Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Going from one phase to another takes time. Needs Transformation Rate for solid-solid reaction. For hardening, need:
A non-fully miscible A-B binary alloy. A compound AxBy precipitate (e.g. Al-Al2Cu , Fe-Fe 3C, Al-Al 3Mg 2, )
FCC
Fe C +
(Austenite)
C
(BCC)
What are microstructure for steels, i.e. fine pearlite, coarse pearlite, spheroidite, bainite, martensite, and tempered martensite ?
Heterogeneous nucleation
easier since stable nucleating surface is already present e.g., mold wall, impurities in liquid phase only very slight supercooling (0.1-10C)
Solidification
r* = 2Tm Hf T
r* = critical radius = surface free energy Tm = melting temperature Hf = latent heat of solidification T = Tm - T = supercooling
G =
r* = critical nucleus: for r < r* nuclei shrink; for r >r* nuclei grow (to reduce energy)
MSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials
D.D. Johnson 2004, 2006-2008
0.5
log t
rate = 1 / t0.5
D.D. Johnson 2004, 2006-2008
+ Fe3C
0.76 wt% C 6.7 wt% C 0.022 wt% C
T(C)
10
102
104
1400 1200
Pearlite
1148C
L+Fe3C
BCC
ferrite
Eutectoid:
+Fe 3C
rate increases with increasing temperature Rate often so slow that attainment of equilibrium state not possible!
MSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials
D.D. Johnson 2004, 2006-2008
Equil. Cooling: Ttransf . = 727C 727C T +Fe 3C Undercooling by Ttransf. < 727 C
1 2 3 4 5
0.76
C, wt%C
6.7
Carbon diffusion
Examples:
50 0
11
12
T = 675C
10 2
10 4
TE (727C)
- Curves show % transformation. - Note formation at GBs to reduce free energy.
T(C)
700 600 500 400
Austenite (stable)
Austenite (unstable)
50% rlite pea 0%
Pearlite
% 100
bct
10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5
10
time (s)
13
10
10 2
10 3
10 4
10 5
D.D. Johnson 2004, 2006-2008
time (s)
MSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials
14
Pearlite Morphology
Two cases:
Ttransf just below TE
--Larger T: diffusion is faster --Pearlite is coarser.
T(C)
A + C A + A P
1600
T(C)
(austenite)
TE (727C)
P
1200
+L
L+Fe3C
+Fe 3C
T
0.76
500
+Fe 3C
2 3 4 5
727C
1.13
10
10 2
time (s)
10 3
10 4
400 0 (Fe)
C, wt%C
6.7
15
16
Fe3C (cementite)
1400
Proeutectoid
(pre Eutectoid)
Fe 3C
Proeutectoid
Fe3C (cementite)
(ferrite)
Pearlite
T(C)
600
TE
5 m
400
Proeutectoid wets grain boundaries as it has a lower free energy by forming at surface
200 10 -1 10
100
0%
50%
10 3
10 5
time (s)
D.D. Johnson 2004, 2006-2008
17
18
60 m
Fe atom sites x
Fig. 11.22
TTT Diagram
800
T(C)
60 m
Fig. 11.19, Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
Austenite (stable)
P B
5 0% 0%
TE
10 0%
0% 50% 90%
to M transformation..
- is rapid (dffusionless!) - % transf. depends on T only.
10
10 3
105
time (s)
D.D. Johnson 2004, 2006-2008
19
20
Martensite Formation
(FCC) slow cooling quench M (BCT) tempering
(involves single atom jumps)
(BCC) + Fe 3C
Fe atom sites x
Cr, Ni, Mo, Si, Mn retard + Fe3C reaction (and formation of pearlite, bainite)
Martensite (M) single phase has body centered tetragonal (BCT) crystal structure Diffusionless transformation BCT if C0 > 0.15 wt% C BCT few slip planes hard, brittle
MSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials
D.D. Johnson 2004, 2006-2008
21
22
On the isothermal transformation diagram for a 0.45 wt% C, Fe-C alloy, sketch and label the timetemperature paths to produce the following microstructures: a) 42% proeutectoid ferrite and 58% coarse pearlite b) 50% fine pearlite and 50% bainite c) 100% martensite d) 50% martensite and 50% austenite
Cooling curve
23
24
P B
600 A
P B
Then isothermally treat at ~ 470C 400 M (start) all remaining austenite M (50%) transforms to bainite. M (90%)
200
200
W = 1 0.58 = 0.42
0 0.1
10
time (s)
10 3
10 5
25
Adapted from Fig. 10.29, Callister 5e. MSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials
0 0.1
10
time (s)
10 3
10 5
26
100 hardness 50 40
P B
Hypo
%EL
Hyper
80
Adapted from Fig. 11.30, Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
d)
200
0 0
Adapted from Fig. 10.29, Callister 5e. MSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials
0 0.1
wt% C
0.5
0.76
c)
10
0.5
wt% C
time (s)
10 3
10 5
27
28
Hyper
Ductility (%RA) fine pearlite coarse pearlite spheroidite
90
Hypo
Hyper
spheroidite
Hyper
60
martensite
Fig. 11.33, Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
400
30
wt%C
200
fine pearlite
0 0.5
wt%C
wt% C
Hardness: %RA:
fine > coarse > spheroidite fine < coarse < spheroidite
29
30
Tempering of Martensite
Heat treat martensite to form tempered martensite tempered martensite less brittle than martensite tempering reduces internal stresses caused by quenching
TS(MPa) YS(MPa) 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 200 400 600 %RA TS
Fig. 11.34, Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
Possible Transformations
60 50 %RA 40 30
Tempering T (C)
tempering produces extremely small Fe 3C particles surrounded by . tempering decreases TS, YS but increases %RA
MSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials
D.D. Johnson 2004, 2006-2008
9 m
YS
31
32
Precipitation Hardening
Particles impede dislocation motion. Procedure: Ex: Al-Cu system -- Pt A: solution heat treat
T(C)
700 600 A C 20 L +L +L
CuAl2
500 400
+
30 40 50
(get solid solution) -- Pt B: quench to room temp. (retain solid solution) -- Pt C: reheat to nucleate small particles in phase.
(Al)
300 0 B 10
wt% Cu
Pt B
34
2014 Al Alloy:
Over-aged
-avg. particle size = 361b -more widely spaced particles not as effective.
30 20 10 0 149C
149C 204C
Later: Precipitates can relieve their lattice misfit by creating misfit dislocations around precipitate, thereby reducing opposing stress field to dislocation glide. So it is not just size.
204C
36
100%
+ +
Coarse Fine
A A
MSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials
alloy composition
CB
By length of annealing time
CB
D.D. Johnson 2004, 2006-2008
37
38
f =
C0 C C C
CB
=Al3Mg 2
Note that alloy is 2/5 Mg or 40at% Mg
C
39
MSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials
D.D. Johnson 2004, 2006-2008
40
10
c0
f =
C C0
MSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials
14% is phase.
solid-solution
D.D. Johnson 2004, 2006-2008
phase in
D.D. Johnson 2004, 2006-2008
41
42
Plate-like precipitates (GP zones) in Al-Cu Coherent precipitate gives larger stress field. Incoherent precipitate reduces larger stress field.
Solid-solution
Coherent boundaries
43
44
11
TEM of microstructure from 7150-T651 Al-alloy (6.2Zn, 2.3Cu, 2.3Mg, 0.12Zr, Al-balance)
Light regions: Al solid-solution Dark regions: small plate-shaped (majority) -phase (non-equilibrium) remainder (minority) -phase (equilibrium)
e.g., Al-Al 2Cu (equilibrium case) and Fe-Fe3C (metastable case). planar precipitates pearlite, bainite, austenite, ferrite, spheriodite
T-T-T Diagram reveals processing to achieve microstructure. Solid-solutions, substitutional and interstitial compound different. Precipitation hardening -effective means to increase strength in Al, Cu, and Mg alloys. - do not over age, which introduces misfit dislocations.
45
46
Controlling composition, fractions of phases, microstructure via T-T-T diagram reveals processing route and subsequent mechanical behavior. Difference between substitutional compound or solid solution and interstitial compound (atom + small impurity).
47 48
12