PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES AND EVALUATION OF LEAVES OF AMARANTHUS VIRIDIS (AMARANTHACEAE) FOR ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY

SYNOPSIS FOR M. PHARM DISSERTATION

SUBMITTED TO RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES KARNATAKA,BENGALOORU

BY N. PRUTHVI I M. PHARM DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY P. E. S COLLEGE OF PHARMACY BENGALOORU 560 050 (2009-10)

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES KARNATAKA,BENGALOORU

ANNEXURE II PERFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

01.

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND ADDRRESS

N. PRUTHVI P.E.S. COLLEGE OF PHARMACY 50 FEET ROAD, HANUMANTHANAGAR BENGALOORU 560 050 PERMANENT ADDRESS NO 8 A, SURABHI NILAYA HEROHALLI EXTN, VISWANEEDAM (P), MAGADI MAIN ROAD, BANGALORE-91

02.

NAME OF THE INSTITUTION

P.E.S. COLLEGE OF PHARMACY 50 FEET ROAD, HANUMANTHANAGAR BENGALOORU 560 050 M. PHARM. PHARMACOGNOSY

03.

COURSE OF STUDY SUBJECT

04.

DATE OF ADMISSION

16th, JUNE. 2008

05.

TITLE OF THE TOPIC : PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES AND EVALUATION OF LEAVES OF AMARANTHUS VIRIDIS (AMARANTHACEAE) FOR ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY

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BRIEF RESUME OF INTENDED WORK NEED FOR THE STUDY Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic condition caused by inherited and /or acquired deficiency in production of insulin by the pancreas or by the ineffectiveness of the insulin produced. Such a deficiency results in the increased concentration of the glucose in the blood which in turn damage many of the bodys systems in particular the blood vessel and the nerves. It is projected to become one of the worlds main disabler and killer within the next 25 yrs. Regions with greatest potential are Asia and Africa, where DM rates could rise to two-three folds1. Pharmacological means (insulin and hypoglycemics) as well as non pharmacological means (diet and exercise) may be used in the management of DM. The obvious limitations of these management methods necessitate a search for help among the arsenal of herbs available to man1. To treat diabetes, a number of synthetic drugs are available , but unfortunately the risk of severe hypoglycemia associated with the use of these medications can complicate other associated conditions such as congestive heart failure , renal insufficiency or liver disease or the medications may not be tolerated because of gastrointestinal adverse effects. Food and herbs have a pivotal role in traditional eastern medicine. The WHO Expert Committee on diabetes recommended further evaluation of the folkloric methods of managing this disease, because of the high mortality and morbidity arising from its attendant complications and problems associated with the use of conventional anti diabetic agents. Several indigenous medicinal plants are employed in the traditional management of diabetes mellitus, but there is need to conduct pharmacognostic and pharmacological studies to ascertain their therapeutic values. The medicinal plants might be a useful source for the management of diabetes and its complications, for development of new chemical entities or as a dietary adjunct to existing therapies. Amaranthus viridis is a wild-crafted plant which is rarely used for medical purposes. The plant is proven to be extremely useful medications. But due to increasing prices of medicinal drugs nowadays, some people are suffering from complicated effects of diabetes mellitus without undergoing treatment. It is wise therefore to find other means of curing infections, like alternative medicine. This study aims to test the potential use of the Amaranthus viridis plant as a medicinal substance in reducing the blood sugar level of the organisms. If proven to be effective, this can be used as alternative drug or natural ingredient for the production of drugs used against diabetes, and therefore this will benefit human kind.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE Plant: Indian tree Scientific name: Amaranthus viridis Family: Amaranthaceae. Vernacular names: Common names: Indian Kale, Pigweed, Green Amaranth.. Sankrit: Gandira, Tanduliya Hindi: Chauraiya. Kannada: Chelakeerae soppu. Tamil: Kuppaikkeerai. Telugu: Chilaka thota koora2. Amaranthus viridis is an erect much branched glabrous herb 30-60cm high; branches grooved, glabrous, often purplish. Leaves 2.5-7.5 by 1.3-5cm,. ovate, or deltoid-ovate, obtuse, usually notched at the apex, glabrous, base truncate or cuneate; petioles 1.3-5cm long. Flowers shortly pedicellate, pale green, in small axillary clusters & in slender tapering terminal & axillary paniculate spikes like racemes; bracteoles ovate oblong, acute, with a green keel, shorter than the sepals. Sepals 3, ovate oblong, 1.2-1.5mm. long, membranous, with a strong green keel. Utricle 1.7mm long, indehiscent, suborbicular, compressed, pointed, rugose; styles 2 or 3, short. Seed 1mm diameter. Lenticular, smooth, shining, black3. Amaranthus viridis is rich in Protein, fat, amino acid, carotenoid, alkaloid, glycoside, carbohydrates, flavonoids, sterols4. In Brazil, the leaves are used as an emollient. The herb is held in high repute as a remedy for snake bite The roots are alone or in combination with the root of Cardiospermum halicacabum are administered internally for scorpion sting 5 . Twigs of Amaranthus viridis with a pinch of salt is used to care constipation6.

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LITERATURE 1. The antifungal lectin & antiproliferative activity of Amaranthus viridis Linn seeds was reported by Kaur N et al., (10) 2. The hexavalent chromium uptake & its effects on mineral uptake, antioxidant defence system & photosynthesis in Amaranthus viridis was carried out by Liu D et al., (12) 3. In vitro Study of Antiviral Activity of Plant Crude-extracts against the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus was carried out by Narong Chungsamarnyart et al., (14) 4. Anti-inflammatory component from the extract leaves of Amaranthus viridis Linn (Kolitis) was carried out by Lorna T et al., (23) 5. Potential of commonly consumed green leafy vegetables for their antioxidant capacity And its linkage with the micronutrient profile was carried out by Kirtan Tarwadi et al., (11) 6. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of raw and blanched Amaranthus species was carried out by I. Amin et al., (8)

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY a) b) c) d) Collection and authentication of Amaranthus viridis leaves Extraction of leaves of Amaranthus viridis using different solvents. Phytochemical studies of the extracts. Evaluation of various extracts for antidiabetic activity.

7.0 7.1

MATERIAL AND METHODS SOURCE OF DATA Searched from Pubmed, Science direct and other journals. RGUHS- Digital library, Drug discovery and evaluation, Pharmacological Assays ,Second Edition by H. Gerhard Vogel Place of Work: P. E. S College of Pharmacy, BENGALOORU-50

7.2

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION PLAN OF WORK Collection of Plants: Leaves of the Amaranthus viridis will be collected from G.K.V.K., Bengalooru and authenticated by the Department of Botany, PES Degree College, Bengalooru. Preliminary extraction: Extraction will be carried out by using various solvents. Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity: The extracts will be further evaluated for anti-diabetic activity in rats by following models. a) Dexamethasone induced anti-diabetic activity. b) Alloxan induced anti-diabetic activity.

7.3

DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS OR ANIMALS? -YESHAS ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR INSTITUTION IN 7.3 ? -YES - Copy attached

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Osadebe PO, Okide GB, Akabogu IC. Study on anti-diabetic activities of crude methanolic extracts of loran thus micranthus (Linn.) sourced from five different host trees. Journal of Ethno pharmacology. 2004; 95:133-8. 2. Magadi RG. Botanical and Vernacular names of South Indian Plants: Komala, B. M.; 2001. 3. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants; 2005.

4. Abu ZME, Mashaly LA, Masoud GF. Autecology and phytochemistry of genus Amaranthus in the Nile delta Egypt.Asian journal of plant science; 2008;7(2):119-129. 5. 6. Nankarani AK. Indian Materia medica: Popular Prakashan; 1908. Trivedi PC. Herbal Medicine: Aavishkar Publishers; 2006.

7. Amin, Norazaidah Y, Emmy HKI. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of raw and blanched Amaranthus species. Jounal of Foodchemistry. 2004 Jan 94(1):47-52. 8. Jong DK, Seock MK, Mee YP, Tae YJ, Hae YC, Sae KK. Ameliorative Anti-Diabetic Activity of Dangnyosoko, a Chinese Herbal Medicine, in Diabetic Rats. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2007;71(6):1527-34. 9. Jose L, Guil G, Ignacio RG. Lipid classes, fatty acids & carotenes of leaves of six edible wild plant. European food research and technology. 1999;209(5):313-6. 10. Kaur N, Dhuna V, Kamboj SS, Agrewala JN, Singh J. A Novel Antiproliferative and Antifungal Lectin from Amaranthus viridis Linn Seeds. Protein & Peptide Letters. 2006;13(9):897-905. 11. Kirtan T, Vaishali A. Potential of commonly consumed green leafy vegetables for their antioxidant capacity And its linkage with the micronutrient profile. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2003;54(6):417-25. 12. Liu D, Zou J, Wang M, Jiang W. The hexavalent chromium uptake & its effects on mineral uptake, antioxidant defence system & photosynthesis in Amaranthus viridis. Bioresour Technol. 2008 May;99(7):2628-36. 13. Nandhakumar J, Sethumathi P, Malini A, Sengottuvelu S, Duraisamy R, Karthikeyan D, et al. Anti-diabetic Activity of Methanol Leaf Extract of Costus pictus D. DON in Alloxaninduced Diabetic Rats. Journal of Health Science. 2007 Feb;Vol. 53(6): 655-63.

14. Narong C, Teerapol S, Wilairat C, Worawidh W. In vitro Study of Antiviral Activity of Plant Crude-extracts against the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Kasetsart J (Nat Sci). 2007;41(97 - 103). 15. Nordeide MB, Hatloy A, Folling M, Lied E, Oshaug A. Nutrient compostion and nutrional importance and green leaves and wild food resourses in an agricultural district, koutiala in Southern Mali. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 1996 nov;47(6):455-68. 16. Ogawa A, Johnson JH, Ohneda M, McAllister CT, Inman LR, Alam T, et al. Roles of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in dexamethasone-induced diabetes. JCI journal of clinical investigations. 1992 August;90(2):497504. 17. Ohneda M, Johnson JH, Inman LR, Unger RH. GLUT-2 function in glucose-unresponsive beta cells of dexamethasone-induced diabetes in rats. JCI the Journal of Clinical Investigation.

18. Sakoda H, Ogihara T, Anai M, Funaki M, Inukai K, Katagiri H, et al. Dexamethasoneinduced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is due to inhibition of glucose transport rather than insulin signal transduction. American Diabetes Association 49(10 ):1700-8. 19. Thapar R, Singh NB. Allelopathic effects of amaranthus viridis on parthenium hysterophorus Journal of the Indian Botanical Society. 2003;82(1-4):93-6. 20. Trivedi PC. Herbal Medicine and Traditional practices; 2006.

21. Zain-ul-Abedin M, Nafees A, Mahmood A. Tissue culture studies on Amaranthus viridis. Basic Life Sci 1976 Mar;1-7(8):439-46.\ 22. Pradeepa R, Mohan V. The changing scenario of the diabetes epidemic; Implication for India. Indian journal of medical research. 2002;116:121-32. 23. http://www.nast.dost.gov.ph/30th%20ASM/30th%20ASM%20Accepted%20P osters/HSD/pdf%20files/enerva_anti-inflammatory.pdf

8. 9. 10.

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE REMARKS OF THE GUIDE

N. PRUTHVI.

10.1

NAME AND DESIGNATION OF GUIDE

Prof. Dr. K. Lakshman Head, Dept. of Pharmacognosy P. E. S College of Pharmacy, BENGALOORU- 560 050

10.2

SIGNATURE

10.3 10.4

CO-GUIDE SIGNATURE

Not applicable _

11

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Prof. Dr. K. Lakshman Head, Dept. of Pharmacognosy P. E. S College of Pharmacy, BENGALOORU- 560 050

11.1 11.2

SIGNATURE REMARKS OF THE PRINCIPAL

11.3

SIGNATURE Prof. Dr. S. MOHAN Principal/Director, P. E. S College of Pharmacy, BENGALOORU-560 050.