Geophysical Exploration II: Gravity, Magnetic & MAM

DR.Eng.Yunus Daud, M.Sc.

Geothermal & Environmental Geoscience Program Department of Physics The University of Indonesia

GRAVITY SURVEYS
Basic Concept of Gravity Method
Geothermal systems are usually located in caldera, structure-like basins, graben and faults The structures can be reconstructed by gravity surveys Rock intrusions acting as a heat source can also be detected by gravity investigation Densification developed in fracture zones within reservoir can also be detected by gravity survey (e.g. Broadlands-Ohaaki geothermal field, NZ and Sibayak Field, Indonesia)

09/26/2005

Basic Concept of Gravity Method (cont.)

In a few fields, hot geothermal fluids rise, cool and deposit minerals (mainly silica) density increase positive gravity anomalies E.g:Broadlands: - density increases by 400 kg/m3 (~20%) - gravity anomalies of up to + 10 mgal Location of such anomalies show past and present up-flow zones.
Disadvantage:

Does not locate high temperature directly Results are often ambiguous Equipment expensive
09/26/2005 3

Field Measurements
The observed data can be measured using a gravimeter. The unit of gravity data is mgal (=10-5 m/s2). The observed data should be reduced and corrected from the effects of instrument drift, free air, normal gravity, Bouguer & terrain before interpreted as Bouguer anomaly. To obtained local gravity anomaly, the Bouguer data should be separated from regional trend using Trend Surface Analysis. The residual gravity data is then intrepeted by 2-D or 3-D approaches.

09/26/2005

Interpretation
Qualitative Interpretation: Straightforward qualitative interpretations of the gravity patterns: Gravity lows Gravity highs Gravity gradients Quantitative Interpretation: Using the famous Talwanis 2-D/3-D modeling to obtained
09/26/2005 5

= = =

structural depressions structural highs or densified layers fault zones and caldera boundary

442000

443000

444000

445000

446000

447000

448000

449000

450000

362000 361000 360000

362000

mgal
-6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 -22 -24 -26 -28 -30 -32 -34 -36 -38 -40 -42 -44 -46 -48 -50

361000 360000

Northing (meter)

Mt. Pintau

Bouguer gravity anomaly over the Sibayak geothermal field. Contour interval is 1 mgal. AOB is a profile line for 2-D modeling.
09/26/2005 6

359000

359000

F6 F5
Mt. Sibayak Mt. Simpulanangin Mt. Pratektekan

358000 357000 356000 355000 442000 443000

358000

5 10
Mt Uncim

3 8 6 7 4

357000

F3

F2 2

F1

F4
Sby-10 Well Fumarole Hotspring Topographic Contour

356000

B
444000 445000

Mt. Singkut
446000 447000 448000

1600

355000

449000

450000

Easting (meter)

442000

443000

444000

445000

446000

447000

448000

449000

450000

362000 361000 360000

362000

mgal
-6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 -22 -24 -26 -28 -30 -32 -34 -36 -38 -40 -42 -44 -46 -48 -50

361000 360000

Northing (meter)

Mt. Pintau

Residual gravity anomaly over the Sibayak geothermal field. Contour interval is 1 mgal. AOB is a profile line for 2-D modeling
09/26/2005 7

359000

359000

F6 F5
Mt. Sibayak Mt. Simpulanangin Mt. Pratektekan

358000 357000 356000 355000 442000 443000

358000

5 10
Mt Uncim

3 8 6 7 4

357000

F3

F2 2

F1

F4
Sby-10 Well Fumarole Hotspring Topographic Contour

356000

B Mt. Singkut
444000 445000 446000 447000 448000

1600

355000

449000

450000

Easting (meter)

(a) 5

A
10

O
Computed Anomaly

Residual Gravity (mgal)

0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25

Residual Anomaly

(b)

3000

Caldera Margin

Mt Sibayak

Caldera Margin

2000

Elevation (meter)

2.10
1000

2.45
2.76 2.30

2.75
0

2.50
meter

-1000

2.60
-2000

1000

Residual and computed gravity anomaly along profile AOB, (b). 2-D gravity model along profile AOB. Density is indicated in g/cm3.
09/26/2005 8

MAGNETIC TECHNIQUES

09/26/2005

Basic Concept of Magnetic Method

In volcanic areas rocks are strongly magnetic (1 - 20 A/m) Interaction of rocks with hot geothermal fluids (thermal alteration) destroy or reduce the magnetization of rocks demagnetization Geothermal fields in volcanic areas are associated with relatively low magnetization of rocks In active geothermal fields, the presence of thick and extensive demagnetized rocks can indicate areas of high reservoir permeability and up flow regions. Measurements: ground or airborne
09/26/2005 10

Advantages:
Quick especially airborne surveys Airborne surveys are completely independent of access problem Ground survey can be used to map near surface alteration Case studies have been documented that magnetic models may be used to constraint productive part of reservoir.

Disadvantages:
Does not locate geothermal fluid directly Airborne surveys are moderately expensive and need sophisticated equipment and data processing.
09/26/2005 11

Field measurement
An observed total force magnetic anomaly (in nT) can be defined as:

B = B obs Bo
where B total force magnetic anomaly Bobs observed magnetic field Bo normal magnetic field at sea level The data can be presented as a map and graph and can be interpreted by using 2D & 3D modeling.
09/26/2005 12

Mt Rendingan
NW

N
0 2 km nT
600 500 400

I A B

300 200 100

Northing (m)

Mt Duduk
H C J

0 -100 -200 -300 -400

D E F

Mt Kukusan

-500 -600 -700

Mt Way Panas

Mt Kabawok
Fuma role Hot Spring C irc ul ar Fe ature Line ament Fa ult

Easting (m)

Total magnetic anomaly of the Ulubelu Geothermal Prospect. Contours in nT

09/26/2005 13

MISE-A-LA-MASSE (MAM) TECHNIQUE

09/26/2005

14

1. BASIC PRINCIPLE
Mise-a-la-masse is a quick method in mapping the low resistivity area in a highly fractured reservoir zones MAM was first developed by C. Schlumberger in 1920 for a mineral exploration, using point source of current Due to high temperature in geothermal well, MAM was then changed by using casing pipe as line-source of current It is observed that the geothermal fluid has a quite low resistivity, so that the geothermal reservoir itself can be considered as a subsurface conductor similar to an ore body If a geothermal reservoir is charged electrically by the use of casing pipe, the shape of the potential lines will reflect the geometry of the reservoir directly
09/26/2005 15

A schematic diagram of the Mise-a-la-masse measurement

C1 P2
V

P1

C2

Remarks:
l
C1 : Current electrode connected to casing pipe C2 : Distant earthing current electrode P1 : Moving potential electrode P2 : Fixed potential electrode I : Curent transmitter and recorder V : Potential receiver l : Length of current line-source (casing pipe)

09/26/2005

16

Multichannel System (under development by Exploration Geophysics Lab. of UI)

09/26/2005

17

MAM Data Processing and Interpretation

Observed Potential V/I Least Square Geometric Factor

Theoretical Apparent Resistivity (t) Theoretical Potential (T.V/I)

Apparent Resistivity (a)

Distribution of Residual Potential (V/I)

Distribution of Residual Apparent Resistivity (a)

Distribution of Reservoir Distribution of Indicated Permeability Zone Distribution of Promising Zone 09/26/2005 18

MAM measurement in Sibayak field, Indonesia

359

Mt. Pintau

Mt. Sibayak
358

Mt. Pratektekan
Northing (km)

357

Well SBY-1

Well SBY-9 Well SBY-4

356

355 443

Mt. Singkut
444 445 446 447 448

Easting (km)

09/26/2005

19

INTERPRETATION OF MAM DATA

09/26/2005

20

Potential Distribution of well SBY-1

358000

mV/A 4.2 4 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2

357500

Well SBY-1

356000

Northing (meter) 356500 357000

445000

445500

446000 Easting (meter)

446500

447000

447500

09/26/2005

21

Theoretical Potential Distribution of well SBY-1

358000

mV/A 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

357500

Well SBY-1

356000

Northing (meter) 356500 357000

445000

445500

446000 Easting (meter)

446500

447000

447500

09/26/2005

22

Residual Potential Distribution of well SBY-1

358000 mV/A 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0

357500

Well SBY-1

356000

Northing (meter) 356500 357000

445000

445500

446000 Easting (meter)

446500

447000

447500

09/26/2005

23

Apparent Resistivity Distribution of well SBY-1

358000

Ohm.m 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0

357500

Well SBY-1

356000

Northing (meter) 356500 357000

445000

445500

446000 Easting (meter)

446500

447000

447500

09/26/2005

24

Residual Apparent Resistivity Distribution of well SBY-1

358000 Ohm.m 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10

357500

Well SBY-1

356000

Northing (meter) 356500 357000

445000

445500

446000 Easting (meter)

446500

447000

447500

09/26/2005

25

Residual Apparent Resistivity Distribution of well SBY-1 and SBY-4

359

Mt. Pintau

Ohm.m

25 23

Mt. Sibayak
358
SBY-3 (T=272, O=26) SBY-8 (T=270, O=35)

21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5
SBY-2 (T=104, O=?) SBY-1 (T=243, O=18)

Northing (km)

SBY-5 (T=284, O=57) SBY-10 (T=170,O=?)

Mt. Pratektekan

SBY-6 (T=270, O=33)

357

SBY-4 (T=272, O=23)

SBY-7 (T=266, O=20)

SBY-9 (T=236, O=?)

3 1 -1 -3 -5 -7
447 448

356

355 443

Mt. Singkut
444 445 446

-9

Easting (km)

09/26/2005

26

Thank you

09/26/2005

27