Final Review Session

Nima Soltani

Outline
(Quick) review of first half of course Adaptive Modulation MIMO OFDM DSSS

Channel Models
Path loss models
Free-space Two-ray Simplified path loss

Shadowing (slow fading)

Outage probability Cell coverage area

Channel Models
Multipath propagation (fast fading)
Envelope/power distributions in narrowband fading Average fade duration Wideband fading Scattering function
Delay spread coherence bandwidth Doppler spread coherence time

Probability of Error
AWGN
BER =

Shadowing
Outage probability = ( < )
is found using AWGN BER

Multipath
Average BER
MGF approach

Outage probability Combined outage and average

Find from average BER

Capacity
AWGN Flat-fading
RX CSI only
Ergodic

TX+RX CSI
Water-filling Channel inversion Truncated channel inversion

Frequency selective fading

TX+RX CSI
Partition spectrum to flat fading subsections, and perform 2D water-filling

Capacity
MIMO
RX CSI (Tx power is constant)
=
=1 log 2

1+

TX+RX CSI (Tx power is adapted)

Water-filling (over space)

OFDM
TX+RX CSI
Water-filling (over frequency)

Water-filling
Requires independent parallel subchannels
Over time: varying channel state Over frequency: OFDM Over space: MIMO

Optimization problem that maximizes rate given a power constraint

Water-filling
Results
1/0 1/ 0 = < 0 0 1 1 =1 0

For time-invariant case:

>0

Time-varying:

>0

1 1 ( ) = 1 0

Diversity
Diversity is the combination of multiple copies of the signal
Combining Technique Selection Combining Maximal-Rate Combining Equal-Gain Combining Output SNR = max

Outage Probability
0

0 = 1 0 = 1
0

=
=1

2 =1

=1

0 1 1 !

Complicated

Diversity
Moment generating function technique useful for analyzing MRC systems as convolutions become products
Modulation Scheme DPSK = Average Probability of Error

=
2 0

1 2

1
=1

M-QAM

Adaptive Modulation
In practical systems, modulation schemes are varied depending on channel state Can adapt power, rate and probability of error Dealt with the adaptive MQAM case
Based on tight bound on probability of error
0.2
1.5 1

Adapted power in this expression by multiplying the exponent by /

Comparison of Water-filling Results

Original Water-filling
1/0 1/ 0 = < 0 0

Adaptive MQAM Water-filling

1/ 1/ = , < 0 1.5 = ln 5
For time-invariant case:

For time-invariant case:

Time-varying:

>0

1 1 =1 0

1/ 1/ =
Time-varying:
>

>0

1 1 ( ) = 1 0

1/ 1/ ( ) =
>

Adaptive Modulation
Adapted channel inversion and truncated channel inversion to meet target Discretizing the instantaneous rates provides realistic approach to adaptive modulation Found AFRD to determine average amount of time each constellation size is used

MIMO
h1,1 h3,1 h1,2 h3,2 h1,3 h3,3 h2,1 h2,2 h2,3

Transmitting and receiving across multiple antennas can lead to diversity and multiplexing gains TX+RX CSI allows decomposition of channel to parallel channels (how many?)
SVD transmit precoding and receiver shaping

MIMO
Beamforming - use all the antennas to only transmit one stream
TX+RX CSI RX CSI only

Diversity-Multiplexing tradeoff
= , 0 min ,

MIMO receiver design

ML, ZF, MMSE, DF, SD

OFDM
Split bandwidth into orthogonal subcarriers
Ideally the BW of each subchannel is Bc Converts one frequency selective channel to numerous flat fading subchannels

Each subcarrier is modulated from baseband in discrete-time IDFT Need to emulate circular convolution with a linear convolution
Add cyclic prefix, prepending (at least) the last Tm/TS symbols to the beginning of the OFDM frame

DSSS
Spread data across wider BW than necessary by multiplying by spreading code
Interference, spread signal noise and ISI are added to our spread signal

De-spreading data makes our desired signal narrowband again while all other factors remain wideband
Narrowband filtering removes much of the noise and interference power

Spreading code ideally has an impulse for its autocorrelation, leading to a stronger ability to distinguish different paths

RAKE Receivers
Using the properties of the autocorrelation, it is possible to distinguish between different multipath components
It allows for delay-diversity, much like the antenna diversity schemes we had in chapter 7