups by small-scale businesses, and stresses local ownership, particularly for rural people.
What is the difference between ecotourism and nature-based travel?

While nature-based tourism is just travel to natural places, ecotourism provides local benefits - environmentally, culturally and economically. A nature-based tourist may just go bird watching; an ecotourist goes bird watching with a local guide, stays in a locally operated ecology and contributes to the local economy.
Where does Sustainable Tourism fit in?

Sustainable Tourism embraces all segments of the industry with guidelines and criteria that seek to reduce environmental impacts, particularly the use of non-renewable resources, using measurable benchmarks, and to improve tourisms contribution to sustainable development and environmental conservation.
Sustainable Ecotourism
Sustainable tourism encompasses the responsible use of natural resources for recreation. This includes eco-friendly boating, whale and dolphin watching, scuba-diving, fishing, and tourism.
27
ECOTOURISM
Sustainable Ecotourism Minimizes environmental impacts using benchmarks Improves contribution to local sustainable development Requires lowest possible consumption of non-renewable resources Sustains the well-being of local people Stresses local ownership Supports efforts to conserve the environment Contributes to biodiversity Ecotourism is defined as leisure travel that provides tourists with an educational and adventurous experience visiting complex and fascinating ecosystems and their associated cultures and traditions. The concept of ecotourism began in the late 1980's and increased in popularity in 2002 during the United Nations "International Year of Ecotourism." According to environmental and other organizations, ecotourism should have a minimal impact on both the environment and the culture. Ecotourism should inform tourists about what's needed to sustain the environment they're visiting, and should also help local populations understand the importance and value of their home. Ecotourism can also help foster a sense of environmental stewardship by encouraging travelers to be mindful of wasting resources and polluting the environment. Ecotourism can also help local economies by generating revenue and jobs, which further encourages the local population to preserve its environment. A good ecotourism operation will strive to support the community and encourage travelers to be culturally sensitive by training and employing local people and by purchasing local supplies and services to further stimulate the economy. Increasingly, national governments such as Costa Rica and Australia are supporting the ecotourism trade for its benefit to both their country and their visitors. Tourist regions in many countries now rely on ecotourism as the primary source of revenue.
28
ECOTOURISM
The education and good practices taught by ecotourism may also help foster sustainable development in a world increasingly faced by destructive practices such as clear-cutting forests and poor land-use policies that destroy habitats. Good ecotourism should ideally support criteria such as: Conservation of biological and cultural diversity Sustainable use of ecological resources Support for local economies through increased local revenue, jobs for local populations, and use of local supplies and services Community empowerment by sharing participation in management local ecotourism activities Increased environmental and cultural awareness Minimal environmental tourist industry impact on local resources Although the overall concept and intent of sustainable tourism is positive, the industry is not without its critics largely due to companies who abuse the concept of ecotourism to take advantage of the wealth generated by the interest in eco-tourism. Some ecotourism operators have been accused of masking their environmentally destructive practices by marketing their businesses as ecotourism. With time, the standards for good ecotourism will be established and both travelers and the industry will be aware of what constitutes an ecologically and culturally sensitive operation.
http://marinebio.org/oceans/conservation/sustainable-tourism.asp http://nomadshostels.com/arts-factory/about-arts-factory/sustainability/ http://www.gdrc.org/uem/eco-tour/eco-sust.html
29
ECOTOURISM
Development ( Define Plans / Tourism development project )

Fiscal years Project 1. Promotion of tourism service Development of tourism network project of Doi-Hang (Community Based Tourism) Promotion and development project of local tourism product (Otop) Promote project of tourism in the community 2. Develop project of tourism attraction Promoting tourism to generate income for local people project (Kad Nud Kon Doi ) Promote and develop youth local tourism project Define travel route in local project Accommodation rural culture project or Home stay Develop location and landscape project Promote and develop healthy attraction project 3. Promote tourism business and guide project Develop local guide project Learning and changing tourism management knowledge between community project 30,000.80,000.30,000.80,000.30,000.80,000.300,000.20,000.20,000.30,000.200,000.500,000.300,000.10,000.20,000.20,000.200,000.500,000.300,000.10,000.20,000.20,000.200,000.500,000.30,000.50,000.30,000.30,000.30,000.30,000.30,000.20,000.30,000.55 56 57
30
ECOTOURISM
Budget No 1. Project Development of tourism network project of Doi-Hang Objective Goals 2555 2556 baht baht 2557 baht Expectation goals Undertaker Board of director Admistration of Doi Hang Admistration of Doi Hang Admistration of Doi Hang Board of director Admistration of Doi Hang Admistration of Doi Hang Admistration of Doi Hang Admistration of Doi Hang Board of director Admistration of Doi Hang Admistration of Doi Hang Admistration of Doi Hang Admistration of Doi Hang
2.
Promotion and development project of local tourism product Promote project of tourism in the community Promoting tourism to generate income for local people project Promote and develop youth local tourism project Define travel route in local project Accommodation rural culture project or Home stay Develop location and landscape project
3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
9.
Promote and develop healthy attraction project
10. Develop local guide project 11. Learning and changing tourism management knowledge between community project
31
ECOTOURISM
Project Training to enhance home stay group project
Goods 1
Goals Home stay group in Doi Hang get development and promote
Budget 100,000.-
Undertaker Secretary office
Development of tourism network project of Doi-Hang
Tourism network in Doi Hang can driving in tourism efficiently.
80,000.-
Secretary office
Define travel route in local project
Define tourism in local and develop plan of local tourism
80,000.-
Secretary office
Promote ecotourism project
Management suitable ecotourism and get participation to conserve and useful from ecotourism attraction in local by participation
80,000.-
Secretary office
Training to enhance tourism management project
Development plan and tourism management more efficiently in local by local reader.
80,000.-
Secretary office
Promote and develop youth local tourism project
Youth get knowledge and aware in local resources. Youth can great serve to guest and proud to maintain resources for sustainable tourism
80,000.-
Secretary office
32
ECOTOURISM
Development plan of Chaing Rai 2554 Bd. Tourism and sports office, Chiang Rai Doi Hang administration organization, Aumpoer Mueng, Chiang Rai Promote and operate Tumbol tourism. Budget 450,000 Baht
Project Promote tourism product in Doi Hang project Improvement landscape of Pa Sert hot spring project Mineral bath every week for healthy
Goods 1
Goals Community gain profit from product and souvenir
Budget 50,000.-
Tourist satisfy with beautifully natural
50,000.-
Tourist get knowledge benefit of mineral bath
50,000.-
Kad Nud Kon Doi project
Ecotourism art & tradition and healthy in Doi Hang was widely recognized
300,000.-
Total
450,000.-
Promote Home stay project. Budget 500,000 Baht Development tourism attraction and service tourism activities in Doi Hang project Budget 500,000 Project Training volunteer for developing tourism to preserve local nature Goods Goals Budget Undertaker
33
ECOTOURISM
Chapter 4 marketing for ecotourism

Marketing research Marketing research of Ecotourism
Is the function that links the consumer, customer, and public to the marketer through information information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing performance; and improve understanding of marketing as a process. Marketing research specifies the information required to address these issues, designs the method for collecting information, manages and implements the data collection process, analyzes the results, and communicates the findings and their implications. Marketing research is the systematic gathering, recording, and analysis of data about issues relating to marketing products and services. The goal of marketing research is to identify and assess how changing elements of the marketing mix impacts customer behavior. The term is commonly interchanged with market research however; expert practitioners may wish to draw a distinction, in that market research is concerned specifically with market, while marketing research is concerned specifically about marketing processes.
Marketing research is often partitioned into two sets of categorical pairs, either by target market: Consumer marketing research, and Business-to-business (B2B) marketing research Or, alternatively, by methodological approach: Qualitative marketing research, and Quantitative marketing research
Consumer marketing research is a form of applied sociology that concentrates on understanding the preferences, attitudes, and behaviors of consumers in a market-based economy, and it aims to understand the effects and comparative success of marketing campaigns. The field of consumer marketing research as a statistical science was pioneered by Arthur Nielsen with the founding of the ACNielsen Company in 1923.
34
ECOTOURISM
Thus, marketing research may also be described as the systematic and objective identification, collection, analysis, and dissemination of information for the purpose of assisting management in decision making related to the identification and solution of problems and opportunities in marketing.
Generations
People are often clustered into generations to identify trends that correspond. Depending on the demographer, different labels are attributed, but there is general agreement about the classification of the groups and their:
Generation Y (b. 1980 to present) represents the children of the largest population group, the Baby Boomers. Techno-savvy, these individuals are growing up with computers in their homes and classrooms; cell phones, and cable. One-third of 6-7 year olds have TVs in their bedrooms. One in four lives in a single-parent household. Three in four have working mothers. Raised in these dual-income and single-parent families, they've already been given considerable financial responsibility. Surveys show they are deeply involved in family purchases, be they groceries or a new car. One in nine high school students has a credit card co-signed by a parent, and many will take on extensive debt to finance college. A recent survey of the age group found more than 80% believe that it's "IN" to be smart.Also called the "Baby Boomlet," this generation is considered, "by most calculations, 9already bigger than the baby boom: 77.6 million born since 1979 vs. 76.8 million from 1946 through 1964, according to the research firm Yankelovich Partners. But don't let that fool you. This group of youngsters is not evenly distributed across the nation; it is primarily located in counties of large minority populations. And the "pig in the python" movement of the boomers is more like two piglets for the boomlets. Two significant blips occurred from 1979 to 1994 resulting in large numbers yet without the enormous influence their parents brought with them.
Generation X (b. 1965 to 1979) was once referred to as the generation of slackers, a mere 52. 4 million compared to the previous gang of 25 million more. No longer considered as such, their behavior is still cautious and somewhat disengaged. These young adults were raised within more divorced and latch-key homes than in any previous generations. "As
35
ECOTOURISM
young adults, maneuvering through a sexual battle scape of AIDS and blighted courtship ritualsthey date and marry cautiously." This moderately small group of approximately 50 million is slowly setting up homes and starting families. Politically, they lean toward pragmatism and non-affiliation, and would rather volunteer than vote. "A wide sampling of surveys indicates that Xers are less politically or civically engaged, exhibit less social trust or confidence in government, have a weaker allegiance to their country or to either political party, and are more materialistic than their predecessors." Simultaneously, Generation Xers have led a renewed interest in spirituality and alternative health practices.
Baby Boomers (b. 1946 to 1964) have had the greatest influence of any single generation due to its enormous size of 77 million. For years, marketers have focused their attention on the life stages of these individuals. Stay-at-home mothers armed with the advice of Dr. Spock raised this generation to be independent and in control of their futures. "During the 1960s, this manifested itself in the anti-authoritarian counterculture movement. In the 1980s, it translated into see-how-fast-I-can-get-rich materialism. In the 1990s, Boomer individualism was apparent in increased entrepreneurialism, the self-help movement, and the rise of New Age spiritualism." Today, "entering midlife (and national power), they are trumpeting values, touting a "politics of meaning," and waging scorched-earth Culture Wars" Now, marketers are interested in the maturing of these individuals. Healthcare institutions, leisure travel groups, and retirement communities have been waiting for the Baby Boomers to age. In response, boomers are creating a new life stage referred to as "mid-youth" with an emphasis on adventure travel, new careers, and self-health.
Swing Generation (b. 1933 to 1945) and War Generation (b. pre-1933) The Swing generation is not deemed as such because of its affiliation with an era of swing dancing, but as a small group before the War generation and after the Boomers. Their behavior tends to "swing" towards one group or another versus defining its own. They have been receiving attention due to their unique ability to live longer, healthier lives. Americans aged 65 or older number more than 33 million, and their ranks are growing. Approximately 1,050 more people over age 65 are added to the population each day.
36
ECOTOURISM
Consumer Demand: More than-thirds of U.S and Australian traveler, and 90% of British tourist, consider active protection of the environment and support of local communities to be part of a hotels responsibility. The International Ecotourism Society
In Europe: -20%-30% of travelers are aware of needs & values of sustainable tourism. -10%-20% of travelers look for green options. -5%-10% of travelers demand green holidays.
In Germany, 65% (39 million) of travelers expect environmental quality 42% (25 million) think that it is particularly important to find environmentally friendly accommodation.
Nearly half of those surveyed in Britain said they would be more likely to go with a company that had a written code to guarantee good working conditions, protect the environment and support local charities in the tourist destination [E]thical tourism will rightly be a big issue in the new millennium.
A survey of U.S., British, and Australian travelers revealed that 70% would pay up to $150 more for a two-week stay in a hotel with a responsible environmental attitude.
Consumer Demand (Contd): In a U.K. survey, 87% of travelers said their holiday should not damage the environment; 39% said they were prepared to pay 5% extra for ethical guarantees.
53% of American travelers say their travel experience is enhanced when they learn as much as possible about local customs and culture.
95% of Swiss tourists consider respect for local culture to be highly important when choosing a holiday.
37
ECOTOURISM
Nearly a third (46 million) of U.S. travelers buys specifically from companies that donate part of their proceeds to charities. In Europe, where there is a strong and growing sustainable tourism movement, these figures are even higher
The main ecotourism generating market

Marketing and Communication channel
According to the surveys, ecotourism operators use the same spectrum of marketing channels and techniques As all others: Regarding promotion and information channels, word of mouth was highlighted among the most important ways for ecotourism-oriented operators. The Internet is widely used for promotional purposes .For example, in Italy and Canada, it represents the main channel used by eco-tour operators. Travel Agents are still the most important source of trip information for US eco tourists according to an in-flight tourist survey of US travelers to Overseas and Mexico. Eco-tour operators seem to focus on targeted promotion channels like specialized fairs, trade shows and advertising in specialist magazines. Reservation and booking are mainly made via specialized eco tour operator agencies and through their catalogues. However, booking on-line (via Internet) is increasing tremendously. Travel agents are seen as less successful way of selling. Affinity groups, like conservation organizations, responsible tourism and ecotourism development organizations, play a minor promoting role for eco-tour operators in Europe.
The marketing mix

The concept of the tourist marketing consists of creating the supply (marketing mix) corresponding to the identified demand at the tourist market, while using product, price, place and promotion, which allow to identify, inform, motivate and serve these markets in the best possible way.
38
ECOTOURISM
What is marketing mix?

Marketing mix is a broad concept which includes several aspects of marketing which related to creating awareness and customer loyalty. The term is often summarized as referring to the "four P's": price, promotion, product, and placement. When these are effectively blended, they form a marketing program that provides wantsatisfying goods and services for the companys market.
4Ps consist
Product It is a tangible good or an intangible service that is mass produced or manufactured on a large scale with a specific volume of units. Intangible products are service based like the tourism industry & the hotel industry or codes-based products like cell phone load and credits. Typical examples of a mass produced tangible object are the motor car and the disposable razor. A less obvious but ubiquitous mass produced service is a computer operating system. Packaging also needs to be taken into consideration. Every product is subject to a lifecycle including a growth phase followed by an eventual period of decline as the product approaches market saturation. To retain its competitiveness in the market, product differentiation is required and is one of the strategies to differentiate a product from its competitors Price The price is the amount a customer pays for the product. The business may increase or decrease the price of product if other stores have the same product. Promotion Represents all of the communications that a marketer may use in the marketplace. Promotion has four distinct elements: advertising, public relations, personal selling and sales promotion. A certain amount of crossover occurs when promotion uses the four principal elements
39
ECOTOURISM
together, which is common in film promotion. Advertising covers any communication that is paid for, from cinema commercials, radio and Internet adverts through print media and billboards. Public relations are where the communication is not directly paid for and includes press releases, sponsorship deals, exhibitions, conferences, seminars or trade fairs and events. Word of mouth is any apparently informal communication about the product by ordinary individuals, satisfied customers or people specifically engaged to create word of mouth momentum. Sales staff often plays an important role in word of mouth and Public Relations (see Product above).
Place
A way of getting the product to the consumer and/or how easily accessible it is to consumers.
The factors that influence the marketing
Manageable Product (actual product, quality, style, design, brand name, etc.) Price (list price, discounts, payment periods, etc.) Place (channels/coverage, the actual place the product is purchased or the actual route of distribution) Promotion (advertising, direct marketing, sales promotion, personal selling, etc. )
Non-manageable Elements of the microenvironment (Retailers, suppliers, mediators) Elements of the microenvironment (Demographic factors, social factors, economic conditions, competition, ecological factors, etc.)
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_mix
40
ECOTOURISM
Marketing issues for ecotourism: challenges and opportunities

This district has to create activities in this area. This area can promote to travelers as package tour such as mountain bike, camping, bird watching, rafting and fishing. These are opportunities to develop new travel attraction in Chiangrai. This area located near the city that easy to travel. By the way, the attraction has another way to go there that is so far more than one but this way close with environment that can promote to eco-way for tourist. The district has to support every business in this area but doesnt support only Phasert hot spring. The officers should develop based on 5 Ecos concept. First, the officer should develop social of people in this area and make opportunities to local life in this village. Local people should select some culture of travelers and improve their life are appropriate to their culture. People should transmit core of their culture to new generation and create them for loving their culture. Second, the district should provide access to travelers such as internet, map, telephone, etc. for promote this tourist attraction such as create web site for serving information about this attraction to tourist. In camp site, should set up Wi-Fi, telephone and etc. for tourist that may make tourist like it. The district set rent a mountain-bike for tourist and set check point for a teenager or adult and build home stay or rent a camp for tourist who love extreme sport such as rafting, hiking, climbing and etc. Third, the officer should champagnes to local people for conserve natural resource around the district and lead them known about advantage of natural resource such as tell them about environment, if it destroyed the people may be lost a money and support the village for keep the tax or fees for improve the environment. Fourth, the district should support for traveling in this area because the money which come to this area will increase that affect to people who get developed by the district. The standard of living will increase may be decrease a criminal or any violence in this area. Fifth, People have to study for themselves and serving travel in those villages. The people will turn back for develop their village and develop the village by themselves that is important to the
41
ECOTOURISM
business because the people come to manage by themselves and separate income for communities that make the district is strong. The district has a good opportunity to development that builds new tourist attraction in Chiang Rai. If the district make a connect with the 9 Kareang Villages and make package tour such as rafting a long with Kok River and ride an elephant in the forest or anything that can make income for this district and the near area. The important thing should talk and make community around that area before develop the area turn to be the village of travel. The salary should separate and manage by local people in that area.
Marketing tools used by the ecotourism industry

The most important of marketing tool for Doi hang district are advertising and public relations. Advertising and public relations play an important role in driving the business as a result, organizations must rely on Corporate Communications to drive consumers to see, recognize and decision making. Doi hang district have a beautiful natural resources and cultural that can attract tourist come to this district. The tourist attraction that important attract tourist is hot spring, a hot spring have more benefit such as reduce stress, stimulating the skin, eliminate acne blemishes, relieve joint pain, bone pain, muscle pain, beriberi ,and relieve the pain in the nervous system. If Doi hang district have more advertising and public relations that make tourist will know and come to district.
http://atcloud.com/stories/64041 http://www.siaminfobiz.com/mambo/content/view/838/37/
42
ECOTOURISM
MG issues for ecotourism
Doi Hang Sub district Administration Organization continually developed Doi Hang Subdistric in order to be ecotourism aim to conserve environment. They will raise awareness to tourists and tell them how is it sustainable tourism by using bicycle for biking to enjoy sightseeing around there .They think that if tourist using the bike it may help to conserve the environment at least they dont make noise pollution and air pollution where is come out form tourist vehicle Trekking Doi Hang Sub district Administration Organization located along the Kok river side where is surrounded by abundant forest it is a kind of tropical forest it is the center of many species of animals and rare plants settle in there . In addition, there is a bridge which is connect between Chaing Rai and Chiang Mai it was controlled by Kok river national park. This also has the wonderful waterfall everyone should conserve it in order to keep it as long as possible for our new generation.
43
ECOTOURISM
Chapter 5: Ecotourism destination analysis

Indicators and assessment criteria for assessment of the current situation of ecotourism destination
The areas in Tambol Doi Hang are mostly forest. There are many interesting attractions such as Huaykaew waterfall, Phasert-hotspring, Ban Akha, Giant Tree, Huay Mark Riem hotspring and Huay Tad waterfall. There are also many activities to meet the needs of tourists such as eggs boiled, take a picture, mountain biking, stroll through the woods so close to nature and other but because Tambol Doi Hang lack of development location continuously so it does not get much attention from visitors. If get the cooperation of local people and government in the maintenance of natural attractions. Of course, that it will be available attract tourists to visit a lot.
Tourism development plan of Doi Hang for 3 year 1. Information

1.1 Physical and general information of the area Geography is a high mountain and switch on plain. Area approximately 91 square kilometers or about 56,875 acres. Administrative villages have 8 villages.
1.2 Resource of tourism Hot springs Water fall National park KOK river Hill tribe villages Giant tree Temples Festival market of mountaineer Area for tent
44
ECOTOURISM
1.3 Tourism market The amount of approximately 100,000 visitors per year Thai and foreign tourists Transportation is boats and cars Resource of tourism and activity of tourism The distribution of visitors
1.4 Aptness of tourism Land and sea transportation systems Electricity, water, telephone calls and DTAC Local police stations, health resorts, home stay, restaurants
2. Analysis capabilities to assess the current development status. And opportunities for future development.
Physical condition and general information of the area
Doi Hang sub-district located not far from the district of Chiang Rai. Convenient transportation both by land and sea. The attractions in the area near the famous beach destination are Chiang Rai, Mae Fah Luang field. And travel by boat (cross - downstream) along the river through the village and its tourist district. As well as a stopover point for rafting from Chiang Mai to Chiang Rai province.
Geography is mountains and plain areas along the Kok River. Island's natural beauty. The area is ideal for a career in agriculture.
Population in the area of indigenous people and the tribe has a variety such as Karen, Akha, Lahu, Lisu and Haw Chinese that have culture and a lifestyle that is uniquely their own.
45
ECOTOURISM
Resource Guide
Abundant natural resources. Forest areas and forest reserves in the area of protected forest, mineral limestone, hot spring, sources of sand in the KOK River, so many beautiful waterfalls.
1. Medical tourism Hot springs PA-SERT
2. Ecotourism Nature Trail Water Falls National park KOK River
3. Tourism, culture Hill tribe villages Temple
4. Agro-tourism The tea garden Orange Tourism market 1. Hot springs PA-SERT have the volume of tourists, both Thais and foreigners who come to soak water. The tent camp each year, about 40,000 people / year, especially in the winter, visitors are very special.
2. Hill tribe villages, waterfalls, tea gardens and nature walks. Most of them are foreigners more than Thais Into the area throughout the year by about 20,000 people / year.
46
ECOTOURISM
3. Wat Phra That Doi KONG KAOWand Wat Phra That Doi IN-SEE is the place for practices that is both public and private sectors participated in tree planting .and you can views across Chiang-Rai province .Even more beautiful at night the stars looked like on the ground.
Aptness travel
Tambon Doi Hang. A place not far from the city of Chiang Rai with convenient transportation both by land and sea, by land, a highway, the Department of Public Works. And the city of Chiang Rai. Into the area of each village, a total distance of about 20 kilometers. Most of the roads within the village concrete roads for bamboo. And also has a laterite road route to and from remote villages. Local people family's path into the village farmland. And tourist areas that is still in the process of developing a concrete or asphalt road for about 70 percent of the entire route is within district and have the taxi boat (cruise - crossing the KOK River) services for tourists and locals along the KOK River and generally pick up passengers throughout the year. The area suitable for agricultural occupations, Natural resources and natural habitat, Eco-tourism, and cultural diversity. If the direction and development patterns will be able to develop all areas of the district as a source. Tourism potential in the future.
47
ECOTOURISM
SWOT Analysis
Issues in advantages and disadvantages of the areas

Weakness 1. Most areas in the forest, causing problems in an area of forest that residential area do not overlap. 2. The risk of problems arising from drug monitoring of the condition factors Kok River area and along the mountain paths that may be transported drug sensitive and drug spot before trading. 3. Most poor people work in agriculture and forests, lack of basic skills that will lead to a career that has increased revenue. 4. Most areas in the remote backcountry of the lack of knowledge of good health are a cause of illness and diseases such as dengue disease, malnutrition, AIDS, etc. 5. Receiving subsidies from the government budget in a very small proportion of the potential of the region cannot be taxed, so the budget will be insufficient and not comprehensive development district. 6. The unauthorized destroy natural resources and forests are the source watershed.
Treat 1. Lack of funding and promotion of tourism seriously by government agencies. 2. Area of the district, mostly in forests, conservation of the Park River, so the villagers make a living and residential areas in the forest reserve is prone to conflicts between residents and staff are always the cause relationship problems and a bad attitude towards the work of the staff that will affect the future development.
48
ECOTOURISM
Strength 1. The location of Doi Hang sub-district, not far from the district of Chiang Rai. Convenient transportation both by land and water supply in the area near the famous beach destination is Chiang Rai Mae Fah Luang. And travel by boat (cross - downstream) along the river through the village and its tourist district. As well as a stopover point for water rafting from Chiang Mai to Chiang Rai province. 2. The terrain is mountainous and plain areas of the river. It is an attractive, natural beauty and is an area that is ideal for a career in agriculture. 3. The population is indigenous and tribal peoples in the area with a variety of spa and I love (Karen), Akha, Lisu, Lahu, China, Hong tradition, culture and lifestyle that is uniquely their own. 4. Natural resources is forest areas and forest reserves in the area of protected forest, limestone forest, mineral and thermal sources of sand in the river so many beautiful waterfalls.
Opportunity 1. Strategy to develop / promote tourism as an important strategy. 2. Chiang Rai is set to the special economic areas. The distribution economic prosperity across the province to be balanced.
49
ECOTOURISM
The elements necessary for developing Tourism of Tambol Doi Hang
ISSUES Attraction - Natural tourism resources Forest Protected lands and areas Waterfalls Rivers Wildlife (animals, birds, marine life) Hot spring
REMARK
Activities - Eggs boiled - Hot spa - Mountain biking - Trekking - Elephants - Other Access: Transportation facilities and services (access to and within the area) - Land - Water Amenity/Accommodation: Hospitality facilities (place to stay overnight/eat) - Services - Basic community infrastructures Water supply Electricity Sewage treatment Solid waste disposal Telecommunication (postal, telephone, mass media) Medical service Public safety Bank and other money exchange Postal service
50
ECOTOURISM
ISSUES - Travel arrangement Travel agents Tour guides - Promotion and tourist information service (information tourists what to see and do in the community) Ancillary Services Establishment of policies, laws and incentives for socially conscious tourism Establishment of policies and laws relative to the safety, security and health of tourists. Major transportation system to move tourists in and out of the region and country and though the countryside. Major attraction features such as state (or provincial) and national parks. A communications and promotion network that encourages tourists to visits the region and country. Coordination within the tourism industry and with the government by travel trade and related associations. Administration Conservation of natural and socio-cultural resources Local economic generation and distribution Promotion of people participation in development process Collaboration among stakeholders
W O
REMARK
51
ECOTOURISM
Conclusion
Ecotourism is a new concept that is gaining considerable popularity and attention. Ecotourism focuses on the ideas of volunteering so that one may gain personal growth. Ecotourism helps one to learn new ways to live. Ecotourism benefits the environment through the maintenance of biological diversity and cultural diversity. The disadvantage of ecotourism is its promises not delivered wherein its supposed benefits have not been felt in some instances. Ecotourism maintains belief that people, plant and profit need to be kept in balance; this is done through making sure that there is coordination between those involved in ecotourism so that nothing will be wasted. Ecotourism is important, in terms of promoting the understanding and appreciation of the environment and the ecosystem, which is one of its aims. Other aims of ecotourism include, providing positive experiences for both visitors and hosts, to use the environment and the ecosystem as a tourist attraction but in a way that will have minimal impact on the environment so as to be able to have a sustainable natural capital.
52
ECOTOURISM

Tambol Doy Hang

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tambol Doy Hang

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

Chapter 1: Introduction to ecotourism

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

Ecotourism definitions and its implications Definition of Ecotourism

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

Opportunities and constraints of ecotourism

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

Chapter 2: Tourism impact

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

Fig 2: How Tourism Spending Flows into the Economy

[Source: WTO (i.e. the World Tourism Organization)]

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

Fig 3: Ultimate Beneficiaries of Travel Industry Spending

NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

Environmental impacts of tourism

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

DEPLETION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

Physical impacts of tourism development

Physical impacts from tourist activities

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

Social and cultural impacts of tourism

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

Chapter 3: Management of ecotourism

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

Visitors demand and variety of tourist types

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

What is the difference between ecotourism and nature-based travel?

Where does Sustainable Tourism fit in?

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

http://marinebio.org/oceans/conservation/sustainable-tourism.asp http://nomadshostels.com/arts-factory/about-arts-factory/sustainability/ http://www.gdrc.org/uem/eco-tour/eco-sust.html

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

Development ( Define Plans / Tourism development project )

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

Promote and develop healthy attraction project

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

Project Training to enhance home stay group project

Undertaker Secretary office

Development of tourism network project of Doi-Hang

Tourism network in Doi Hang can driving in tourism efficiently.

Define travel route in local project

Define tourism in local and develop plan of local tourism

Promote ecotourism project

Training to enhance tourism management project

Promote and develop youth local tourism project

FILE TRIP AT SUB-DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION OF DOI HANG

Goals Community gain profit from product and souvenir