LTE and LTE Advanced

Daniel Garca-Als, Iain Stirling & Bob Stewart

www.steepestascent.com info@steepestascent.com

Europe & APAC 94 Duke Street Glasgow G4 0UW Scotland UK Tel and Fax +44 (0)141 552 8855

USA 200N. Westlake Blvd, #202 Westlake Village Los Angeles CA 91362, USA Tel +1 805 413 4127

3GPP Evolution

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LTE (Rel-8) General Requirements

Data rates (for a 20 MHz bandwidth): 100 Mbps in DL 50 Mbps in UL 5 bits/sec/Hz in DL 2.5 bits/sec/Hz in UL

Spectral efficiency associated to data rates shown above:

Latency smaller than 5 msec for small IP packets; Voice service: at least same quality as WCDMA/HSPA.

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LTE Rel-8 Technology

Harmonised TDD and FDD modes; OFDM Downlink and SC-FDMA Uplink; Adaptive modulation and coding using QPSK / 16QAM / 64QAM and Hybrid ARQ in both Uplink and Downlink; 2 or 4 transmit antennas in Downlink including spatial multiplexing:
2 or 4 antennas supported

precoding

2, 3 or 4 layers

UE

codebook

codebook selection suggestion (PMI)

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Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO)

Codebook based beamforming to multiple UEs simultaneously in the same time and frequency resources:
2 or 4 antennas supported
UE

2, 3 or 4 layers (shared resources)

beamform beamform

UE

codebook codebook

codebook selection suggestion (PMI) codebook selection suggestion (PMI)

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IMT Advanced Technologies

The following technologies were submitted to the ITU for consideration as IMT Advanced technologies: IEEE 802.16m (WirelessMAN-Advanced) 3GPP LTE Release 10 & beyond (LTE-Advanced)
Dec 2008 Dec 2009 Release 9 features Dec 2010

LTE-Advanced

LTE-R8

LTE-R9
TR 36.912 study proposing Release 10 features

LTE-R10
Release 10 features

meeting IMT-Advanced

Both technologies have now been approved as IMT Advanced technologies (October 2010).
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LTE Release 10 features

Carrier aggregation to give up to 100MHz bandwidth; Downlink transmission with 8 antennas and layers; Uplink multi-antenna transmission with up to 4 antennas; Relaying from Relay Nodes (RN) to eNB; Self Optimising Networks (SON) enhancements.

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LTE Rel-10 carrier aggregation

Multiple Component Carriers (CC) can be aggregrated for bandwidths up to 100MHz:
Rel 10 Rel 10

Rel 8

Rel 8

20MHz

20MHz

20MHz

20MHz

20MHz

20MHz

10MHz

20MHz

2.5MHz

Rel 10

Asymmetric uplink/downlink is not permitted for Release 10, but it is planned to be supported in the future.
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LTE Rel-10 Downlink spatial multiplexing

Up to 8 transmit antennas and 8 spatial layers; Codebook based spatial multiplexing extended to 4 layers per Transport Block (here we show 3 layer per TB example):

8 antennas
beamform beamform beamform beamform beamform precoding

layer map

6 layers

UE

2 codewords

codebook

codebook selection suggestion (PMI)

Mapping for up to 4 layers is Release 8 compatible. Channel State Information RS (CSI-RS) supports 8 antennas.
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layer demap

LTE Rel-10 UE-specific beamforming

Up to 8 transmit antennas and 8 spatial layers; 8-layer non codebook based spatial multiplexing (ports 7 to 14):

8 antennas
beamform beamform beamform beamform beamform beamform

layer map

6 layers

UE

2 codewords

arbitrary beamforming vectors

layer demap 10

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LTE Rel-10 Uplink spatial multiplexing

Support for up to 4 layers, 2 per codeword with codebook based precoding:
2 or 4 antennas supported precoding

2, 3 or 4 layers

UE

codebook

DCI format 4 message

DCI format 4 (multi-antenna PUSCH scheduling) indicates the codebook entry to use, as well as MCS for the 1st and 2nd codeword.
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LTE Release 11
LTE Advanced study evaluated Co-ordinated Multi-point transmission and reception: Joint Processing Coordinated Multipoint (JP-CoMP) Co-ordinated scheduling / co-ordinated beamforming (CS/SB)

LTE Rel 10 does not introduced any standardised support for CoMP; CSI-RS design for Rel 10 was designed to allow for accurate inter-cell measurements to aid CoMP; Release 11 includes a study on standardised CoMP support: Co-ordination support on X2 interface; CSI feedback about a DL, reported to another eNodeB; Remote Radio Heads (RRH) that arent full cells, but participate in multi-site CoMP under control of one cell.
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Co-ordinated Multipoint: JP-CoMP

Joint Processing Coordinated Multipoint (JP-CoMP): data available at multiple cells. Two techniques: Multiple eNBs transmit to one UE using UE-specific reference signals:
UE

layer map

1 codeword

beamform

co-ordination arbitrary beamforming vector

beamform

arbitrary beamforming vector

eNB selection per transmission (UE connected to multiple eNB).

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combining

Co-ordinated Multipoint: CS/CB-CoMP

Co-ordinated scheduling / co-ordinated beamforming (CS/SB): Data only available at one eNB; eNBs jointly decide scheduling of transmission in time, frequency and space:
combining

layer map

beamform

PMI/CQI/RI

UE

1 codeword

PMI/CQI/RI

arbitrary beamforming vectors

co-ordination

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LTE Advanced Spectral Efficiency (TS36.912)

Urban micro (1km cells, outdoor to indoor):
Scheme and antenna configuration MU-MIMO 4 x 2 (C) MU-MIMO 4 x 2 (A) CS/CB-CoMP 4 x 2 (C) JP-CoMP 4 x 2 (C) MU-MIMO 8 x 2 (C/E) ITU Requirement (Ave./Edge) 2.6 / 0.075 2.6 / 0.075 2.6 / 0.075 2.6 / 0.075 2.6 / 0.075 Number of samples 8 3 5 1 4 Cell average [b/s/Hz/cell] L =1 3.5 3.4 3.6 4.5 4.2 L=2 3.2 3.1 3.3 4.1 3.8 L=3 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.7 3.5 Cell edge [b/s/Hz] L=1 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.14 0.15 L=2 0.096 0.11 0.099 0.13 0.14 L=3 0.087 0.099 0.089 0.12 0.13

Urban macro (5km cells, outdoor to vehicular):

Scheme and antenna configuration MU-MIMO 4 x 2 (C) CS/CB-CoMP 4 x 2 (C) JP-CoMP 4 x 2 (A) CS/CB-CoMP 8 x 2 (C) ITU Requirement (Ave./Edge) 2.2 / 0.06 2.2 / 0.06 2.2 / 0.06 2.2 / 0.06 Num ber of sam ples 7 6 1 3 Cell average [b/s/Hz/cell] L=1 L=2 L=3 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.8 2.6 2.6 2.7 3.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 3.2 Cell edge [b/s/Hz] L=1 0.079 0.081 0.080 0.10 L=2 0.073 0.074 0.073 0.093 L=3 0.066 0.067 0.066 0.084

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TS36.912 antenna geometry assumptions

(A) Uncorrelated co-polarized: co-polarized antennas separated 4 wavelengths: illustration for 4 Tx: | | | | (B) Grouped co-polarized: Two groups of co-polarized antennas. 10 wavelengths between center of each group. 0.5 wavelength separation within each group: illustration for 4 Tx: || || (C) Correlated co-polarized: 0.5 wavelengths between antennas: illustration for 4 Tx: |||| (D) Uncorrelated cross-polarized: columns with +-45deg linearly polarized antennas, columns separated 4 wavelengths: illustration for 4 Tx: X X (E) Correlated cross-polarized: columns with +-45deg linearly polarized antennas, columns separated 0.5 wavelengths: illustration for 4 Tx: XX

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