SENTENCE ANALYSIS

THE NOUN
Common Countable in the singular proper uncountable in the plural

Ex. boy's - it is a common countable noun in the singular modified by the possessive

THE ADJECTIVE
In the positive degree In the comparative degree In the superlative degree

THE VERB
Finite Non-finite Non-finite forms: infinitives, gerunds and participles Finite forms differentiate: 1) the category of tense (past, present, future, future in the Past) 2) the category of aspect (continuous, non-continuous) 3) the category of voice (active, passive) 4) the category of perfect, non-perfect) 5) the category of mood. The Infinitive have 6 forms. Gerund and participles 4 forms.

THE PRONOUN
1. Personal in the nominative case (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) in the objective case (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) In the conjoint form ( ) (my, her, his, our, their, your) In the absolute form (mine, yours, hers, his, ours)

2. Possessive
3.

Demonstrative - this, that, these, those - personal - somebody, some..., any, every..., either, each, all 5. Negative - no, no..., neither 6. Interrogative - who, whom, what, who 7. Relative - who, whom, whose, which 8. Reciprocal each other, one another 9. Reflexive - myself, herself
4. Indefinite

The Numeral
Cardinal (one, two) Ordinal (first, second)

The Conjunction The Particle The Preposition The Article The Interjection

Sentence Analysis-2

Sentence
Simple Compound Composite Complex

Sentence
Extended Unextended

Sentence
Definite-personal Indefinite-personal Impersonal

Sentence
One-member Two-member

Sentence
Declarative Interrogative Imperative Exclamatory

Sentence analysis. Complex sentence The main clause Subordinate clause1 Subordinate clause 2 Subordinate clause3

Subordination
Syntactical (Conjunctions, conjunctive words) Asyntactical

Conjunctive adverbs Relative pronouns (Where, why, somewhere) Conjunctions have no independent syntactic function in the sentence. E.g.: He said that he would come. (A conjunction) The building that is being built well will be a hotel. (A conjunctive word)

Subordination
Parallel Homogenous Main clause S1 S2 S3 Heterogeneous Main Clause S1 S2 S3 Consecutive () Main clause Sub. Clause 1 Sub. Clause 2 Sub. Clause 3 Parallel homogenous and heterogeneous subordination Main clause S1 S1 S2 S3 S3 S4 Ex. She said, she would come if she had spare the time. Main clause S2

Types of Subordinate Clause

Subject clauses
Ex. What is done cannot be undone.

Predicative clause
Ex. His proposal was that we should join the excursion.

Object clauses
Ex. He knows what should be done

Attributive clauses
Ex. He is a person, who always ready to help.

Adverbial clause
a) Of time; b) Of place; c) Of manner ( ); d) Of cause; Samples of Analysis 1. During (be last year I had become absolutely interested in her private life. The subject is I. It is expressed by a personal pronoun in the nominative case. The predicate is had become uninterested. It's a compound nominal predicate in which the link-verb is expressed by the become in the Past Tense, Active Voice, and Indicative Mood, Perfect. During the last year is an adverbial modifier of tense. The noun expresses it. Her is a possessive pronoun in the conjoined form. Private is an adjective. e) Of condition; f) Of concession; g) Of purpose; h) Of comparison

1.

Seminar: The Sentence Check your knowledge Comment on the terms: simple S, composite S, compound S, complex S, subordination, coordination, syntactical connection, asyntactical connection, general negation, secondary negation, parallel subordination, consecutive subordination, homogeneous & heterogeneous subordination. 2. Give the definition of the S. 3. Speak on the classification of the S. 4. Speak on the 2 main types of the connection 5. Speak on the types of subordinate clauses Rheme The rheme names the new information or what's said about the theme. The rheme is the communicative center of the sentence. Ex. The student is reading a book. Here the theme is expressed by a subject-group and the rheme is a predicate group. But very often they do not coincide. The same sentence may reflect different judgments or may have different AVS. Ex. A student is reading a book. Here the starting information is the fact that somebody is reading a book, then the rheme is "a student". In oral speech the rheme is identified by the logical stress we can make rhematic any member of the sentence. The ADV of the Sentence may also be called contextual. In written speech the context may help us to identify the rheme. Ex. Mary has planted the flowers. I hope mother has already planted the flowers. I am sure Mary has already planted the flowers.

Members of the sentence

The subject
Sometimes the subject is expressed by any infinitive a gerund or their construction then it is placed position of the subject is filled in by the anticipatory it. Ex. To speak good English is not very difficult. Simple Verbal The Predicative Compound Nominal

Verbal
Any verbal predicate denotes a quality or state. Simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb or by an analytical form, or by a set expression. Ex. She took care of her younger sister. Compound verbal predicative consists of two parts: semi-auxiliary and the notional part. Depending on the character of the semi-auxiliary pat we differentiate. a) The compound verbal modal predicate. The semi-auxiliary part may be expressed by a modal verb or an element of modal semantics (to be going, would like would rather can't help + gerund can't help but + infinitive) Ex.: We can't go there. I can't help laughing. b) A compound verbal predicate. The semi-auxiliary part may be expressed by aspective semantic or by the verb "would", "used to" (expressing a repeated action in the past). Ex.: He began to read a book. They stopped talking. He would come to see us every Sunday. The ship went floating. He came running into the room, (come, go - have lost their lexical meaning). c) A compound nominal predicate. The nominal part is expressed by any infinitive or by a gerund. It consists of the link-verb and a predicative. The link verbs: to be, to grow, to turn, to look, to become, to get. The predication maybe expressed by any part of speech, but the finite form of the verb. A compound nominal modal predicate (the link-verb is modified by a modal element). Ex.: The leaves turned yellow. The leaves may turn yellow soon. b) Compound nominal aspective predicate (the link- verb is modified by an element of aspective semantics). Ex.: The leaves began to turn yellow. c) Compound nominal modal aspective predicate (the link-verb is modified by both modal and aspective elements). Ex.: The leaves may begin to turn yellow. a)

Direct The Object Indirect

Ex.: I can give you apiece of advice. They are waiting for him (a prepositional object).

The Attribute
Of time Of place Of manner Of attending Of circumstances Of purpose Of result Of degree (rather) Of cause Of measure Parenthesis ( ): To tell the truth A numeral is a quintile ( )

The adverbial modifier

Seminar
Complex Sentence, which has two or more subordinate clauses, discriminates 2 basic types of subordination arrangement: parallel and consecutive (). In the case of parallel subordination clauses immediately refer to one and the same principal clause. Parallel subordination may be both homogeneous and heterogeneous. By heterogeneous parallel subordination clauses mostly refer to different elements in the principal clause and perform different functions. Ex. The two friends who had fought in the same platoon met by chance at the war veterans meeting which took place yesterday. Consecutive subordination presents a hierarchy of clausal levels. In this hierarchy one subordinate clause is subordinated to another. Ex.: He asked me if I thought it possible that I made a mistake when I went up to Edgecombe.

Actual Division of the Sentence

Alongside of the grammatical (sntactic) division of the sentence into parts naming the basic elements (i.e. the Subject, the Predicate, the Object, the Attribute, the Adverbial Modifier) there exists the so-called Actual Division of the Sentence. It has been recently put forward in theoretical linguistics. The purpose of the ADS is to reveal the significance of the sentence parts from the point of view of their actual informative role in an utterance. In other words, the ADS characterizes the parts of the sentence from the point of view the semantic contribution they make to the total information conveyed by the sentence. The ADS exposes its informative perspective. The main components of the ADS are: the theme and the rheme. The theme expresses the starting point of communication, i.e. it denotes an object about which smth is reported. The rheme expresses the central informative part of the communication, i.e. the communication center of the sentence. The theme may or may not coincide with the subject-group of the sentence. The rheme may or may not coincide with the predicate group of the sentence. Ex.: They bicycled together last summer. The elm trees were just beginning to turn green. The following sentences in which the correlation between the nominative and ADS is reverse. Ex.: Down the frozen river came a sledge drawn by dogs. There was a parking area in the middle of the big square. The ADS is fully expressed only in a concrete context of speech. That why it is sometimes referred to as the contextual division of the S. Ex.: Driffield accompanied Mrs. Traffold to the 8

door. Taken in isolation, presents an example of the so-called direct ADS: its subject coincides with the theme, and its predicate - with the rheme. If put into a certain context the sentence may change its direct ADS into the inverted one: the subject expresses the rheme, and the predicate - the theme: Ex.: Is it true that Gasper Gibbons accompanied her to the door? - Nothing of the kind: Driffield accompanied Mrs. Traffold to the door, not Gibbons. The identification of the rheme is the main problem since any utterance is produced for the sake of conveying to the listener the meaningful content expressed by the rheme. The formal means of expressing the distinction between the theme and the rheme are represented by the following structural elements of language: (a) Special word order (inversion) Ex.: On the right was a small public park with a fountain. (b) Special intonation contours (rhematic accent). Ex.: Go in. I'll tell Ted, you are here. (c) Constructions with introducers Ex.: It was Bosinney, who first noticed her. There was no real misunderstanding between Eric and Haviland. (d) Syntactic patterns of contrastive complexes Ex.: Providing information, not thinking is what computers are capable of. (e) Constructions with articles and other determiners Ex.[The boy took us to the physics classroom. vs A boy took us to the physics classroom] [This map will do. vs Any map will do]. (f) Constructions with intensifying particles, when the context may help us to identify the rheme. Ex.: Marry has planted the flowers. I hope Mother has already planted the flowers. I am sure Mary has already planted the flowers. Language is a mean of expressing thoughts. Reflecting a situation of reality in a sentence the speaker modifies it by his thinking. The ADS is rather important when we translate from English. The matter is that in Russian sentences in written speech the rheme is usually placed at the end of the sentence. But in English we can't follow it because we have a strict word order. Ex.: It is they who are good students. The vase was broken. A vase was broken. Only the plate was broken. ADS as a mean of logical stress: Ex.: Only I spoken to John during the lunch-hour yesterday. Even Mary could manage to do it. As a means of expressing thoughts sentences actualize judgments about situations reality. The judgment as a category of logic also has its own structure. It includes 2 components: the subject and the predicate of the judgment. The subject of the judgment is the subject matter or theme of the thought. The subject-predicate structure of the judgment is reflected in the ADV.