1 Theories on the Origin of the Philippines A. Biblical Theory God created the world. B.

Mythical Theory The world was originally composed of the sea, the bird and the sky. The bird instigated a feud between the sea and the sky which resulted in the creation of the Philippine islands. C. Scientific Theory a. Land mass of land theory The Philippines was not an archipelago but rather a large mass of land covered with ice during the Pleistocene Age. When the ice melted, sea level rose and left the high parts of land above water. b. Lemuria or Mu continent-lost continent The Philippines with the various South East Asian countries and other pacific islands are parts of the lost continent called Lemuria or Mu. The disintegration was caused by a major geographical movement. c. Underwater volcanic origin The Philippines was the result of underwater volcanic eruptions. Geographical Location Exact Location 4 degrees 23 minutes and 21 degrees 25 minutes north, 116 degrees and 127 degrees east It is bounded on the north by Taiwan, on the East by the Pacific Ocean, on the South by the Celebes Sea and Indonesia, and Vietnam and South China Sea on the west. Advantages of the Location Its strategic location makes it a gateway to the east. Negritos, Malays, and Indonesians easily reached migrated to the country. It attracted western colonizers which introduced Western culture, education, and style of government. The economic system of the Philippines has long been recognized as a result of its trade relations with countries in Asia, Europe, and America. Natural Resources and Climate The Philippines is considered as an agricultural country but in recent has become more and more dependent on its industrialization efforts. Rice CornFruit cropsCoconutCoffeeMining industry Philippine Forests Livestock and Poultry staple food and main crop alternate for rice produced for local and foreign consumption (nuts, banana, mango, guyabano and others) known as the tree of life for its many uses, the PCA was created solely for coconut industry produced mainly in Mindanao and the Southern tagalong Region brings more than 700 million pesos worth of minerals Minerals can be classified as metallic (copper, silver, gold) and non-metallic (limestone, clay, gypsum) a total of 40,000 square mile, source of timber for local and foreign consumption Carabao, cattle, chicken and hog

Philippine Climate The country has a tropical climate with a mean annual temperature of 27 degrees Celsius. It has a wet season from June to November and dry season from December to May.

2 Topography It is divided into three major geographical areas or islands, to wit, Luzon, Visayas , and Mindanao. It has a land area of 300,000 square kilometers. It has 7107 islands of less than half are named. The Philippines has landforms (volcanoes, plateau, mountain ranges, valleys, plains) and water forms (lakes, rivers, bays, seas, gulfs, deltas, canals, falls) The following are the theories in the origin of Philippine landforms: Gradation-soil erosion of land forms Volcanism-volcanic movements and activities caused by pressure involving molten rocks beneath the earths crust Diastrophism- earthquakes caused by movements of the earths crust i.e. Sierra Madre/Cordilleras Advantages of its Shape: Irregular coastlines result into more beautiful beaches and resorts and better harbors. The Philippines has rich aquatic resources. Disadvantages of its Shape: Social Disadvantage: Disunity and regionalism Economic Disadvantage: Large investments in building infrastructures to link the different parts of the country to enhance economic development. References: Vivar, T., Ciloria E, Philippines: History and Government, Vibal publishing Agoncillo T, History of the Filipino People ****************** Essay Question: What is the most important /appropriate economic sector in the Philippines, the agricultural or the Industrial Sector? Defend your answer. Answer in 8 to 10 sentences on a half sheet of paper. Emergence of the Theories on the Origin of the Philippine Pre-Colonial Character Theory Inputs: The Philippines was formerly connected to China during the Pleistocene or Ice Age. During that age, the water level lowered for about 156 feet, enough for the large mass of land to emerge. This land is called the Philippines. Land Bridges also emerged. This theory brought intellectual discussions on the academe. F. Landa Jocano, Fritjof Voss, and Professor Beyer presented theories on the origin of the Philippine archipelago/pre-colonial character. Brief Backgrounds F. Landa Jocando A distinguished writer of Philippine Culture, he earned his bachelors degree from the Central Philippine University at Iloilo. He also took up hi M.A. and Phd Degrees (anthropology) from the University of Chicago. He has written different books, which tackle Philippine history, culture, and society. Prof. Henry Otley Beyer He is an American anthropologist who devoted his entire life to research and study on the richness of Philippine culture. He is also considered as the father of Philippine anthropology. He was born in Iowa and later earned his M.A. degree in Chemistry at Denver University. He earned his post-graduate degree in Anthropology from Harvard University. Dr. Fritjof Voss He is a German scientist who disputed the land bridge theory. Perspectives on the Origin of the Philippine Pre-Colonial Character The Land Bridge TheoryThere was a land bridge connecting the Philippines to Mainland Asia during the Pleistocene Period. Theory of Dr. Voss According to him the Philippines did not come from mainland Asia but was a result of violent earthquakes along the great earth faults. Theory of Dr. Beyer

3 He assumed that the Malayan race was one of the first settlers in the Philippines wherein a large portion of the Filipino population came from this race. Theory of F. Landa Jocano According to him, the Filipino race does not solely come from the Malayan race. Unearthed fossils proved that our race also comes from Borneo, Australia, Java, and New Guinea. His claims are: The people living within Southeast Asian region belong to the same group of population. Because we belong into a collective and unified group of population, there is a tendency to adopt some of the cultural trends shared by each race within the region. These shared cultures are called base cultures. Some Western countries were responsible for giving the present names of races found in this region. The Malayan, Filipino, and Indonesian races should be treated equal. Early International Relations Orang Dampuans According to Agoncillo, Orang Dampuans immigrated to the Philippines between 900-1200 AD. The settlers interest was not political. They just wanted to trade with the Buranuns, the people of Sulu. But murders committed against them caused conflict with the Buranuns. Banjarmasin The empire of Sri Vijaya sent traders to Sulu because Sulu had a rich supply of pearls. In course of trading, intermarriages occurred because of the beautiful women of Sulu. China The Philippines traded with China way back in the 9th century. 960-1127 (Sung Dynasty)Chinese goods started to pour in the Philippines. 1368-1644(Ming Dynasty)Development of Chinese colonies along the Philippine coast 1377-1478(Majapahit Period)- The Javanese took the place of China as the leading trading partner of the Philippines 1402-1424 (Ming Dynasty) China regained its trade prowess during the time of Emperor Yung Lo. 14th century15th centuryOther Asian countries began to be involved in the Philippine trade During this period, Islam started to penetrate the southern part of the Philippines. This brought irregular trade adjustments to the existing trade relationship between China and the Philippines. Because of the exiting hostilities, China had to move to nonMuslim ports for trade. It was only later that they were allowed to trade in Muslim dominated areas.

Influences from other countries Chinese Influences: Words with Chinese origins: lumpia, pancit, kuya bihon Indian Influences: Words with Indian Influences: bathala, bahala, kuta, mana, katha References: Agoncillo T, History of the Filipino People

********** Group Presentation Prepare a role play activity about the different pre-colonial international relations the Philippines had. Group Seatwork: Research on the Following Myths Mythology on the Creation off the Archipelago Mythology on Malakas and Maganda Mythology on how the Stars and the Moon came to be Mythology on the Children of Limokon Maria Makiling

4 Original Traits and Practices of Filipinos 1. Close Family Ties 2. Respect for Elders 3. Natural fatalism 4. Loyalty 5. Sensitivity 6. Tendency to be Indolent 7. Lack of Initiative 8. Natural Curiosity 9. Individualism 10. Jealousy 11. Regionalism 12. Sense of Pakikisama Evolution of Philippine Pre-Colonial Economy There are five stages in the evolution in the evolution of Philippine pre-colonial economy. 1. Hunting and gathering stage Ambush and stalking techniques were most common. Hands and pointed sticks were used to fish. Generosity started in this stage. 2. Agricultural stage Those who could not hunt engaged in agriculture. Gordon Childe believed that climactic changes influenced the number of resource that can be found in nature. There was population growth which increased demand and decreased supply. 3. Trade and commerce It is divided into domestic and foreign trade. There was the beginning of permanent settlement and sense of community. Unearthed artifacts in Novaliches gave hints to foreign trade (Chinese, Indian, Javanese). 4. Industrial stage Craft specialization emerged. Weaving and pottery also existed. 5. Urbanization (Should be discussed in the following lessons) References Vivar, T., Viloria E., Quiray (1999) Philippine History and Government, Quezon City, Vibal Publishing Agoncillo, T., (1990), History of the Filipino People, Quezon City, Garotech Publishing Exercises: 1. Summarize the main concepts of the 4 stages of the Philippine pre-colonial economy. 2. Write an opinion statement From fields to market.