Sleeve Bearing Diagnostics Using Proximity Probes

Charles Phelps Field Engineer GE Energy 312 Thompson Ave Lehigh Acres, FL 33972

Basic Concepts of Rotor Dynamics

Relative Phase

Signal A (Y)

ONE CYCLE

1. Two Signals 2. Same Frequency

Amplitude

3. Same Units
RELATIVE PHASE

4. Either Signal May Be Reference 5. Relative Phase is 0 to 180 degrees Leading or Lagging

Signal B (X)
ONE CYCLE

Time

Once Per Turn Reference Pulse

0 -V
ONE REVOLUTION

ONE REVOLUTION

-V

Shaft Balancing Shaft Crack Detection Shaft / Structural Resonance Detection Shaft Mode Shape Direction of Precession Location of Fluid-Induced Instability Source

Timebase Vibration Characteristics

Y 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Vibration Amplitude Vibration Frequency Phase rpm Direction of Precession Signal Shape Gap (from proximity probe)

Time
Amplitude
0.2
Volts/ div.

Time
2.0
ms/ div.

X to Y (counterclockwise)

Direction of Precession

Y Y

X X

Given X to Y Precession (ccw) and (ccw) Rotation: Precession = Forward

Orbit Vibration Characteristics

X Y

1. 2. 3. 4.

Vibration Amplitude (X & Y) Absolute Phase (X & Y) Relative Phase Relative Frequency (X & Y) vs Running Speed X vs Y 5. Direction of Precession 6. Shape

Amplitude

X = 5.6 mils pp Y = 5.4 mils pp

Orbit Vibration Characteristics

1. 2. 3. 4.

Vibration Amplitude (X & Y) Absolute Phase (X & Y) Relative Phase Relative Frequency (X & Y) vs Running Speed X vs Y 5. Direction of Precession 6. Shape Amplitude

Given X to Y (ccw) Rotation: Forward Precession

Shaft Deflection Shape

Different Bearings, Same Speed with Keyphasor Marker.

Average Shaft Centerline Position

TRAIN: 115 MW TG 45 deg Ref: -9.76 volts Point ID: BRG #1 VERT 315 deg Ref: -9.28 volts Point ID: BRG #1 HORIZ Var: PROBE GAP TRANSIENT FILE 30 SEP 88 07:02:52 to 30 SEP 88 07:42:15 AVERAGE SHAFT CENTERLINE POSITION
6.0

UP

4.0

* 07:26:4 07:26:1 * * 07:24:5 * 07:23:3 * 07:19:2 * 07:17:1 * 07:15:0

2.0

0.0

-2.0

0.0

2.0

AMPLITUDE 0.20 mils/div

X to Y (CCW) ROTATION

1/2X Vibration

0.5X

1X

2X

Oscilloscope

Spectrum Analyzer

Vibration Signal

COMPLEX WAVEFORM

8X 6X
TIM

3X
E

1X

Full Spectrum
UP
Y + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + X + +

POINT: Bearing 1 Vibration vertical

B B A A
5.00 ms/div 4935 rpm
2xA

POINT: Bearing 1 Vibration horizontal

A B

2.0 mil/div X to Y (CCW) Rotation

2.5
Amplitude: (mil pp/div)
B B A A A B

2.0 1.5
2xB

1.0 0.5 0
Reverse Vibration

1.0 mil/div X to Y (CCW) Rotation

-1X

Frequency (Orders)

1X

Forward Vibration

Full Spectrum
POINT: PT BRG 4 VERT 0 POINT: PT BRG 4 VERT 90 14 SEP 93 13:17:44 4890 rpm

AMPLITUDE: 10.0 mils/div

40 30 20 10 0 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000

Reverse Vibration Components Up FREQUENCY: 200 cpm/div Forward Vibration X to Y (CCW) Rotation Components POINT: Dual Vibr OB VERT

1X

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POINT: Dual Vibr OB HORIZ

10 mils/div DIRECT

X to Y (CCW) Rotation

5.00 ms / div

4890 rpm

Full Waterfall Plot

HOW TO MAKE PHASE MEASUREMENTS

Relative Phase

Signal A (Y)

ONE CYCLE

1. Two Signals 2. Same Frequency

Amplitude

3. Same Units
RELATIVE PHASE

4. Either Signal May Be Reference 5. Relative Phase is 0 to 180 degrees Leading or Lagging

Signal B (X)
ONE CYCLE

Time

Deflection Shape

Once Per Turn Reference Pulse

0 -V
ONE REVOLUTION

ONE REVOLUTION

-V

Absolute Phase Measurements

Timing (in degrees) between two (2) points on a vibration signal, the Keyphasor pulse and positive peak in vibration.

Vibration Signal
Time

Phase Lag

Keyphasor Signal
Degrees of Rotation
0 360

NOTE: Frequency must be the same or harmonically related.

HOW TO INTERPRET STEADY STATE DATA FORMATS

Timebase Vibration Characteristics

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Vibration Amplitude Vibration Frequency Phase rpm Direction of Precession Signal Shape Gap (from proximity probe)

Time
Amplitude
0.2
Volts/ div.

Time
2.0
ms/ div.

Timebase Vibration Characteristics

Y 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Vibration Amplitude Vibration Frequency Phase rpm Direction of Precession Signal Shape Gap (from proximity probe)

Time
Amplitude
0.2
Volts/ div.

Time
2.0
ms/ div.

X to Y (counterclockwise)

Direction of Precession

Y Y

X X

Given X to Y Precession (ccw) and (ccw) Rotation: Precession = Forward

Timebase Vibration Characteristics

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Vibration Amplitude Vibration Frequency Phase rpm Direction of Precession Signal Shape Gap (from proximity probe)

Time
Amplitude
0.2
Volts/ div.

Time
2.0
ms/ div.

Sinusoidal

Relative Vibration Frequency

1/2X

2X

Orbit Vibration Characteristics

1. 2. 3. 4.

Vibration Amplitude (X & Y) Absolute Phase (X & Y) Relative Phase Relative Frequency (X & Y) vs Running Speed X vs Y 5. Direction of Precession 6. Shape Amplitude

Orbit Vibration Characteristics

X Y

1. 2. 3. 4.

Vibration Amplitude (X & Y) Absolute Phase (X & Y) Relative Phase Relative Frequency (X & Y) vs Running Speed X vs Y 5. Direction of Precession 6. Shape

Amplitude

X = 5.6 mils pp Y = 5.4 mils pp

Orbit Vibration Characteristics

1. 2. 3. 4.

Vibration Amplitude (X & Y) Absolute Phase (X & Y) Relative Phase Relative Frequency (X & Y) vs Running Speed X vs Y 5. Direction of Precession 6. Shape Amplitude

X = 180

Y = 270

Orbit Vibration Characteristics

1. 2. 3. 4.

Vibration Amplitude (X & Y) Absolute Phase (X & Y) Relative Phase Relative Frequency (X & Y) vs Running Speed X vs Y 5. Direction of Precession 6. Shape Amplitude

X leads Y by 90

Orbit Vibration Characteristics

1. 2. 3. 4.

Vibration Amplitude (X & Y) Absolute Phase (X & Y) Relative Phase Relative Frequency (X & Y) vs Running Speed X vs Y 5. Direction of Precession 6. Shape Amplitude

1X

Orbit Vibration Characteristics

1. 2. 3. 4.

Vibration Amplitude (X & Y) Absolute Phase (X & Y) Relative Phase Relative Frequency (X & Y) vs Running Speed X vs Y 5. Direction of Precession 6. Shape Amplitude

Given X to Y (ccw) Rotation: Forward Precession

Orbit Vibration Characteristics

1. 2. 3. 4.

Vibration Amplitude (X & Y) Absolute Phase (X & Y) Relative Phase Relative Frequency (X & Y) vs Running Speed X vs Y 5. Direction of Precession 6. Shape Amplitude

Circular

Shaft Deflection Shape

Different Bearings, Same Speed with Keyphasor Marker.

Relative Phase

X leads Y by 10 - 15

Relative Phase

X leads Y by 170 - 175

Vibration Frequency vs Rotative Speed

X = 1X, Y = 2X

Frequency Ratio Using Orbits

180 OF ORBITING 180 ORB 1 = = X 360 OF ROTATION 360 ROT 2

120 OF ORBITING 120 ORB 1 = = X 360 OF ROTATION 360 ROT 3

240 OF ORBITING 240 ORB 2 = = X 360 OF ROTATION 360 ROT 3

Average Shaft Centerline Position

TRAIN: 115 MW TG 45 deg Ref: -9.76 volts Point ID: BRG #1 VERT 315 deg Ref: -9.28 volts Point ID: BRG #1 HORIZ Var: PROBE GAP TRANSIENT FILE 30 SEP 88 07:02:52 to 30 SEP 88 07:42:15 AVERAGE SHAFT CENTERLINE POSITION
6.0

UP

4.0

* 07:26:4 07:26:1 * * 07:24:5 * 07:23:3 * 07:19:2 * 07:17:1 * 07:15:0

2.0

0.0

-2.0

0.0

2.0

AMPLITUDE 0.20 mils/div

X to Y (CCW) ROTATION

1/2X Vibration

0.5X

1X

2X

Oscilloscope

Spectrum Analyzer

Vibration Signal

COMPLEX WAVEFORM

8X 6X
TIM

3X
E

1X

Full Spectrum
UP
Y + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + X + +

POINT: Bearing 1 Vibration vertical

B B A A
5.00 ms/div 4935 rpm
2xA

POINT: Bearing 1 Vibration horizontal

A B

2.0 mil/div X to Y (CCW) Rotation

2.5
Amplitude: (mil pp/div)
B B A A A B

2.0 1.5
2xB

1.0 0.5 0
Reverse Vibration

1.0 mil/div X to Y (CCW) Rotation

-1X

Frequency (Orders)

1X

Forward Vibration

Full Spectrum
POINT: PT BRG 4 VERT 0 POINT: PT BRG 4 VERT 90 14 SEP 93 13:17:44 4890 rpm

AMPLITUDE: 10.0 mils/div

40 30 20 10 0 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000

Reverse Vibration Components Up FREQUENCY: 200 cpm/div Forward Vibration X to Y (CCW) Rotation Components POINT: Dual Vibr OB VERT

1X

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. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

POINT: Dual Vibr OB HORIZ

10 mils/div DIRECT

X to Y (CCW) Rotation

5.00 ms / div

4890 rpm

Full Waterfall Plot

HOW TO INTERPRET STARTUP AND SHUTDOWN PLOTS

1X Bode Plot
Slow Roll Phase
180 240 300 360 60 120 180 240 4 3 2

Slow Roll Vector

Amplitude: 1.0 mils pp Phase: 225 Deg. Lag

Slow Roll Amplitude

1 0 0

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

rpm

Slow roll speed range (no dynamic data).

Uncompensated Polar Plot

0

2310

2370

270

2205 * 2250 * 2145

* * 2280

2385

2400

* * 2415 1845 Slow Roll * 2430 * 300 * Vector 3615 * * 2445 2985 * 2775 * 2460 * * 2475 2685* 2610 * * 2505

90

4.0 mil pp Full Scale

180

X to Y (CCW) Rotation

1X Bode Plot
180 240 300 360 60 120 180 240 4 3 2 1 0 0
Uncompensated Compensated Balance Resonance Compensated Uncompensated Angle of Heavy Spot
180 Plot of

High Spot

500

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

rpm

1X Compensated Polar Plot

Direction of Mass Unbalance

Amplitude and Direction of Response at Balance Resonance

2370

2310

270
Amplitude and Direction of Response Above Balance Resonance

2205 **2250 2070 * 90 300

* *2280

* 3615*

* 2385 * 2405 2415 * 2430 *

2445 * 2460 *

90

90

* 2775 * 2610

*2505

4.0 mil pp Full Scale

180

X to Y (CCW) Rotation

Vertical and Horizontal 1X Bode Plot

Split Critical and Structural Resonances
180 240 300 360 60 120 180 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Inboard Horizontal Structural Resonances Inboard Vertical

rpm
Split Critical

Polar Plot
Mu Before Balancing

Balancing Effect
0

Mu After Balancing

* * 2295

2340 2385* 2400 *

270

* 2235 2415 * *2065 2400 * 300 2055 90 * 3285 * *2415 * 2445 2745 * * 2445 * 2460 2775 * * 2475 * 2475 2685* * * 2505 2610

4.0 mil pp Full Scale

180

X to Y (CCW) Rotation

Frequently Observed Polar Plot

0

High Speed
90 270

180

Two Mass Rotor System

Vertical Probe

Vertical Probe

Mass

Split Translational Resonance

90

High Speed

270 90

High Speed

270

180 INBOARD

180 OUTBOARD

Translational and Pivotal Resonance

0 0

High Speed High Speed

90

270 90

270

180

180

INBOARD

OUTBOARD

Typical Flexible Rotor Mode Shapes

P1 P2P3P4

Typical Rotor

P3 Cylindrical / Translational Mode P2 Pivot / Conical Mode P1 Third Mode P4

Node Locations are Affected by System Stiffness

Average Shaft Centerline

(Not Orbit or Polar Plot)
Top
3.0

2.0

*9500 * 9400 *9200 * 8700 * 8000 7600 * 1200 * * 4500 *500 *5500 *300
-1.0 0.0 1.0

1.0

0.0

Amplitude 0.20 mils / div

X to Y (CCW) Rotation

Half Cascade Plot

1X 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Frequency (cpm) Hanning Window 2X

3X

Full Cascade Plot

HOW TO EVALUATE PRELOADS (MISALIGNMENT) AND RADIAL POSITION MEASUREMENTS

Direct Measurements
Vibration and Position Rotor Speed Bearing Temperature

Indirect Data
Process Data Performance Data

Radial Preloads
Gravitational Fluidic Preloads Bearing Preloads Internal Misalignment Parallel and Angular Misalignment Pipe Strain Thermal Warping

Axial Preloads
Gravity (Vertical Machines) Fluidic Process Thrust Loads Differential Expansion

Orbit Plot Can Show Preloads

(Misalignment)
(No Resonance Near Twice Rotative Speed)

Rare

Common

Rare

Orbit Plot Can Show Preloads

(Misalignment)
(Resonance Near Twice Rotative Speed)

Rare

Common

Rare

Orbit and Position Indicators of Preload

Y
RO TN

BEARING C L Normal Orbit and Position AVERAGE SHAFT C L

Y = - 6.8 Vdc X = - 7.2 Vdc

Normal steady load downward, such as gravity.

Orbit and Position Indicators of Preload

Y
RO TN

X
AVERAGE SHAFT C L Abnormal Orbit and Position BEARING C L

Y = - 6.2 Vdc X = - 5.8 Vdc

Gap Voltage Measurement

PROVIDES:
Shaft Centerline Position Shaft Attitude Angle Eccentricity Shaft Trend Plots Alignment Along Shaft

Radial Position Calculation

Y
Vertical Transducer 200 mV/mil

Diametral Clearance 10 mils

Horizontal Transducer 200 mV/mil

X
Rotor (Not to Scale) Shaft Centerline

Y = - 10 Vdc X = - 10 Vdc

Radial Position Calculation

Y
Vertical Transducer 200 mV/mil

Diametral Clearance 10 mils

Horizontal Transducer 200 mV/mil

X
Rotor (Not to Scale)

Shaft Centerline

Y = - 9.6 Vdc X = - 10.2 Vdc

Radial Position Calculation

Left 1 mil Vertical Transducer Y Up 2 mils 200 mv/mil

Horizontal Transducer 200 mV/mil

X
to Scale)

Shaft Centerline

Y = - 9.6 Vdc X = - 10.2 Vdc

Average Shaft Centerline Position

Top
3.0

2.0

* 9500
9400 * 9200 * 8700

1.0
1200

* 8000 7600 * *
4500

*500
0.0 -1.0

*5500
1.0

* 300
0.0

Amplitude 0.20 mils / div

X to Y (CCW) Rotation

Shaft Centerline Plot Can Show Misalignment

Turbine

Generator

Axial Position Measurements

AXIAL (THRUST) POSITION
Thrust Collar 12 Max

12 Max

DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION