MENG 575: CFD and Turbulence Modelling

Lecture # 2
Consevartion Laws of Fluid Motion

Part I: Differential Form of Continuity Equation

Introduction
In our lecture today as well as in the next lecture, we will derive the differential equations of fluid motion, namely, the continuity equation (conservation of mass) and the Navier Stokes equation (the conservation of momentum). These equations apply to every point in the flow field and thus enable us to solve for all details of the flow everywhere in the flow domain. Unfortunately, most differential equations encountered in fluid mechanics are very difficult to solve and often require the aid of a computer. Also, these equations must be combined when necessary with additional equations, such as an equation of state and an equation for energy and/or species transport.
Cengel and Cimbala 2010.

Introduction
The control volume technique, or integral forms of equations are usually useful for determining overall features of flow. However, we cannot obtain detailed knowledge about the flow field inside the CV motivation for differential analysis.

Objective
On completion of this lecture you should be able to demonstrate ability in:
Understanding how to derive the differential form of conservation of mass, continuity equation, using an infinitesmal control volume and applying it a variety of applications.

Review of Vector Calculus

The Del/Napla Operator

i+ j+ k x y z
p = vector field r V = scalar field r V = vector field

1. Acts on a scalar field: gradient; 2. Dot with vector field: divergence;

3. Cross with vector field: curl;

Review of Vector Calculus

1. Acts on a scalar field: gradient
p = p p p k j+ i+ x y z

2. Dot with vector field: divergence

r V = x i + y j + z k V xi + V y j + V z k

3. Cross with vector field: curl

r V = x i + y j + z k V xi + V y j + V z k

k i j det x y z Vx V y Vz

Review of Vector Calculus

Directional Derivative:
V = u +v +w z x y

The total/material derivative of V:

V V V r dV V = a ( x, y , z , t ) +u +v +w = z t x y dt { 144 2444 4 3 local
convective

Material derivative applied to variables, e.g., pressure:

Laplacian Operator

2 2 2 = = 2 + 2 + 2 x y z
2

Conservation of Mass
The mass of a differential volume dV within the control volume is dm = dV. The total mass within the control volume at any instant in time t is determined by integration to be

mCV =

CV

dV

dV dx dy dz t t

Rate of change of mass within the CV :

CV

dV = m m & & t in out

or

CV

If no mass is crossing the control surface, i.e., resembleing a closed system, the conservation of mass principle reduces to that of a system that can be expressed as dmCV/dt = 0. This relation is valid whether the control volume is fixed, moving, or deforming.

Taylor Series Expansion

Differential CV and Taylor series

First, define an infinitesimal control volume dx dy dz Next, approximate the mass flow rate into or out of each of the 6 faces using Taylor series expansions around the center point, e.g., at the right face

Ignore terms higher than order dx

Differential CV and Taylor Series

Infinitesimal control volume of dimensions dx, dy, dz

Area of right face = dy dz

Mass flow rate through the right face of the control volume

Differential CV and Taylor Series

Sum up the mass flow rates into and out of the 6 faces of the CV
Net mass flow rate into CV:

Net mass flow rate out of CV:

Plug into integral conservation of mass equation

Differential CV and Taylor Series

After substitution,

Dividing through by volume dxdydz

Tensor notation

Or, if we apply the definition of the divergence of a vector Vector notation

rate of mass change/volume Net rate of mass flux/volume

Continuity Equation
Alternative Form

Use product rule on divergence term

Continuity Equation
Cylindrical Coordinates
There are many problems which are simpler to solve if the equations are written in cylindrical-polar coordinates (r, , z) Easiest way to convert from Cartesian is to use vector form and definition of divergence operator in cylindrical coordinates

r = x 2 + y 2 , x = r cos ,

y = r sin

Continuity Equ. in Coordinates Cylindrical

& mout
r + dr

ur = ur + dr ((r + dr ) d dz ) r

& & dV = min mout t

& mnet = 1 ( u ) dV r ( u z ) dV z

& min r = ( ur ) (rd dz )

ur 1 (r ur ) 1 & mnet r = ur + dV dV r r r r

& mnet z =

Continuity Equation
Cylindrical coordinates

in coordinates

Continuity Equation
Special Cases Steady compressible flow

Cartesian

Cylindrical =0

Continuity Equation
Special Cases Incompressible flow

and

= constant

Cartesian

Cylindrical

Example I

Solution: Continuity equation: For incompressible flow, flow is steady or unsteady. Then

t = 0

regardless of whether the

v( x, y, z , t ) = 2axy + f ( x, z , t )

Literature
- Yunus A. Cengel and John M. Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics:
Fundamentals and Applications, NY McGraw-Hill, 2nd edit. 2010. - Douglas, J. F., Gasiorek, J., Fluid Mechanics, 4th edit. 2001, Ashford Colour Press Ltd. Gosport. - Franz Durst, Fluid Mechanics: An Introduction to the Theory of Fluid Flows, Springer, Berlin, 2008. - John D. Anderson, Jr. Fundamental of Aerodynamics, McGraw-Hill Comp, 2001. - Schlichting, Boundary Layer Theory, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955. - Goldstein, R. J., Hucho, Fluid Mechanics Measurements, Hemisphere, 1983. - Eric G. Paterson, Fluid Mechanics Lectures,
Nuclear Engineering The Pennsylvania State University Department of Mechanical and

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