《Linux运维趋势》第4期

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2010.12 - 2011.01.............................................................................................10
Linux .............................................................................................................11
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Linux ......................................................................................................16
51CTO
http://g.51cto.com/linuxops
groups.google.com/group/linuxops-cn
Linux load ...............................................................................19
Email
linuxops-cn+subscribe@googlegroups.com
linux expect .......................................................................................21
................................................................................................23
B Linux Shell 2....................................................................................26
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yangsai@51cto.com

People
Linux CDN
51CTO Linux
03 linux
LinuxTone.org CDN
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People
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allcommands cyberciti
CU 51CTO LinuxTone
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Linux
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51CTO Linux
README
WIKI INSTALL
OK GOOGLE
51CTO
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2011
Tom Limoncelli
howtoforge
4
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Interact
15
/Dormando
Google
rm
-rf /
Linux
Linux
V3 V4 V4
V5
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Interact
NFS
1000
TCP
500 Web
Rsync DRBD
rrd
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Interact
DBA
starling Gearman
MySQL
master slave
slave
NFS
slave
slave
MogileFS
slave
Oracle

youtube.com archive.org Web

MySQL
NFS
DBA
IO
RAID 10
RAM RAM
SSD
DBA
HiveDB MySQL Proxy DPM
RAM
Web
CPU apache
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Interact
memcached
HTTP /
Starling, Gearman, The
job systems
Schwartz
10
OK
Memcached
squid
MySQL
SSH
passphrase
SSH
- IM -
Twitter
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PHP
http://dormando.livejournal.com/484577.html
2010 Linux
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News
2010 12 2011 1
NovellAttachmate 22
Novell Novell
2010.12 - 2011.01
882 4.5
CPTN Holdings LLC
/51CTO
CPTN
Holdings LLC
EMC
Linux Dan
LibreOffice Ubuntu
Rosenberg C 200
Linux Econet 3
11.04 Natty Narwhal
for
Linux
iPadiPhoneAndroid
Testing
Ubuntu
Debian
Linux Mint
2012 64
OpenBSDPerry NETSEC CTO

OpenBSD Crypto Framework
20002001 FBI
Hotmail Hotmail
Perry OpenBSD IPsec
FBI
12 30
Mint
LibreOffice
Linux
Apache 2010
2.55 Apache 2009 1.09
2010 1.52
10
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Special
Linux
Linux
/
-Bottleneck
A C
http://polymorphicpodcast.com/shows/webperformance/
11
yangsai@51cto.com

Special
CPU
/ CPU
Memory
IO
Network
web server file

server
IO IO
IO
CPU
CPU
CPU CPU
CPU web/mail
CPU
$ vmstat 1
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-----r b
swpd
free
buff cache
si
so
bi
bo
in
cs us sy id wa st
0 4
140 1962724 335516 4852308 0
0
388 65024 1442 563 0 2 47 52 0
0 4
140 1961816 335516 4853868 0
0
768 65536 1434 522 0 1 50 48 0
0 4
140 1960788 335516 4855300 0
0
768 48640 1412 573 0 1 50 49 0
0 4
140 1958528 335516 4857280 0
0 1024 65536 1415 521 0 1 41 57 0
0 5
140 1957488 335516 4858884 0
0
768 81412 1504 609 0 2 50 49 0
$ vmstat 1
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-----r b
swpd
free
buff cache
si
so
bi
bo
in
cs us sy id wa st
4 0
140 3625096 334256 3266584 0
0
0
16 1054 470 100 0 0 0 0
4 0
140 3625220 334264 3266576 0
0
0
12 1037 448 100 0 0 0 0
4 0
140 3624468 334264 3266580 0
0
0
148 1160 632 100 0 0 0 0
4 0
140 3624468 334264 3266580 0
0
0
0 1078 527 100 0 0 0 0
4 0
140 3624712 334264 3266580 0
0
0
80 1053 501 100 0 0 0 0
id
CPU id
50 CPU id
12
yangsai@51cto.com

Special
VPSee RAID0
RAID0 IO
top
RAID0 IO
vmstat
RAID0
Linux
CPU
mpstat
iptraf
tcpdump
tcptrace
RAID0 IO
sar
netstat
IO
iostat
CPU
netperf
dstat
vmstat,
iostat,
ifstat,
http://www.vpsee.com/2009/11/linux-systemperformance-monitoring-introduction/
linux linux top

Linux vmstat
Linux iostatps pstree
mpstat CPU CPU
http://book.51cto.com/art/201008/217272.htm
Linux Netstat
netstat
VPSee
13
yangsai@51cto.com

Special
3.
RAID
I/O I/O
/Kenneth Hess
CPU 75%
CPU
CPU
100%CPU
1.CPU
4.
2.
CPU
CPU
14
5.
yangsai@51cto.com

Special
6.
8.
9.

LAMPLinuxApacheMySQLPHP
KVW
OpenVZ Parallels Solaris
Zones
JFS
CPUXFS NTFS
EXT4
7.
10.
http://www.serverwatch.com/trends/article.ph
p/3912821/Uncover-Your-10-Most-PainfulPerformance-Bottlenecks.htm
x86
15
yangsai@51cto.com

Special
Linux df du fdisk
df du fdisk
/dev/hda2
24130460
/dev/hda6
232729
27474876
1948772 93% /usr
256667
10686 96% /var
Linux
2
1024
/
34
3 4
Linux
dfdu
fdisk
Linux
1df
-t
-x
t
-T
df
//
df #df
1k-blocks
Filesystem
Used
Available Use% Mounted on
i
/dev/hda5
381139
332921
28540 93% /
df
/dev/hda1
46636
-a
6871
37357 16% /boot
0 block/proc /dev/hda3
10041144
-k k
6632528
2898556 70% /home
none
127372
-i i
0
127372
0% /dev/shm
16
Use%
100%
Mounted on
// i
#df -ia
Filesystem
Inodes
IUsed
IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/hda5
98392
23919
74473
25% /
yangsai@51cto.com

Special
none
0
0
0
- /proc
/dev/hda1
12048
38
12010
1% /boot
none
0
0
0
- /dev/pts
/dev/hda3
1275456 355008
920448
28% /home
none
31843
1
31842
1% /dev/shm
/dev/hda2
3489792 133637
3356155
4% /usr
/dev/hda6
66264
9876
56388
15% /var
//
#df -T
Filesystem
Type
1k-blocks
Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda5
ext3
381139
332921
28540 93% /
/dev/hda1
ext3
46636
6871
37357 16% /boot
/dev/hda3
ext3
10041144
6632528
2898556 70% /home
none
tmpfs
127372
0
127372
0% /dev/shm
/dev/hda2
ext3
27474876
24130460
1948772 93% /usr
/dev/hda6
ext3
256667
232729
10686 96% /var2
2 du
du
1024
df
-s Names
-a
-s
-a Names
-b
k
-k 1024
-c
-l
-x
du
///mnt
#du abk /mnt
1
/mnt/cdrom
1
/mnt/floppy
17
3
/mnt
//
#du
3684
./log
84
./libnids-1.17/doc
720
./libnids-1.17/src
32
./libnids-1.17/samples
1064
./libnids-1.17
4944
.
1
2
du -s
#du s /mnt
3
/mnt
// a
b
#du ab /root/mail
6144
mail/sent-mail
1024
mail/saved-messages
8192
mail
3fdisk
fdisk
yangsai@51cto.com

Special
#fdisk /dev/had
///dev/had
Command (m for help): m //

Command action
a
toggle a bootable flag
b
edit bsd disklabel
c
toggle the dos compatibility
flag
d
delete a partition
l
list known partition types
m
print this menu
n
add a new partition
o
create a new empty DOS partition
table
p
print the partition table
q
quit without saving changes
s
create a new empty Sun disklabel
t
change a partition's system id
u
change display/entry units
v
verify the partition table
w
write table to disk and exit
x
extra functionality (experts
only)
m Fdisk
Linux p
Disk /dev/sda: 4294 MB, 4294967296

bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 522
cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 =
8225280 bytes
Device Boot
Start
End
Blocks
Id System
/dev/hda1
*
41
522
3871665
83 Linux
/dev/hda2
1
40
321268+ 82 Linux swap
Partition table entries are not in disk
order
Command (m for help):
d
n
n
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e
extended
p
primary partition (1-4)
p
Partiton number(1-4):1
First cylinder(1-1023):1
Last cylinder or + size or +sizeK or
+ sizeM(1-1023):+258M
p e
Linux Native
Linux Swap FAT32
t
l
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-4): 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): 82
Changed system type of partition 1 to
82 (Linux swap)
w
q
Command (m for help)w
18
yangsai@51cto.com

Special
load average 0 10 20
Linux load
/
unix linux
load average 0
Unix/Linux load
10 20
load
[root@aaronw ~]# uptime

13:33:37 up 7 days, 1:52, 1 user, load
average: 4.15, 2.00, 3.14
[root@aaronw ~]# w
13:35:35 up 1 days, 1:54, 1 user, load
average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU
WHAT
root pts/1 192.168.2.2 13:33 0.00s
0.02s 0.00s w
load average 1
5 15
linux kernel
linux 2.6.36
/**
* spu_calc_load update the avenrun
load estimates.
*
* No locking against reading these
values from userspace, as for
19
* the CPU loadavg code.

*/
static void spu_calc_load(void)
{
unsigned long active_tasks; /* fixedpoint */
active_tasks = count_active_contexts()
* FIXED_1;
CALC_LOAD(spu_avenrun[0], EXP_1,
active_tasks);
active_tasks);
active_tasks);
}
CALC_LOAD
#define LOAD_FREQ (5*HZ+1) /* 5 sec
intervals */
#define EXP_1 1884 /* 1/exp(5sec/1min)
as fixed-point */
#define EXP_5 2014 /* 1/exp(5sec/5min)
*/
#define EXP_15 2037 /*
1/exp(5sec/15min) */#define
CALC_LOAD(load,exp,n) \
load *= exp; \
load += n*(FIXED_1-exp); \
load >>= FSHIFT;
5
yangsai@51cto.com

Special
load
CPU load
load
Unix/Linux cpu
active_tasks
100% load
cpu
CPU
load
load cpu
IO cpu
cpu cpu
cpu
load 8 cpu
load 8 8 over
cpu
load
CPU load load
cpu
cpu
cpu
4 cpu
http://selboo.com.cn/post/885/
4 CPU.
Linux uptime
Linux
20
yangsai@51cto.com

Tips
Expect Don Libes Tcl
expect
/Balakrishnan Mariyappan
/
expect
expect Expect
expect hello world
Don Libes Tcl
thegeekstuff.com
1 -c
expect
expect -c
$ expect -c 'expect "\n" {send "pressed

enter\n"}
pressed enter
$
expect
$ expect -i arg1 arg2 arg3

expect1.1>set argv
arg1 arg2 arg3
expect1.2>
expect
-i arg1
-i
-c expect
expect
-i
linux expect
Linux
2-i expect
\n enter
pressed enter
21
expect
3 expect
-d
$ cat sample.exp
# !/usr/bin/expect -f
yangsai@51cto.com

Tips
expect "\n";
send "pressed enter";
$ expect -d sample.exp
expect version 5.43.0
argv[0] = expect argv[1] = -d argv[2]
= sample.exp
set argc 0
set argv0 "sample.exp"
set argv ""
executing commands from command file
sample.exp
expect: does "" (spawn_id exp0) match
glob pattern "\n"? no
expect: does "\n" (spawn_id exp0) match
glob pattern "\n"? yes
expect: set expect_out(0,string) "\n"
expect: set expect_out(spawn_id) "exp0"
expect: set expect_out(buffer) "\n"
send: sending "pressed enter" to { exp0
pressed enter}
4-D expect
-D
-D
expect
$ expect -c 'set timeout 10' -D 1 -c

'set a 1'
1: set a 1
dbg1.0>
$ expect print_cmdline_args.exp -d -c
argv0 : -d
argv1 : -c
5 expect
expect
-b
expect
expect
$ expect -b
6 expect
expect
http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/12/5expect-script-command-line-argumentexamples/
Hotmail
Perl
Linux Shell
$ cat print_cmdline_args.exp
#!/usr/bin/expect
$ expect -D 1 script
puts 'argv0 : [lindex $argv 0]';
puts 'argv1 : [lindex $argv 1]';
22
yangsai@51cto.com

Tips
Linux iptables
SSH
loader
* da0s1x x
/boot
kernel
/boot/kernel
ok load kernel/kernel
FreeBSD
kernel
10G For /root

256M For /boot
for /usr
ok boot
>> FreeBSD/i386 BOOT

Default: 0:da(0,a)/boot/kernel/kernel
boot:
Linux
FreeBSD 8.1
chinaunix
FreeBSD
2G For /
4G For swap
mount root>ufs:/dev/da0s1a
boot bsd
/boot
/boot FreeBSD
boot: 0:da(0,e)/loader
23
/boot Linux
2048M For /
4096M For swap
For /usr
yangsai@51cto.com

Tips
root
SSH
windows
2003
Linux /etc/fatab
passwd root
Emergency
crontab 5
root
*/5 * * * * root /bin/sh

/root/firestop.sh
mount o remount,rw /
Linux root
sudo
root
firestop.sh :
service iptables stop
root
ctrl+shift+F2 F3-F8
F1
SSH
Linux iptables
/
/etc/fatab#
sudoer root
FreeBSD 8.1
sudo
Emergency
Linux
RHEL5
Emergency
24
/etc/sudoer
.
sudoer sudo
root
FreeBSD8.1 Linux
root
yangsai@51cto.com

Tips
root

Linux/FreeBSD root
root
root
2
root
sudo
sudo root
root
jail 192.168.21.36
root shell bash
libintl.so.8 root
/libexec/ld-elf.so.1: Shared object

"libintl.so.8" not found, required by
"bash"
Connection to 192.168.21.36 closed.
:w !sudo tee %
:w !sudo tee %
sudo tee sudo
(
)
fsck -y
FreeBSD Debian (
root ) very nice.
mount -a
root shell sh
chsh -s sh
FreeBSD Linux
FreeBSD
su
vi nginx.conf
Root
Permission
25
yangsai@51cto.com

Tips
cat
reset
:>file.txt :
B Linux Shell 2
bash
$touch
/Peteris Krumins
/BOY PT
file.txt touch
1.
vi
3. ssh
command <CTRL-x CTRL-e>
<ESC v>
ssh -N -L2001:remotehost:80
user@somemachine
<CTRL-x CTRL-
e> vim
~/.bashrc
$EDITOR
EDITOR=nano
mencoder/ffmpeg 34
readline
bash emacs
<CTRL-x CTRL-e>
export
fc
Fix Command
^foo^bar^
fc fc -s foo=bar
2.
> file.txt
> shell
26
2001
2001 somemachine
remotehost 80
3
somemachine
localhost
IP 80
ssh web
yangsai@51cto.com

Tips
IP
ssh -f -N -L
0.0.0.0:443:twitter.com:443
shell.cjb.net
ssh -f -N -L 0.0.0.0:80:twitter.com:80
shell.cjb.net
/etc/hosts 127.0.0.1
twitter.com
printf("\033c\033(K\033[J\033[0m\033[?
25h");
Shell
\033c: ESC c ;
\033(K: ESC ( K ;
\033[J: ESC [ J ;
\033[0m: ESC [ 0 m
;
\033[?25h: ESC [ ? 25 h ;
1G
fstab
/dev/shm
Firefox
FF
Shellex tmpfs Firefox
tmpfs
squid nginx ssh
5.
Firefox II
echo cmd | at midnight
speeding up firefox with tmpfs
4.
reset
cat
at cron
at
cron
at
reset
tomorrow, next week
man at
reset
BusyBox reset
6.
mount -t tmpfs -o size=1024m tmpfs
/mnt/ram
27
and automatic rsync

LinuxQQ
IO
http://www.catonmat.net/blog/top-ten-oneliners-from-commandlinefu-explained
http://www.isspy.com/most_useful_linux_com
mands_2/
yangsai@51cto.com
Linux
1
/
ahttp://g.51cto.com/linuxops
blinuxops-cn@googlegroups.com
cyangsai@51cto.com
2
Linux
1
linuxops-cn@googlegroups.com
2 51CTO Linux
IT
Linux
yangsai@51cto.com
3
Linux
yangsai@51cto.com
Linux 51CTO
Linux/Unix
Linux
51CTO
&

yangsai@51cto.com

《Linux运维趋势》第4期

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《Linux运维趋势》第4期

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Copyright:

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...........................................................................................................

Linux load ...............................................................................19

linux expect .......................................................................................21

youtube.com archive.org Web

HiveDB MySQL Proxy DPM

Starling, Gearman, The

11.04 Natty Narwhal

OpenBSDPerry NETSEC CTO

Perry OpenBSD IPsec

2.55 Apache 2009 1.09

web server file

linux linux top

Command (m for help): m //

Disk /dev/sda: 4294 MB, 4294967296

Command (m for help)w

[root@aaronw ~]# uptime

* the CPU loadavg code.

CPU load load

Expect Don Libes Tcl

expect hello world

Don Libes Tcl

$ expect -c 'expect "\n" {send "pressed

$ expect -i arg1 arg2 arg3

$ expect -c 'set timeout 10' -D 1 -c

10G For /root

>> FreeBSD/i386 BOOT

*/5 * * * * root /bin/sh

/libexec/ld-elf.so.1: Shared object

sudo tee sudo

command <CTRL-x CTRL-e>

squid nginx ssh

echo cmd | at midnight

speeding up firefox with tmpfs

tomorrow, next week

and automatic rsync

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/5 * * * root /bin/sh