Underpinning: - the process of placing a new foundation under an existing one or strengthening an existing foundation - A solid foundation laid

below ground level to support or strengthen a building Underpinning may be required to serve the following purpose To strengthen the shallow foundation of existing building when a building with deep foundation is to be constructed adjoining it. To strengthen existing foundation which has settled and caused cracks in the wall To deepen the existing foundation so as to rest it on deeper soil strata of higher bearing power To construct a basement in the existing building. Necessity of underpinning The original foundation is simply not strong or stable enough, e.g. due to decay of wooden piles under the foundation The usage (practice) of the structure has changed The properties of the soil supporting the foundation may have changed or were mischaracterized during planning The construction of nearby structures necessitates the excavation of soil supporting existing foundations. It is more economical, due to land price or otherwise, to work on the present structure's foundation than to build a new one Before underpinning Survey of structure: the structure should be carefully examined Settlement if any Noticing neighbors (adjacent building) Set indicator to identify probable cracks while underpinning Carrying out corrective measures for cracks Investigate sub-soil Shoring: shoring should be provided to make it safe for carrying out the process of underpinning Precaution Excavation should be less than one fourth of length at a time For weak soft soil, less than one fifth to one seventh of length Generally, length of one bay(compartment) is 1.5 m Should be carried out slowly and not complete at a time Methods of underpinning Pit method Pile method Miscellaneous methods Pit method: -Existing wall divided into suitable section, width is about 1.2m to 1.5 meters

-The holes are made in existing wall -The needle with bearing plates are then inserted through the holes and supported on jacks as in fig. -The pit is excavated and the existing foundation is taken up to required level Cantilever needles, projecting inside and provided with fulcrum (pivot) and loadings may be adopted as shown in fig. A hydraulic jack is placed between the needles and fulcrum Pile method: The piles are driven along both sides of the existing wall and then needle in the form of pile caps are provided through the existing wall as shown in fig. Useful for clayey soil and water logged areas and walls carrying heavy loads Miscellaneous methods Cement grouting: Used to restore settled slab or pavement Holes are drilled in the slab and cement grout is forced under pressure through these holes Freezing : Freezing pipes are used below existing footing Expensive More time is required to install freezing pipe Chemical consolidation: The soil under the existing footing is consolidated by using chemicals Perforated pipes are placed in inclined position Useful for soil consist of sand or granular materials Vibroflotation: Carried out by vibrating the sand and thereby increasing its density which increases the bearing capacity of soil

SCAFFOLDING A temporary structure from which persons can gain access to a place in order to carry out building operation A temporary frame usually constructed from steel or aluminum alloy tubes clipped or coupled together provide a means of access to high-level working areas as well as providing as a safe platform from which to work the height above the floor level exceeds about 1.5m a temporary structure is required FUNCTION  As a working platform - so that the worker can stand on the platform do the work easily & safely  As a platform for placing material & logistic needed by the workers to carry out their job  As a platform and walking passage - scaffolding support the platform that been

used by the worker as their walking path to transport the material & logistic Factors need to be considered during the design process of scaffold are : a) Easier to be erected b) Strong c) Light / Not heavy d) Safe e) Suitable f) Passage Link / Passage connecting to other places Types of Scaffolding Bricklayers or single scaffolding Masons or double scaffolding Cantilever or needle scaffolding Steel / tubular scaffolding Suspended Wooden etc. SCAFFOLD ELEMENTS a) Standards b) Ledger c) Putlog d) Double Coupler e) Swivel Coupler f) Putlog Coupler g) Base Plate h) Split Joint Pin i) Reveal Pin a) Double Coupler - the only real loadbearing fitting used in scaffolding - used to join ledgers to standards b) Swivel Coupler - Composed of 2 single coupler riveted together so that it is possible to rotate them & use them for connecting 2 scaffold tubes at any angle. c) Putlog Coupler - use solely for fixing putlogs/transoms to the horizontal ledgers. Base Plate - It is used to distribute the load from the foot of a standard on to a sole plate or firm ground. e) Split Joint Pin

- A connection fitting used to joint scaffold tubes end to end. - A centre bolt expands the 2 segments that grip on the bore of the tubes f) Reveal Pin - Fits into the end of a tube to form an adjustable strut g) Putlog End - A flat plate that fits on the end of a scaffold tube to convert it into a putlog Standard: vertical post called standard are spaced at 2.4-3.0m Putlog: horizontal member supporting platform and resting on ledger is putlog. This is normally 90cm in length and spaced at 1.2m. Ledger: horizontal member firmly fixed in the standard and support putlog is called ledger, vertically spaced at 1.2-1.5m. Bracing: bracing members are tied diagonally to stiffen the scaffolding. Braces are poles tied by ropes.