TITLE: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM & LE CHATELIER S PRINICIPLE

START DATE: 02/21/12

BACKGROUND: - Coordination Complex: Species consisting metal complex ions bonded to anions - Metal Complex Ion: Transition metal ion surrounded by ligands - Ligand: Molecules and/or anions that bond to a metal ion by coordinate covalent bonding to form a coordinate complex - CC are: o Often colored due to the presence of MCI o Usually are specified by complex chemical formulas  Square brackets in the formula of a CC indicate the MCI - MCI are: o Often colored due to their absorption of visible light. Light that is not absorbed passes through the solution or is reflected from the solid, giving the substance a color that is characteristic of the specific MCI that is present  Light is absorbed because different d orbitals of a transition metal ion have different energies when the ion is surrounded by ligands. When a photon of light of a certain wavelength is absorbed, an electron is raised from one energy level to another within the MCI y The energy level spacing in a MCI depends on the metal involved, its oxidation state, the ligands involved, and the structure of the MCI MCI Name MCI Chemical MCI

Hexaaquacobalt (II) Hexaaquacopper (II)

Formula [Co(H2O)6]2+ [Cu(H2O)6]2+

Color PINK BLUE

Hexaaquachromium (III) [Cr(H2O)6]3+ VIOLET 2+ Hexaaquanickel (II) [Ni(H2O)6] GREEN Only a small fraction of all chemical reactions involve only pure solids and liquids as reactants as products. o These always go to completion when they occur. Most chemical reactions do not go to completion because they involve species whose concentrations can change as the reaction proceeds. Three possibilities for these reaction types are for: o Products that predominate o Reactants that predominate o Appreciable concentrations of both reactants and products present Equilibrium: A dynamic state reached when the concentrations of reactants have decreased, and the concentrations of products have increased, to the point where the rate of the forward reaction equals that rate of the reverse reactions o Equilibrium reactions are denoted with a double headed arrow ( ) Systems in equilibrium can be described quantitatively by their equilibrium constants Equilibrium Constant: A mathematical expression that can be derived from the balanced chemical equation for a reaction. o Different for each temperature of a given reaction  Values are usually available in the form of data tables

o Allows for calculation of how much product will be present at equilibrium given amount of starting reactant - Le Chatelier s Principle: A principle on equilibrium that states that when a change is made in the condition of a system at equilibrium, the system will react to counteract the change. o Allows equilibrium to be characterized qualitatively. o Common changes include:  Varying temperature  Varying Pressure  Varying concentration  Varying pH PURPOSE: To qualitatively investigate how several chemical equilibrium systems respond to changes in experimental conditions by:
1. Practicing careful observation and record keeping. 2. Observing the colors of solutions of several metal complexes. a. Learning to identify complex ions by their colors. 3. Studying reactions involving complex ions by observing color changes when experimental conditions are varied. 4. Determining the effects of changes in concentration, pH, and temperature on the position of chemical equilibria involving metal complex ions.

SAFETY: This lab utilizes potentially harmful acids and bases. Always wear goggles, gloves, and covered clothing and take extra care when working with such reagents. PROTOCOL: Materials: y Large Test Tubes y Solid Hexaaquacolbalt (II) Chloride: [Co(H2O)6]Cl2

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10 mL DI Water 3 mL 12 M HCl Solid Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate 10 mL DI Water 1 2 Drops of 6 M NH3 10 mL DI Water 1 mL 6 M NaOH 2 3 mL of DI Solid KBr Hot Plate 1000 mL Beaker Beaker Clamp Ice Bath 50 mL Beaker 20 mL 0.1 M [Co(H2O)6]Cl2 Pipet 5 Medium Test Tubes Labels 3 mL 12 M HCl 1 mL DI Water Test Tube Clamp Solid NaCl 3 mL 6 M HNO3 0.5 g Solid CuBr2 100 mL Beaker 1 mL DI Water 14 mL DI Water Test Tube 6 M NH3 KBr

Procedure: