Biodiversity Profiling for the Ancestral Domain of the Kulaman Manobo Dulangan at Sitios Tintingan and Banate, Barangay

Lagubang and Sitio Bising, Barangay Midtungok, Senator Ninoy Aquino, Sultan Kudarat.

Field Survey Report

submitted to Tri-People Concern for Peace, Progress and Development of Mindanao (TRICOM), Inc.
Jayson C. Ibaez
Philippine Eagle Foundation and Philippine Eagle center Malagos, Baguio District, 8000 Davao City Tel. 082-271-2337, Fax 082-301-1033 falcon2car@yahoo.com

Cover photo: A Blue-capped Wood-Kingfisher Actenoides hombroni caught inside the ancestral domain.

Research and Conservation Department. Philippine Eagle Foundation. Davao City. August 25, 2010

Executive Summary
The Philippine Eagle Foundation (PEF) was commissioned by the Tri-People Concern for Peace, Progress and Development of Mindanao (TRICOM) to conduct a biodiversity profiling within the ancestral domain (AD) of the Kulaman Manobo-Dulangan tribe at Senator Ninoy Aquino, Sultan Kudarat. With researchers from the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), TRICOM staff, and Manobo Dulangan co-researchers, a field expedition from September 7 to 26, 2009 was conducted with the following objectives: (i) document the species richness and relative abundance of forest vertebrates inside the AD; (ii) take photos of wildlife and habitats; (iii) identify threats to forests and wildlife inside the AD; and (iv) provide recommendations for biodiversity conservation within the domain. The results of our expedition strongly suggest that the AD is also a critical habitat for Philippine biodiversity. This expedition listed at least 111 species of forest and open-habitat vertebrates (86 birds, 9 bats, 11 rodents and shrews, 2 nocturnal and arboreal mammals, and 3 large land mammals). More than half of these animals are endemic to the Philippines (52 %). Out of the 58 Philippine endemic species, 26 (45 %) are restricted only to forests in Mindanao and nearby islands. One forest shrew and a forest mouse are suspected to be new to science. As of this writing, researchers from the FMNH are still examining these specimens. We recorded at least 19 vertebrates (17 %) whose global population is considered Threatened or Near-Threatened by IUCN. The Philippine Eagle is the only IUCN critically endangered species inside the AD. Eleven (11) species fell under the Vulnerable category: three (3) birds, one fruit bat, one forest rat, the Philippine brown deer, and five (5) forest frogs. There were seven (7) species that were considered Nearthreatened: six (6) birds and one fruit bat. There are two distinct assemblages of forest animals within the AD. One group represents animals that inhabit montane forests and another represents those in dipterocarp forests. Results clamor for the conservation of these two unique habitats inside the AD. Hunting and shooting of wildlife, particularly of large birds and mammals, is an important threat that must be addressed immediately inside the AD. A long-term threat is deforestation due to timber poaching, Kaingin, and to some extent shade coffee plantations. To build new habitats and at the same time provide sustainable livelihoods through agro-forestry, idle and unproductive grasslands can be reclaimed through rainforestation techniques. Re-growths of trees and also agro-forestry in degraded dipterocarp forests can be enhanced as well through Assisted Natural Regeneration. The global community clamors for biodiversity conservation. However, it is equally important that local contexts must be taken into account too. Thus, conservation decisions by the indigenous communities must be based on consensus and careful evaluation of the cost and benefits (trade-offs) of doing conservation. Indeed, decisions must be equitable, just and sensitive to the socio-cultural and economic realities within the AD.

INTRODUCTION Indigenous Peoples around the globe have been asserting their rights over the ownership and management of ancestral lands. In the Philippines, state recognition of indigenous rights to self-determination and political autonomy, including ownership and self-governance of ancestral lands, is embodied in the Indigenous Peoples Rights (IPR) Act which was enacted in 1997. One of the more personal meanings of this piece of landmark legislation to the Kulaman Manobo-Dulangan tribe of Senator Ninoy Aquino town is the restoration of their ownership of about 27,000 hectares (ha) of indigenous territories through a Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title or CADT (Sanchez, 2009) Integral to indigenous sovereignty is the countrys recognition of indigenous right to protect, conserve and manage portions of the ancestral domainswhich they find necessary for critical watersheds, wildlife sanctuaries, ..protected areas, forest cover or reforestation.. (IPRA IRR. Part 2, Section 2.b.3.) Programs that address these environmental aims for AD management must be part of an Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan (ADSDPP) which every indigenous community must develop with the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP). The Kulaman Manobo-Dulangan is in the process of crafting their own ADSDPP. It is in this regard that the Biodiversity Profiling Project was conceptualized. The Tri-People Concern for Peace, Progress and Development of Mindanao (TRICOM), Inc., an NGO that has been working with the Kulaman Manobo-Dulangan over poverty alleviation and indigenous rights advocacy projects, commissioned the Philippine Eagle Foundation (PEF) to lead an expedition to document the biodiversity of the ancestral domain. Aside from being the first systematic biodiversity survey of the ancestral domain, the three-week expedition is also the first attempt ever to survey the wildlife of Mount Daguma, which is considered a global Key Biodiversity Area or KBA (CI et al., 2008). PEF did the survey with mammal experts from the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH) in Chicago, USA; staff from TRICOM; officers of the Kulaman ManoboDulangan Organization (KMDO) and leaders and residents of Sitios Bising, Banate and Tintingan. The objectives of this biodiversity profiling are to: 1. Document the species richness and relative abundance of forest vertebrates namely frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals within the domain; 2. Take photos of wildlife and habitats for use in future education campaigns; 3. Identify recent threats to the forest and wildlife inside the domain; and 4. Provide recommendation for forest and wildlife conservation within the domain. This project report highlights the results of a three-week expedition to document the wildlife of the KMDO ancestral domain. It also features several species of wildlife that are regarded as globally important because of their conservation status. It also described the specific threats to wildlife and habitats and provides recommendations on how such threats could be mitigated, if not totally eradicated. 3

DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA The study area (Figure 1) is within the Ancestral Domain (AD) of the indigenous Kulaman Manobo Dulangan of Senator Ninoy Aquino town in the province of Sultan Kudarat in Mindanao Island. Upon the recommendation of the KMDO, we concentrated our survey efforts in forests and adjacent areas within Sitios Tintingan and Banate of Barangay Lagubang and Sitio Bising of Barangay Midtungok. There are a few more Sitios (communities) within the ancestral domain but Tintingan, Banate and Bising were selected because they contain the most forest cover and are the safest for biologists and technicians.

Figure 1. Study area at Sitios Tintingan, Bising, and Banate inside the Kulaman Manobo Dulangan Ancestral Domain in Senator Ninoy Aquino, Sultan Kudarat showing Study Site 1 (Camp 1) at 1472 masl near Tintingan, Daguma Peak at 1700 masl, and Study Site 2 (Camp 2) near Banate.

Below is an excerpt from a report by Duya, et al (2010) which described the time it took the team to get to the first camp (Camp 1) and the nature of habitat/vegetation encountered along the way:
..We left Kulaman town center and traveled for 45 minutes by pick-up truck to our jump off point in Sitio Benebol (Binlibol), Barangay Lagubang which is about 900 m in elevation. From there, we hiked for 2 hours to Sitio Banate at ca. 1,190 m. Between 900 and 1,190 m, the area we hiked through was entirely grassland and slash-and-burn farms; patches of forest were found

only along rivers and creeks that we crossed. From Sitio Banate, we walked for another 2 hours through slash and burn farms, coffee plantations and patches of secondary forest until we reached Sitio Tingtingan situated at ca. 1400 m. The following day, we hiked for an hour and a half and reached our base camp... The locality was a transitional lowland/montane forest over limestone substrate. Along the way, we passed through relatively good secondary forest and in between these forests are small patches of slash and burn farms planted with vegetables, root crops and banana. Coffee plantations were also observed at the edge of the forest. (Duya, et al., 2010:2).

Camp 1 (N 6.35348; E 124.27327, see Figure 2) is on a small, forested valley at an altitude of 1,472 meter above sea level (masl). It is
situated directly at the base of a very steep slope that leads to the highest ridge of Mt Daguma (peak of ca. 1700 masl) and is close to a creek from where the survey team drew its water for the duration of the expedition. Sharp rocky outcrops of the limestone type and small caves were also present around the vicinity. The forest is of the montane type. Along the highest ridge above the camp are trees of stunted stature which are typical of forests of the mossy type. With the exception of narrow foot trails worn from frequent use by upland travelers and indigenous hunters, the surrounding forest is relatively undisturbed and unlogged. We used this camp from September 9 22, 2009.
Figure 2. Camp 1 near Daguma Peak. Blue tarpaulins are shelters for the makeshift kitchen. Tents are behind.

Camp 2 (N 6.375850, E 124.300041, see Figure 3) is on a patch of fallowed corn farm in a residual upper dipterocarp forest near Sitio Banate. This farm is at an altitude of 1,200 masl and bounded on both sides by steep ravines. Unlike Camp 1, the forests surrounding Camp 2 have been logged in the past. What remained now are old trees that were left by logging and new ones that have grown after the logging. There were tree stumps and wood cuttings which indicate that the community has been getting most of its timber needs from the surrounding forests. There was also a recent slash-and-burn farm on a ridge above the camp. But despite kaingin and the local timber harvest, there is still a substantial stand of oldgrowth forests around the campsite. We surveyed these forests from September 22-26, 2009.
Figure 3. Camp 2 near Sitio Banate.

To describe the biodiversity within the AD, we focused our survey efforts on three forest habitat types: (i) mossy forest, (i) montane forest, and (iii) upper dipterocarp forests. These habitat types however overlap at certain altitudes and locations in the study area so that most of the animals surveyed were actually from places where two habitats converge (also called ecotones). For example, most of our standard 2-km transect lines for birds followed foot trails across the mountain. From Camp 1, some transects led to lower altitudes. As a result, we listed birds flying or calling in a montane forest but also surveyed a habitat transition of montane and upper dipterocarp forest as we walked down the trail. Similarly, the trap lines of our mammal group doing rodent surveys followed foot trails leading to the peak. These trap lines started from a montane forest, covered a montane-mossy transition forest, then ended at a mossy forest. A. Mossy forests This forest type is associated with high altitudes and mountain tops. A narrow band of mossy forest between 1600 and 1700 masl was found along the ridges above the camp. Trees were stunted (ca. 3-4 m high) and often gnarled partly because of exposure to strong winds that batter ridge tops and the poor soil associated with mountain tops. As the name suggests, tree trunks and branches were almost covered with mosses as a result of the very high moisture in thick fog that always cloak this forest type. B. Montane forests This mix of forest type is found at middle to high altitudes. At our study area, this forest type was recorded at altitudes between 1400 to 1600 masl. This was the dominant vegetation type around Camp 1. The highest trees were as tall as 40-50 m on the average but they dont get as high as those in Dipterocarp Forests (> 65 m). The average diameter at breast height (dbh) of trees is 30 centimeters (cm) and type of trees commonly found were of the genus Lithocarpus spp., Dacrycarpus sp. (Igem), Callicarpha sp., Astrocalyx sp., Palaquim sp, Ficus sp. and Biscopea sp., among others. C. Upper dipterocarp forests This forest type is dominant in lowland to middle elevations. It is prone to human exploitation not only because it is the habitat closest to people but also since it contains the biggest trees that are valued in the timber industry. In our study area, old stands and secondary (young) growths were found at altitudes between 1200 to 1400 masl. The highest trees were as tall as 65 m and the average dbh of trees is 31.7 cm. All of our transect lines were along foot trails and logged areas so the biggest trees were already gone. The kinds of trees that were common were of the genus Biscopea sp., Letsia sp., Sandoricum sp., Ficus sp., Palaquim sp., Syzygium sp., and Lithocarpus sp. Some parts of the forests though were substantially modified and a few of these areas fell within our transect lines (survey plots). Thus, our results included forest wildlife, but also animals that inhabit shade coffee farms and non-forest areas. Shade coffee refers to coffee trees planted under the canopy of tall rainforest trees. Coffee trees are equally spaced and the forest floor, with the exception of invasive grasses and soft shrubs, was cleared by the land owner of its natural undergrowth. On the other hand, non-forest areas refer to either grasslands or kaingin (slash-and-burn) farms. 6

DESCRIPTION OF SURVEY METHODS Our biodiversity profiling focused on four forest animal groups namely (i) birds, (ii) frogs and reptiles, (iii) bats (or flying mammals), and (iv) non-flying mammals. All of these animals belong to a group called vertebrates or animals with back bones. A. Field Survey A specific team is responsible for each animal group. Each team is comprised by a Biologist who acted as the team leader, at least one field technician, and at least one indigenous co-researcher. We employed a suite of standard survey methods for each of the four animal groups. 1. Birds For birds, we surveyed for kinds (or species) that are active during the day (or are diurnal). Birds that are active at night (or nocturnal) were also noted when encountered during transect walks for nocturnal mammals. We listed birds using four techniques and each is discussed below. a. Survey using mist nets. This technique employs specialized nets called mist nets to catch flying birds. Each net is made of special black nylon threads which appear invisible from afar. Each net measured 6 m x 20 m and were installed either individually or as a series in flight ways inside the forests or up the tree canopy. Nets were opened at dawn and closed at late afternoon. For each bird captured, we recorded the date it was caught, the species name and the number of the net that caught it. We also recorded the following: (i) bill length, (ii) wing length, (iii) tail length, and (iv) leg length. We also took photos of a few individuals for each species. A bird field guide (Kennedy et al., 2000) was consulted whenever a bird cant be identified. All birds were released except for one or two individuals that were euthanized and preserved as museum specimens. So we know if a bird was captured previously, we marked each by cutting a section of a secondary wing feather. b. Line transect survey. This survey technique involves listing all the birds seen (flying, singing or feeding) within 20 m of both sides of a 2-km line transect. Two persons walked the transect; one walked ahead of the second observer and looked for birds while the other person lists any bird seen by the first observer. The second observer also records any bird he sees along the way. Both observers had a pair of binoculars to aid in identifying birds. Whenever a bird (or birds) is (are) detected, the following information were recorded: (i) the time it was seen, (ii) the species, (iii) the number of individuals seen, (iv) the section of the forest where it was seen (i.e. either ground, undergrowth, understory, or canopy), (v) the point on the transect 7

closest to the animal, (vi) the birds approximate distance from the transect, and (vii) whether the bird was heard or seen. Transect walks started within the first day light hours when bird activity begins to peak. c. Opportunistic listing. This technique simply means listing all birds that were seen casually around the forests. Such random instances may be during hikes from and back to the camp, when transects were being established, during vegetation sampling, and during raptor observations, among others. d. Sit and Wait. This technique is useful for survey of raptors (birds-of-prey) such as eagles, hawks and kites that hunt in the forest canopy and fly or do aerial displays. We occupied high points that offered a good view of valleys, ridges and the forest canopy. From there we sat and waited for displaying, calling, or hunting raptors. To aid in raptor identification, we used a pair of binoculars and a variable powered (25 60 x magnification) field scope. 2. Bats Our primary means to survey bats is through mist nets. There are two groups of bats. One group is the insect-feeders (insectivores) or the microbats and the other is the fruit-eaters (frugivores) or the megabats. Most microbats are active at dusk so that fieldworkers keep watch of the nets during the first two hours of the evening to retrieve any microbat netted. These animals have very sharp teeth and so they can easily chew their way out of the nets. Megabats on the other hand have blunt teeth and are active the whole night so there is no need to watch out for them (or over the net). All megabats (including a few larger microbats) are retrieved early the following day and hanged on a suitable, well shaded roost inside the forest after measurement and identification. All bats were identified using a bat field guide (Ingle et al., 1992). The following measurements were also recorded for each animal: (i) forearm length, (ii) toe length, (iii) tail length, (iv) total length, and (v) ear length. Weight was also measured using a Pesola Spring. Digital photos were also taken and compiled. All animals were later released except for a few individuals that were euthanized and preserved as museum specimens. Prior to release, bats were given sugar solutions through syringes to replenish energy that has been lost during periods of handling. 3. Non-flying mammals This group includes all other land mammals that are found within the AD. We further divided these animals into (i) nocturnal, arboreal mammals, (ii) rodents and the shrews, and (iii) other large mammals. The survey methods employed for each of these sub-groups are discussed below:

a. Nocturnal, arboreal mammals (Flying lemur, Civets, and Flying squirrels) Our survey of this mammal group intends to measure the abundance of Philippine eagle prey or food items at the forests of Daguma. Specifically, we wanted to know (i) where the eagle prey animals are found; and (ii) how abundant are they inside the AD. Answering these questions is important for the preservation not only of the eagle but also of its prey animals that are locally threatened too. We focused on three eagle prey species namely the Flying lemur Cynocephalus volans, Palm civets Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, and the Flying squirrel Petinomys mindanensis. The eagles feed mainly on the Flying lemur and the Palm civet while the Flying squirrel is a minor prey item (Ibanez, 2008). We walked the same transect line used for birds. Aided by two powerful (rechargeable) halogen flashlights (or torches), a team of at least three personnel walked the 2 km transect and searched for arboreal mammals across all levels of the forests. Whenever the lights from our torches hit the face of any arboreal mammal, the eyes reflects back and gives away the animals presence. Called eye shine, biologists rely on this special trait to detect nocturnal mammals in the forests. Similar to what we recorded during bird transects, we noted (i) the time an animal was detected, (ii) its position in the forest, (iii) its approximate distance from the observers, and the (iv) point at along the transect to which it was closest. We also recorded whether the animal was an adult or an immature. We made transect walks during the first three hours of the evening when animal activity were at its peak. b. Rats, squirrels and shrews Aside from opportunistic listing, we used snap traps to survey forest rats, shrews and squirrels. Unlike nets which capture animals alive, snap traps are designed to kill any animal that takes the bait. This survey is often referred to as the removal trapping method. Below is a description by Duya et al. (2010) of this method:
..we used two types of traps (Victor rat traps and [smaller] Museum Specials) and two types of baits (fried coconut with peanut butter, and live earthworms). Traps were baited with either type of baits. We set them mainly on the ground, at entrance of burrows, under root tangles, and fallen logs. Most of the Museum Specials and some Victors were set on vines, climbing pandans (Freycinetia spp), and horizontal branches and tree trunks to allow us to sample arboreal and scansorial species. Arboreal trapping has been routinely done on Luzon for the past five years and has enabled us to discover additional species for the island and document wider habitat adaptations of several species previously captured only on the ground.. c. Large land mammals We relied on opportunistic listing for documenting other large mammals. We also relied on indirect evidences of its presence such as fecal droppings in

palm civets, forest tracks of deer, and even pieces of hunted mammal bones such as jaw bones, skull or limb bones that are stored in kitchens of indigenous homes. We also inspected any mammal that was hunted by villagers to identify the animal.

4. Frogs, Snakes and Lizards We did opportunistic listing, but we also employed two techniques to survey for amphibians (frogs) and reptiles (snakes and lizards). The first technique involved establishing several 20 m transects inside the forests and finding as many animals as possible on both sides of the line. These lines were searched during the day (one in the morning and another in the afternoon) mostly for skinks, other lizards and snakes. At nighttime, frogs were surveyed during the first four hours of the evening. Any animal that were encountered along the way (including big snakes, like a cobra) were collected and preserved as museum specimens. Unlike birds and most mammals, identifying forest frogs, lizards and snakes is not as straight forward. There is great variability in the physical appearances of these animals so that individuals that looked similar (or different) may not necessarily be of the same (or different) species or kind. Aside from accurate measurements, a close examination of minute body parts (e.g. knobs or warts on the foot pad of frogs or the number and position of scales for skinks and snakes) are necessary. Thus, more specimens were preserved for analysis at the Philippine Eagle Center in Davao City.

B. Analysis Methods The species assemblage for each animal group was described using two measures namely (i) species richness and (ii) percentage endemicity. For birds and mammals that had data on number of individuals caught (or seen), relative abundance estimates were also calculated and shown in the tables. This report also described a few species that were identified by the World Conservation Union or IUCN as globally threatened. Species richness refers to the cumulative number of species that were recorded by the different techniques within the AD. Out of the total species, the percentage of Philippine endemic species (i.e. species that are found only in the Philippines) and Mindanao endemic species (i.e. species restricted only to Mindanao and nearby islands) were also calculated. Such percentage of endemicity provides a broad evaluation of the importance of the AD in terms of being a habitat for unique species. 1. Birds Relative abundance for each species of bird was expressed as the number of birds per 100 birds. This was calculated by getting the ratio of the total individuals for each species and the total individuals for all the species (N), and then multiplying this by 100 birds, or 10

RA = Total no. of individuals seen (or netter) per species x 100 birds Total no. of birds seen (or netted) Relative abundance per species was measured separately for mist net data and from line-transect data. However, not all species were encountered by both techniques so that some species only had one abundance value. 2. Bats Relative abundance estimates for each species of bat was expressed as the number of bats per 100 net nights. This was calculated by getting the ratio of the total number of individuals caught per species and the cumulative number of net nights (total no. of nets used x the no. of nights nets were opened), and then multiplying the ratio by 100, or RA = Total no. of individuals per species x 100 net nights Total no. of net nights

3. Rodents Relative abundance measure for rodents was expressed as the number of rodents caught per 100 trap nights. This was calculated by getting the ratio of the number of individuals trapped per species and the cumulative number of trap nights (total no. of traps used x the no. of nights they were used), and then multiplying the ratio by 100, or RA = Total no. of individuals per species x 100 trap nights Total no. of trap nights

4. Nocturnal arboreal mammals Relative abundance measure for Flying lemurs and Palm civets was expressed as the number of animals detected per 100 hours of transect. This was calculated by getting the ratio of the number of individuals detected for each species and the total number of hours spent for the transect survey, and then multiplying the ratio by 100, or RA = Total no. of individuals detected per species x 100 transect hours Total transect hours

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DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION OF SURVEY RESULTS A. Birds One way of describing the bird community within the AD is through its species richness (or its total bird species). From our survey, we know that there are at least (i.e. more species can still be found) 86 species of forest and open habitat birds within the AD (see Appendix 1). The number of species that are endemic to the Philippines is 42 and out of this value, 14 species are confined only to Mindanao and nearby islands (also known as the Greater Mindanao Faunal Region or GMFR, see Heaney and Regalado, 1998). We can also describe the bird community inside the AD by looking at the no. of unique birds that compose it. We can describe endemicity percentages (%). If we calculate for % endemicity using the no. of Philippine endemics and the no. of birds that are restricted only to Mindanao, we get these values. Bird uniqueness inside the AD is 48 % (see Figure 4). In simple terms, this means that for every 10 species encountered inside the AD, 4-5 species of this are unique to the country. If we calculate for the % of Philippine endemic birds unique only to Mindanao, we get a value of 33 % (i.e. no. of Mindanao endemic/No. of Philippine endemic x 100). This means that for every 10 Philippine endemic birds within the AD, 3 of this are confined only to Mindanao.

Figure 4. Species richness of birds inside the Kulaman Manobo Dulangan Ancestral Domain based on level of uniqueness (endemicity). Legend. 1: resident (nonendemic + endemic birds), 2: Philippine endemic, 3: Mindanao endemic.

The team also found 10 bird species whose global population is believed to be under threat of extinction by the World Conservation Union or IUCN (see Table 1). The top four globally threatened bird species within the AD are the following: 1. Philippine Eagle. Scientific Name: Pithecophaga jefferyi. Local (Manobo) Name: Banog Obal. IUCN category: Critically Endangered (CE) The Philippine Eagle is the most endangered animal within the AD. Based on a recent assessment by Birdlife (2010), this

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long-lived species qualifies as Critically Endangered because it has an extremely small population, as a result of extremely rapid declines owing to extensive deforestation. Recruitment to the adult population (i.e. replacement of breeding adults that have died) currently appears to be very low indicating that declines may continue into the future.

Table 1. Birds within the Ancestral Domain of the Kulaman Manobo Dulangan that are classified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as Threatened (i.e. Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable) and Near Threatened. Species Pithecophaga jefferyi Spizaetus philippensis Actenoides hombroni Mimizuku gurneyi Mearnsia picina Buceros hydrocorax Aceros leucocephalus Erythrura coloria Aethopyga primegenius Aethopyga boltoni English Name Philippine Eagle Philippine Hawk-Eagle Blue-capped WoodKingfisher Giant Scops-Owl Philippine Needletail Rufous hornbill Writhed Hornbill Red-eared Parrot-Finch Grey-hooded Sunbird Apo Sunbird IUCN Status Critically Endangered Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Near threatened Near threatened Near threatened Near threatened Near threatened Near threatened

The Philippine eagle is restricted only to four islands of the archipelago namely Luzon, Leyte, Samar and Mindanao. It is estimated that no more than 340 adult pairs of this species is left (Miranda et al, 2000) and that the population continuous to decline because of the tandem effects of deforestation and shooting or killing by people (Ibanez, 2008; Salvador and Ibanez, 2006). For a species that lives long (65 years or more), breeds slow (one young every two years), and cannot live without the forests, the survival of every living individual is very important. The AD is undoubtedly a Philippine Eagle nesting territory. The species was seen on five occasions, which are strong proofs that the AD is also an eagle habitat. In addition, the villagers themselves reported frequent encounters with the Banog Obal (Manobo Dulangan name for Philippine Eagle, which means monkey eagle).

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The first time we saw an adult eagle was on September 14 at 0948 hr. Forester Guiller Opiso and I saw one individual soaring above Malmal Peak near Tintingan. After flying in an ascending spiral for nearly 3 minutes, it flew towards the direction of the forests near Bising. The second time was on September 15. Technician Emiliano Lumiston and I occupied a vantage point close to Camp 1 starting at 0700 hr. At 0854 hr an adult eagle emerged from the tree line above Baluan River and soared in spirals in front of us. The bird had a prey item which we couldnt identify. After gaining considerable altitude, it glided past our post, then above Camp 1, and eventually disappearing behind Daguma peak. Judging from the direction of its flight, it was headed towards the forests of Kulaman River. The third instance was on September 19 at Bising. With Sitio Leader More Katil and Technician Lumiston, we saw another adult Philippine Eagle above Kumilat River. At 1332 hr, I heard the raucous calling of the Rufous hornbill and I searched for it amongst the forest using our field scope. To our great delight, we saw a small flock of hornbills mobbing an adult eagle. Intimidated by the aggressive hornbills, the eagle flew away towards the forests above Sitio Limanga. The fourth instance was on September 23. We were just about to resume hiking after a brief rest when one of our guides called our attention. A lone Philippine Eagle was flying at 1036 hr over Tobak Creek just above Camp 2. It soared then plunged at 1039 hr towards the same site where it appeared. He flew with a Philippine hawk eagle which was calling loudly and aggressive. The Philippine eagle on the other hand was silent and appeared calm. The eagle reappeared at 1058 hr and landed on a Gymnostoma tree atop a far ridge. Through our field scope, we saw the bird gazing at something below. While this was happening, the hornbills were calling loudly and a Philippine hawk eagle was flying in circles above the eagles position. At 1116 hr, the eagle stooped at something on the forest canopy and never re-appeared. The last and most exciting encounter with the eagle happened on September 24. Along with TRICOM Staff Rey Palabon and Titing Toring and PEF Technician Lomiston, we spotted an adult eagle at 1056 hr on a Gymnostoma tree just below the place where an eagle was seen the previous day. After a while, it flew from tree to tree until it settled on a branch close enough for us to get a photo of the bird. Using digiscoping (digital camera on the field scope), we took the first photo ever of a Philippine Eagle from Daguma range (Figure 5).
Figure 5. An adult Philippine Eagle suspected to be female above Tobak creek on September 24, 2009. Photo by JCIbaez.

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Closely inspecting its plumage, we noticed that all the tail and wing feathers had blunt (rounded) ends. The crest feathers also looked well developed and the brown neck feathers are already at the shoulder level. The legs were crisp yellow-orange and all of the breast feathers are cotton white. Based on these external features, this bird is undoubtedly an adult bird. Owing to the fact that it looked big, we suspected that its an adult female. The crop (bird stomach) also looked full as inferred from a lump just beneath the birds keel bone, suggesting that the bird hunted and fed. Our observation of the eagle on a dive flight on September 23 could be a successful hunting attempt. At 1128 hr, the bird began moving from tree to tree downstream and closer to the river. It drifted further away from our post until it went out of view at 1135 hr. 2. Philippine hawk-eagle. Scientific Name: Nisaetus philippensis. Local (Manobo) Name: Dalit linaday . IUCN category: Vulnerable (Vul) Among the birds found inside the AD, the Philippine hawk-eagle (Figure 6) ranks second to the Philippine Eagle in terms of extinction chances. Birdlife (2010) believes that its global population is small (between 1,000-2,499 individuals) and severely fragmented and that the current numbers are undergoing a rapid decline owing to lowland forest loss, hunting and trade. It lives in the surviving rainforests almost across the country. However, a recent comparison of the genetic make-up of Luzon and Mindanao populations suggests that the Mindanao group should be considered a separate species (Gamauf et al., 2005). If this is eventually accepted by experts, the importance of conserving the Mindanao population of the hawk eagle becomes even more critical.

Figure 6. An adult, captive Phil. hawk eagle in Davao City. Wild birds were seen on Sep 17, 19 & 23, 2009 inside the ancestral domain. Photo by JCIbaez.

We saw hawk eagles in three observation days. The first day was on September 17. While on our way to a new observation post near Tintingan we saw a flying, immature hawk eagle at 0840 hr. At 1420 hr, we saw an adult bird standing on a tree atop a hill. A few minutes later, a pair of Large-billed crow mobbed the hawk eagle out of our view. The rest of the encounters were on September 19 and 23 near Bising and Tintingan, respectively. In both occasions, we saw adult birds flying. Judging from the fact that a hawk eagle in immature plumage was seen, we can safely conclude that the rainforests of the Kulaman Manobo Dulangan is also an important nesting habitat for the hawk eagle.

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3. Blue-capped forest kingfisher. Scientific Name: Actenoides hombroni. Local (Manobo) Name: Sumbang . IUCN category: Vulnerable (Vul) This species (Figure 7) is confined to Mindanao and nearby islands and is known from mid-montane to lower mossy forests between altitudes of 1000-2000 masl (Kennedy et al., 2000). The remaining population of this kingfisher is believed to be small (between 2,500 9,999 individuals) and fragmented and is undergoing a rapid decline, primarily as a result of the clearance of lowland forest (Birdlife, 2010).

Figure 7. A male Blue-capped kingfisher netted on Sep 14 near Camp 1. Photo by JCIbaez.

Of all the birds recorded inside the AD, the Blue-capped kingfisher is considered the rarest. Only a single individual was netted in a pristine montane forest close to Camp 1. The bird is considered very secretive but can be vocal and thus can be tracked especially just before sunrise (Birdlife 2010). 4. Giant Scops-owl. Scientific Name: Mimizuku gurneyi. Local (Manobo) Name: Bugtong Utaw . IUCN category: Vulnerable (Vul) The Giant scops-owl (Figure 8) is found only in Mindanao and a few nearby islands. It lives in forest and forest edge from the lowlands to about 1,500 masl or even higher (Kennedy et al., 2000). This owl is considered to have a small population (between 2,500 - 9,999 individuals) which is undergoing a rapid decline and severe fragmentation as a result of extensive deforestation (Birdlife, 2010).
Figure 8. A roosting Giant scops-owl. Photo by James Eaton/ Birdtour Asia.

The Giant scops-owl was not seen but calling birds were heard several times at Camp 2 near Banate. During a transect walk for nocturnal arboreal mammals, we also heard two birds; one at 1952 hr from above a shade coffee plantation close to Tingtingan and at 2044 hr from an upper dipterocarp forest below Tintingan.

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B. Bats The results for bats were taken from a report prepared by Duya et al. (2010). The team recorded a total of 9 species of bats, consisting of 6 fruit (mega) bats and 3 insectivorous (micro) bats (see Table 2). Among the fruit bats, three species are Philippine endemic (Haplonycteris fischeri, Ptenochirus minor and Megaerops wetmorei). The latter two species are endemic to Mindanao and they were captured within dipterocarp forests at 1220 masl. M. wetmorei is an IUCN Vulnerable species. H. fischeri was netted in between the dipterocarp and montane forests at 1472 masl and in the dipterocarp forest at 1220 masl. The species is a widespread Philippine endemic (Heaney et al. 1998). The non endemic Macroglossus minimus was caught only at 1220 m while Cynopterus brachyotis was caught at 1472 masl and 1220 masl. Our group saw at least seven individuals of IUCN NearThreatened (see Bates et al., 2008) Pteropus vampyrus while feeding noisily on the fruits of
a Ficus (Balete) tree during an arboreal mammal transect at 1300 m in September 13.

Three species of insectivorous bats were recorded during the survey (Table 1). All were captured at 1472 m. Rhinolophus inops was the only endemic insectivorous bats captured. Pipistrellus javanicus and Hipposideros diadema are widespread in Asia (Heaney et al. 1998).
Table 2. Bats documented in Mt Daguma, Sen Ninoy Aquino Municipality, Sultan Kudarat Province, Mindanao Island. C= confirmed through observation. Scientific Name Family Pteropodidae Fruit bats Pteropus vampyrus Cynopterus brachyotis Haplonycteris fischeri Macroglossus minimus Ptenochirus minor Megaerops wetmorei Family Rhinolophidae Horseshoe and roundleaf bats Rhinolophus inops Common Name Large Flying fox Short-nosed fruit bat Philippine pygmy fruit bat Dagger-toothed flower bat Lesser musky fruit bat. Mindanao fruit bat Elevation (m) Total 1220 1472 1696 C 27 1 2 39 2 0 3 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 22 2 39 2 0 Philippine forest horse shoe bat Diadem roundleaf bat 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

Hipposideros diadema Family Vespertilonidae Vesper and evening bats Pipistrellus javanicus Javan pipistrelle Number of net nights Number of species Total number of individuals captured

0 15 4 71

2 33 5 28

0 18 0 0

2 66 9 99

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C. Non-volant (non-flying mammals) We had two sources of data for the non-flying mammals. The results for rats, squirrels and shrews were lifted from a report by Duya et al. (2010). For the nocturnal mammals, results were from fieldwork by PEF staff. Lastly, the combined field notes of Duya et al. (2010) and PEF were used to describe results for other large mammals. 1. Rats, squirrels and shrews The mammal team recorded 11 species of non-flying small mammals, consisting of 9 endemic species and 2 introduced (or foreign) species (Table 3). Most of the specimens were trapped in the montane forests at 1472 masl. These species were the Mindanao shrew (Crocidura beatus), Mindanao tree shrew (Urogale everetti), Mindanao forest mouse (Apomys insignis), large Mindanao forest rat (Bullimus bagobus), southern Philippine shrew mouse (Crunomys melanius), Philippine forest rat (Rattus everetti), and Philippine tree squirrel (Sundaciurus philippinensis). C. melanius is an IUCN Vulnerable species. The team caught none of the Philippine pygmy squirrel (Exilisciurus concinnus). However, it was commonly heard and seen in the montane forests. At Camp 1, a few individuals were seen feeding on insects and licking tree trunks for sap between 0530 and 1000 hr. Interestingly, one squirrel seemed to be using three trees only (ca. 30-50 m apart) of the same tree species (Family Meliaceae) during the teams stay at Camp 1. Six endemic species were recorded at 1696 m, in a forest that is a transition between montane and mossy. These species are the Mindanao forest mouse (Apomys insignis), Large Mindanao forest rat (Bullimus bagobus), Philippine forest rat (Rattus everetti), Mindanao shrew (Crocidura beatus) and an unidentified shrew (Crocidura sp.). This unidentified Crocidura sp. is very different and could be a new species. An arboreal forest mouse tentatively named Apomys littoralis was caught at Daguma peak using a small trap placed on a Pandan vine about 2 m from the ground. This individual is believed to be the worlds second specimen for the species. The first specimen was captured in 1946 in Bugasan, Maguindanao (Sanborn, 1952). It was collected in a coconut plantation at 50 ft altitude. This is also the first case of an Apomys sp. getting captured using an arboreal trap on Mindanao Island. The unknown Apomys sp. though is very different from A. littoralis and thus, could be another new species. Three endemic species and one introduced species were caught at 1220 masl near Camp 2. The Philippine forest rat (R. everetti) and the Mindanao forest mouse (Apomys insignis) were captured in an upland dipterocarp forest. The Southern Mindanao shrew mouse (Crunomys melanius), Mindanao forest mouse (A. insignis) and the introduced Asian house rat (Rattus tanezumi) was caught close to a 5-6 year old coffee plantation. Locals consider the Asian house rats as pests of their corn. They reportedly dont eat this rat because it taste bad. One of the local guides brought a common house mouse (Mus musculus), another introduced species, which he caught at his home in Tingtingan. 18

2. Nocturnal arboreal mammals We found individuals of the Flying lemur Cynocephalus volans (Figure 9) and the Palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, but none of the Flying squirrel Petinomys mindanensis. We did 11.92 hours of observation along four transect lines and detected five (5) Flying lemurs and four (4) Palm civets. If we calculate for relative abundance (or encounter rates), the value for Flying lemur and Palm civet is 41.95 per 100 hrs and 33.56 per 100 hrs, respectively. This means that if you walk for 100 hrs inside the AD, you will find at least 42 individuals and 34 individuals of Flying lemurs and Palm civets, respectively.
Figure 9. A male Flying lemur that was captured by the locals. Photo by JCIbaez.

The relative abundance (also called encounter rate) values for the Flying lemur and the Palm civet are significantly different from the values obtained during a similar study in Sumilao, Mt. Kitanglad in 2008. In the Kitanglad study, Silvosa et al. (2008) encountered Flying lemurs and Palm civets at a rate of 33.8 per 100 hrs and 48.8 per 100 hrs, respectively. Based on these figures, it seems that Flying lemurs are more abundant at the Manobo Dulangan AD than at Mt Kitanglad. For Palm civets though, the trend is in reverse; there are fewer civets at the Manobo Dulangan AD than at Mt Kitanglad. One interesting result though that completely distinguishes the two areas is our failure to detect Flying squirrels inside the Manobo Dulangan AD. In contrast, this species appears to be very common at similar habitats and altitudes at Mt Kitanglad. In fact, the encounter rate for the species at Kitanglad was estimated at 282.0 per 100 hrs (Silvosa et al., 2008), which is over three times more than the combined encounter rates for the Flying lemur and the Palm civet (Figure 10). However, the fact that the Manobos have a local name (Bet-tuyo Tudok) for the Flying squirrel indicates that the species inhabit the forests of Daguma. It is possible we were either looking at the wrong places or that the animals have become less common if not rare. Additional surveys in as many sites as possible are definitely needed.

Figure 10. A male Palm civet collected as museum specimen during the survey. Photo by JCIbaez.

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3. Large mammals Two endemic large mammals (Philippine warty pig Sus philippinensis and the Phil. brown deer Cervus mariannus) and one non-endemic but native species (Philippine macaque Macaca fascicularis) were confirmed based on casual observations, hunted animals and indirect evidences. Interviews also confirmed the presence of these animals. Foraging sites of the Phil. warty pig were commonly seen near line-transects, particularly at the montane forest. There were patches of loose earth where warty pigs apparently dug for earthworms and root crops. We also found jaw bones and teeth of warty pigs in a few homes at Tintingan and Bising. The Manobo Dulangans actively hunt these animals using both native traps and improvised shot guns. The Phil. brown deer is an IUCN Vulnerable species. Unfortunately, this globally threatened species is actively hunted inside the AD. On September 19, deer meat was sold in the village. The captor showed the mutilated leg of a female deer he caught with his trap. Along transect-lines, we also noted deer pathways, grazed bushes, droppings and hoof tracks. We also saw a few deer horns hanging in a few homes in the villages. Troops of foraging macaques were common in the forests. The mammal team saw several individuals at 1696 m and 1220 m while they serviced their traps. The team doing the amphibian and reptile survey found a macaque skull in the forest. A few skull and lower jaws hung on wood trusses above kitchens of some local homes. While watching for raptors, we saw a troop feeding and grooming in a nearby forests. The locals consider the monkeys pests of their corns. They also hunt these animals.

D. Amphibians and Reptiles At least eight (8) species of frogs were identified from specimens collected inside the AD (see Table 3). Only two (2) out of the 8 frog species were not endemic, registering a high (75 %) level of uniqueness for the frog community within the AD. Remarkably, five (5) out of the six (6) Philippine endemic species (83 %) are found only on Mindanao Island. All of the 5 Mindanao species of frogs are also categorized as Vulnerable by the IUCN. For lizards and skinks, there were five (5) species identified from the specimens. And interestingly, all are confined only to Mindanao Island. For one flying lizard specimen our consultant had difficulty making out which species it belongs. She assigned it to Gonyocephalus sp. and is entertaining the possibility that it could be a new, un-described species. There is certainly more species within the AD than what our team has found. For snakes, our specimens accounted for only four species. Only a single species was endemic; the rest were widespread in most parts of Asia. One of our guides brought a carcass of the deadly King cobra Ophiophagus hannah that his friend killed in an open field close to his home. More species will surely be discovered with additional efforts. 20

Table 3. Frogs, lizards and snakes recorded from Ancestral Domain of the Kulaman Manobo Dulangan. Endemism: *- Philippine endemic, **- Mindanao/Mindanao faunal region endemic. IUCN Threat categories: NT near threatened, VU vulnerable.
Scientific name BUFONIDAE Ansonia muelleri**, VU Pelophryne lighti**, VU English Name Mueller's Toad Remarks Common in montane forests Uncommon, a few individuals collected on leaves in montane forests Common in the forest floor especially when drizzling Common in the forest floor Common in pools and puddles Most common especially in the montane forests Second most common species in the montane forests Uncommon in montane forests Uncommon Uncommon The most common lizard

Mindanao flathead toad

MEGOPHRYIDAE Leptobrachium hasselti Megophrys stejnegeri**,VU RANIDAE Occidozyga laevis RHACOPHORIDAE Philautus acutirostris**, VU Philautus surdus* Philautus worcesteri**, VU AGAMIDAE (Lizards) Draco cyanopterus** Gonyocephalus sp.** SCINCIDAE Sphenormorphus variegatus**

Hasselt's Toad Mindanao Horned Frog Puddle Frog

Pointed-snouted tree frog

Common forest tree frog Smooth-skinned tree frog Flying lizard Flying lizard Black-spotted sphenomorphus

Sphenomorphus diwata** Tropidophorus misaminus**

COLUBRIDAE (Snakes) Calamaria lumbricoidea Psammodynastes pulverulentus Rhabdophis auriculata* VIPERIDAE Ophiophagus hannah

Diwata sphenomorphus Misamis waterside skink

Variable Reed snake Dark-spotted mock viper White-lined water snake King cobra

Uncommon Uncommon
Common in montane forests Common in montane forests Common in montane forests Uncommon in grasslands and open habitats

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E. Biodiversity Threats This section will discuss several potential threats to wildlife that was noted within and around the AD, particularly to species that are considered globally threatened or nearthreatened and to species that are Mindanao endemic. We noted four biodiversity threats: 1. Shooting and hunting Like all indigenous communities close to the mountains, the residents of the AD still hunt deer, wild pigs, and occasionally monkeys. We dont know how sustainable these hunting practices are but the use of guns and the possible increase in upland hunters might be depleting the local deer and wild pig population. The relatively high selling prices for the meat of these animals might have also increased hunting in the uplands. Shooting or hunting wildlife either for food or plainly for pleasure is detrimental to large, long-lived, and slow breeding animals. If collection or killing of animals exceed the capacity of the adult population to breed and raise young that will replace dying animals, the population can eventually collapse and die out. This is the reason why local populations of some species are lost even though intact habitats still exist. This is often called the empty forest syndrome in the conservation literature. Local population of Philippine Eagles is particularly vulnerable to shooting and hunting. Recently, we noted that accidental captures in traps intended for wild pigs and deer are also causing death among juvenile and sub-adult eagles (Salvador and Ibanez, 2006). There might be fewer than 200 adult pairs in Mindanao Island (Miranda et al., 2000). With a breeding rate of only one chick every two years, a life span of over 65 years, and the relatively long time for young birds to mature and breed (5-6 years), it would be difficult for a population to recover if many eagles are dying (Ibanez, 2008). 2. Timber harvest Evidences of timber harvest, either legally or illegally, were seen in upper dipterocarp forests close to Bising and Banate. Chain saw cuttings of large trees were noted along trails and transect lines. Our guides also reported illegal logging by non-indigenous trespassers to the AD. Tree harvests within the dipterocarp forests raise an alarm bell for two main reasons. First, the AD seems to have only a small area left of this forest habitat. Its upper dipterocarp forests seem to be confined to a narrow altitudinal band (i.e. 1200-1400 masl) along the AD perimeter. Much of what was left is also already degraded so that unsustainable tree harvests will certainly affect wildlife population therein. Decades of uncontrolled logging and the slash-and-burn farming that followed made the dipterocarp forest the most endangered forest in the country (Heaney and Regalado, 1998). In contrast, montane and mossy forests are still large and intact. Aside from being inaccessible, these forest types were spared from logging because they do not have many of the large trees that are valued by the timber industry. 22

The second reason is the fact that Dipterocarp forests have a unique set of animals that are not found in montane or mossy forests. Examples of these animals are the Mindanao bleeding heart Gallicolumba criniger, the Philippine eagle-owl Bubo philippinensis, and the Silvery kingfisher Alcedo argentata, which are all classified by IUCN as threatened species. We neither caught nor observed these animals but local guides whom we interviewed were positive that they exist inside the AD. They also confirmed that these birds are restricted to forests at lower altitudes (see Appendix 3 for the local names for these animals). The Philippine Eagle and the Philippine hawk-eagle also use large trees that are common in dipterocarp forests as nest trees. 3. Slash-and-Burn (Kaingin) Agriculture This predominant farming technique in the uplands has the potential to affect wildlife because it totally removes forest habitats. It completely removes foraging areas, breeding places and shelter for a wide range of wildlife. Because kaingin is normally done at accessible parts of the forest, it further reduces the already limited dipterocarp forests. The only animal group that benefit from it (in addition to the human species) are animals of the open habitats, which include non-native species that are pests to both people and a few endemics. A very good example is the Asian house rat Rattus tanezumi. It is a household and an agricultural pest. It also outcompetes and displaces native rats. Kaingin is not inherently bad but the exponential increase of human population in the uplands resulted to more forests getting cleared and farmed to feed more people. At Tintingan for example, most of the relatively flat areas is already occupied and farmed so that new families and new comers have no choice but to burn forests to farm even on steep slopes. Unfortunately, farming is the single most important livelihood for the communities. Except for timber, there are no other sources of stable livelihood from forest and non-forest products. 4. Clearing of undergrowths and the understory Several shade coffee plantations were also noted at the montane forests close to Tintingan and at the dipterocarp forests above Tobak creek. But unlike kaingin which totally removes the forests, these plantations clear the undergrowth and the understory yet leave the tall trees intact. But just the same, wildlife of the forest floor and the understory also lose their habitats. Bad effects will become evident when many of these plantations are established within the AD. Examples of these vulnerable animals are species of ground birds like the IUCN endangered Mindanao bleeding heart pigeon, the Streaked-ground babbler Ptilocichla mindanensis, the Bagobo babbler Leonardina woodi, and the Tabon scrub fowl Megapodius cumingii (local name: Manok Tana). Rodents of the forest floor are also vulnerable like the Mindanao tree shrew Urogale everetti, Large Mindanao forest rat Bullimus bagobos and the Mindanao forest mouse Apomys musculus.

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F. Recommendations The following recommendations are intended to mitigate for the possible ill-effects of the threats that were previously described. We recommend the following: 1. The Tribal Council must adopt a policy that regulates wildlife hunting within the AD. Such policy might include the suspension of hunting during the breeding season of hunted animals (e.g. deer and wild pigs), especially if their hunting methods include techniques that does not differentiate between pregnant females and nonbreeding individuals (e.g. noose traps and the use of improvised trigger explosives). To protect the resident pair of Philippine Eagles and any young they produce within the AD, the tribal council must also create a policy that limits the number of traps set by the traditional hunters. There should be wide distances between traps as well to prevent accidental captures of Philippine Eagles (Eagles are known to walk on the ground while on hunt for snakes and rodents). Because eagles are also very loyal to their nesting sites, the places where they nest must also be protected. Hunters must also undergo proper training for handling and restraining Philippine Eagles that might get accidentally caught in native traps. PEF can provide resource persons at no cost to the tribal council. 2. The tribal council must also enforce Philippine wildlife laws (i.e. RA 9147 or the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act) within the AD. Such law prohibits capture and killing of IUCN threatened and other species considered locally threatened by the country (OTS or Other Threatened Species, see DAO No. 2004-15) and the destruction of their breeding habitats. Sale of wildlife meat or any wildlife is also prohibited. Traditional wildlife use is allowed though. 3. As far as practicable, set aside the whole montane-mossy forests as a protected area of the AD for its biological and ecological value. In this context, we will define a protected area using the definition by IUCN (2004): an area of land.especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means. The two potentially new, un-described species of rodents (Apomys sp. and Crocidura sp.) caught in the montane and mossy forests is a strong proof that these areas are important sites for the evolution of new species (scientists also call it as center of endemism or speciation). 24

Another compelling reason to conserve the montane and mossy forests is the fact that a lot of the forest vertebrates found only on Mindanao Island are restricted to these habitats. Ensuring the integrity and long-term persistence of these forests inside the AD is therefore important for the preservation of this biological heritage of Mindanao. As a protected area, the forests should not be used other than for cultural, religious or research purposes. It should not be farmed, logged or mined. 4. A similar protected area must also be identified and set aside for the remaining dipterocarp forests within the AD. As discussed previously, this habitat type has its own unique animal assemblage not found in other forest types. Securing habitats for these animals that cannot live outside dipterocarp forests is important if the Manobo Dulangan tribe would want to conserve as many of their wildlife neighbors as possible. One possible scheme of protection is setting aside dipterocarp forests in steep slopes, ravines or along rivers to protect watersheds as well. 5. Reforestation of idle grasslands must be pursued. There were large tracts of idle, unproductive Cogon (Imperata sp.) fields within the AD. Unfortunately, reclaiming these areas for agriculture will be very expensive for a regular farmer. Grasslands are also susceptible to wildfires so that natural regrowth of forest will be very difficult if not impossible (Turvey, 1994). Fortunately, there are tested ways to revive the ecological and agricultural productivity of grasslands. One technology is through rain-forestation (see Milan and Margraf, 1994). Aside from restoring forests, a farmer can achieve forms of sustainable livelihoods from agro-forestry. 6. Degraded forests must be rehabilitated. There must be an effort to help degraded dipterocarp forests to re-grow its old trees back. This can be done through an assisted natural regeneration (ANR) technique (see Dalmacio, 1986). There are ways to do this that also result to increased local income for communities by incorporating agro-forestry practices. 7. The tribal council should carefully evaluate the pros-and-cons for conservation of doing shade coffee plantations within the AD. Although shade coffee is a better alternative to shifting cultivation when it comes to achieving both economic and conservation goals (see Perfecto et al. 1996), there is evidence that many forest-dependent species are absent in these plantations (Raman, 2006). There is evidence too that farmers tend to convert more forests to plantations because of the high global demand for shade coffee (Tejeda-Cruz et al., 2010). If the KMDO adopts the intensification of shade coffee farming as a livelihood activity, policies against relentless expansion must be made and strictly enforced. 25

8. The indigenous communities (with help from NGO partners such as TRICOM, Inc.) must achieve a suite of sustainable forms of livelihoods to keep families away from forest destructive Kaingin and Shade Coffee farming. One conceptual model for achieving both conservation and economic objectives with indigenous communities is the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework or SLF. This framework has been gaining popularity in rural development work, including environmental projects where the causes of degradation are tied with poverty issues and the need for stable and resilient livelihoods (see Solesbury, 2003). 9. More importantly, the tribal council and the communities must thoroughly think about and discuss the above recommendations before deciding whether to adopt them or not. The global community clamors for biodiversity conservation. However, it is equally important that local contexts are taken into account too. Community decisions must be based on consensus and a careful evaluation of the cost and benefits (trade-offs) of doing conservation. It should also be just, equitable and sensitive to the cultural and economic realities within the AD. The process of decision making (i.e. how and why they came up with it) is often more important than the decision/s itself.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The results of our expedition strongly suggest that the AD is also a critical habitat for Philippine biodiversity. This expedition listed at least 111 species of forest and open-habitat vertebrates (86 birds, 9 bats, 11 rodents and shrews, 2 nocturnal and arboreal mammals, and 3 large land mammals) inside the AD. More than half of these animals are endemic to the Philippines (52 %). Out of the 58 Philippine endemics, 26 (45 %) are restricted only to forests in Mindanao. One forest shrew and a forest mouse are suspected to be new to science. As of this writing, FMNH researchers are still examining these specimens. We recorded at least 19 vertebrates (17 % of the total vertebrates listed) whose global population is considered as Threatened or Near-Threatened by IUCN. The species within the AD that has the highest chances of getting extinct (i.e. critically endangered) is the Philippine Eagle. Eleven (11) species fell under the Vulnerable category: three (3) species of birds, a single species of fruit bat, a single species of forest rat, the Philippine brown deer, and five (5) species of forest frogs. There were seven (7) species that were considered Near-threatened: six (6) are birds and is a fruit bat). There are two distinct groups or assemblages of forest animals within the AD. One group represents animals that inhabit montane-mossy forests and another group that represents those in dipterocarp forests. These results strongly clamor for the conservation of these two distinct habitats inside the AD. 26

Two potentially (un-described) new species of rodents were caught in the montane-mossy forests. Many of Mindanao endemic vertebrates were also found in this habitat mix. These two trends strongly support recent notions that the montane-mossy forests are a center for speciation in many forest animals. The dipterocarp forest has its own share as well of endemic and globally threatened species. It is the also most vulnerable to human exploitation because it is closer to human habitations. The large trees that it contains which is not as abundant in montane-mossy forests make it also more susceptible to deforestation from logging or timber poaching than high altitude forests. Hunting and shooting of wildlife, particularly of large birds and mammals, is an important threat that must be addressed inside the AD. High death rates due to hunting and shooting has the potential to wipe out wildlife populations inside the AD although a substantial amount of forest still remains. The community must therefore develop and faithfully implement policies against unsustainable hunting. The Wildlife Resources Protection and Conservation Act (RA 9147) is the best reference for these policies. The AD is undoubtedly a nesting territory of the critically endangered Philippine Eagle. As a species that is at the brink of extinction, the community must do its share to preserve our national bird. The nest of the pair must be located and its surrounding forests must be protected and exempted from farming, logging and mining. Local hunters must be mindful also about their native traps as hunting eagles could be accidentally captured by it. They must be trained on proper handling and restraint of eagles accidentally captured in traps. Deforestation within the AD is mainly due to timber poaching, kaingin, and to some extent by shade coffee plantations. These activities are driven by the communities primary need for livelihoods. Fortunately, there are ways to achieve both conservation and economic goals for ancestral domain management. Idle, unproductive grasslands can be reclaimed through rainforestation techniques. While restoring forests and adding new habitats for wildlife, rainforestation can also provide sustainable forms of livelihood through agro-forestry. Re-growths of trees in degraded dipterocarp forests can be enhanced through Assisted Natural Regeneration or ANR. Similary, ANR can be designed in such a way that it brings economic gains as well through agro-forestry. The global community clamors for biodiversity conservation. However, it is equally important that local contexts are taken into account too. Conservation decisions must be based on consensus and a careful evaluation of the cost and benefits (trade-offs) of doing conservation. It should also be equitable, just and sensitive to the cultural and economic realities within the AD. The process of decision making (i.e. how and why they came up with it) is often more important than the decision/s itself. 27

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The hard work invested by the following PEF staff, technicians and volunteers are greatly acknowledged: (a) Bird group: Aniceto Allado and Mark Barrete; (b) Arboreal mammal group: Emiliano Lomiston; and (c) Amphibian and reptile group: Roselyn Quidlat and Neri Baron. The team is grateful to PEF Forester Guiller Opiso for characterizing the vegetation within our study area and to Ms. Elsa Delima for identifying the amphibian and reptile specimens. We are also grateful to the staff of the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH): Danilo Balete, Melizar Duya, Mariano Roy Duya, and Joel Sarmiento. I am particularly grateful to Dr. Lawrence Heaney of the FMNH. The mammal survey would not have been as successful without the financial support and guidance. I also thank Rey Palabon, Titing Toring, and June Sanchez of TRICOM, Inc, and freelance journalist Philip Somozo for the company and assistance in the field. I personally thank the officers and members of the Kulaman Manobo Dulangan Organization (KMDO), the leaders and residents of Sitios Bising, Banate and Tintingan, and our excellent indigenous co-researchers for a wonderful and meaningful learning experience. This expedition was funded by the Tri-people Concern for Peace, Progress and Development of Mindanao, the Philippine Eagle Foundation and the Field Museum of Natural History. The survey was possible through a Wildlife Gratuitous Permit No. 02 for the collection of wild plant and animal specimens issued by DENR Region 12 Koronodal City, South Cotabato on 17 August 2009.

LITERATURE CITED Bates, P., Francis, C., Gumal, M., Bumrungsri, S., Walston, J., Heaney, L. & Mildenstein, T. 2008. Pteropus vampyrus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 23 August 2010. BirdLife International. 2010. Species factsheet: Actenoides hombroni. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 23/8/2010 _________________. 2010. Species factsheet: Mimizuku gurneyi. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 23/8/2010 __________________. 2010. Species factsheet: Nisaetus philippensis. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 23/8/2010 __________________. 2010. Species factsheet: Pithecophaga jefferyi. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 23/8/2010 Conservation International Philippines, Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau, and Haribon Foundation. 2008. Priority sites for conservation in the Philippines: Key Biodiversity Areas. Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. Quezon City, Philippines. 28

Dalmacio, V. M. 1986. Assisted natural regeneration: a Strategy for cheap, fast, and effective regeneration of denuded forest lands. Region 8, Tacloban City. Philippines, DENR. 18 pp. Duya, M.R.M., M.V. Duya, D.S. Balete, J.B. Sarmiento and L.R. Heaney. 2010. Report on a Biodiversity Survey of Mt Daguma, Senator Ninoy Aquino Municipality, Sultan Kudarat, Mindanao Island. FMNH, USA. DENR Administrative Order No. 2004 15. 2004. Establishing The List Of Terrestrial Threatened Species And Their Categories, And The List Of Other Wildlife Species Pursuant To Republic Act No. 9147, Otherwise Known As The Wildlife Resources Conservation And Protection Act Of 2001. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. http://denrbicol.ph/PAWS/DAO%20200415.pdf Gamauf A, Gjershaug J-O, Rv N, Kvaly K, Haring E. 2005. Species or subspecies? The dilemma of taxonomic ranking of some South-East Asian hawk-eagles (genus Spizaetus). Bird Conserv Int. 15:99117. Heaney, L.R., & Regalado, J.C.JR. 1998. Vanishing Treasures of the Philippine Rainforest. Chicago, IL: The Field Museum. HEANEY, L. R., D. S. BALETE, L. DOLAR, A. C. ALCALA, A. DANS, P. C. GONZALES, N. INGLE, M. LEPITEN, P. S. ONG, W. L. OLIVER, E. A. RICKART, B. R. TABARANZA, JR. AND R. C. B. UTZURRUM. 1998. A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana Zoology n.s., 88:1-61. Ibaez, J.C. 2008. Philippine Eagle breeding biology, diet, behavior, nest characteristics, and longevity estimate in Mindanao island. Unpublished. MSc Thesis. Ateneo de Davao University, Davao City. Ingle, N.R. and L.R. Heaney. 1992. A Key to the bats of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana 69: 1-44. IUCNThe World Conservation Union 1994. Guidelines for protected area management categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Kennedy, R.S., Gonzales, P.C., Dickinson, E.C., Miranda, H.C., Fisher, T.H. 2000. A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines. Oxford University Press. Milan, P., & Margraf, J. 1994. Rainforestation Farming: An alternative to conventional concepts. Annals of Tropical Research, 16(4), 1727. Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines. Miranda, H.C., JR., D.I. Salvador, J.C. Ibanez, AND G.B. Ibanez. 2000. Summary of Philippine Eagle reproductive success, 1978-98. J. Raptor Res. 34:37-41.

29

Perfecto, I., R. A. Rice, R. Greenberg, and M. E. Van Der Voort. 1996. Shade coffee: a disappearing refuge for biodiversity. Bioscience 46:598-608. Raman, T. R. S. 2006. Effects of habitat structure and adjacent habitats on birds in tropical rainforest fragments and shaded plantations in the Western Ghats, India. Biodiversity and Conservation 15:1577-1607.
Salvador, J.I.D and J.C. Ibanez. Ecology and conservation of Philippine Eagles. Ornithological Science. 5:171-176.

SANBORN, C. C. 1952. Philippine Zoological Expedition, 1946-1947; Mammals -Philippines. Fieldiana Zoology v.33, no.2. p. 157-158. Sanchez, J. 2009. Mt. Daguma reveals unique biodiversity to the local people. http://triconcern.org/?p=203. Silvosa, M.R., G. Tampos, M.R. Hinlo, E.T. Dayos, and G. Opiso. 2008. Assessment of Philippine Eagle Prey Items and the Forests in Mount Kitanglad Natural Park, Sumilao, Bukidnon Province. Philippine Eagle Foundation, Davao City. Solesbury, W. 2003. Sustainable Livelihoods: A Case Study of the Evolution of DFID Policy. Overseas Development Institute. London, Uk. Pp. 28. Tejeda-Cruz, C., E. Silva-Rivera, J. R. Barton and W. J. Sutherland. 2010. Why shade coffee does not guarantee biodiversity conservation. Ecology and Society 15(1): 13. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss1/art13/ Turvey, N.D. 1994. Afforestation and Rehabilitation of Imperata Grasslands in Southeast Asia: Identification of Priorities for Research, Education, Training and Extension. ACIAR Technical Reports No. 28, 52 pp.

30

APPENDIX 1. Birds within the Ancestral Domain of the Kulaman Manobo Dulangan
Organization (KMDO) in Sitios Tintingan and Banate, Barangay Lagubang and Sitio Bising, Barangay Midtungok, Senator Ninoy Aquino, Sultan Kudarat. Uniqueness (or Endemism): PE (PE) Found only in the Philippines (or Philippine Endemic), ME (ME)- Found only in Mindanao or the Mindanao Faunal Region (or Mindanao Endemic). Including birds seen opportunistically (i.e. neither netted nor seen at transects).
Relative abundance Scientific Name English Name
Mist net (per 100 birds) Line transect (per 100 birds)

Remarks

ACCIPITRIDAE 1. Pernis ptilorhynchus

Oriental Honeybuzzard Barred Honeybuzzard

Adults and an immature bird seen, common An immature bird flying over Kalalaha creek near Sitio Bising On Sep 19 Commonly seen Adults and an immature bird seen One bird seen at So. Tintingan Common, calling often on a clear day One adult eagle seen in 4 occasions Common atop leafless vertical branches Calls heard

2. Pernis celebensis

3. Haliastur indus 4. Spizaetus philippensis 5. Accipiter soloensis 6. Spilornis cheela

PE PE

Brahminy Kite Philippine HawkEagle Chinese goshawk Crested SerpentEagle Philippine eagle

0.65 -

0.22 0.22

7. Pithecophaga jefferyi

FALCONIDAE PE 8. Microhierax erythrogenys GALLIDAE 9. Gallus gallus COLUMBIDAE PE 10. Phapitreron leucotis 11. Phapitreron amethystina 12. Ptilinopus occipitalis
PE PE

Philippine falconet

0.65

Red Jungle Fowl

White-eared Brown-Dove Amethyst BrownDove Yellow-breasted Fruit-Dove Reddish CuckooDove

1.05 0.52 1.57

1.96 2.83 3.04

Hunted for food, kept as pet Hunted for food, kept as pet Hunted for food

13. Macropygia phasianella

0.43

Commonly flying over forest

31

Relative abundance Scientific Name English Name

Mist net (per 100 birds) Line transect (per 100 birds)

Remarks

PSITTACIDAE PE 14. Prioniturus discurus

PE

Blue-crowned Racquet-tail

1.52

Noisily flying over forest

15. Loriculus philippinensis CUCULIDAE 16. Cacomantis variolosus 17. Centropus viridis
PE

Colasisi

1.09

Kept as pet

Brush Cuckoo Philippine Coucal

0.43 0.22

Heard than seen One bird seen in a grassland Heard near campsite above Tintingan Often heard along night transects

STRIGIDAE PE 18. Ninox philippensis

Philippine HawkOwl Giant Scops-Owl

19. Mimizuku gurneyi

PE, ME

CAPRIMULGIDAE 20. Eurostopodus macrotis APODIDAE 21. Collocalia vanikorensis 22. Collocalia esculenta

Great Eared Nightjar Island Swiflet

0.52

Heard around dusk and dawn Commonly flying above the forests Roosting/nesting in caves and crevices close to the camp Seen with other swifts Seen with other swifts Seen from rock ledge Seen from rock ledge

Glossy Swiftlet

1.05

23. Collocalia troglodytes 24. Cypsirius balasiensis

PE

Pygmy Swiftlet Asian Palm Swift

25. Hirundapus celebensis

PE

Purple Needletail Philippine Needletail

26. Mearnsia picina

HEMIPROCNIDAE 27. Hemiprocne comata TROGONIDAE PE 28. Harpactes ardens

Whiskered Treeswift Philippine Trogon

0.43

In forest edges and above grasslands Individuals and a few pairs seen

32

Relative abundance Scientific Name English Name

Mist net (per 100 birds) Line transect (per 100 birds)

Remarks

ALCEDINIDAE PE, ME 29. Actenoides hombroni BUCEROTIDAE PE 30. Buceros hydrocorax

Blue-capped Wood-Kingfisher

0.52

Rare, one indiv. caught inside montane forest Flocks of 10-20 birds seen at Tintingan, Banate and Bising A flock of at least 7 birds seen in forest near Limanga A few more individuals seen around the forests More heard than seen

Rufous Hornbill

0.22

31. Aceros leucocephalus

PE, ME

Writhed Hornbill

32. Penelopides panini

PE

Tarictic Hornbill

1.52

CAPITONIDAE 33. Megalaima haemacephala

Coppersmith Barbet

1.52

PICIDAE 34. Chrysocolaptes lucidus 35. Dendrocopus maculatus 36. Dryocopus javensis
PE

Greater Flameback Philippine Pygmy Woodpecker White-bellied Woodpecker

0.52 -

0.87 0.65 0.43 More heard than seen One flying bird and few calling individuals noted One calling individual heard close to So. Tintingan Flying birds seen and heard Uncommon, seen on top of trees Common, heard and seen Common in open areas Noisy alone or with feeding flock in the forests

PITTIDAE 37. Pitta sordida CAMPEPHAGIDAE 38. Coracina striata 39. Pericrocotus flammeus PYCNONOTIDAE PE 40. Hypsipetes philippinus 41. Pycnonotus goiavier DICRURIDAE 42. Dicrurus hottentotus

Hooded Pitta Bar-bellied Cuckoo Shrike Scarlet Minivet

0.22 2.39

1.96

Philippine Bulbul

2.09

1.74

Yellow-vented Bulbul Spangled Drongo

1.05

1.09 1.52

33

Relative abundance Scientific Name English Name

Mist net (per 100 birds) Line transect (per 100 birds)

Remarks

CORVIDAE 43. Corvus macrorhyncus

Large-billed Crow

0.87

Noisy pairs noted close to Tintingan Common in the forests

PARIDAE PE 44. Parus elegans SITTIDAE 45. Sitta frontalis RHABDORNITHIDAE PE, ME 46. Rhabdornis inornatus

Elegant Tit

1.05

5.00

Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Stripe-breasted Rhabdornis

0.43

Common member of forest bird flocks Common at montane forest; flocks on a feding tree close to camp at Banate

0.65

TIMALIIDAE PE, ME 47. Leonardina woodi

Bagobo Babbler

3.14

Common; seen roosting along transects at night and often caught in snap traps Most common forest bird Secretive, difficult to see One individual seen below Tintingan at 1300 masl Heard than seen Secretive

48. Macronous striaticeps

PE

Brown Tit-Babbler Streaked Ground Babbler Rusty-crowned Babbler White-browed Shortwing Long-tailed Ground Warbler Tawny Grassbird

34.03 1.05

4.57 -

49. Ptilocichla mindanensis

PE, ME

50. Stachyris capitalis

PE, ME

0.22

TURDIDAE 51. Brachypteryx montana SYLVIIDAE PE 52. Bradypterus caudatus

PE

3.14 1.05

2.39 0.22

Megalurus timoriensis

0.22

Calling birds in grasslands and open areas One bird in upper dipterocarp forest below Tintingan

53. Orthotomus cinereiceps

ME

PE,

White-eared Tailorbird

0.22

34

Relative abundance Scientific Name English Name

Mist net (per 100 birds) Line transect (per 100 birds)

Remarks

54. Orthotomus cuculatus

PE

Mountain Tailorbird Philippine LeafWarbler Mountain LeafWarbler

1.05

8.91

Common in montane forest Found in forests near andbelow Tintingan Common in montane forests

55. Phylloscopus olivaceus 56. Phylloscopus trivirgatus

0.52

4.35 1.74

MUSCICAPIDAE 57. Culicicapa helianthea

Citrine Canary Flycatcher

1.52

Often seen in a feeding flock in montane forests Common either alone or in a feeding flock Common but difficult to see Common but difficult to see More conspicuous of the flycatchers Common in montane forests Confined to forests below Tintingan Common in the montane forests

58. Eumyias panayensis

PE

Mountain-verditer Flycatcher Cryptic Flycatcher

1.05

1.74

59. Ficedula crypta

PE, ME

4.19

60. Ficedula hyperythra 61. Ficedula westermanni 62. Rhipidura PE, ME nigrocinnamomea 63. Rhipidura supercilliaris PACHYCEPHALIDAE 64. Pachycephala PE philippinensis MOTACILIDAE 65. Motacilla cinerea ARTAMIDAE 66. Artamus leucorhyncus
PE, ME

Snowy-browed Flycatcher Little Pied Flycatcher Black and Cinnamon Fantail Blue Fantail

4.71 9.95

0.43 1.09 3.04

0.52

1.09

Yellow-bellied Whistler

14.4

5.0

Grey Wagtail White-breasted Wood-swallow

One bird seen close to rock ledge Common in open areas

ARTAMIDAE 67. Lanius cristatus 68. Lanius schach

Brown Shrike Long-tailed Shrike

Common in open areas Common in open areas

35

Relative abundance Scientific Name English Name

Mist net (per 100 birds) Line transect (per 100 birds)

Remarks

STURNIDAE 69. Aplonis minor 70. Sarcops calvus

PE

Short-tailed Glossy Starling Coleto

1.30

Common in forests and forest edges Common in montane and disturbed forests

0.52

3.56

NECTARINIIDAE PE, ME 71. Aethopyga primigenius 72. Aethopyga pulcherrima

PE

Grey-hooded Sunbird Metallic-winged Sunbird Apo Sunbird Little Spiderhunter

0.52 0.52

3.04 1.09

Common in montane forests Found at all forest levels Not as conspicuous Not as conspicuous

73. Aethopyga boltoni

PE, ME

1.57 -

0.22

74. Arachnothera longirostra DICAEIDAE PE 75. Dicaeum australe

Red-keeled Flowerpecker
PE

Seen in riparian forests between Banate and Binlibol The most conspicuous flowerpecker at Daguma Uncommon

76. Dicaeum hypoleucum

Buzzing flowerpecker

5.24

4.78

77. Dicaeum nigrilore

PE, ME

Olive-capped Flowerpecker Pygmy Flowerpecker Orange-bellied Flowerpecker Fire-breasted Flowerpecker Flame-crowned Flowerpecker Cinnamon Ibon

0.52

1.52

78. Dicaeum pygmaeum

PE

1.96 -

Uncommon Seen in riparian forests between Banate and Binlibol One bird seen close to rocky ledge One bird seen in montane forest Common in montane forests Common in forest and forest edges

79. Dicaeum trigonostigma

80. Dicaeum ignipectus

PE

81. Dicaeum anthonyi ZOSTEROPIDAE 82. Hypocryptadius PE, ME cinnamomeus

0.22

1.09

83. Zosterops montanus

Mountain Whiteeye

9.57

36

Relative abundance Scientific Name English Name

Mist net (per 100 birds) Line transect (per 100 birds)

Remarks

ESTRILIDAE PE, ME 84. Erythrura coloria 85. Lonchura leucogastra 86. Lonchura malacca

Red-eared Parrotfinch White-bellied Munia Chestnut Munia

2.09

Uncommon in montane forests Found in open areas Flock in grasslands and cultivated areas near forests

0.52 -

0.53 -

37

38

APPENDIX 3. Initial listing of Kulaman Manobo Dulangan local names, uses and other notes for selected species of forest and open habitat vertebrates at Sitio Tintingan, Barangay Lagubang, Sultan Kudarat. Note: we interviewed only a few people. Additional consultation is
needed to substantiate this initial list.

English Name Egrets Great-billed heron/Grey heron Rufous night heron Cattle egret Bittern Great Bittern Wandering whistling duck/Philippine duck Oriental honey buzzard Barred honey buzzard and Philippine hawk-eagle Brahminy kite All sparrowhawks (Accipiter sp.) Crested serpent eagle Philippine Eagle Philippine falconet Red jungle fowl Tabon scrubfowl Barred rail Crake Water hen Plain bush hen White-eared brown dove Amethyst Dove Yellow-breasted fruit dove

Kulaman Manobo Dulangan names Klo-ong Litef Sigeyok Kuliyo Tungkaling Bigowa Wadak Dalit linaday Dalit simodong Tagak pukay Kolisong Dalit kuligi Banog obal Kolofodo Manok tana Saob Mokok Manok Ule Wok-wok Sigyok Limokem Higof-higof Sigkolo

Local uses and other notes Food Food, feed on crabs Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food, pet Food, pet Food

39

English Name Black-chinned fruit dove Imperial pigeon Reddish cuckoo dove Common emerald dove Spotted dove Zebra dove Mindanao bleeding heart Nicobar pigeon Blue-naped parrot Green Racquet-tail Colasisi Plaintive cuckoo/Brush cuckoo Small coucals Black-faced coucal Grass owl Scops owl Philippine eagle owl Night jar Swift Needle tail Whiskered tree swift Philippine trogon Small kingfishers, including Silvery kingfisher Blue capped forest kingfisher Dollar bird

Kulaman Manobo Dulangan names Boon sa dawag Boon kobo Malaboyon Malapakaw Bakoko Tagol Manatad Konok onok Kalangag Klet Klosisi Hiyof hiyof agdaw Sagoksok Sagoksok limulan Su-wo Bugtong utaw Ngew Tahaw Tubilang Kawas basag Tubilang Tamblabla Bigte Sumlang Salaksak

Local uses and other notes Food Food Food Food Food Nests on bamboo, ave. 2 eggs Food Pet Pet Pet Nests on soil cavity -

40

English Name Bee eater Tarictic hornbill Writhed hornbill Rufous hornbill Coppersmith barbet Pygmy woodpecker White-bellied woodpecker Greater flameback Barn swallow Coracina sp. Pied triller Minivets Yellow-wattled bulbul Philippine Bulbul Yellowish Bulbul Drongo Black-naped Oriole Crow Velvet-fronted nuthatch Elegant Tit Rhabdornis spp. Streaked ground babbler Brown tit babbler Shortwing Grassbird

Kulaman Manobo Dulangan names Kafuloy-fuloy Busek Kayamatan Koko Tokofuk Kulilit toyang Kew Kulilit sumudong Maluboy Kaliyak-liyak Kaliyapo Kuliyang fungol Buluwing Sufet Sufet tatawan Tawis obal Tuliyaw Uwak Kloso-kloso Bakaka Tuligfas Kabalik-balik Mumas Pagiling-giling Manok gilo

Local uses and other notes Pet, food Pet, food Pet, food -

41

English Name Philippine tailor-bird White-eared tailor bird Verditer flycatcher Black cinnamon fantail Citrine canary flycatcher Yellow-bellied whistler Wagtail Long-tailed Shrike Coleto All sunbirds All flowerpeckers White eyes Chest nut munia White-bellied munia Philippine forest rat Palm civet Flying lemur Mindanao flying squirrel Mindanao tree shrew Pygmy squirrel Mindanao tree squirrel Large Mindanao forest rat Batomys sp.(?) Malay civet Podogymnura (?) sp.

Kulaman Manobo Dulangan names Tugkel Tugkel komobel Igsom Kuwedew wedew Manok salungon Tufle Sulit Blese Tugkling Sagipsipen Taligtig Manok salungon Maya Flooy Bulaikog Lakefes Kabal Bet-tuyo tudok Kalunge Tenduloy Kalagsuy Takobong ulayan Tulobaboy Tinggalong Takubong kasisang

Local uses and other notes Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Food Foul smelling rat

42

English Name Philippine brown deer Philippine warty pig Philippine tarsier Philippine macaque Monitor lizard Sailfin lizard Reticulated python Philippine cobra King cobra

Kulaman Manobo Dulangan names Saladong Baboy mabeles (kasiutan) Emal Ubal Pla-as Ibid Bakasan Dulafu Nofuy

Local uses and other notes Food Food Food Food Food Food Food -

43