BIOLOGY LAB STUDY GUIDE TAXONOMY Binomial Nomenclature: system of classification made by Linnaeus Genus Species Domain, Kingdom,

Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti) Cladistic Taxonomy: idea that taxonomy should reflect evolutionary relationship o Old taxonomy was based on superficial similarities o Taxonomy shows current theory of evolutionary relationship between organism like on a taxonomy tree

Organization

Porifera Multicellular

Cnidaria Multicellular w/ Tissues Radial Diploblastic N/A None Acoelomate Gastrovascular Cavity; intra&extracellular None Mono, Dioecious A/Sexual Jellyfish

Platyhelminthes Multicellular w/Organs Bilateral Triploblastic N/A None Acoelomate Gastrovascular cavity; intra&extracellular None Monoecious A/Sexual Flatworms

Nematoda Multicellular w/ Organs Bilateral Triploblastic N/A None Pseudocoelomate Alimentary Canal extracellular None Dioecious A/Sexual Roundworms

Symmetry Tissues/Germ Layers Embryonic Development Segmentation Coelom Digestion

Asymmetrical No layers N/A None Acoelomate Internal Cavity; intracellular None Monoecious A/Sexual Sponges

Mollusca Multicellular w/ Organ sys. Bilateral Triploblastic Protostomes None Coelomate Alimentary Canal extracellular Open Dioecious Sexual Squid

Annelida Multicellular w/ Organ sys. Bilateral Triploblastic Protostomes Many segments Coelomate Alimentary Canal extracellular Closed Monoecious Sexual Earthworms

Arthropoda Multicellular w/ Organ sys. Bilateral Triploblastic Protostomes Segmented, varies Coelomate Alimentary Canal extracellular Open Dioecious Sexual Crustaceans

Echinodermata Multicellular w/ Organ sys. Secondary Radial Triploblastic Deuterostomes None Coelomate Alimentary Canal extracellular Closed Dioecious A/Sexual Starfish

Chordata Multicellular w/ Organ sys. Bilateral Triploblastic Deuterostomes None Coelomate Alimentary Canal extracellular Closed Dioecious Sexual Dog

Circulatory System Gender Reproduction Examples

Porifera:
y y y y Lacks organs and tissues, loosely assembled Named because of the pores located throughout their walls. Sessile (attached to a substrate), filter-feeding heterotrophs Epithelial layer of cells, central cavity is the spongocoel; flagellated cells lining the cavity are called choanocytes; choanocytes beat their flagella, drawing in water through porocytes, they also filter food from the water; the water exits the sponge through the opening at the top of the sponge called osculum.

Folds in the wall form incurrent canals opening to the outside and flagellated canals opening to the spongocoel. The wall contains amoebocytes which are mobile cells that perform digestion, differentiate into other cells, and secrete spicules. Spicules are crystalline skeletal structures; mesenchyme is the gelatinous matrix within the wall. 3 classes of Porifera o Class Calcarea - calcium carbonate spicules o Class Hexactinellida - silica spicules o Class Demospongiae - spongin fibers

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Sponges reproduce asexually & sexually. Asexual reproduction is budding and release of stress-resistant amoebocytes called gemmules. Choanocytes and amoebocytes differentiate into gametes during sexual reproduction, sponges are hermaphroditic. Dissection: N/A

Cnidaria:
y y y y Also called coelenterates, named because of their cnidocytes. The body wall consists of two layers, ectodermis and endodermis, which lines the gastrovascular cavity (GVC). Mesoglea separates the two body layers. Cnidarians capture prey using tentacles lined with cnidocytes, stinging cells, which contain harpoon like structures called nematocysts Cnidarians have true tissues, unlike Poriferans, but they do not have organs. Cnidarians also do extracellular as well as intracellular digestion. Cnidarians are polymorphic; they alternate between polyps and medusa. Polyps are attached to a substrate and have their mouths and tentacles facing upward. Medusae have their mouths and tentacles pointing downward. The classes of Cnidaria are distinguished by the predominance of one or both stages.

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Medusa produces gametes for sexual reproduction, they form a planula larva which attaches to a substrate and develops into a polyp. The polyp creates immature medusa, ephyrae, by budding. 3 classes of Cnidaria - Class Hydrozoa polyp stage dominates life cycle, medusa may occur. Hydra are an example; they have no medusa stage. Gonionemus have large medusae, figure 36.14 pg 394. Obelia typifies most Hydrozoans b/c it has colonial polyps and free swimming medusa. o Class Scyphozoa medusa stage dominates life cycle, polyp stage is reduced to small larval stage. Similarly derived from the polyp stage, called a scyphistoma, known as sea jellies (jellyfish). o Class Anthozoa polyp stage completely dominates life cycle. Anemones can reproduce asexually by leaving behind pieces of their basal disks when they move, fragmentation. Corals also belong to class Anthozoa. Dissection: Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa, Metridium (common anemone) pg. 396 Figure 36.18.

Platyhelminthes:
y y y Simplest animals to have organs. It is triploblastic; it has a mesoderm, simplest animals to have bilateral symmetry, also exhibits some cephalization. More advanced nervous system than Cnidarians Has a GVC with only one opening. 3 Classes of Platyhelminthes o Class Turbellaria:  Hermaphroditic, feeds by sucking food through a pharynx which leads to the GVC. Digestion is extracellular but some phagocytic cells complete digestion intracellularly. Is not parasitic, it is free-living. Has eyespots sensory organs. Example: Planaria o Class Trematoda:  Called flukes, are endoparasites and ectoparasites, lack an epidermis but are covered by an acellular epicuticle. Example: Schistosoma. Schistosoma is a blood fluke that is unique because it indefinitely copulates. Schistosoma is dioecious unlike most other trematodes. o Class Cestoda:  Called tapeworms, parasitic, lacks a mouth or digestive tract. Instead it has a scolex, which adheres to the hosts intestinal wall with hooks and suckers.  Behind the scolex is the neck leading to the proglottids. Proglottids, self-contained packets (not segments), contain male and female organs, which may self-fertilize but usually cross-fertilize with adjacent worms. Gravid (egg-carrying) proglottids eventually break free from the end of the worm characterized by genital pore. Dissection: N/A

Nematoda:
y Nematodes, also called roundworms, consist a large part of the environment; there are more than 1 million species of nematodes.

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Lack flagella and cilia and are covered with a cuticle, which resists digestive enzymes and allows only water, ions, and gases to pass. Two advances over flatworms, they have a pseudocoelom, (fluid filled cavity lined with the mesoderm on the outer surface and endoderm on the inner surface) and a complete digestive tract, with mouth and anus. Many are disease causing: Elephantiasis Classes of Nematoda: N/A Dissection: Phylum Nematoda, Class ??? Ascaris lumbricoides(earthworm), diagram pg. 407, Figure 37.13

Cross section of female Ascaris To distinguish between male and female: Males have hooked posterior Females have 2 uterus that join at the vagina; the vagina points to the head

Phylum Mollusca (Soft bodied) 4 features: o Ventral muscular foot (Locomotion) o Visceral Mass (organs in one area) o Mantle (encloses body, secretes protective covering, respiration) -> secretes shell o Radula (tongue like structure) Coelomate -> allows for organs systems; coelom reduced, near heart

In open circulatory system, lymph baths all organs directly Triploblastic, bilateral, complete digestive tract, mantle cavity for respiration, gills 4 classes: o Polyplacophora (many plates): commonly called chiton, shell is divided into 8 plates, ventral foot is a broad oval muscle for locomotion o Gastropoda (stomach foot): snails with coiled elaborate shells (Nudibranches have no shell though), mostly marine, some terrestrial; radulas to eat (predators, herbivores, scavengers)  Ex: Menatocysts (blue devil) have their ventral side up and eats jellyfish by ingesting cnidocytes o Bivalvia: (two shells) have a dorsally hinged shell in 2 parts, mantles form incurrent and excurrent siphon, water flows over gills and cilia on gills filter food particles out (Filter feeders);  To distinguish posterior and anterior: Labial palps (directs food) points to anterior  Mother of Pearl iridescent surface of shell o Cephalopoda (head foot): includes squid, octopus, nautilus, etc; shells are absent, foot has been modified into tentacles, intelligent invertebrates, closed circulatory systems, predators (use their tentacles)  Defense mechanisms: ink, Chromatophores (Change colors, light reflecting cells -> camouflage) Dissection: Bivalvia ( Figure 37.8 page 415), Squid (Refer to Packet)

Phylum Annelida Includes Earthworms, leeches. Most distinctive feature is SEGMENTATION (METAMERISM), divided by SEPTA, with a closed circulatory system. Setae: small, bristle like appendages, aid in locomotion. Segmentation allows for specialization of body parts. Respiration is at skin level. Classes: o Polychaeta: many setae; each segment has Parapodia (large SA, highly vascularized with blood vessels, help movement and respiration). Presence of eyes different than other annelidas. Lack gonads, produce gametes via germ cells in coelom or septa. o Oligochaeta: Earthworm mostly terrestrial. Movement is: extension, anchoring, and contraction by alternating contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles against hydrostatic pressure o Hirudinea: (leeches), ectoparasites. No setae, dorsoventrally flattened, anterior and posterior suckers. Hermaphrodite, one injects a packet of sperm called spermatophore into female gonopore; develops a clitellum during mating season.  Released hirudin, an anticoagulant, allowing them to suck blood from host. Dissected: Earthworm (Oligochaeta) o Know:  Prostomium: mouth is preceded by these fleshy lobe  Peristomium: around mouth, posterior to the mouth is the first body segment  Clitellum: series of swollen segments near the anterior where sperm is exchanged  Seminal vesicles (in which sperm matures) and exits through male gonopores  Digestive Tract: Mouth -> Pharynx -> esophagus -> Crop (food storage) -> Gizzard (maceration) -> intestine (absorb nutrients)  Nephridia (small white tubes like KIDNEYS): collect and release excretory wastes

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Funnel shaped nephrostomes on the ends gather waste products and release through nephridiopores (external pores) Dorsal and Ventral Blood Vessel (closed circulatory system) Hearts (5 of them) Typhlosole: internal fold of tissue in digestive tract, doubles SA for absorption

Phylum Arthropoda Rigid external skeleton and jointed appendages (arthro jointed, poda appendage); segmentation, coelomate, open circulatory system Exoskeleton is made out of chitin for protection, moisture barrier, palce for muscle attachment Respiration through gills, tracheae, book lungs; spiracles (hole) open up into tracheae _> tracheoles. Nerve ganglia -> brain. Compound and simple eyes. Ecdysis: molting of exoskeleton Tagmata: fusion of body segments, like head + thorax = cephalothorax Subphylum: o Chelicerata: have chelicera, specialized appendages for feeding; and pedipalps, sensory. No antennae; body segments are cephalothorax and abdomen.  Class Merostomata (horseshoe crab): Carapace, horseshoe shaped, covers cephalothorax. Has walking legs and pedipalps and Chilaria, pair of degenerated legs. Gas exchange in book gills.  Class Arachnida (spiders): chelicerae modified into fangs, 4 pairs of walking legs; spiders have spinnerets for silk.

Subphylum Crustacea: Biramous (double branches appendages), 2 pairs of antennae, compound eyes, MANDIBULATES (w/ opposing mandibles, analogous to chelicerae). Swimmerets are abdominal appendages smaller than walking legs (males have copulatory swimmeret) Uropods surround terminal abdominal segment called Telson. Chelicerae of a spider are homologous to the antennae of a crayfish. Subphylum Uniramia: uniramous (single branched)  Class Chilopoda (centipede): one pair of legs/segments. Have maxillipeds,appendages modified for feeding.  Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): 2 pairs of legs on each segment, 1 pair of antennae  Class Insecta: most successful group on earth, FLIGHT is key to success. Subphylum Chelicerata Class Merostomata 2 5 No Yes No Class Arachnida 2 4 No Yes No Subphylum Crustacea Class Crustacea 2 5 Yes No Yes Subphylum Uniramia Class Chilopoda Many Many Yes No Yes Class Diplopoda Many Many Yes No Yes Class Insecta 3 6 Yes No Yes/No

Body Segments Pairs of Legs Mandible? Cheliceratae? Maxillipeds?

Dissected: Crayfish and Grasshopper pg.431 Figure 39.8 ; pg. 433 Figure 39.11-12

Need to Know (Crustacea Crayfish) Pericardial sac surrounds diamond shaped heart with small openings, ostia, through which blood enters the heart. Gonads are anterior to heart. (testes white, ovaries orange) Esophagus, mouth, digestive gland, ventral nerve cord, brain, ganglia, antennal glands

Need to Know (Romalea Grasshopper) They respire through tracheae . Body in 3: head, thorax, abdomen, one pair of antennae, 6 legs. Mouth is covered by labrum, extension of head. Beneath labrum are Mandibles followed by a pair of maxillae w/ segmented extensions called palps. Spiracles or breathing pore opening to the respiratory system of tracheal tubes. Posterior end of a male is blunt. Female end is a ovipositor, used to lay eggs.

Echinodermata:
y y Include sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and crinoids. They are deuterostomes unlike annelids, mollusks, and arthropods. Deuterostomes vs. Protostomes Feature Fate of blastopore Patter of early cell divison Fate of cells in embryo Mesoderm formation (not important)

Protostomes Mouth Spiral Determinate, fate is fixed From endodermal cells near blastopore

Deuterostomes Anus Radial Indeterminate, can be used to create new embryo From endodermal cells opposite blastopore

Named because of their internal skeleton of calcareous plates, called ossicles. Have spines protruding through skin. Have a unique water vascular system, consists of: o Madreporite: site where water enters the water vascular system o Radial canal: extends the water vascular system to the arms o Ring canal: circles around the body of the echinoderm o Tube feet: hollow projections of the water vascular system, controlled by muscles and hydrostatic pressure o Ampulla: control the flow of water into and out of tube feet

5 Classes of Echinodermata o Class Asteroidea commonly called sea stars, divided into the lower, oral surface, and upper, aboral surface. Dermal gills near spines are used for respiration. Have pedicellariae around spines to remove debris. o Class Ophiuroidea commonly called brittle stars, have slender arms that are easily detached from the central disk. Reduced tube feet; not used in locomotion, rather it moves by crawling with their thin arms. o Class Crinoidea are the most ancient echinoderms, oral surface faces up, ossicles are well developed. o Class Echinoidea commonly called sea urchins and sand dollars, the ossicles are fused into a solid shell called a test, mouth consists of five ossified plates that scrape food, called Aristotles lantern. o Class Holothuroidea commonly known as sea cucumbers, mouth is surrounded by modified tube feet called tentacles, they have reduced ossicles, few spines, and soft bodies. When disturbed, they may expel their internal organs in a process called evisceration Dissection: Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea Asterias (common sea star). Diagram pg. 443 Figure 40.6 and 40.5

Chordata:
Have 4 common characteristics: o A dorsal hollow nerve cord o Notochord- cartilaginous rod that forms on the dorsal side of the gut in the embryo o Pharyngeal slits o Postanal tail y 3 Subphylums of Chordata: o Subphylum Urochordata commonly known as tunicates, larva of tunicates have all characteristics of a chordate, adult loses all characteristics except the pharyngeal slits, it is enclosed by a cellulose sac called the tunic. Tunicates filter-feed and actively push water through their pharyngeal basket. o Subphylum Cephalochordata commonly known as lancelets. They burrow in sand or mud and have all the characteristics of chordates. Lancelets pass water through their gill arches, which pores to a surrounding chamber called the atrium and leaves through the atriopore. o Subphylum Vertebrata Have a vertebral column that replaces the notochord. Seven classes of living vertebrates. Dissection: Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Osteichthyes Perch (Perca fluviatilis) pg 451. Figure 40.19 y

Summary:
y Phylum Porifera o Class Calcarea (calcareous spicule sponges) o Class Hexactinellida (siliceous spicule sponges) o Class Demospongiae (spongin fiber sponges) Phlyum Cnidaria o Class Hydrozoa (Hydra Hydra) o Class Scyphozoa (Gonionemus, sea jelly)

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o Class Anthozoa (Metridium, sea anenome) Phylum Platyhelminthes o Class Turbellaria (Dugesia, planaria) o Class Trematoda (Schistosoma, flukes) o Class Cestoda (Dibothriocephalus latus, tapeworm) Phylum Nematoda o No classes mentioned (Ascaris lumbricoides, roundworm) Phylum Mollusca o Class Polyplacophora (chiton) o Class Gastropoda (snails) o Class Bivalvia (Anodonta, clams) o Class Cephalopoda (Loligo, squid) Phylum Annelida o Class Polychaeta (Nereis, clam worm) o Class Oligochaeta (Lumbricus terrestris, earthworm) o Class Hirudinea (Hirudo medicinal, leeches) Phylum Arthropoda o Subphylum Chelicerata  Class Merostomata (Limulus, horseshoe crab)  Class Arachnida (Centruroides, scorpions) o Subphylum Crustacea  Class Crustacea (Cambarus, common crayfish) o Subphylum Uniramia  Class Chilopoda (Scolopendra, centipedes)  Class Diplopoda (millipedes)  Class Insecta (Romalea, grasshopper) Phylum Echinodermata o Class Asteroidea (Asterias, common sea star) o Class Ophiuroidea (Ophioderma, brittle star) o Class Crinoidea (crinoids) o Class Echinoidea (Arbacia, sea urchin) o Class Holothuroidea (Cucumaria, sea cucumber) Phylum Chordata o Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates) o Subphylum Cephalochordata (Branchiostoma, lancelets) o Subphylum Vertebrata (Perch)