Chapter No 1

CHAPTER NO: 1
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMA
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Chapter No: 1
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS

1.1Classification Definition
Living organisms are arranged into different groups on the basis of similarities and differences. Arrangement of grouping of living organisms is called classification
The basic unit of classification

The organisms are placed into different units. The basic unit of classification is species.
Definition
A group of closely resembling organisms that can breed with one another in nature The members of a species are not able to sexually reproduce with individuals of other species.
Example
All cats belong to one species and all rabbits belong to another species.
Q: Why is classification of living organisms necessary?

It is easy to study organisms on the basis of classification. Classification of living organisms tells us interrelationship among them and very closely resembling individuals are placed in the same group and distinctly different individuals are grouped in different groups. In this way organisms are identified on the basis of their structures and other characteristics. So we can study them systematically and logically.
THE CITY PHOTOSTATE & STATIONERY CENTRE | NEAR GOVT. COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL SAHIWAL PREPARED BY # M. RAMZAN ( M.A EDUCATION. Pb UNIVERSITY)
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1.2 Micro-organisms Definition:

Micro means small and organisms means living things. Micro-organisms are those organisms that are so small and they cannot be seen with naked eye. In order to observe them, we need a light microscope or an electron microscope.
(Fig 1.1)
Q: Micro-organism is a diverse group of living organisms Explain.

Micro-organisms form a diverse group which includes different kinds of organisms, viruses, bacteria, unicellular plants and animals, certain algae and some fungi. Micro-organisms differ from one another with regard to structure and mode of nutrition. Viruses are not cellular on the basis of structure. Bacteria are unicellular but have no organized nucleus. Algae and a few bacteria are autotrophs. Bacteria play an important role in our lives. Fungi and most unicellular animals are heterotrophs.
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1.3 Viruses Size:

Viruses are so small that they cannot be observed with light microscope but can be studied with electron microscope and biochemical tests.
Shape:
Viruses are of different shapes i.e. rounded, rod shape, polyhedral or tadpoles. (Fig 1.2)
Structure:
Structurally viruses are not cellular but are made up of nucleic acid and proteins. Viruses consist of two parts, an outer coat and inner core. The coat is composed protein and the core is made up of DNA or RNA. (Fig 1.3)
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Q: Describe whether viruses are living or non-living.

Viruses are considered as a link between living and non-living things. They reproduce like living organisms and like non-living things found also in the form of crystals.
Parasites:
All viruses are parasites and obtain their food from other living organisms.
Transference:
Viruses in living organisms are transmitted in a variety of ways i.e. -by air -contaminated water and food -through insects -droplets produced on coughing and sneezing -and through contact
Diseases produced:
In human beings viruses produce Measles, influenza cold, smallpox, and polio, cancer Hepatitis B & C, AIDS and SARS. In plants, viruses usually cause diseases in the plants of tobacco, potato, tomato cabbage and cotton etc.
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1.4 Bacteria Occurence:

Bacteria are unicellular microscopic organisms. Bacteria are found everywhere - In air, water, living and dead of organisms even in glaciers and hot springs. Bacteria are found singly or in groups and even in beaded form. Bacteria are of four types on the basis of shape round, rod like, spiral and comma shaped. (Fig 1.4)
Shape:
Structure:
A distinct nucleus is absent in bacteria, only a single large circular molecule of DNA is present. This is not bounded by nuclear membrane. Bacterial cell is surrounded by a cell wall. A few bacteria have an additional slime capsule around their cell wall. Some bacteria have one or more thread like Flagella (singular flagellum) which help them in their locomotion. (Fig 1.5)
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Mode of Nutrition:
Some bacteria are autotrophs while majority of them are heterotrophs. Bacteria, which live on other living organisms for their nutrition, are called parasitic bacteria. Those parasitic bacteria which cause diseases both in plants and animals are known as pathogenic bacteria.
Transference:
Bacteria are transmitted from one living organism to other through touch, air, contaminated water, food, insects and other animals.
Q: Write down the advantages of bacteria. (a) Decomposers:

Bacteria act as decomposers. They decompose dead bodies of plants and animals. This increases the soil fertility. Some bacteria add nitrogenous compounds in soil, thus maintain its fertility.
(b) Commercial purpose:

Bacteria are used for industrial and commercial purposes such as in manufacturing butter, cheese and yogurt in processing of vinegar, tobacco coffee and leather.
(c) Medicines:
Antibotics such as streptomycin, tetracycline and terramycin are obtained from bacteria. These antibiotics destroy harmful bacteria.
Disadvantages of Bacteria: (a) Food Decomposers:

Food is decomposed and putrefied by bacteria.
CHAPTER NO: 1 (b)
Diseases produced by Bacteria: In plants

Canker disease in citrus fruits (Kino, lemon, orange) Fire blight in peach, pear, apple Scab in potatoes are caused by bacteria
In animals
Like cattle bacteria are responsible for T.B and Anthrax
In human beings
T.B whooping cough, diphtheria, typhoid pneumonia, tetanus, plague, cholera Leprosy and Anthrax.
Q: Describe different methods of preservation of food. Methods of Food preservation: The following are the methods for preservation of food. (i) Sterilization:
The process in which food and other things are preserved by heating it from 1200c to 126oc for 12-90 minutes under suitable pressure and makes the food free from pathogens.
(ii)
(iii)
Pasteurization:
The process in which milk is heated for half an hour at 62oC or for 15 seconds at 71oC to make it free from bacteria.
Refrigeration:
Most of the bacteria are killed at very low temperature for many days. Eggs, milk, vegetables cheese and meat are preserved by storing them at low temperature -100c to -18Oc to keep useable for weeks and months.
(iv)
Canning:
Cooked food and other eatables (Pickles, candies, jams) are first heat at high temperature that kills bacteria and sealed in metallic containers.
(v)
Dehydration:
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By process of dehydration food (e.g. meat and vegetable) can be preserved.

(vi)
Radiation:
Bacteria can be killed by exposing the food to radiations.
IMPORTANT INFORMATIONS
Virus is a Latin word which means poison. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) It is pneumonia like viral disease; in which at first temperature of patient rises. He feels cold, irritation in throat, difficulty in breathing and suffocation. Sometimes death can occur. What would happen if there are no bacteria in this world?
Ans: Bacteria play an important role in our lives. If there were no bacteria,
then decomposition of dead bodies cannot be taken, fertility of soil is linked with bacteria. Butter, cheese and yogurt cannot be made without bacteria. So Allah creates all the things like bacteria in this world with some purpose.
GLOSSARY
Species:
A group of closely resembling organisms that can breed with one another in Nature.
Parasites:
Organisms that live in or on other organisms and obtained their food from them i.e. depend upon other organisms for life.
Pathogenic Bacteria:
Those bacteria which cause diseases in plants and animals.
Sterilization:
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The process in which food and other things are preserved by heating it form 120Oc to 126Oc for 12-90 minutes under suitable pressure and makes the food free from pathogens.
Pasteurization:
The process in which milk is heated for half an hour at 62Oc or for 15 seconds at 71Oc to make it free from bacteria.
SHORT ANSWERS
Q: Define classification and species. Classification:
The arrangement of living organisms in different groups is classification. called
Species:
A group of closely resembling organisms that can breed with one another in nature.
Q: Write down names of four diseases of man caused by viruses. Four Viral diseases:
Measles, cold, cancer, polio,
Q: Write down names of four bacterial diseases of man. Four bacterial diseases :
Whooping cough, typhoid, Cholera, tetanus.
Q: What is a difference between sterilization and pasteurization? Sterilization:

The process in which food and other things are preserved by heating it from 1200c to 1260c for 12-90 minutes under suitable pressure and makes the food free from pathogens.
CHAPTER NO: 1
Pasteurization:
The process in which milk is heated for half an hour at 62Oc or 15 seconds at 71Oc to make it free from bacteria.
ENCIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER IN THE FOLLOWING

Q .NO.1 Viruses are considered as living organisms because (a) (b) (c) (d) Q .NO.2 (a) (c) Q .NO.3 (a) (c) Q .NO.4 (a) (c) Q. NO.5 (a) (c) Can be crystallized Can be observed with electron microscope They are of different shapes They can reproduce T.B. Typhoid Measles Cholera Heterotrophic bacteria Parasitic bacteria 62o C for half an hour 71o C for half an hour (b) (d) (b) (d) (b) (d) (b) (d) Dysentry polio Small pox Aids Autotrophic bacteria Pathogenic bacteria 62o C for 15 seconds 100o C for one minute
Tell the name of disease caused by virus in the following
The disease caused by bacteria is
Bacteria which produce diseases in plants and animals are called
In Pasteurization, milk is heated at
FILL IN THE BLANKS
CHAPTER NO: 1
Q .NO.1 Q .NO.2 Q .NO.3 Q .NO.4 Q .NO.5
Living organisms are arranged into different groups on the basis of similarities and differences. This group is called ______________ Viruses are considered as a link between living and_________ things. Measles and polio in man are caused by____________ Bacteria are ___________ micro-organisms. Cholera and T.B. in man are caused by _______________
TRUE FALSE STATEMENT

Q .NO.1 All viruses are parasites.
True Fals
Q .NO.2 Bacterium has nucleus like typical plant and animal cell. molecule of DNA is present. Q .NO.3 Q .NO.4 Bacteria are of three types according to shape and form.
A distinct nucleus is absent in bacteria only a single large circular

Fals
Bacteria are of four types, round, rod-like, spiral and comma shaped. Those bacteria, which cause diseases in plants and animals, are called Pathogenic bacteria.
True
KEY OF M. C. Q
Q.No.1 Q.No.2 Q.No.3
D D C
Q.No.4 Q.No.5
D A
KEY OF FILL IN THE BLANKS

Q.No.1
classification
Q.No.4
Unicellular
CHAPTER NO: 1
Q.No.2 Q.No.3
Non living Viruses
Q.No.5
Bacteria
Mob No # 0345-5008060, 03006913210

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CHAPTER NO: 1

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMA

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS

The basic unit of classification

Q: Why is classification of living organisms necessary?

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMA

1.2 Micro-organisms Definition:

Q: Micro-organism is a diverse group of living organisms Explain.

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMA

1.3 Viruses Size:

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMA

Q: Describe whether viruses are living or non-living.

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMA

1.4 Bacteria Occurence:

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMA

Q: Write down the advantages of bacteria. (a) Decomposers:

(b) Commercial purpose:

Disadvantages of Bacteria: (a) Food Decomposers:

CHAPTER NO: 1 (b)

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMA

Diseases produced by Bacteria: In plants

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMA

By process of dehydration food (e.g. meat and vegetable) can be preserved.

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMA

Q: What is a difference between sterilization and pasteurization? Sterilization:

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMA

ENCIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER IN THE FOLLOWING

Tell the name of disease caused by virus in the following

The disease caused by bacteria is

Bacteria which produce diseases in plants and animals are called

In Pasteurization, milk is heated at

FILL IN THE BLANKS

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMA

Q .NO.1 Q .NO.2 Q .NO.3 Q .NO.4 Q .NO.5

TRUE FALSE STATEMENT

A distinct nucleus is absent in bacteria only a single large circular

KEY OF FILL IN THE BLANKS

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMA

Non living Viruses

Mob No # 0345-5008060, 03006913210

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