5551urban Hydrology and Hydro Logic Design

An-Najah National University College of Graduate Studies
Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed
1 Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Introduction
The hydrology of urban areas is dominated by two distinct characteristics: 1. The prevalence of impervious surfaces (e.g., pavement, roofs) 2. The presence of man-made or hydraulically improved drainage system (e.g., a sewer system) Thus the response of an urban catchment to rainfall is much faster than that of a rural catchment of equivalent area, slope, and soils In addition, the runoff volume from an urban catchment is larger because there is less pervious area available
Urbanization
Urbanization changes the hydrology of a
drainage basin. Roads and artificial surfaces cut down infiltration and storage while storm sewers speed up the flow of water into rivers.
It is suggested that urbanization increases the risk of flooding as rivers respond much more violently to a storm event.
Effect of Urbanization on Urban Runoff Hydrograph
Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Effect of Urbanization on Mean Annual Flood
Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Urban Drainage System

Drainage systems in urban areas may rely on natural channels, but most cities have a sewer network for removal of storm water If the system is exclusively for stormwater removal, it is called a storm sewer If the same conduit also carries domestic sewers, it is called a combined sewer Storm and combined sewers are installed to remove stormwater from the land surface, thus preventing flooding and permitting normal transportation on highways and a like As such, they are usually designed to handle a peak flow corresponding to a given return period according to local regulations (2-10 years for suburban drainage and 10-50 years for major highways is typical)
Urban Drainage System
Dr. Sameer Shadeed
The Engineering Problem in Urban Hydrology

The engineering problem in urban hydrology usually consists of the need to control peak flows and maximum depths throughout the drainage system If the hydraulic grade line is too high, sewers may surcharge; that is, the water level may rise above the top of the sewer conduit, leading occasionally to basement flooding or discharge to streets New facilities must be designed to minimize such occurrences, and existing drainage systems must often be modified to correct for them Exceeding the capacity of an existing system is a problem that often occurs in newly developed areas that are served by an old sewer system The water quality of urban runoff may also be poor, and special measures may be required simply to improve the quality of runoff prior to discharge into receiving waters, particularly for combined sewer
Alternatives for Control of Urban Runoff Quantity
Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Design Objectives
The engineering objectives when dealing with urban hydrology are: 1. Controlling peak flows and maximum depths at all locations within the drainage system 2. Minimizing runoff volumes as well as basement flooding 3. Controlling water quality and simultaneously protecting the environment
Rainfall-Runoff
Conversion of rainfall into runoff in urban areas is usually somewhat simplified because of the relative high imperviousness of such areas, although in residential and open-land districts the calculation of infiltration into pervious surfaces may still represent a critical factor in the analysis When hydrographs are to be computed, special effort is required to obtain adequate rainfall data This is because urban areas respond quickly to rainfall transients, in contrast to natural catchments, which dampen out the short-term fluctuations Thus rainfall data should be available at 5-min increments or shorter to predict the runoff hydrograph adequately
Urban Catchment Description

The urban catchment is characterized by its area, shape, slope, land use, imperviousness, roughness, and storage The area and imperviousness are the two most important parameters for a good prediction of hydrograph volume Although it is a seemingly straightforward parameter, estimation of the percent imperviousness can be restrained In particular, it is usually necessary to distinguish between directly impervious areas (areas that are drain directly into drainage system, such as a street surface with curbs and gutters that directs the runoff into a storm sewer inlet) and Nondirectly connected impervious areas (rooftops or driveways that drain onto pervious areas). Runoff from such areas does not enter the storm drainage system unless the pervious area become saturated
Estimation of Imperviousness
Estimation of imperviousness can be made by measuring such areas on aerial photographs or by considering land use
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Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Estimation of Imperviousness
For large urban areas, imperviousness can be estimated on the basis of population density
I 9.6 PD
( 0.573 0.017 In PD )
Where I = percent imperviousness PD = population density (persons/acre) The above equation is based on a regression analysis of 567 communities in New Jersey, so it should be used with caution elsewhere
Rainfall Data Required for Urban Hydrology

Two types of rainfall data are commonly required in urban hydrology (hydrologic design):
1. Point rainfall data (actual hyetographs) 2. Processed data (Intensity-Duration-Frequency, IDF curves)
Tipping-bucket rain gages are commonly used to provide an adequate resolution of high frequencies
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Sample of Tipping Bucket Rainfall Measurements

Rainfall depth
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Hydrologic Design
What rainfall event should we use?
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Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Time Series of Nablus Daily Rainfall

If we would like to consider the daily rainfall for hydrologic design (a drainage system), then which value to pick?
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Design Storm
Design storm: rainfall pattern defined for use in the design of hydrologic system Serves as an input to the hydrologic system Can by defined by: 1. Hyetograph (time distribution of rainfall) 2. Isohyetal map (spatial distribution of rainfall)
Extreme Rainfall Events

Most extreme rainfall events from historic record sometimes used as design value. Extreme rainfall events are very severe, rare and intense and determined by their
Temporal scale Spatial scale
Economic and social losses due to extreme events have increased in the last decades
Design Point Rainfall

Historic data of rainfall is converted to different durations (next table) Annual maximum rainfall for a given duration is selected for each year Frequency analysis is performed to derive design rainfall depths for different return periods The depths are converted to intensities by dividing by rainfall durations
Computation of Rainfall Depth and Intensity at a Point

Apparently, with increasing the duration, Maximum rainfall intensity becomes less This is somehow a general trend but not a linear one
Intensity Duration Frequency Relationships

One of the first steps in many hydrologic design
projects is the determination of the rainfall event or events to be used in the design The most common approach is to use a design storm or event that involves a relationship between rainfall intensity (or depth), duration, and the frequency appropriate for the facility and site location As such, the IDF curves can be used by hydrologists
Intensity Duration Frequency Relationships

IDF curves enables the hydrologists to develop hydrologic systems that consider worst-case scenarios of rainfall intensity and duration during a given interval of time The idea here is that high intensity rainfall in short periods may cause catastrophic consequences For instance, in urban catchments, flooding may occur such that large volumes of water may not be handled by the storm water system Thus, appropriate values of rainfall intensities and frequencies should be considered in the design of the hydrologic systems
Intensity versus Depth of Rainfall

Intensity is expressed as:
P i Td
where P is the rainfall depth (mm) and Td is the duration (hr)
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Rainfall Intensity and Corresponding Depth

In general, we may have different rainfall intensities but with the same depth Apparently, rainfall duration plays an important role in determining rainfall depth
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Rainfall Intensity Versus Duration

Recorded Total depth
15-min duration min

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0.46 0.48 0.33 0.71
Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Rainfall Intensity versus Duration
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Interpretation of IDF Curves

For example, in any time duration of 90 minutes, a location could experience a peak 2 in/hr storm once every 20 years The 20-yr 90-min design storm for the location would have a depth of P = 3 in
Interpretation of IDF Curves

A 20-yr 30-min design storm would have an intensity of 4.6 in/hr but with a depth of only 2.3 in Although the latter storm produces less depth, its high intensity could be the governing factor in determining the size of drainage works. The probability of occurrence of both storms would be the same
Development of IDF Curves

Select a specific rainfall duration For each year and for the selected duration find the maximum rainfall Arrange the annual maximum rainfall in descending order The return period equals T = (n + 1) / m where m is the rank and n is the total number of years Repeat the above procedure but for different rainfall durations
Example 1
Given the maximum rainfall intensity for the years from 1949 to 1972 for different rainfall durations, compute the IDF curves
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Example 1 (Solution)
1. Rank for each duration 2. Compute the return period (frequency) 3. The highlighted lines represent frequencies of interest 4. EP is the exceedance probability 5. Compute intensities that correspond to the different durations then select for specific frequencies
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Intensity Duration Frequency Curves

Depth-Duration-Frequency-Curves
IDF Curves for Nablus
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Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Formulas for IDF Curves

Regression analysis can be used to fit IDF curves and curves, the constants can be interpreted as regional characteristics Many formulas have been used to fit these curves, but most of them are in a form of intensity (i) inversely proportional to duration (t) Meyer, 1928 approximated IDF curves by the following function:
a i bt
Where the constants a and b are regression coefficients which serve as characteristic feature of both the rainfall region and the frequency of occurrence in each area
Example 2
Fit the following data to determine the 10-year IDF curve
t =duration (min) i = intensity (mm/hr) 1/i
5 17 0.059
10 15 0.067
15 12 0.083
30 10 0.1
60 6 0.167
120 4 0.25
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Dr. Sameer Shadeed
1. A model of the form i = a/(b + t) can be expressed in linear form as 1/i = t/a + b/a 2. The regression of 1/i versus t yeilds 1/i = 0.001 t + 0.053 from 053, which a = 1000 and b = 53 1000/(53 t). 3. Thus the rainfall intensity formula is i = 1000/(53 + t). The correlation coefficient R2 = 0.99
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Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Formulas for IDF Curves

For the IDF curves illustrated in the Figure, the following intensity formula can be used
TC d e
Where i = intensity (in./hr), and the e, b, and d coefficients are given in the following table
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Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Design Rainfall Hyetographs

Most often hydrologists are interested in
precipitation hyetographs and not just the peak estimates Techniques for developing design precipitation hyetographs 1. SCS method 2. Triangular hyetograph method 3. Using IDF relationships (Alternating block method)
SCS Method
SCS (1973) adopted method to develop synthetic storm hyetograph (dimensionless rainfall temporal patterns called type curves) for four different regions in the US for storms of 6 and 24 hours duration SCS type curves are in the form of percentage mass (cumulative) curves based on 24-hr rainfall of the desired frequency If a single rainfall depth of desired frequency is known, the SCS type curve is rescaled (multiplied by the known number) to get the time distribution For durations less than 24 hr, the steepest part of the type curve for required duration is used
Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design Dr. Sameer Shadeed
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SCS Method
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Dr. Sameer Shadeed
SCS Method Steps

Given return period (Tr) and rainfall duration (Td), find the design rainfall hyetograph 1. Compute the total rainfall intensity (i) (from IDF curves or equations) 2. Compute the total rainfall depth by multiplying the rainfall intensity by the rainfall duration 3. Pick a SCS type curve based on the location 4. If Td = 24 hour, multiply (rescale) the type curve with precipitation (P) to get the design mass curve 5. If Td is less than 24 hr, pick the steepest part of the type curve for rescaling 6. Get the incremental rainfall from the rescaled mass curve to develop the design hyetograph
Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design Dr. Sameer Shadeed
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Example 3
Find rainfall hyetograph for a 25-year, 24-hour duration SCS Type-III storm in Harris County using a one-hour time increment. From IDF curves, it was found that i = 0.417 in/hr for a 25year return period
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Find
Total 24-hour rainfall = 0.417*24 =10.01 in Cumulative fraction interpolate SCS table Cumulative rainfall = product of cumulative fraction * total 24-hour rainfall (10.01 in) Incremental rainfall = difference between current and preceding cumulative rainfall
If a hyetograph for less than 24 needs to be prepared, pick time intervals that include the steepest part of the type curve (to capture peak rainfall). For 3-hr pick 11 to 13, 6-hr pick 9 to 14 and so on.
Triangular Hyetograph Method

A triangle is a simple shape for a design hyetograph because once the design rainfall R and duration Td are known, the base length (Td) and height of the triangle are determined
ta Rainfall intensity, i
tb
r
h
ta Td
Td h R 2
from which
2R Td
Td
Time
ta: time before the peak r: storm advancement coefficient (r is available for various locations) tb: recession time = Td ta = (1-r)Td
Example 4
Determine the triangle rainfall hyetograph for the design of un urban storm sewer Harris County. The design return period is 25 years, and the design rainstorm duration has been set at 6 hours. The storm
advancement coefficient is r = 0.5. From IDF curves, it was found that i = 1.12 in/hr for a 25-year return period
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Find Total 6-hour rainfall, R = 1.12*6 = 6.72 in
h = 2R/Td = 2(6.72)/6 = 2.24 in/hr ta = rTd = 0.5(6) = 3 hrs

Rainfall intensity, in/hr
tb = Td - ta = 6 - 3 = 3 hrs
From the obtained triangle, values of rainfall intensity at regular intervals can be calculated and converted to rainfall depth for rainfall-runoff analysis for the storm sewer
50 Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design
3 hr
3 hr
2.24
6 hr
Time
Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Alternating Block Method

Given return period (Tr) and duration (Td), develop a hyetograph in Dt increments 1. Using Tr, find i for Dt, 2Dt, 3Dt,nDt using the IDF curve for the specified location 2. Using i compute R for Dt, 2Dt, 3Dt,nDt. This gives cumulative R. 3. Compute incremental rainfall from cumulative R. 4. Pick the highest incremental rainfall (maximum block) and place it in the middle of the hyetograph. Pick the second highest block and place it to the right of the maximum block, pick the third highest block and place it to the left of the maximum block, pick the fourth highest block and place it to the right of the maximum block (after second block), and so on until the last block.
Example 5
Determine, in 10 minute increments, the design rainfall hyetograph for a 2-hour storm with a 10-year return period. From IDF curves, it was found that the values of rainfall intensity for durations at intervals of 10 minutes are shown in column 2 of the next table
In column 6 the rainfall depths, are ordered so that the maximum block (0.693 in) falls at 50=60 min; the next largest block (0.308 in) is placed to the right of the maximum block, at 6070 min, the third largest block (0.178 in) is placed to the left of the maximum block (40-50 min), and so on (see figure in the next slide)
1 2 3 4 5 Duration Intensity Cumulative Incremental Time (min) (in/hr) Depth Depth (min) 10 4.158 0.693 0.693 0-10 20 3.002 1.001 0.308 10-20 30 2.357 1.178 0.178 20-30 40 1.943 1.296 0.117 30-40 50 1.655 1.379 0.084 40-50 60 1.443 1.443 0.063 50-60 70 1.279 1.492 0.050 60-70 80 1.149 1.533 0.040 70-80 90 1.044 1.566 0.033 80-90 100 0.956 1.594 0.028 90-100 110 0.883 1.618 0.024 100-110 120 0.820 1.639 0.021 110-120 53 Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design 6 Rainfall (in) 0.024 0.033 0.050 0.084 0.178 0.693 0.308 0.117 0.063 0.040 0.028 0.021 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
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Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Design Aerial Rainfall

Point rainfall estimates are extended to develop an average rainfall depth over an area Depth-area-duration analysis Prepare isohyetal maps from point rainfall for different durations Determine area contained within each isohyet Plot average rainfall depth vs. area for each duration
Depth-Area Curve
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Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP)

PMP Greatest depth of precipitation for a given duration that is physically possible and reasonably characteristic over a particular geographic region at a certain time of year Not completely reliable; probability of occurrence is unknown Variety of methods to estimate PMP 1. Application of storm models 2. Maximization of actual storms 3. Generalized PMP charts
Probable Maximum Flood (PMF)

PMF greatest flood to be expected assuming complete coincidence of all factors that would produce the heaviest rainfall (PMP) and maximum runoff Flood of unknown frequency From the economic viewpoint, it is usually prohibitive to design a structure for PMF, except for large spillways whose failure could lead to excessive damage and loss of life Most structures are designed for greatest floods that may be reasonably expected for local conditions (meteorology, topography, and hydrology) The design flood is commonly called standard project flood derived from standard project storm
Methods For Quantifying Analysis

There are several possible parameters to be determined in an urban hydrologic analysis, but most of most often they include peak flow, flow runoff volume or the complete runoff volume, hydrograph
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Peak Flows by Rational Method

The rational method is based on the idea that the rate of runoff for any storm depends on: The average intensity of the storm The size of the drainage area The type of drainage area surface It is based on the theory that for a rainfall of average intensity, I, falling over an impervious area of size A, the maximum rate of runoff at the outlet of the drainage area, Q, occurs when the whole area is contributing to the runoff at the same time

Q = C I A (english) or Q = 0.0028 C I A (metric) Where Q = peak flow (ft3/sec) or (m3/sec) A = drainage area (acres or hectares) C = runoff coefficient that represents the fraction of runoff to rainfall which depends on: Soil type Shape of drainage area Previous moisture conditions Slope of catchment Amount of impervious soil Land use

I = intensity of rainfall (in/hour or mm/hour) usually obtained from IDF curves for a specific return period under the assumption that the duration (tr) equals the time of concentration (tc). This is physically realistic because the time of concentration also is the time to equilibrium, at which time the whole catchment contribute to flow at the output. Thus, if tr < tc, then equilibrium would not be reached and it would be wrong to use the total area A. If tr > tc, then equilibrium would have been reached earlier and higher intensity should be used
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Example 6
A 175-acre rural drainage area consists of three different watershed areas as follows: Steep grassed areas = 50% Forested areas = 30% Cultivated fields = 20% For a storm intensity of 2.2 in/hr, what would be the runoff rate?
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The weighted runoff coefficient should first be determined for the whole drainage area. From the previous table, midpoint values for the different surface types are: Steep grassed areas = 0.6 Forested areas = 0.2 Cultivated fields = 0.3 Cw = 0.50.6+0.30.2+0.20.3 = 0.42 The storm intensity is 2.2 in/hr Thus, Q = 0.422.2175 = 162 ft3/sec
Example 7
Estimate the peak flow for a 25-year storm for an area of 20 acres. The overland flow distance is 125 ft and the average land slope is 2.5%. The land use for the drainage basin is 75% residential, multiple units, detached, and 25% lawns, sandy soil with an overall average slope of about 2.7%. A channel leading to the outlet is 1,550 ft long with a slope of 0.016 ft/ft. Mannings n value for the channel is 0.030. The channel is trapezoidal with a bottom width of 3 ft and side slopes of 2 ft vertical to 1 ft horizontal
C = (75% 0.5 + 25% 0.15)/100% = 0.41 The time of concentration = time of overland flow + time of the main channel For the overland flow: tc = 1.8(1.1 C)L0.5/S0.333 where tc is the time of overland flow in min, C = the rational coefficient, L = overland flow length in ft, and S surface slope in % tc = 1.8(1.1 0.41)1250.5/2.50.333 = 10.23 min
For the main channel and assuming a depth of 2 ft, R is calculated to be 1.071 ft Using Mannings equation: V = (1.49/n)R2/3S1/2 V = (1.49/0.03)(1.071)0.666(0.016)0.5 = 6.57 ft/s tf = L/V = 1,550/(6.57 60) = 3.93 min Total time of concentration is 10.23 + 3.93 = 14.16 min
From the IDF curve and using a time of concentration of 14 min for 25-year return period, the rainfall intensity is found to be 6.4 in/hr
Q = 0.41 6.4 20 = 52.48 cfs
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Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Regression of Runoff Vs. Rainfall

When measured rainfall and runoff data are available, it is common to regress the runoff against the rainfall If a linear equation is fit to the data, it will have the form R = CR(P-DS) CR(P Where R = runoff depth P = rainfall depth CR = slope of the fitted line (approximate runoff coefficient) DS = depression storage (depth)
Example 8
For an urban area, rainfall and runoff depths for ten monitored storms are listed in the following table. Use linear regression to fit the given data.
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Although the depression storage value of about 0.06 in. indicates that at least that much rain must fall before runoff is expected, the parameter is not significantly different from zero for this instance
This is typical of urban areas in which impervious land cover tend to generate some runoff even for small rainfall totals
Detention/Retention Storage
Detention storage involves determining or solving runoff, as in a reservoir, and then releasing it, typically over a period of from 24 to 72 hours In retention storage, runoff is not released downstream and is usually removed from the storage only by infiltration through a porous bottom or by evaporation Both types of storage are very common, although designed retention becomes less practical as the size of the drainage area increases The required retention basin volume should be based on an analysis of storm event volumes
Example 9
Given that the 5-yr storm event rainfall depth is approximately 8.18 in. Using the regression relationship developed in example 8 [runoff = runoff 0.308(rainfall-0.059)] to estimate the size of a 308(rainfall- 059) detention basin required to hold the runoff from a 5-yr storm for an urban area of 2230-ac
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Dr. Sameer Shadeed
runoff = 0.308(rainfall-0.059) 308(rainfall- 059) = 0.308(8.18-0.059) = 2.5 in. = 0.21 ft 308( 18- 059) in.
The required volume is the depth times the catchment area: volume = 0.21 ft 2230 ac 43560 ft3/ac = 2.04 107 ft3
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Dr. Sameer Shadeed

5551urban Hydrology and Hydro Logic Design

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An-Najah National University College of Graduate Studies

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Effect of Urbanization on Urban Runoff Hydrograph

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Effect of Urbanization on Mean Annual Flood

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Urban Drainage System

Urban Drainage System

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

The Engineering Problem in Urban Hydrology

Alternatives for Control of Urban Runoff Quantity

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Urban Catchment Description

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Rainfall Data Required for Urban Hydrology

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Sample of Tipping Bucket Rainfall Measurements

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

What rainfall event should we use?

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Time Series of Nablus Daily Rainfall

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Extreme Rainfall Events

Design Point Rainfall

Computation of Rainfall Depth and Intensity at a Point

Intensity Duration Frequency Relationships

Intensity Duration Frequency Relationships

Intensity versus Depth of Rainfall

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Rainfall Intensity and Corresponding Depth

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Rainfall Intensity Versus Duration

15-min duration min

0.46 0.48 0.33 0.71

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Rainfall Intensity versus Duration

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Interpretation of IDF Curves

Interpretation of IDF Curves

Development of IDF Curves

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Intensity Duration Frequency Curves

IDF Curves for Nablus

Urban Hydrology and Hydrologic Design

Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Formulas for IDF Curves