Governance and the Philippine Administrative System

Dr. Edna Estifania A. Co University of the Philippines 19 July 2010

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
I. FROM GOVERNMENT TO GOVERNANCE A. CHANGING NOTIONS OF GOVERNMENT B. GOVERNANCE AND ITS DOMAINS 1. state 2. private sector 3. civil society organizations C. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE D. TYPES OF GOVERNANCE 2

II. THE PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

A. WHAT IS THE PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM? B. FIVE MAIN TYPES OF INSTITUTIONS 1. Constitutional Bodies 2. Executive Departments 3. Government Owned and Controlled Corporations 4. Local Government Units 5. State Colleges and Universities C. THREE TIER GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE (D. STRUCTURE OF JUDICIAL BRANCH) 3

III. THE PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM AS AN ENABLING INSTITUTION

A. ELEMENTS B. POWER BASE C. DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES D. CAPABILITY BUILDING APPROACH E. COMMUNITIES

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I. FROM GOVERNMENT TO GOVERNANCE

What is Governance?
It is the exercise of political, economic and administrative authority to manage a nations affairs. It is the complex mechanisms, processes, relationships and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their rights and obligations and mediate their differences.

Domains of Governance
State conceptions of the state will mean a redefined role of governments in social integration, the economy and protection of the environment; protecting the vulnerable in the population; creating political commitment to economic, social and political restructuring; providing infrastructure; decentralising and democratising government and strengthening the financial and administrative capacities of local, urban and metropolitan government.
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Private Sector plays a major role in the market approach to economic development. The market approach is concerned with creating conditions in which the production of goods and services can flourish with the support of an enabling environment for private sector activity and an economic framework of incentives and rewards for good organizational and individual performance. The extent and nature of government intervention will clearly need to be considered carefully in the light of particular national and international circumstances.
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 Civil Society Organizations facilitate political

and social interaction and mobilise various groups in society to participate in economic, social and political activities. They are creations of society. They provide important checks and balances on government power and on the private sector, but they can also contribute to, and strengthen, both of the other domains.

They have an important role in: a) Mitigating the potentially adverse effects of economic instability, b) Creating efficient mechanisms for allocating social benefits, and c) Providing a voice for poorer groups in political and government decision-making. They can also serve as means for protecting and strengthening cultural and religious beliefs and values.

State

Civil Society

Private Sector

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Characteristics of Good Governance Participatory Sustainable Legitimate and acceptable to the people Transparent Promotes Equity and Equality Able to develop resources and methods of governance Promotes gender balance Tolerates and accepts diverse perspectives Able to mobilise resources for social purposes
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Strengthens indigenous mechanisms Operates by rule of law Efficient and effective in the use of resources Engenders and commands respect and trust Accountable Able to define and take ownership of national solutions Enabling and facilitative Regulatory rather than controlling Able to deal with temporal issues Service-oriented
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Source: UNDP Reconceptualising Governance (January, 1997), p.19.

Types of Governance Economic governance includes processes of decision-making that directly or indirectly affect a countrys economic activities or its relationships with other economies. Political governance refers to decision-making and policy implementation of a legitimate and authoritative state. The state should consist of separate legislative, executive and judicial branches, represent the interest of a pluralist polity and allow citizens to freely elect their representatives.
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 Administrative governance is a system of policy implementation carried out through an efficient, independent , accountable and open public sector. Systematic governance encompasses the processes and structures of society that guide political and socioeconomic relationships to protect cultural and religious beliefs and values, to create and maintain and environment of health, freedom, security and with the opportunity to exercise personal capabilities that lead to a better life for all people.
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 Institutionalization the social process by which individuals come to accept a shared definition of social realitya conception whose validity is seen as independent of the actors own views or actions but is taken for granted as defining the way things are and/or the way things are to be done. Formal organizations composed of groups of individuals who come together to pursue agreed objectives that would otherwise be unattainable or that would be attainable but only with significantly reduced efficiency and effectiveness.
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II. THE PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM (PAS)

this refers to a network of public organizations with specific goals, policies, structures, resources and programs it includes the processes of and interaction between and among these public organizations these organizations are constituted to implement, help formulate, monitor or assess public policies
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THE PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM (PAS)

it covers these organizations relationship with their immediate public-in-contact as well as their reaction to or how the greater socio-politico and economic environment within which they operate affect them traditionally, the PAS refers to the executive branch, all offices and instrumentalities thereof, local government units, government owned and controlled corporations and chartered institutions such as state colleges and universities
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THE PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

The Philippine Administrative System is composed of five (5) main types of institutions:
A. Constitutional Bodies

B. Executive Departments C. Government-Owned and Controlled Corporations D. Local Government Units E. State College and Universities
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CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES - institutions whose existence is specifically provided for in the 1987 constitution Civil Service Commission Commission on Audit Commission on Elections
OTHER BODIES Commission on Human Rights Office of the Ombudsman

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GOVERNMENT-OWNED AND CONTROLLED CORPORATIONS any agency organized as a stock or non-stock corporation vested with functions relating to public needs whether governmental or proprietary in nature and owned by the government directly or through its instrumentalities, either wholly, or, where applicable as in the case of stock corporations, to the extent of at least fifty-one (51) per cent of the capital stock ex. government financial institutions - Development Bank of the Philippines, Land Bank of the Philippines

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CHARTERED INSTITUTIONS
refer to any agency organized or operating under a special charter, and vested by law with functions relating to special constitutional policies or objectives. this term includes State Universities and Colleges and the monetary authority of the state

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LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS - Territorial

and political subdivision of the State

A. REGIONS - AUTONOMOUS REGION OF MUSLIM MINDANAO ( provinces of Lanao del sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, TawiTawi, Basilan and City of Marawi with 93 municipalities and 2,138 barangays) B. PROVINCES (80) C. CITIES (116) D. MUNICIPALITIES (1,494) E. BARANGAYS (42, 000)
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THREE TIER GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH CONGRESS OF THE PHILIPPINES SENATE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES EXECUTIVE BRANCH PRESIDENT VICE-PRESIDENT JUDICIAL BRANCH SUPREME COURT AND LOWER COURTS

CONSTITUTIONAL OTHER EXECUTIVE OFFICES BODIES GENERAL GOVERNMENT SECTOR DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT OF BUDGET AND MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY OFFICE OF THE PRESS SECRETARY

AGRICULTURE, AGRARIAN REFORM AND ENVIRONMENT SECTOR DEPARTMENT OF AGRARIAN REFORM DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

TRADE AND INDUSTRY SECTOR DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY

DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM

ENERGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS

EDUCATION, CULTURE AND MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT SECTOR DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SPORTS STATE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS HEALTH AND WELFARE SECTOR DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENT

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT DEFENSE SECTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SECTOR

PUBLIC ORDER AND SAFETY SECTOR DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT OF OF NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEFENSE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SECTOR DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

AUTONOMOUS REGION OF MUSLIM MINDANAO

LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS

CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

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JUDICIAL BRANCH
SUPREME COURT

COURT OF APPEALS

SANDIGANBAYAN

COURT OF TAX APPEALS

REGIONAL TRIAL COURTS

SHARIA DISTRICT COURTS

MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURTS IN CITIES

METROPOLITAN TRIAL COURTS

SHARIA CIRCUIT COURTS

MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURTS

MUNICIPAL CIRCUIT TRIAL COURTS

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The Philippine Administrative System as an Enabling Institution

THE PAS EMPOWERMENT PROCESS COMMUNITIES

A. ELEMENTS goals structures resources policies programs B. POWER BASE instrument of state enforcer of law implementor of public policy extensive structure service delivery system participant in policy formulation process technical knowledge C. DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES just & fair enforcement of the law participatory & consultative accessible decentralized efficient & service-oriented accountable pro-equity

CAPABILITY BUILDING APPROACH

P E O P L E

D. UTILIZING PAS POWER TO ENHANCE PEOPLE POWER acknowledges people as ultimate source and end of state power enforces the law fairly and justly implements public policy efficiently institutionalizes access to PAS' services decentralizes and makes operations transparent listens to and works with the people uses local language/ keeps procedures simple

A. CHARACTERISTICS organized critically aware has vision of what they want B. CAPABILITY BUILDING PROCESS problem identification objective setting program planning structure building C. OUTCOME effective self-sustaining community organizations community problems-solving capability community sense of efficacy and power partnership/linkage with outside structures community self-management process installed

ENVIRONMENT

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The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

How did ARMM start?

HISTORICALLY Muslims in the South fought for independence and self-rule Armed conflict between the military and Moro rebels for more than three (3) decades Moro problem 26

How did ARMM start?

LEGALLY 1976 Tripoli Agreement : identified areas of autonomy RA 6734 ( Organic Act for ARMM ): created ARMM in August 1989 RA 9054 ( Act to Strengthen and Expand the Organic Act for ARMM): amended RA 6734 and defined component areas of ARMM after ratification August 2001

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MAP OF EXPANDED ARMM

N
Dipolog Salug

Dapitan Iligan

Marawi City
Puerto Princesa

Siocon

Vitali

Pagadian

Lanao Sur
Cotabat o

Cotabato Province Kidapawan Digos

Zamboanga

Zamboanga del Sur

Maguindanao Basilan Sulu Tawi-Tawi

Sultan Kudarat

Tupi

General Santos

Land Area= 13,435 sq. kms.

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ARMM
LEGISLATIVE RLA 27 COMMITTEES RPDB RPDO
RSDC RMIC RIDC REDC

EXECUTIVE

JUDICIARY
SHARIAH

LGUs
MAG LDS MC
SULU

RLAs

ORG

CABINET

RDAC
RSCC LRMC

BAS TWT

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LEGEND: ARMM RLA LGUs RLAs CABINET MEMBER RPDB RPDO ORG RSDC RMIC RIDC REDC RDAC RSCC LRMC Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Regional Legislative Assembly Local Government Units Regional Line Agencies All Heads of Regional Agencies/Department Regional Planning and Development Board Regional Planning and Development Office Office of the Regional Governor Regional Social Development Committee Regional Macro-Intersectoral Committee Regional Infrastructure Development Committee Regional Economic Development Committee Regional Development Administration Committee Regional Statistical Coordination Committee LGSP Regional Management Committee

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Where are we now?

Population
AREA Maguindanao Lanao del Sur Sulu Tawi-Tawi Basilan Marawi ARMM POPULATION 801,102 669,072 619,668 322,317 295,565 129,808 2,837,532 PERCENT 28% 24% 22% 11% 10% 5% 100%

Growth Rate= 3.86

HH size: 6.13
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Where are we now?

Economy and Education vast agricultural and marine resources most economically depressed region poverty incidence = 71.3% ( Nat.= 31.8%) 4th 6th class municipalities ( >80%) high illiteracy rate

ARMM and the Philippine Human Development Report 2005

Last 10 provinces always include some of the most conflict-ridden
four (4) out of the five (5) bottom provinces are all in Southern Mindanao. Basilan, Tawi-Tawi, Maguindanao and Sulu in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) are ranked 74 to 77 respectively
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ARMM and the Philippine Human Development Report 2005

Also in the bottom 10 provinces Lanao del Sur (68) Eastern Samar (69) Western Samar (70) Zamboanga del Norte (72) Seven (7) of the 10 lowest Human Development Index (HDI) ranked provinces are in Mindanao.
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ARMM and the Philippine Human Development Report 2005

Other things being equal, a province in Muslim Mindanao tends on an average to have (1) an incidence of poverty that is higher by 32 percentage points; (2) income per person that is P11,000 lower (in prices of 2000); (3) cohort-survival rates in basic education that are 31 percentage points lower; and (4) infant-mortality rates that are 15 points higher.
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What is HDI?
The HDI is a summary measure of human development, a concept that champions the process of enlarging peoples choices. For human beings to lead better lives, they must be able to enjoy and have the choice to: (1) a healthy and long lasting existence; (2) have access to knowledge in its different expressions; (3) have the material resources for a decent standard of living; and (4) freely participate in community life and collective affairs.
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2005 HDR Report

The 2005 PHDR used new and existing research and multi-disciplinary expertise on the roots of, and current institutional responses to, the armed conflicts on the Moro and Communist fronts. Its objective is to examine these conflicts within the frame of human security and human development, how these armed conflicts have weighed on human development at sub-national levels, and to discuss alternative actions and policy handles going forward. Insights from the report are expected to stir debate on the resolution of the 35year Moro and CPP-NPA-NDF conflict
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2005 HDR Report

The report underscores that the measure of deprivation predict the occurrence of armed encounters across provinces. In particular, disparities in the levels of basic services, such as reliable water supply, education and electric power, are an important component that feeds into whether communities regard themselves as deprived or not.
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