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Chapter 3 The derivative
3.1 The Derivative and Rates of Change
Denition: The derivative of a function f is the function f

dened by
f

(x) = lim
h0
f(x + h) f(x)
h
for all x where the limit exists.
(insert graph of the above idea)
Remark: Geometric Interpretation of the derivative
Note that let x = a, in the above denition, we then have
f

(a) = lim
h0
f(a + h) f(a)
h
i.e. f

(a) is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at the point (a, f(a)), So
y f(a) = f

(a) (x a) is the equation of the tangent line. Here a is x coordinate

of the tangent point.
Dierentiating a given function f by direct evaluation of the limit in the denition
involves carrying out four steps:
1). Write the denition equation of the derivative.
2).Substitute the expression f(x+h) and f(x) as determined by the perticular function
f.
3). Simplify the result by algebraic methods until it is possible to ..
4). Apply appropriate limit laws to nally evaluate the limit.
Example 1 Let f(x) =
x
x + 3
,
(a) Compute f

(x)
(b) Find the equation of the tangent line at (0,f(0)).
Remark Even when the function f is rather simple, this four-step process for computing
f

directly from the denition of the derivative can be time consuming. Also, Step 3 may
require considerable ingenuity. Moreover, it would be very repetitious to continue to
rely on this process. To avoid tedium, we want a fast, easy, short method for computing
f

.
This is the focus of this chapter: the development of systematic methods (rules)
for dierentiating those functions that occur most frequently. Such functions include
polynomials, rational functions, the trigonometric functions sin x and cos x, and combi-
nations of such functions.
Rule If f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c, Then
f

(x) = 2ax + b
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Proof. (given in section 2.1)
Example 2
a) f(x) = 3x
2
4x + 5, f

(x)=?
b) g(t) = 2t 5t
2
, g

(t)=?
(relation between the graph of f and f

) see homework P117 30-35.

(see also Example 8 in textbook)
Dierential Notation
An important alternative notation is to write x in place of h, and
y = f(x + x) f(x)
for the resulting change in y. The The dierential quotient
f(x + h) f(x)
h
=
y
x
,
where the y means the change in y, and the x means the change in x. So
f

(x) = lim
h0
f(x + h) f(x)
h
= lim
x0
y
x
=
dy
dx
and f

(a) =
dy
dx
|
x=a
Example 2 (cont.) try these notation
a)
dy
dx
= 6x 4, so
dy
dx
|
x=1
= 2
b) denote z = 2t 5t
2
,
dz
dt
= 2 10t,
dz
dt
|
t=1
= 8
Remark The benet of using the Dierential Notation is that they mark out which the
independent variable, which is the dependent variable.
f(x), f

(x): f is the function name and f

denote its derivative.

dy
dx
: Dierential Notation. As x changes, y changes. x is independent variable, y is
dependent on x.
f

(x) and
dy
dx
are used almost interchangeably in mathematics, so we need to be familiar
with both version of notation.
We also need to know that
dy
dx
is a simbol representing the derivative. It is not the
quotient of two seperate quantities.
(relation between the graph of f and f

) see homework P117 30-35.

(see also Example 8 in textbook)
Core Problems
P116: 5, 3, 9, 11, 15, 17, 19,30-35.
Find the equation of the tangent lines at (1,f(1)) for 11, 15,17,19.
Rates of change
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Suppose that Q is a quantity that varies with time t, and write Q = f(t) for the value
of Q at time t. For example, Q might be
The size of a population (such as kangaroos, people, or bacterria)
The distance traveled t hours after the beginning of the journey
The volume of a balloon being inated
(more in the book)
Denition
(1) The average rate of change of Q from time t to t + t is the ratio
Q
t
=
f(t + t) f(t)
t
(2) The (instantaneous) rate of change of Q at time t is
lim
t0
Q
t
= lim
t0
f(t + t) f(t)
t
Observe that the left hand side of the equation is exactly f

(t). Hence the instantaneous

rate of change of Q = f(t) is
dQ
dt
= f

(t)
Remark: additional important conclusion
Because a positive slope corresponds to a rising tangent line and a negative slope cor-
responds to a falling tangent line, we say that
Q is increasing at time t if
dQ
dt
> 0
Q is decreasing at time t if
dQ
dt
< 0
Example 1 A cylindrical tank has a vertical axis and is initially lled with 600 gal of
water. The tank takes 60 min to empty after a drain in its bottom is opened. Suppose
that the drain is opened at time t = 0. Suppose that the volume V of the water remaining
in the tank after t mimutes is
V (t) =
1
6
(60 t)
2
= 600 20t +
1
6
t
2
gallons.
Part1: Find the instantaneous rate at which water is owing out of the tank at time
t = 15(min) and at time t = 45(min)
Part2: Find the average rate at which water ows out of the tank during the half hour
from t = 15 and t = 45.
Sol: The instantaneous rate of change of the volume V (t) of water in the tank is given
by the derivative
dV
dt
= 20 +
1
3
t
At the instant t = 15 and t = 45 we obtain
V

(15) = 20 +
1
3
15 = 15
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V

(45) = 20 +
1
3
45 = 5
The average rate of change of the volume V (t) is
V
t
=
V (45) V (15)
45 15
=
1
6
(60 45)
2

1
6
(60 15)
2
45 15
=
300
30
Remark: note that all these rate of change are negative. This is consistent with the
fact that V is a decreasing function of t
Velocity
(1) position function
Suppose that a moving particles location x at time t is given by a position function
x = f(t).
(2) average velocity from time a to b
x
t
=
f(b) f(a)
b a
average velocity from time t to t + t
x
t
=
f(t + t) f(t)
t
(3)(instantaneous) velocity at time t
v(t) = lim
t0
x
t
= lim
t0
f(t + t) f(t)
t
Notice that the limit on the right in the above equation is the denition of the derivative
of t at time t. Therefore,
v(t) =
dx
dt
= f

(t).
Velocity is the instantaneous rate of change of position.
Example 2 If a ball is thrown vertically upward from the roof of 64 foot building with
a velocity of 96 ft/sec, its height after t seconds is s(t) = 64 + 96t 16t
2
. What is the
maximum height the ball reaches? What is the velocity of the ball when it hits the
ground (height 0)?
Remark: at the beginning, when t = 0, the height function s(t), which is the position
function is increasing, and its velocity function v(t) = s

(t) = 96 32t is positive As

time t grow bigger, s(t) will reach its highest point. Then, it will become a decreasing
function, its derivative v(t) will become negative. Since v(t) is a continuous function,
it will not jump from positive to negative. At certain time t, we will have v(t) = 0 and
that is when s(t) reach its biggest value.
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Sol:
The instantaneous velocity at time t of the ball is v(t) = s

(t) = 96 32t. when v(t) = 0

the ball will reach its maximum height. So solve 96 32t = 0 will give the time t.
96 32t = 0
32t = 96
t = 3
since s(t) = 64 + 96t 16t
2
and the maximum value of s(t) is when t = 3 we know the
maximum value is s(3) = 64 + 96 3 16 3
2
= 208.
When the ball hits the ground, the height function (position function) s(t) = 0, i.e.
64 + 96t 16t
2
= 0, solve this for t.
64 + 96t 16t
2
= 0
16t
2
+ 96t + 64 = 0
t
2
6t 4 = 0
t =
6

36+414
2
t =
6+

36+414
2
since t > 0
t =
6+

52
2
The velocity at this moment is v(
6+

52
2
) = 96 32
6+

52
2
= 16

52
Remark: Negative velocity means the direction of the ball is downward when it hits the
ground.
Core problems P118: (note the hint before problem 44) 41,42(sketch graph),52,53
P117: 21,23,25,27,29,39.
some hints:
42: P(t) = 100(1 + 0.3t + 0.04t
2
).
How long does it take for this population to double its initial size is asking when t=?
will P(t) = 2P(0). That is we need to solve 100(1 + 0.3t + 0.04t
2
) = 2 100.
39: position function x(t) = 100t 5t
2
. so the velocity function is
dx
dt
= 100 10t. When
the car comes to a stop, the velocity should be 0.
General Rates of Changes
If we have Q = f(t), then the average rate of change from time t to t + t is the ratio
Q
t
=
f(t + t) f(t)
t
and the (instantaneous) rate of change of Q at time t is
lim
t0
Q
t
= lim
t0
f(t + t) f(t)
t
=
dQ
dt
If we have y = f(x), the average rate of change with respect to x from x to x + x is
the ratio
y
x
=
f(x + x) f(t)
x
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and the (instantaneous) rate of change of y at x is
lim
x0
y
x
= lim
x0
f(x + x) f(x)
x
=
dy
dx
Remark: Notice that we added the with respect to. Very often the independent
variable in the problem is not time t, or x.
Example 7(a) Find the rate of change of the area A of a square with respect to its
edge length x.
Sol: Since A = x
2
, the rate of change A with respect to x is
dA
dx
= 2x.
Example 7(b) (Continue the problem in Example 7(a).) If the edge length x is changing
with time t, say x = 2t + 3. Find the rate of change of A with respect to t at t = 1.
Sol: If we want to nd the rate of change of A with respect to t, we need to nd the
relationship between A and t.
Since A = x
2
, and x = 2t + 3, we then have A = (2t + 3)
3
= 4t
2
+ 12t + 9.
So,
dA
dt
= 8t + 12
and
dA
dt
|
t=1
= 8 + 12 = 20.
P118: 36 The Celsius temperature C is given in terms of the Fahrenheit temperature
F by C =
5
9
(F 32). Find the rate of change of C with respect to F and the rate of
change of F with respect to C.
Core problems P118: 37,44(note hint), 45,47, 50,51.
3.2 Basic Dierentiation Rules
Denition
f is dierentiable at x if f

(x) exists.
f is dierentiable if f is dierentiable at each point of its domain.
Notation If y = f(x) then
y

= f

(x) =
dy
dx
=
df(x)
dx
= D
x
f(x)
The Dierentiation Rules
1)The constant rule: The derivative of a constant
If f(x) = c (a constant) for all x, then f

(x) = 0.
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For example, if f(x) = 9, then f

(x) = 0
2)The power rule: The derivative of a power function
If f(x) = x
n
, then f

(x) = nx
n1
.
For example, if f(x) = x, then f

(x) = 1
If f(x) = x
2
, f

(x) = 2x.
If f(x) = x
3
, f

(x) = 3x
2
If f(x) =

x(= x
1
2
), f

(x) =
1
2
x

1
2
which is equivalent to f(x) =
1
2

x
3) The derivative of a linear combination
A linear combination of the functions f and g is a function of the form af +bg where a
and b are constants. For example, 3f +8g is a linear combination of f and g. 9g +10f
is also a linear combination of f and g.
If we know the limit of f(x) and g(x) at point x = c, then we can nd the limit of
af(x) + bg(x) at the point x = c. since
lim
xc
af(x) + bg(x) = a lim
xc
f(x) + b lim
xc
g(x)
This is called the linear property of the limit operation. Recall that the derivative is
also dened by limits.
If h(x) = af(x) + bg(x), where a and b are xed real numbers, then
h

(x) = af

(x) + bg

(x)
For example, we know if we have f(x) = x
4
, g(x) = x
2
,
then (by the power rule)f

(x) = 4x
3
, g

(x) = 2x.
So if we let h(x) = x
4
+ x
2
, h

(x) = ? or p(x) = 3x
4
+ 7x
2
, p

(x) =?
Notice h(x) is a linear combination of f(x) and g(x), we know its derivative is also a
linear combination of f

(x) and g

(x).
h

(x) = f

(x) + g

(x) = 4x
3
+ 2x. and
p

(x) = 3f

(x) + 7g

(x) = 3 4x
3
+ 7 2x = 12x
3
+ 14x
Question: what is b = 0 in the linear combination af + bg, what is the derivative
of af(x) ?
4) The derivative of a polynomial function
The above examples are actually both polynomials. To sum up our nding, we see
Let
p(x) = a
n
x
n
+ a
n1
x
n1
+ + a
2
x
2
+ a
1
x + a
0
then
p

(x) = na
n
x
n1
+ (n 1)a
n1
x
n2
+ + 2a
2
x + a
1
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For example, let p(x) = 2x
3
7x
2
+ 3x + 4,
its derivative is p

(x) = 6x
2
14x + 3.
Example4. Write an equation for the straight line that is tangent to the graph of
y = 2x
3
7x
2
+ 3x + 4 at the point (1,2).
Sol. First we compute the derivative
dy
dx
= 6x
2
14x + 3.
At point (1,2), the tangent line has slope
dy
dx
|
x=1
= 6 14 + 3 = 5.
With the point (1,2) and slope -5, we can nd point-slope formula of the equation of
the tangent line: y 2 = 5(x 1), i.e. y = 5x + 7.
5)Product rule: The derivative of the product of two functions
Let h(x) = f(x)g(x), then h

(x) = f

(x)g(x) + f(x)g

(x).
To write it more briey, (fg)

= f

g + fg

.
Example 6. Find the derivative of f(x) = (1 4x
3
)(3x
2
5x + 2) without rst
multiplying out the two factors.
Sol.
f

(x) = (1 4x
3
)

(3x
2
5x + 2) + (1 4x
3
)(3x
2
5x + 2)

= (12x
2
)(3x
2
5x + 2) + (1 4x
3
)(6x 5)
= 60x
4
+ 80x
3
24x
2
+ 6x 5
6)the Quotient rule: the derivative of the quotient of two functions
If f and g are dierentiable at x and f(x) = 0, then g/f is dierentiable at x and
(
g(x)
f(x)
)

=
g

(x)f(x) g(x)f

(x)
[f(x)]
2
Reciprocal rule: the derivative of the reciprocal of a function.
If f is dierentiable at x and f(x) = 0, then (
1
f(x)
)

=
f

(x)
[f(x)]
2
Example 9. Find z

(t) =
dz
dt
where z is given by z =
1 t
3
1 + t
4
Sol.
dz
dt
=
(1 t
3
)

(1 + t
4
) (1 t
3
)(1 + t
4
)

(1 + t
4
)
2
=
(3t
2
)(1 + t
4
) (1 t
3
)(4t
3
)
(1 + t
4
)
2
=
t
6
4t
3
3t
2
(1 + t
4
)
2
Theorem 5 Power rule for a negative integer n.
If n is a negative integer, then D
x
x
n
= nx
n1
.
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Example 8
D
x
_
5x
4
6x+7
2x
2
_
= D
x
(
5
2
x
2
3x
1
+
7
2
x
2
)
=
5
2
(2x) 3(x
2
) +
7
2
(2x
3
) = 5x +
3
x
2

7
x
3
To sum up,
1)The constant rule: If f(x) = c (a constant) for all x, then f

(x) = 0.
2)The power rule: If f(x) = x
n
, then f

(x) = nx
n1
.
3)The derivative of a linear combination If h(x) = af(x) + bg(x), where a and b are
xed real numbers, then h

(x) = af

(x) + bg

(x)
4) The derivative of a polynomial function Let p(x) = a
n
x
n
+a
n1
x
n1
+
.
.
.+a
2
x
2
+a
1
x+a
0
then p

(x) = na
n
x
n1
+ (n 1)a
n1
x
n2
+
.
.
. + 2a
2
x + a
1
5)Product rule: (fg)

= f

g + fg

.
6)the Quotient rule: If f and g are dierentiable at x and f(x) = 0, then g/f is dier-
entiable at x and (
g(x)
f(x)
)

=
g

(x)f(x) g(x)f

(x)
[f(x)]
2
Core Problem: P128: 1,3,13,19,35,27,31,15, 43,45.
Proof for the basic dierentiation rules
Now lets prove these basic dierentiation rules:
1)The constant rule: If f(x) = c (a constant) for all x, then f

(x) = 0.
Proof. Because f(x + h) = c, f(x) = c, we have
f

(x) = lim
h0
f(x + h) f(x)
h
= lim
h0
c c
h
= lim
h0
0
h
= 0
2)The power rule: If f(x) = x
n
, then f

(x) = nx
n1
.
Proof. For a positive integer n, the identity
b
n
a
n
= (b a)(b
n1
+ b
n2
a + b
n3
a
2
+ + ba
n2
+ a
n1
)
is easy to verify by multiplication. Thus if b = a, then
b
n
a
n
(b a)
= b
n1
+ b
n2
a + b
n3
a
2
+ + ba
n2
+ a
n1
Because each of the n terms on the right-hand side approaches a
n1
as b a, this tells
us that
lim
ba
b
n
a
n
b a
= na
n1
(apply power law, sum law of limits). Now let b = x + h and a = x, so that h = b a.
Then h 0 as b a. and hence
f

(x) = lim
h0
(x + h)
n
x
n
h
= nx
n1
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This proves the power rule.
3)The derivative of a linear combination will be left as a homework problem.
4) The derivative of a polynomial function
is a direct conclusion from 1) 2) 3).
5)Product rule: suppose f and g are both dierentiable functions, and let h(x) =
f(x)g(x) then h

(x) = f

(x)g(x) + f(x)g

(x).
Proof. We use an add and subtract device.
h

(x) = lim
h0
h(x + h) h(x)
h
= lim
h0
f(x + h)g(x + h) f(x)g(x)
h
= lim
h0
f(x + h)g(x + h) f(x)g(x + h) + f(x)g(x + h) f(x)g(x)
h
= lim
h0
f(x + h)g(x + h) f(x)g(x + h)
h
+ lim
h0
f(x)g(x + h) f(x)g(x)
h
= lim
h0
[f(x + h) f(x)]g(x + h)
h
+ lim
h0
f(x)[g(x + h) g(x)]
h
= lim
h0
f(x + h) f(x)
h
lim
h0
g(x + h) + f(x) lim
h0
g(x + h) g(x)
h
= f

(x)g(x) + f(x)g

(x)
In this proof we used the sum law and product law for limits, the denition of f

(x) and
g

(x), and the fact

lim
h0
g(x + h) = g(x).
This equation is true because g is dierentiable.
Remark Dierentiable = continuous. The converse is not true.
6)Reciprocal rule:
If f is dierentiable at x and f(x) = 0, then (
1
f(x)
)

=
f

(x)
[f(x)]
2
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Proof. Let h(x) =
1
f(x)
, then
h

(x) = lim
h0
h(x + h) h(x)
h
= lim
h0
1
h
_
1
f(x + h)

1
f(x)
_
= lim
h0
1
h
f(x) f(x + h)
f(x + h)f(x)
= lim
h0
f(x) f(x + h)
h
1
f(x + h)f(x)
= lim
h0
f(x) f(x + h)
h
lim
h0
1
f(x + h)f(x)
= lim
h0
f(x + h) f(x)
h
lim
h0
1
f(x + h)f(x)
= f

(x)
1
[f(x)]
2
The Quotient rule: If f and g are dierentiable at x and f(x) = 0, then g/f is dieren-
tiable at x and (
g(x)
f(x)
)

=
g

(x)f(x) g(x)f

(x)
[f(x)]
2
Proof. We apply the product rule to the factorization
g(x)
f(x)
= g(x)
1
f(x)
This gives
(
g(x)
f(x)
)

= g(x)(
1
f(x)
)

+ g

(x)
1
f(x)
= g(x)[f

(x)
1
[f(x)]
2
] + g

(x)
1
f(x)
=
g(x)f

(x)
[f(x)]
2
+
g

(x)
f(x)
=
g(x)f

(x)
[f(x)]
2
+
g

(x)f(x)
[f(x)]
2
=
g

(x)f(x) g(x)f

(x)
[f(x)]
2
The extended product rule
Suppose function f, g and h are dierentiable, then
(f(x)g(x)h(x))

= f

(x)g(x)h(x) + f(x)g

(x)h(x) + f(x)g(x)h

(x)
Suppose function f, g, p and q are dierentiable, then
(f(x)g(x)p(x)q(x))

= f

(x)g(x)p(x)q(x) + f(x)g

(x)p(x)q(x)
+ f(x)g(x)p

(x)q(x) + f(x)g(x)p(x)q

(x)
Similar results can be derived in the same pattern when more function are being multi-
plied.
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P123: 17 can use extended product rule. g(y) = 2y(3y
2
1)(y
2
+ 2y + 3).
More example
If f is the focal length of a convex lens and an object is placed at a distance p from the
lens, then its image will be at a distance q from the lens, where f, p, and q are related
by the lens equation
1
f
=
1
p
+
1
q
Suppose that f = 3. What is the rate of change of p with respect to q when q = 6?
Sol. With f = 3 the above relation becomes
1
3
=
1
p
+
1
q
Obviously, when q changes, p has to change accordingly. Since we need to nd the rate
of change of p with respect to q, i.e.
dp
dq
, we have to express p in terms of q, i.e. nd the
function f such that p = f(q), then
dp
dq
= f

(q).
Since
1
3
=
1
p
+
1
q
we have
1
p
=
1
3

1
q
=
q 3
3q
Hence p =
3q
q 3
.
Then by quotient rule
dp
dq
=
(q 3)(3q)

(q 3)

(3q)
(q 3)
2
=
(q 3)3 (3q)
(q 3)
2
=
9
(q 3)
2
So
dp
dq
|
q=6
=
9
(6 3)
2
= 1
Core problems
P129: 55,56,59,51, 53.
P128: Use the extended product rule to do problem 5,7.
Prove the linear combination law of the derivative.
3.3 The Chain Rule
Section 3.3 The Chain Rule
Review of Composition of functions
Before we start to discuss the Chain Rule for computing derivatives, we need to review
the concept of composition of functions. We have discussed this topic in the limit
computation. Lets see a few examples.
h(x) =

x
2
+ 1
h(x) = ln(x
2
+ 1)
h(x) = sin(x
2
+ 1)
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Besides sum, substraction,multiplication, division, composition of function is another
way of combining known functions to create new functions. The above function are all
created by one outer function and one inner function.
Take the h(x) =

x
2
+ 1 as an example, the outer function is f(x) =

x, the inner
function g(x) = x
2
+ 1.
h(x) = f(g(x))
Chain Rule
We will need the Chain Rule to nd the derivative of a composition of functions. Simple
substitution will not work.
f(x) =

x h(x) =

x
2
+ 1
f

(x) =
1
2

x
h

(x) =
1
2

x
2
+ 1
Theorem
If f and g are dierentiable functions, then
(f(g(x)))

= f

(g(x)) g

(x)
Let see how to use this theorem to nd the derivative of a compostion function.
Example 1
Let h(x) = (x
3
x
2
+ 1)
5
, nd f

(x). (P132:1-12)
Sol.
First, identify the outer function and inner function.
h(x) = f(g(x)) where f(x) = x
5
(outer function) and g(x) = x
3
x
2
+ 1.(inner
function)
Second, nd the related terms in the theorem.
since f(x) = x
5
f

(x) = 5x
4
f

(g(x)) = 5(g(x))
4
= 5(x
3
x
2
+ 1)
4
since g(x) = x
3
x
2
+ 1.
g

(x) = 3x
2
2x.
Third, apply the theorem: h

(x) = (f(g(x)))

= f

(g(x))g

(x) = 5(x
3
x
2
+1)
4
(3x
2
2x)
(remember to put brackets at the proper places)
Corollary 1
Let u = g(x), then
d
dx
f(u) =
d
du
f(u)
du
dx
Theorem (Generalized Power Rule)
d
dx
(u
n
) = nu
n1
du
dx
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where n is an integer.
Proof. This is an application of Corollary 1. Let f(u) = u
n
, then
d
dx
(u
n
) =
d
du
(u
n
)
du
dx
= nu
n1
du
dx
Example 1(redo)
sol. Let h(x) = u
5
, u = x
3
x
2
+ 1. then apply Generalized Power Rule:
h

(x) =
d
dx
h(x) =
d
dx
(u
5
) = 5u
4
du
dx
now u = x
3
x
2
+ 1,
du
dx
= 3x
2
2x, hence
h

(x) = 5(x
3
x
2
+ 1)
4
(3x
2
2x)
more example
Ex
d
dx
1
(x
3
x
2
+ 1)
3
Ex
d
dx
x + 1
(x
2
+ 5)
3
Corollary 2
Let y = f(u) and u = g(x), then
dy
dx
=
dy
du
du
dx
Example 2
Let y = u
3
+ 1 and u = x
2
+ x + 1, use chain rule to compute
dy
dx
and express your
answer in terms of x. (P132: 13-20)
sol. By Corollary 2,
dy
dx
=
dy
du
du
dx
=
d
du
(u
3
+ 3)
d
dx
(x
2
+ x + 1)
= 3u
2
(2x + 1)
= 3(x
2
+ x + 1)
2
(2x + 1)
Remark
1. express your nal answer in terms of x. Do not leave any u in your nal answer.
2. notice the proper use of round brackets. It is still correct if you did not expand the
expression such as 3(x
2
+ x + 1)
2
(2x + 1), but 3(x
2
+ x + 1)
2
2x + 1 is denitely an
wrong answer.
more example Find derivative for the following functions:
1) y =
1
(2x
3
x + 7)
2
2) h(z) = (
z 1
z + 1
)
5
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Core problems
P132: 1,4,7,9,11,13,17,21,25,29
Rate of Change(application of chain rule) Suppose that a quantity p depends on the
quantity q, which in turn depends on quantity t.
dependent variable p, intermediate variable q, independent variable t.
Then the derivatives that appear in the chain rule
dp
dt
=
dp
dq
dq
dt
are rates of changes of these variables with respect to one another.
Example 6
A spherical balloon is being inated. The radius r of the balloon is increasing at the
rate of 0.2 cm/s when r=5cm. At what rate is the volume V of the balloon increasing
at that instant?
sol. Given
dr
dt
= 0.2 when r = 5cm, we want to nd
dV
dt
at that instant.
V =
4
3
r
3
We see that
dV
dr
= 4r
2
. so the chain rule gives
dV
dt
=
dV
dt
dr
dt
= 4r
2
dr
dt
Now, when r = 5, 4r
2
= 45
2
and
dr
dt
= 0.2 therefore
dV
dt
= 45
2
(0.2) 62.83 (cm
3
/s)
Remark
The key in nding the correct answer for this example is to translate the word into
proper derivative equation.
Example
Imagine a spherical raindrop is falling through water vapor in the air. Suppose that the
vapor adheres to the surface of the raindrop in such a way that the time rate of increase
of the mass M of the droplet is proportional to the surface area S of the droplet. If the
initial radius of the droplet is, in eect, zero and the radius is r = 1mm after 20s, when
is the radius 3mm?
(given: M =
4
3
r
3
and S = 4r
2
where is the density of water.)
Sol. We are given the information that
dM
dt
is proportional to S. Let suppose the ratio
is a constant number k.
dM
dt
= kS = k(4r
2
)
Since M =
4
3
r
3
we have
dM
dr
= 4r
2
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By chain rule
dM
dt
=
dM
dr
dr
dt
= 4r
2
dr
dt
compare the above equation for
dM
dt
, we must have
k(4r
2
) = 4r
2
dr
dt
hence
dr
dt
=
k

The rate of change of r with respect to t is constant. Now it takes 20s for r to change
from 0 to 1mm, means that
r
t
=
1 0
20
= 0.05
suppose after t seconds, the radius is 3mm. we must have:
3 0
t
= 0.05
Solving this gives us t = 60. It takes 1 minute for r to grow to 3mm.
Core problems
P132: 49,51,53,55,57,59
webwork:
13: x is the supply, p is the price
14 taking derivative of A w.r.t. r. then calculate according to dierent value of r
3.4 Derivatives of Algebraic Functions
Section 3.4 Derivatives of Algebraic Functions
Remark: this section, we will be learning to dierentiate functions with rational expo-
nents.
Recall The power rule: If f(x) = x
n
, then f

(x) = nx
n1
.
Proof. For a positive integer n, the identity
b
n
a
n
= (b a)(b
n1
+ b
n2
a + b
n3
a
2
+ + ba
n2
+ a
n1
)
is easy to verify by multiplication. Thus if b = a, then
b
n
a
n
(b a)
= b
n1
+ b
n2
a + b
n3
a
2
+ + ba
n2
+ a
n1
Because each of the n terms on the right-hand side approaches a
n1
as b a, this tells
us that
lim
ba
b
n
a
n
b a
= na
n1
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(apply power law, sum law of limits). Now let b = x + h and a = x, so that h = b a.
Then h 0 as b a. and hence
f

(x) = lim
h0
(x + h)
n
x
n
h
= nx
n1
This proves the power rule.
Now what if the exponent is a negative integer? Say, n = m, where m is an positive
integer. Now f(x) = x
n
, hence,
f(x) = x
m
=
1
m
.
By quotient rule,
f

(x) = (
1
x
m
)

=
(x
m
)

(x
m
)
2
=
mx
m1
x
2m
= mx
(m1)2m
= mx
m1
= nx
n1
This proves the power rule is true even when the exponent is negative integer, hence it
is true for all integer n.
Now let extend the result even more by proving that it is still true when the exponent
is a rational number, say, r = p/q. Here, p and q are integers, and q = 0.
Recall that rational powers are dened in terms of integeral roots and powers as follows:
x
p/q
=
q

x
p
= (
q

x)
p
In problems 72 through 75 (page 141), using the similar identity as above, it is proved
that
(
q

x)

= (x
1/q
)

=
1
q
x
1
q
1
=
1
q
x

q1
q
Now, to nd the derivative of f(x) = (
q

x)
p
, we need the Chain Rule. Let set up an
intermediate variable u =
q

x, then y = f(x) = u
p
.
dy
dx
=
dy
du
du
dx
=
d
du
(u
p
)
d
dx
(
q

x) = pu
p1
1
q
x

q1
q
= p(
q

x)
p1 1
q
x

q1
q
= px
p1
q
1
q
x

q1
q
=
p
q
x
p1
q

q1
q
=
p
q
x
p/q1
This proves (x
p/q
) =
p
q
x
p/q1
.
Now we have shown that the power rule (x
r
)

= rx
r1
even when r is a rational number.
Example 1
(a)
d
dx

x = (x
1/2
)

=
1
2
x
1/2
=
1
2

x
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(b) If y =

x
3
, then
dy
dx
= (x
3/2
) =
3
2
x
1/2
=
3
2

x
(c) If g(t) =
1
3

t
2
= t
2/3
, then g

(t) =
2
3
t
5/3
=
2
3
3

t
5
Remark:
In parts (a) and (b), due to the squre root, we must have x 0.
Moreover, in part (a), we see that x = 0, otherwise the derivative function will involve
division by 0. (x = 0 is in the domain of

x, but not in the domain of the derivative of

x)
Generalized power rule
Recall the generalized power rule from section 3.3
d
dx
(u
n
) = nu
n1
du
dx
where n is an integer. Now, for a more general form, let y = u
r
and r = p/q is rational.
Then
dy
du
= ru
r1
then
dy
dx
=
dy
du
du
dx
= ru
r1
du
dx
Suppose u = f(x), this is the Generalized power rule
d
dx
[f(x)]
r
= r[f(x)]
r1
f

(x)
Example 2
d
dx
[

4 x
2
] =
d
dx
[(4 x
2
)
1/2
] =
1
2
(4 x
2
)
1/2
(4 x
2
)

=
1
2
(4 x
2
)
1/2
(2x)
= x(4 x
2
)
1/2
=
x

4x
2
except where x = 2 or 2 (division by 0) or where |x| > 2 (square root of a negative
number). Therefore, the above equation hold only if 2 < x < 2.
RemarkNote that if f(x) =

4 x
2
, we have f

(x) =
x

4 x
2
,
(1) The domain of f(x) is [2, 2], while the domain of f

(x) is (-2,2). Which means: at

some of the x values, f is continuous AND dierentiable; at some of the x values, f is
continuous but NOT dierentiable. Dierentiability implies continuity. The converse is
not true.
(2) Note f

(x) as x 2
+
and f

(x) as x +2

.
Example 3
If y = 5

x
3

2
3

x
, then
y = 5x
3/2
2x
1/3
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so
dy
dx
= 5 (
3
2
x
1/2
) 2 (
1
3
x
4/3
) =
15
2
x
1/2
+
2
3
x
4/3
=
15
2

x +
2
3
3

x
4
Core problems
P144: 1,9,19,33,39,45, 4963,65.
webwork:
6. The volume of a sphere with radius r is V =
4
3
r
3
. Its surface area is A = 4r
2
.
Suppose, now that such a sphere is growing or shrinking. Find the rate of change of the
volume with respect to its surface area when r = 75.
What is
dV
dA
?
Hint: One way to compute
dV
dA
is to rst solve for V in terms of A.
7. There are two points on the circle x
2
+y
2
= 1 at which the tangent line has slope -4.
What are they?
The point on the upper half of the circle is: ( , )
The point on the lower half of the circle is: ( , )
In fact, for any slope m, there are two points on that circle at which the slope of the
tangent line is m.
What is the point on the upper half? ( , )
Section 3.5 Maxima and Minima of Functions on Closed Intervals
Remark: Introducing the theory of nding maxes and mins on a closed interval for
continuous functions.
Denition
If c is in the interval [a,b], then f(c) is called the minimum value of f(x) on [a,b] if
f(c) f(x) for all x in [a, b]
If d is in the interval [a,b], then f(d) is called the maximum value of f(x) on [a,b] if
f(d) f(x) for all x in [a, b]
Theorem 1
If f(x) is continuous on [a,b], then f has maximum value and minimum value on [a,b].
i.e. there exist number c and d in [a,b] such that f(c) is the minimum value and f(d) is
the maximum value.
Theorem 2
If (1) f(x) is continuous on [a,b],
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(2) f(c) is a maximum or minimum value of f, and
(3) f

(c) exists, then

f

(c) = 0
Beware The converse of Theorem B is false. That is, the fact that f

(c) = 0 is not
enough to imply that f(c) is a maxima or minima. For example, for function f(x) = x
3
we have f

(x) = 3x
2
. Then f

(0) = 0. However, f(0) is not a maxima or a minima.

(draw the graph)
Brief proof given in class. Detailed proof is on textbook page 143.
Denition
x = c is a critical point of f if c is in the domain of f and
(1) f

(c) = 0 or
(2) f

(c) DNE
Theorem 3
If f is continuous on [a, b], and the only critical points that f has are c
1
, c
2
, , c
k
such
that a < c
1
< c
2
< < c
k
< b. Then in the following list:
f(a), f(c
1
), f(c
2
), , f(c
k
), f(b)
the largest value is the maximum value of f on [a,b] and the smallest value is the mini-
mum value of f on [a,b]
STEPS to nd max and min
1) Know the function f and check if f is continuous on a closed interval.
2) If 1) is true, nd the critical points of f ( f

(c) = 0 or f

(c) DNE)
3) evaluate f at the critical points and the endpoints of the closed interval [a,b]. Com-
pare to nd the max and min.
Example 4
Find the max and min of function f(x) = 2x
3
6x on interval [0,2]
1) f is a polynomial which is continuous everywhere, hence it is continuous on [0,2].
2)To nd the critical points of f we need to calculate f

:
f

(x) = 6x
2
6 = 6(x
2
1) = 6(x + 1)(x 1)
the critical points:
I f

(x) = 0 : x = 1 notice -1 is not in the interval [0,2]

II f

(x) DNE: None

3)lets evaluate f(0), f(1), f(2), then we have
f(0) = 0, f(1) = 4, f(2) = 4
So, on the interval [0,2], f has maximum value 4 at x = 2 and minimum value -4 at
x = 1.
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Example 6
Find the max and min of function f(x) = x
4/3
4x
1/3
, [1, 8]
1) cube root can be taken for any x, so the domain of f is all real numbers. f is
continuous on (, ), hence it is continuous on [-1,8].
2)f

(x) =
4
3
x
1/3

4
3
x
2/3
=
4
3
(x
1/3
x
2/3
) =
4
3
x
2/3
(x 1) the right hand side is done
by factoring out the term that has the lowest power, in this case, x
2/3
.
Now, this means f

(x) =
4
3
x1
3

x
2
, so the critical points are
I (f

(x) = 0)x = 1
II (f

(x)DNE)x = 0
3) lets evaluate and compare their y values:
f(1) = 5, f(0) = 0, f(1) = 3, f(8) = 8
So, on the interval [-1,8] f has maximum value 8 at x = 8 and minimum value -3 at
x = 1
More examples
a)f(x) = 3 |x 2|, [1, 4]
1)f is continuous on (, ), hence it is continuous on [1,4]
2)To nd f

(x), we need to simplify f(x) rst,

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If x < 2, then x 2 < 0, then f(x) = 3 (2 x) = 1 + x, so f

(x) = 1
If x > 2, then x 2 > 0, then f(x) = 3 (x 2) = 5 x so f

(x) = 1
Hence, when x < 2, f

(x) = 1 when x > 2, f

(x) = 1.
Now when x = 2,
f

(2) = lim
h0
f(2 + h) f(2)
h
= lim
h0
3 |(2 + h) 2| 3
h
Now notice |2 +h 2| = |h| so f

(2) = lim
h0
|h|
h
This limit does not exist, so f

(2) does
not exist. To sum up,
I (f

(x) = 0) : None
II (f

(x)DNE)x = 2
3) evaluate and compare y values:
f(1) = 2, f(2) = 3, f(4) = 1
On [1,4], f has maximum value 3 at x = 2 and minimum value 1 at x = 4
b)f(t) = t

4 t, [1, 3] (exercise in class)

c)g(s) =
1
s2
, [0, 1]
1)g is continuous on (, 2) (2, ). and [0, 1] (, 2), so g is continuous on [0,1].
2)g

(s) =
1
(s2)
2
. This is a rational function. Rational functions reach 0 only when its
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numerator reach 0. critical points:
I (g

(x) = 0) : None
II (g

(x)DNE)None
3) evaluate and compare:
g(0) = 1/2, g(1) = 1
hence, on [0,1], g has maximum value -0.5 at x = 0, and minimum value -1 at x = 1
Core Problems
P153: 1, 13,17,11,19,33,37,39.
Section 3.6 Max-Min Word Problems
Remark: Apply the theory in 3.5 to nd max or min for real life math problems.
STEPS
1. Identify the quantity that need to be maximized or minimized.
2. Set up a proper function for that quantity.
3. Analyze the function to nd max and min. (using the method in sect3.5) nd the
critical points.
4. evaluate and nd the max or min
5. answer the actual question.
Example 1
A farmer is to build a fence using a straight river for one side. What dimension should he
build the fence if he has 1200 meters of fence and he wants the maximum area possible
in this fence.
sol.
1) Need to maximize the area inside the fence.
2) Suppose the length of fence is y (along the river), the width is x. Now the relation
between A, x and y is
A = xy
To nd the maximum value for A, we need to look for constraint on x, y. The farmer
has only 1200 meter of fence, that means
2x + y = 1200
Use this we can derive y = 1200 2x. Substitute this into the formula for A, we then
have
A = x(1200 2x)
Notice x, y are the width and length of the fence, so we must have y > 0, x > 0 hence
12002x > 0 and x > 0. This gives us 0 < x < 600. Notice that when x = 0 or x = 600,
A = 0 according to the formula A = x(1200 2x). So it is OK to take [0,600] as the
domain of A = x(1200 2x).
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Now, we have set up the function that needs to be maximized: A = x(12002x), [0, 600]
3)Lets apply the max-min theory to nd the maximum value of the above function.
a)A = x(1200 2x) is a continuous function of x when x is in [0,600]
b)
dA
dx
= (1200 2x) + x(2) = 1200 4x, Hence the critical points are
I (
dA
dx
= 0)x = 300
II (
dA
dx
DNE)None
c)evaluate and compare: f(0) = 0, f(300) = 300 600 = 180000, f(600) = 0. Maximum
value is 180000 at x = 300. The dimension of the fence should be 300 600
Example 2
A box with square base is to be constructed out of 300in
2
of material. What should its
dimension be if it it to have the largest volume.
Sol.
1) We hope to maximize the volume V
2)suppose the dimension of the box is x x y, then the volume is
V = x
2
y
and the constraint on x, y comes from the limited area 300,
2x
2
+ 4xy = 300 =y =
300 2x
2
4x
substitute this into the equation for the volume, we have
V = x
2
(
300 2x
2
4x
) = x
300 2x
2
4
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Remark Notice the simplication at the last step changes V from a rational function
into a polynomial function. It is always best to simplify your function in your analysis.
Since since x, y are length of the edges of the box, x > 0, y > 0, therefore, x >
0,
3002x
2
4x
> 0. Hence x should be in (0,

150). Notice that, if we use V = x

3002x
2
4
,
it is dened and equal to 0 at x = 0 and x =

150. The method we use in Sect3.5 is

only valid when we have a closed interval. Since x = 0 and x =

150 will not produce

a maximum value for V, it is safe to choose maximize the function V = x
3002x
2
4
, for x
in [0,

150].
3) Lets apply the max-min theory to nd the maximum value of the above function.
a)V = x
3002x
2
4
is a continuous function of x when x is in [0,

150].
b)
dV
dx
=
3002x
2
4
+ x
4x
4
=
3002x
2
4x
2
4
=
3006x
2
4
, Hence the critical points are
I (
dV
dx
= 0)x =

50 = 5

2
II (
dV
dx
DNE)None
c)evaluate and compare: f(0) = 0, f(5

2) = 5

2 200 = 1000

2, f(

150) = 0.
Maximum value is 1000

2 at x = 5

2. And y =
3002x
2
4x
=
200
20

2
=
10

2
= 5

2. The
dimension of the box should be 5

2 5

2 5

2.
Core Problems For this section,it is very important that you do all these problems.
Only practice one or two is not enough to get familiar with those STEPS.
P164: 11, 5, 20, 25, 9.
P164: 13,16,21,27,29,31.
P164: 33,45,47.
Webwork:
1) A rectangle is inscribed with its base on the x-axis and its upper corners on the
parabola y = 11
x
2
5
. What are the dimensions of such a rectangle with the greatest
possible area?
2)A car rental agency rents 190 cars per day at a rate of 30 dollars per day. For each 1
dollar increase in the daily rate, 5 fewer cars are rented. At what rate should the cars
be rented to produce the maximum income, and what is the maximum income?
hint: this is an economic problem. For all economic problems we are assuming linear
relationship between price per units and the number of units. This means y = mx + b,
y is the price per unit,x is the number of units. The key is to nd m and b.
For this problem, let x be the daily price, y be the number of cars rented per day. When
x=30, y=190. When x=31,y=185. Hence m = 5 and y = 5(x 30) +190. The total
income should be (number of cars rented) (price per day). So denote the income per
day by R, we have R = xy where y = 5(x 30) + 190. Once you set up the function
for R. you should be able to maximize it.
3)A commercial cherry grower estimates from past records that if 49 trees are planted
per acre, each tree will yield 27 pounds of cherries for a growing season. Each additional
tree per acre (up to 20) results in a decrease in yield per tree of 1 pound. How many
trees per acre should be planted to maximize yield per acre, and what is the maximum
yield?
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hint: this is an economic problem. For all economic problems we are assuming linear
relationship between input and output. This means y = mx+b, y is the yield per tree,x
is the number of trees planted. The key is to nd m and b.
4)A box is to be made out of a 8 by 16 piece of cardboard. Squares of equal size will
be cut out of each corner, and then the ends and sides will be folded up to form a box
with an open top. Find the length L, width W, and height H of the resulting box that
maximizes the volume. (Assume that W L).
Detailed example in the book Page 152 example 2. Let x denote the edge length of the
cutout squares. Volume V can be expressed as a polynomial function of x.
5)A parcel delivery service will deliver a package only if the length plus the girth (dis-
tance around) does not exceed 104 inches. Find the maximum volume of a rectangular
box with square ends that satises the delivery companys requirements.
6)A fence is to be built to enclose a rectangular area of 300 square feet. The fence along
three sides is to be made of material that costs 6 dollars per foot, and the material for
the fourth side costs 16 dollars per foot. Find the length L and width W (with W L)
of the enclosure that is most economical to construct. (not required)
7)A small resort is situated on an island. The closest point on the mainland is a point
P which is exactly 3 miles from the resort. The closest source of fresh water is 10 miles
down the shoreline from P. The resort is planning to lay pipe to bring water from that
source. It will run along the shore for some distance and then turn and cross the water
to the resort.
However, running pipe underwater costs 2 times as much as running pipe down the
shore. At what distance down the shore from P should the pipe turn and head for the
resort?
Similar to the powerline through the park project in 2200lab classes.
8)The manager of a large apartment complex knows from experience that 80 units will
be occupied if the rent is 324 dollars per month. A market survey suggests that, on
the average, one additional unit will remain vacant for each 2 dollar increase in rent.
Similarly, one additional unit will be occupied for each 2 dollar decrease in rent. What
rent should the manager charge to maximize revenue?
hint: this is an economic problem. For all economic problems we are assuming linear
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relationship between money and units. This means y = mx+b, y is the number of units
rented,x is the price per month. The key is to nd m and b.
9)Let Q = (0, 3) and R = (8, 4) be given points in the plane. We want to nd the point
P = (x, 0) on the x-axis such that the sum of distances PQ+PR is as small as possible.
(Before proceeding with this problem, draw a picture!)
10)Centerville is the headquarters of Greedy Cablevision Inc. The cable company is
about to expand service to two nearby towns, Springeld and Shelbyville. There needs
to be cable connecting Centerville to both towns. The idea is to save on the cost of cable
by arranging the cable in a Y-shaped conguation. Centerville is located at (9, 0) in
the xy-plane, Springeld is at (0, 6), and Shelbyville is at (0, 6). The cable runs from
Centerville to some point (x, 0) on the x-axis where it splits into two branches going
to Springeld and Shelbyville. Find the location (x, 0) that will minimize the amount
of cable between the 3 towns and compute the amount of cable needed. Justify your
answer.
Remark: Before we look at more examples for the Max-Min applications, let us practice
a little more on nding derivatives.
Lets start by looking at some of problems in webwork:
Set 3.2:problem 7
If f(x) = 4x

x +
2
x
2

x
, nd f

(x).
Set 3.3:problem 3
Let f(x) = (x
3
+ 3x + 8)
4
then f

(x) =?
Set 3.3:problem 4
If f(x) = (5x + 8)
1
, nd f

(x).
Set 3.3:problem 5
Let f(x) =

2x
2
+ 2x + 7, nd f

(x)
Set 3.3:problem 6
Suppose that y =
4

5x
2
+5
. Find
dy
dx
.
Set 3.3:problem 8
Let f(x) = (9x
2
+ 8)
3
(6x
2
7)
12
Set 3.6:problem 8
The manager of a large apartment complex knows from experience that 80 units will
be occupied if the rent is 324 dollars per month. A market survey suggests that, on
the average, one additional unit will remain vacant for each 2 dollar increase in rent.
Similarly, one additional unit will be occupied for each 2 dollar decrease in rent. What
rent should the manager charge to maximize revenue?
Set 3.6b:problem 5
Find the point on the line 5x + 7y + 3 = 0 which is closest to the point ( 4, 2 ).
Section 3.7 The Derivative of Trigonometric Functions
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Recall basic trig limit
lim
x0
sin(x)
x
= 1
lim
x0
cos(x) 1
x
= 0
Trig formulas for the sum of two angles
sin(x + y) = sin(x) cos(y) + sin(y) cos(x)
cos(x + y) = cos(x) cos(y) sin(y) sin(x)
Theorem 1 Derivatives of Sines and Cosines
The functions f(x) = sin(x) and g(x) = cos(x) are dierentiable for all x, and
d
dx
(sin(x)) = cos(x),
d
dx
(cos(x)) = sin(x)
Proof.
To dierentiate f(x) = sin(x), we begin with the denition of the derivative,
f

(x) = lim
h0
f(x + h) f(x)
h
= lim
h0
sin(x + h) sin(x)
h
( apply formula above) = lim
h0
(sin x cos h + sin hcos x) sin(x)
h
= lim
h0
_
sin x(
cos h 1
h
) + cos x
sin h
h
_
= sin x
_
lim
h0
(
cos h 1
h
)
_
+ cos x lim
h0
sin h
h
(use basic trig limit) = sin x(0) + cos x(1) = cos x
To dierentiate f(x) = cos(x), we begin with the denition of the derivative,
f

(x) = lim
h0
f(x + h) f(x)
h
= lim
h0
cos(x + h) cos(x)
h
( apply formula above) = lim
h0
(cos x cos h sin hsin x) cos(x)
h
= lim
h0
_
cos x(
cos h 1
h
) sin x
sin h
h
_
= cos x
_
lim
h0
(
cos h 1
h
)
_
sin x lim
h0
sin h
h
(use basic trig limit) = cos x(0) sin x(1) = sin x
Example 1 Calculate
d
dx
(cos
3
x)
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f(x) sin x cos x tan x cot x sec x csc x
d
dx
f(x) cos x sin x sec
2
x csc
2
x sec x tan x csc x cot x
Table 1: derivative for trig functions
Sol.
This is a composition of functions. suppose we denote
h(x) = cos
3
x, f(x) = x
3
, g(x) = cos x, then h(x) = f(g(x)). Notice f

(x) = 3x
2
, g

(x) =
sin x so
d
dx
(cos
3
x) =
d
dx
f(g(x))
= f

(g(x))g

(x)
= 3(cos x)
2
(sin x)
= 3 cos
2
x sin x
Theorem 2 The Derivatives of remaining Trig functions
d
dx
(tan(x)) = sec
2
(x),
d
dx
(cot(x)) = csc
2
(x),
d
dx
(sec(x)) = sec(x) tan(x),
d
dx
(csc(x)) = csc(x) cot(x)
Proof.
d
dx
(tan x) =
d
dx
(
sin x
cos x
)
=
cos x(sin x)

sin x(cos x)

cos
2
x
=
cos x cos x sin x(sin x)
cos
2
x
=
cos
2
x + sin
2
x
cos
2
x
=
1
cos
2
x
= sec
2
(x),
d
dx
(csc x) =
d
dx
(
1
sin x
) =
(sin x)

sin
2
x
=
cos x
sin
2
x
=
cos x
sin x
1
sin x
= cot x
1
sin x
= cot x csc x,
Remark
There are certain patterns in these formulas that will be helpful in memorizing them. It
will also be benecial to write them in a little table. Note that the derivative formulas
for the three cofunctions are those involving minus signs.
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The chain rule version of trignometric dierentiation formulas
d
dx
(sin u) = cos u
du
dx
d
dx
(cos u) = sin u
du
dx
d
dx
(tan u) = sec
2
u
du
dx
d
dx
(cot u) = csc
2
u
du
dx
d
dx
(sec u) = sec utan u
du
dx
d
dx
(csc u) = csc ucot u
du
dx
Examples
(1). If f(x) =
2x
2
tan x
sec x
, nd f

(x). (webwork set 3.7 problem 6)

Sol.
First, lets simplify if possible,
f(x) =
2x
2
tan x
sec x
= 2x
2
tan x
1
sec x
= 2x
2
sin x
cos x
cos x = 2x
2
sin x
therefore,
f

(x) = 2x
2
(sin x)

+ sin x(2x
2
)

= 2x
2
cos x + 4x sin x
(2). Find
d
dx
sin
5
(x
7
+ 1). (webwork set 3.7 problem 12)
sol.
This is a composition of functions. We know that the derivative of the composition
function of two functions f(g(x)) can be calculated by f

(g(x))g

(x). If the composition

has three layers, say, h(f(g(x))), then its derivative is h

(f(g(x)))f

(g(x))g

(x).
x x
7
+ 1 sin(x
7
+ 1) sin
5
(x
7
+ 1)
Let h(x) = x
5
, f(x) = sin x, g(x) = x
7
+ 1, then sin
5
(x
7
+ 1) = h(f(g(x))). so
d
dx
sin
5
(x
7
+ 1) = h

(f(g(x)))f

(g(x))g

(x) = 5 sin
4
(x
7
+ 1) cos(x
7
+ 1)7x
6
The following two problems is for class practice.
(3). Find
d
dx
(cos x
2
tan x
3
).
(4). Find
d
dx
(x
2
sec x
3
).
(5) Find the maximum value of y = 3 sin x cos x on [0, ].
Sol.
a) y = 3 sin x cos x is continuous on (, ), hence it is continuous on [0, ].
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b)
dy
dx
= 3(sin x(cos x)

+ cos x(sin x)

)
= 3(sin x(sin x) + cos x cos x)
= 3(cos
2
x sin
2
x)
Hence the critical points in [0, ] is when cos
2
x sin
2
x = 0. By double angle formula
cos 2x = 0. This only happens when 2x =

2
or
3
2
. (notice when x is in [0, ], 2x is in
[0, 2])
therefore, the critical points:
(I
dy
dx
= 0)x =

4
or
3
4
(II
dy
dx
DNE ) None
c) Lets evaluate the y value at the end points and critical points:
f(0) = 0, f(

4
) =
3
2
, f(
3
4
) =
3
2
, f() = 0
Hence, max value
3
2
at x =

4
.
Core Problems
P177: 1,3,5,9,11,13,67,72.
P177: 15,41,43,51,59,73,75,77,79.
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Answers for 3) and 4)
3)
d
dx
(cos x
2
tan x
3
) = sin x
2
(2x) sec
2
x
3
(3x
2
).
4).
d
dx
(x
2
sec x
3
) = x
2
sec x
3
tan x
3
3x
2
+ sec x
3
(2x).
Section 3.8 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Review
A exponential function is a function of the form
f(x) = a
x
where a > 0.
The laws of exponents:
a
r+s
= a
r
a
s
, (a
r
)
s
= a
rs
a
r
=
1
a
r
, (ab)
r
= a
r
b
r
A base a logarithm function log
a
x is dened as following:
log
a
x is the power to which a must be raised to get x. Thus
y = log
a
x if and only if a
y
= x
The number e is given by the limit
e = lim
n
_
1 +
1
n
_
n
The base e logarithm function is called natural logarithm function and is commonly
denoted by the special symbol ln:
ln x = log
e
x(x > 0)
The laws of logarithms
ln(ab) = ln a + ln b, ln(
a
b
) = ln a ln b,
ln a
b
= b ln a, ln 1 = 0
A graph of the natural exponential function y = e
x
and natural logarithm function
y = ln x is given below.
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Theorem 1 If f(x) = e
x
, then f

(x) = e
x
. i.e.
d
dx
e
x
= e
x
.
Therefore, by Chain Rule, we have
d
dx
e
u
= e
u
du
dx
.
Example 1 Find
d
dx
e
(x
2
+5x)
.
(webwork set 3.8 problem 5)
Sol.
Let u = x
2
+ 5x, then
d
dx
e
(x
2
+5x)
=
d
dx
e
u
.
By Theorem 1, we have
d
dx
e
u
= e
u
du
dx
= e
(x
2
+5x)
d(x
2
+ 5x)
dx
.
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Therefore,
d
dx
e
(x
2
+5x)
= e
(x
2
+5x)
(2x + 5)
Example 2 Find
d
dx
_
x
2
e
4 cos x
_
.
(webwork set 3.8 problem 4)
Sol.
Apply Product Rule, we see
d
dx
_
x
2
e
4 cos x
_
= x
2
d
dx
e
4 cos x
+ e
4 cos x
d
dx
x
2
.
We know that
d
dx
x
2
= 2x. So the key is to nd
d
dx
e
4 cos x
. Let u = 4 cos x, then by Theorem
1
d
dx
e
4 cos x
=
d
dx
e
u
= e
u
du
dx
Therefore,
d
dx
e
4 cos x
= e
4 cos x
d
dx
4 cos x = e
4 cos x
4(sin x)
Finally,
d
dx
_
x
2
e
4 cos x
_
= x
2
_
e
4 cos x
4(sin x)
_
+ 2xe
4 cos x
.
Or,
d
dx
_
x
2
e
4 cos x
_
= 4x
2
sin xe
4 cos x
+ 2xe
4 cos x
.
Theorem 2 If f(x) = ln x, then f

(x) =
1
x
. i.e.
d
dx
(ln x) =
1
x
.
Therefore, by Chain Rule, we have
d
dx
(ln u) =
1
u
du
dx
.
Remark If h(x) = ln u, and u = g(x), then
h

(x) =
d
dx
(ln u) =
1
u
du
dx
=
1
g(x)
g

(x)
Proof of If f(x) = ln x, then f

(x) =
1
x
.
Let y = ln x, then by the denition of logarithmic functions we know
x = e
y
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Calculate derivative functions of both sides, we will nd that the derivative of the left
side is
d
dx
x = 1
Since y is a function of x, then right side is a composition function. By Chain Rule in
Theorem 1 we see its derivative is
d
dx
e
y
= e
y
dy
dx
Since x = e
y
, their derivatives should be equal, hence
1 = e
y
dy
dx
This gives
dy
dx
=
1
e
y
=
1
x
Remark The technique in this proof, taking derivatives of both sides of an equation,
will be helpful later in the understanding of implicit dierentiations.
Example 3
d
dx
(ln(x
2
+ 8))
(webwork set 3.8 problem 8)
Sol.
Since this is a composition function with ln as the outer function, by the earlier
remark, we know its derivative should be
d
dx
(ln(x
2
+ 8)) =
d
dx
(x
2
+ 8)
x
2
+ 8
=
2x
x
2
+ 8
Example 4
d
dx
_
1 + ln(x
2
+ 2)
(webwork set 3.8 problem 11)
Sol.
Let u = 1 + ln(x
2
+ 2), then we are calculating:
d
dx
_
1 + ln(x
2
+ 2) =
d
dx

u =
d
du

u
du
dx
=
1
2

u
du
dx
This means
d
dx
_
1 + ln(x
2
+ 2) =
1
2
_
1 + ln(x
2
+ 2)
d
dx
(1 + ln(x
2
+ 2))
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Now
d
dx
(1 + ln(x
2
+ 2)) =
d
dx
(ln(x
2
+ 2)) =
(x
2
+ 2)

x
2
+ 2
=
2x
x
2
+ 2
Hence
d
dx
_
1 + ln(x
2
+ 2) =
1
2
_
1 + ln(x
2
+ 2)
2x
(x
2
+ 2)
Example 5
d
dx
ln
_
(x + 5)
3
(x + 1)(x
2
+ 1)
5/2
_
(webwork set 3.8 problem 14)
Sol.
This is also a compostional function with ln as the outer function. But the expres-
sion insider the ln calculation seems to be complicated. The key is to simplify before
dierentiation.
ln
_
(x + 5)
3
(x + 1)(x
2
+ 1)
5/2
_
= 3 ln(x + 5) ln(x + 1)
5
2
ln(x
2
+ 1)
This means
d
dx
ln
_
(x + 5)
3
(x + 1)(x
2
+ 1)
5/2
_
= 3
1
x + 5

1
x + 1

5
2
2x
(x
2
+ 1)
Remark Now we know that by using Chain Rule we can dierentiate functions like
e
g(x)
. But how do we dierentiate functions that are in the form f(x)
g(x)
? Here is a
useful formula
a
b
= e
ln a
b
= e
b ln a
.
Using this, we can transform any exponent formula into the base e.
f(x)
g(x)
= e
ln f(x)
g(x)
= e
g(x) ln f(x)
then we can apply chain rule again.
Example 6 Find
d
dx
x
x
2
.
(webwork set 3.8 problem 14)
Sol.
By the above remark,
d
dx
x
x
2
=
d
dx
e
x
2
ln x
.
This is a compostion function with natural exponential function as the outer function.
By the chain rule in Theorem 1, we have
d
dx
e
x
2
ln x
= e
x
2
ln x
d
dx
(x
2
ln x).
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Use product rule to get
d
dx
x
2
ln x = x
2
(ln x)

+ (x
2
)

ln x = x
2
1
x
+ 2x ln x = x + 2x ln x.
Hence
d
dx
x
x
2
= e
x
2
ln x
(x + 2x ln x).
Core Problems
P192: 1,3,5,9,17,19,23,33,37,59.
Section 3.9 Implicit Dierentiation and Related Rates
Most of the functions we have so far have been dened explicitly, such as y = f(x), y =
x
7
, y = sin x, y = e
x
. Notice y is expressed explicitly in terms of x. However, a function
can also be dened implicitly by an equation that can be solved for y in terms of x.
Example 1
Given a circle, x
2
+ y
2
= 2 nd
dy
dx
at (1, 1).
Sol.
(I) Assume y is a dierentiable function of x at (1,1).
(II) Dierentiate on both sides of x
2
+ y
2
= 2 , we have
d
dx
(x
2
+ y
2
) =
d
dx
(2)
2x + 2y
dy
dx
= 0
notice that in the second line, we obtained
d
dx
(y
2
) = 2y
dy
dx
by using chain Rule.
(III) Solve 2x + 2y
dy
dx
= 0 for
dy
dx
we have
dy
dx
=
x
y
(IV) Evaluate at
dy
dx
at (1,1)
dy
dx
|
x=1,y=1
= 1
Remark
The technique above is called Implicit Dierentiation. It is useful when we do not have
an explicit formula for a function, but we are able to obtain an equation that is related
to the desired function. As we can see, in this example, equation x
2
+ y
2
= 2 did not
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give us explicit formula for y. And because for every x value there will be two possible
y value that will be valid solutions for this equation. This means this equation is not
a function. To give a explicit formula for y we will have to give individual solution for
y > 0 and y < 0.
y =
_
2 x
2
, y 0

2 x
2
, y < 0
Obviously, at (1,1), y > 0 so y =

2 x
2
. Hence
dy
dx
=
1
2

2 x
2
(2x) =
x

2 x
2
Evaluate at x = 1, we will again have
dy
dx
= 1
Although in this particular example, we can use both method to nd the right answer,
there are situations where explicit formulas are too dicult to obtain. So, Implicit
Dierentiation is a valuable tool when it comes to nding derivatives or calculating rate
of change.
Given E(x, y) = c To nd
dy
dx
at specied point.
STEPS
(II) Assume y is a dierentiable function of x.
(II) Dierentiate on both sides of E(x, y) = c,
d
dx
E(x, y) =
d
dx
(c)
(III) solve
d
dx
E(x, y) =
d
dx
(c) for
dy
dx
.
(VI) Evaluate at the designated point.
Example 2
Given x
3
+ y
3
= 3xy nd
dy
dx
.
Sol.
(I) Assume y is a dierentiable function of x.
(II) Dierentiate on both sides of x
3
+ y
3
= 3xy , we have
d
dx
(x
3
+ y
3
) =
d
dx
(3xy)
3x
2
+ 3y
2
dy
dx
= 3(x
dy
dx
+ y)
notice that in the second line, we obtained
d
dx
(y
3
) = 3y
2
dy
dx
by using chain Rule and we
obtained
d
dx
(xy) = x
dy
dx
+ y by using procduct rule.
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(III) Solve 3x
2
+ 3y
2
dy
dx
= 3(x
dy
dx
+ y) for
dy
dx
we have
x
2
+ y
2
dy
dx
= x
dy
dx
+ y
y
2
dy
dx
x
dy
dx
= y x
2
dy
dx
=
y x
2
y
2
x
More Examples
(1) For the equation given below, evaluate y

at the point (2,1).

5x
3
2y = ln(y) + 38 ln(1).
(2) For the equation given below, evaluate y

at the point (2,1).

2e
xy
3x = y + 7.78.
Related Rates
A related-rates problem involves two or more quantities that vary with time and an
equation that expresses some relationship between these quantities. Typically, the values
of these quantities at some instant are given, together with all their time rates of change
but one. The problem is usually to nd the time rate of change that is NOT given, at
some instant specied in the problem. Implicit dierentiation, with respect to t, of the
equation that relates the given quantities will produce an equation that relates the rates
of change of the given quantities. This is the key to solving a related-rates problem.
Example 3
A rocket that is launched vertically is tracked by a radar station located on the ground
3 mi from the launch site. What is the vertical speed of the rocket at the instant that
its distance from the radar station is 5 mi and this distance is increasing at the rate of
5000 mi/h?
Sol.
(I) Draw a graph and label the changing quantities as variables.
We denote the altitude of the rocket (in miles) by y and denote its distance from the
radar by z. Notice that they are both functions of time t.
We are trying to decide the vertical speed of the rocket, whick equals the velocity. The
velocity is the derivative of the position function, hence the key is to nd
dy
dt
.
(II) Record the values of variables or rates of change, as given in the problems.
We are given
dz
dt
= 5000 when z = 5.
(III) Use the graph to determine an equation that relates these variables.
We apply Pythagorean theorem to the right triangle in the gure and obtain
y
2
+ 9 = z
2
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From this, we see that when z = 5, y = 4.
(VI) Implicit dierentiate y
2
+ 9 = z
2
with respect to t, we then have
2y
dy
dt
= 2z
dz
dt
(V) Substitute the given numerical data in the resulting equation, and then solve for
the unknown.
We know z = 5, y = 4, and
dz
dt
= 5000, so
2(4)
dy
dt
= 2(5)(5000).
Solve this, then we nd
dy
dt
= 6250.
Example 4
A street light is at the top of a 14 ft tall pole. A woman 6 ft tall walks away from the
pole with a speed of 7 ft/sec along a straight path. How fast is the tip of her shadow
moving when she is 35 ft from the base of the pole? (webwork set 3.9 problem 17)
Note: You should draw a picture of a right triangle with the vertical side representing the
pole, and the other end of the hypotenuse representing the tip of the womans shadow.
Where does the woman t into this picture? Label her position as a variable, and label
the tip of her shadow as another variable. You might like to use similar triangles to nd
a relationship between these two variables.
Sol.
(I) Draw a graph and label the changing quantities as variables.
Denote the distance from the base of the pole to the womans feet as x. Denote the
distance from the base of the pole to the womans shadow as z. As time t changes, both
x and z are changing. So they are both functions of time t.
(II) use the graph to determine an equation that relates these variables.
We see two right triangles in this graph. Using similar triangle property, we know
z
14
=
z x
6
(III) Record the values of variables or rates of change, as given in the problems.
The womans walking speed is the velocity, i.e. the derivative of the position function
x. Hence we get
dx
dt
= 7.
The question is to gure out how fast is the tip of her shadow moving when she is 35 ft
from the base of the pole. This is asking
dz
dt
when x = 35.
To sum it up, we are given
z
14
=
z x
6
and
dx
dt
= 7. We need to calculate
dz
dt
when
x = 35.
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(VI) Dierentiate
z
14
=
z x
6
implicitly with respect to t.
d
dt
z
14
=
d
dt
z x
6
1
14
dz
dt
=
1
6
(
dz
dt

dx
dt
)
6
dz
dt
= 14(
dz
dt

dx
dt
)
(V) Substitute the given numerical data in the resulting equation, and then solve for
the unknown.
Since
dx
dt
= 7 we can solve
6
dz
dt
= 14(
dz
dt
7)
and determine that
dz
dt
= 98/8 = 12.25
More examples
(1)(webwork set 3.9 problem 11) A rocket is launched vertically upward from a point
8 miles west of an observer on the ground. What is the speed of the rocket when the
angle of elevation (from the horizontal) of the observers line of sight to the rocket is
53 degrees and is increasing at 1 degrees per second? (First give it in miles per second,
and then in miles per hour)
Note: the easiest mistake in the problem is to forget to convert degree into radian.
(I) Draw a graph. Label the altitude of the rocket as y, and label the angle of elevation
as .
(II) Given information: when = 53,
d
dt
= 1 degree per seconds, i.e.
d
dt
=

180
radian
per second.
(III) according to the graph:
tan() =
y
8
(VI) Implicit Dierentiation gives:
d
dt
[tan()] =
d
dt
[
y
8
]
notice both and y are functions of time t
sec
2

d
dt
=
1
8
dy
dt
(V) solve for
dy
dt
, we have
dy
dt
= 8 sec
2

d
dt
= 8 sec
2
(53
o
)

180
= 8 sec
2
(53

180
)

180
= 0.385515
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This is miles/sec. To change it into Mile/hour, you need to multiply your answer by
3600.
(2)Helium is pumped into a spherical balloon at a rate of 2 cubic feet per second. How
fast is the radius increasing after 2 minutes? (webwork set 3.9 problem 12) Note: The
volume of a sphere is given by V =
4
3
r
3
.
Hint: To nd the radius of the balloon at 2 minutes, assume that it is empty (has volume
0) at time t=0 and use your knowledge of
dV
dt
(i.e., that the volume is increasing at a
constant rate) to nd V at 2 minutes.
Given information:
dV
dt
= 2, V =
4
3
r
3
Need to nd:
dr
dt
Take V =
4
3
r
3
. and dierentiate with respect to time t on both sides.
dV
dt
=
4
3
3r
2
dr
dt
As in the hint, we assume when t = 0, r = 0, V = 0, and try to nd r when t = 2
If
dV
dt
= 2, for all t then V is a linear function of time t : V = mt + b and m = 2 cubic
feet per second. When t = 0, V = 0, so b = 0. We then have V = 2t. When t = 2
minute,that is t = 120 second. V = 240.
Because V =
4
3
r
3
. when V = 240, we nd r = (
180

)
1/3
Now we can solve
dV
dt
= 4r
2 dr
dt
for
dr
dt
:
2 = 4(
180

)
2/3
dr
dt
dr
dt
= (2(
180

)
2/3
)
1
= 0.0107087
Core Problems
Implicit Dierentiation, P200: 7,11,13,19,23,25,31
Related Rates(day 1), P202:45,55,39,43,51
Related Rates(day 2), P202:60,38,61,56,68,47.
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