A neglected intellectual, practical resource in nation building

Binabaliwa ba o di-masyadong nararamdaman ang presensiya? Ang tanong ng karamihan? Ano ba ang antropologo? Sino at nasaan ang mga antropologo? Anu-ano ang ginagawa at kontribusyon nila sa sambayanan?

Addresses the question of human being

Who and what we are, where we come from,

what we do and why we do what we do? Anthropos (man/humans) + logos (study) Kung saan may mga tao, doon din ang aghamtao

BIO ANTHRO

LINGUISTIC ANTHRO

ANTHRO

ARCHEOLOGY

CULTURAL ANTHRO

Paleoanthro BIO ANTHRO Primatology Human evolution Population genetics Human variation Osteology/anatomy Anthropometry Forensic

LINGUISTIC ANTHRO

ANTHRO

ARCHEOLOGY

CULTURAL ANTHRO

BIO ANTHRO Prehistoric archeo

LINGUISTIC ANTHRO

ANTHRO

Historical archeo Ethnoarcheology Experimental Museology/Cultural Resource Management

ARCHEOLOGY

CULTURAL ANTHRO

Reconstruct human history via remains of the past

BIO ANTHRO

LINGUISTIC ANTHRO

ANTHRO

ARCHEOLOGY

Medical, Economic, Political, Geography, Psychological, CULTURAL ANTHRO Educational, [Extant cultures via Comparative religion, ethnohistory, ethnography, ethnology] Folklore & Arts, Gender & ethnicity

BIO ANTHRO

LINGUISTIC ANTHRO history, structure, function, physiology of human language

ANTHRO

ARCHEOLOGY

Historical Structural/descriptive Sociolinguistics Semiotics Hermeneutics

CULTURAL ANTHRO

Paleoanthro Primatology Population genetics Osteology/anatomy Anthropometry Forensic

BIO ANTHRO Human evolution Human variation

Prehistoric archeo Historical archeo Ethnoarcheology Experimental Museology/Cultural Resource Management

LINGUISTIC ANTHRO history, structure, function, physiology of human language

ANTHRO

Historical CULTURAL ANTHRO Structural/descriptive Extant cultures via Sociolinguistics ethnohistory, Semiotics/hermeneutics

ethnography, ethnology

ARCHEOLOGY Reconstruct human history via remains of the past Medical anthro Economic, Political, Geography, Psychological, Educational, Comparative religion, Folklore & Arts, Gender & ethnicity, etc.

Trans-disciplinary in character Draws on the natural and social sciences as well as on the humanities Bio anthro: human evolution and human

variation Archeology: memories of our distant and not so distant past Linguistic anthro: symbolic realm Cultural anthro: ways of life

Holistic :

involves the biological, social and

cultural aspects of human adaptability what it is to be human Anthro is the most scientific among the humanities and most humanistic among the sciences (Wolf, )

Has a tool kit, itself evolving - concepts, theories and methodologies to address questions of human adaptability at the individual, group and global level taking into account biological, social and cultural dimensions of being human Discursive: madaling maging tao (homonization), mahirap magpakatao (humanization)

MA/PhD in Anthro: U.P. Diliman

CORE COURSES: 18 UNITS (PhD:42 units) Anthro 202 - Historical Foundations in Physical Anthropology Anthro 212 - World Archaeology (Prehistory) Anthro 270 - Seminar in Anthropological Linguistics Anthro 224 - World Ethnography Anthro 292 - Seminar in Anthropological Theory Anthro 297 - Seminar in Research Design and Methods Anthro 400 Doctoral Dissertation (12 units)

MA/PhD in Anthro: U.P. Diliman

OTHER COURSES: 18 UNITS (PhD:42 units): Physical Anthro: Anthro 203 - Seminar in Primate Behaviour Anthro 205 - Readings in Physical Anthropology Anthro 298 - Research Design & Methods in Physical Anthropology Archeology: Anthro 215 - Philippine Archaeology Anthro 216 - Fieldwork in Philippine Archaeology Anthro 217 - Seminar in Southeast Asian Archaeology Anthro 218 - Seminar in Philippine Prehistory Anthro 219 - Special Problems in Museology Linguistic Anthro: Anthro 270 - Seminar in Anthropological Linguistics

MA/PhD in Anthro: U.P. Diliman

Anthro 223 - Philippine Ethnic Groups Anthro 226 - Seminar in Comparative Kinship Systems Anthro 235 - Seminar in Culture and Population Anthro 236 - Seminar in Economic Organization and Cultural Behaviour Anthro 246 - Seminar in Political Anthropology

Cultural Anthro:
Anthro 225 - Philippine Culture and Society Anthro 232 - Seminar in Ecological Anthropology Anthro 245 - Research in Philippine Customary Law & Political System Anthro 251 - Seminar in Religious Systems

Anthro 261 - Asian Traditions

Anthro 265 - Field Research in Philippine Folklore Anthro 266 - Seminar in Asian Folk Traditions

Anthro 262 - Seminar in Myths and Rituals Anthro 267 - Medical Anthropology
Anthro 269 - Asian Folklore

MA/PhD in Anthro: U.P. Diliman

Cultural Anthro: Anthro 273 - Seminar in Urban Anthropology System

Anthro 274 - Village Community Anthro 275 - Seminar in Problems of Contemporary Culture Change

Anthro 277 - Seminar in Development Anthropology

Anthro 278 - Special Problems in Philippine Cultural Anthropology Anthro 280 - Special Problems in Philippine Communities Anthro 282 - Seminar in Culture and Personality

Anthro 287 - Sex & Culture

Anthro 291 - Special Problems in Asian Anthropology Anthro 293 - Seminar in Structural Anthropology

Anthro 295 - Special Problems in Philippine Studies & Oceanic Anthro

Anthro 299 - Independent Studies

Actual course covers other disciplines U.P. curriculum carries the 4 fields (American tradition) Some other higher educational institutions carry the same

(Ateneo, University of San Carlos, Silliman, Technological University of the Philippines)

Contribution to Research: Field Work The Field is where human beings are:
Schools/Universities Archeological sites The laboratory The village/local community Other human groupings The global village The virtual community

And the field used to be archaeological sites, little villages, usually kin-ordered, and relatively isolated from the outside world. Thus, it came to pass that fieldwork, along with its methods of learning the local language, protracted participantobservation, photography, etc. became the rite of passage of anthropologists.

But the field has expanded to wherever there are human groups and that includes the global village and the virtual community of netizens, with new methods that include googling, not to mention ogling

Trains you to stop, look and listen Trains you to connect the dots with the obvious and the taken-for-granted as well as the hidden Trains you to see the small and the large, the short and the long term, and everything in between

Trains you to dig up the past to understand the present and peer into the future; Trains you to imagine anthropologically and to act realistically and ethically; These are large claims, and so it must be made clear that anthropology cannot do these things by itself; it needs to collaborate, as it actually does, with other disciplines

An anthropologist must be scientifically objective (truthful) and relevant to the national and community goals; sincere to the host community and obliged to explain to them the objectives and implications of his research; to listen to criticism by his host community of the research he/she has conducted; and eventually to provide them a copy of his/her work, ideally in their language, for the host community to be the final arbiter of the validity of his/her work.

An anthropologist doing research has the obligation to make available the results of research data only to the host community, but also to the larger community.

The anthropologist has the right and the obligation to criticize unethical practices of fellow anthropologists and other individuals and institutions that affect the practice of anthropology (Art. 2, sec. 2 UGAT Constitution and ByLaws, 1978)

Where human beings are, there shall anthropology be Kung saan may mga tao, doon din ang aghamtao

School/Theory Major assumptions

Evolutionism Diffusionism

Principal advocate s All societies pass through a series of stages Tylor, Morgan All societies change as a result of cultural Smith, borrowing from one another;culture circles Perry, as sources of diffusion (German-Austrian Graebner, School); Egypt as the origin of all cultural Schmidt traits (British school)

Historicism

All societies are product of their own particular Boas, histories and experiences; Kroeber The collection of ethnographic facts through direct fieldwork must precede the development of cultural theories

Functionalism Sought to understand how parts of Malinowski contemporary cultures functioned for the well-being of the individual (and society) 3 types of individual needs: basic needs (food, sex, protection) instrumental needs (education, law, social control) integrative needs (psychological security, social harmony and common worldview)

StructuralThe task of anthropologist is to determine Radcliffefunctionalism how cultural elements function for the well- Brown being of society (social functions rather than indiv functions) Used social structure as a unit of analysis (network of relations found within a group of people) Viewed anthro as comparative sociology

Structuralism Human cultures are shaped by certain preprogrammed codes of the human mind
(LS own version of the psychic unity of humankind);

LeviStrauss

Seeks explanations in the human mind

One of the basic tenets of human mind is it is programmed to think in binary opposites; Directs relationship between culture and cognition; Draws on a linguistic model; View human behavior from a rational perspective.

Psychological The central task of anthropologist is to show Benedict, anthropology the relationship between psychological and Sapir, (Culture and cultural variables; Mead Personality) Looked at child-rearing practices and personality from a cross-cultural perspective; Child-rearing help shape the personality structure of an individual which in turn influences the culture ( interactive relationship between child-rearing practices, personality structure and culture).

Cultural Material conditions determine human consciousness and Harris materialism behavior; Study material constraints that arise from the universal needs of producing food, technology, tools and shelter as distinguished from mental constraints (values, ideas, religion, arts); See material constraints as the primary causal factors accounting for cultural variations; Relies heavily on etic research methodology; . Share common ideas with Marx (materialist interpretation) but rejects the Marxist notion of dialectic materialism which calls for destroying capitalism and empowering the working class; No political agenda but to the scientific study of culture

Interpretative Human behavior stems from the way people perceive Geertz anthropology and classify the world around them. At the opposite end of cultural materialism, argues that the way people perceive (and classify) those objective conditions are the most significant factors in human behavior (satisfaction of human needs vs ideas, values, satisfaction of social relationships); See cultural anthro more as a humanistic enterprise rather than as a scientific one and finds affinity with art and literature than with biology and psychology; Idiographic in approach not to generate laws but to focus on cultural description, literature, folklore, myths and symbols.

Interpretative Human behavior stems from the way people perceive Geertz anthropology and classify the world around them. At the opposite end of cultural materialism, argues that the way people perceive (and classify) those objective conditions are the most significant factors in human behavior (satisfaction of human needs vs ideas, values, satisfaction of social relationships); See cultural anthro more as a humanistic enterprise rather than as a scientific one and finds affinity with art and literature than with biology and psychology; Idiographic in approach not to generate laws but to focus on cultural description, literature, folklore, myths and symbols.

Neoevolutionism Cultures evolve in direct proportion to their capacity to White harness energy. White : C = E x T Culture evolves as the amount of energy harnessed per capita per year increases or as the efficiency of the means of putting energy to work is increased (1959: 368-69) ; Cultural evolution is caused by advancing levels of technology and a cultures capacity to capture energy Cultural ecology/ Steward: distinguished between 3 different types of Steward Multilinear evolutionary thought that is unilinear evolution or stages Evolution model (Tylor, Morgan), universal evolution or cultural laws (White), multilinear evolution (Steward) which focuses on the evolution of specific cultures without assuming that all cultures follow the same evolutionary process

EthnoScience The ethnographer must describe a culture Sturtevant, in terms of native categories (emic view) Goodenough rather than in terms of his/her own categories (etic view) Same approach as structuralism but differ in method Culture is described by how it is perceived, ordered and categorized by the members of that culture rather than by the impositions of the ethnographer

Researches in:
Prehistory/history (Tabon man, Balangay) Material cultures (lithic, pottery, ceramics) Health and diseases (IKSP, HIV/AIDS, drug abuse, malaria,

pranic healing, diet, etc.) Development (issues and approaches) Environment (biodiversity conservation, climate change) Indigenous Peoples cultures (Aytas/Agtas/Ati, Mangyans, Igorots, Lumads, etc.) Comparative religion Gender Cyber-culture

PEOPLES RIGHTS ( IPs, urban poor, peasants, children and women) NATIONALISM (Anthropologists as revolutionaries, activists, change agents, academicians) POLICY REFORMS (consultants, trainers, researchers of GOs/NGOs/International Orgs) BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION (protection and management of biological and cultural resources) KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION (research and publications)

The Big Picture: the beginning of new geologic age, the Anthropocene Epoch Previous epoch of the Earth primarily affected biological evolution including human evolution and adaptability

In the epoch of Anthropocene, human beings, instead of simply being affected by the way the Earth works, are themselves already affecting how the Earth works This change in the dominance of large- scale and secular changes by human agency, challenges anthropology to continually address the question of bio-cultural change and evolution as an unconscious process and as an intentional human practice

The small picture

the human individual responding as a conscious agent

Everything in between
Dynamics of the varieties of human groupings

wherever they are found