I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH KHOA IN T VIN THNG

Hong nh Thip

NGHIN CU V THIT K MCH CHNG GI TRM IN THOI

KHA LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY Ngnh: in t Vin thng

H NI 2005

I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH KHOA IN T VIN THNG

Hong nh Thip

NGHIN CU V THIT K MCH CHNG GI TRM IN THOI

KHA LUN TT NGHIP I HC CHNH QUY

Ngnh: in T Vin Thng Cn b hng dn: Th.s Ch Vn An Cn b ng hng dn : CN Trn Thanh Hi

H NI 2005

TI LIU THAM KHO [1].Tng Vn On, Hong c Hi. H vi iu khin 8051. NXB Lao ng- X hi, 2001 [2]. TS. Ng Din Tp. Vi x l trong o lng v iu khin . NXB khoa hc k thut. [3]. V c Th. Thit b u cui thng tin. NXB Gio Dc, 2002. [4]. Http://www.atmel.com [5].Http://www.zarlink.com

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V MNG IN THOI V CU TO MY IN THOI.

1.1: S ra i ca my in thoi v mng in thoi. 1.1.1: S lc v lch s pht trin. Cc h thng in thoi c pht trin t mch tng t, tng i n gin do Alexander Graham Bell pht minh vo nm 1876. mch in ny nh hnh v:
ng nghe ng nghe

i(t)

ng dy in thoi

Ngun c quy

ng dy in thoi

C ting ni

Khng c ting ni

Hnh 1: H thng in thoi c in Hai my in thoi c ni vi nhau qua ng dy in thoi l cp xon i & my in thoi c cp ngun t cc trm trung tm (Central office). Ngun cung cp dng in mt chiu chy trong vng dy in thoi khp kn. Micro phone than c s dng trong in thoi. N gm bt than c ng gi khng cht vo mt hp c mt co gin c gi l my rung, khi cc sng p lc m thanh p vo mng rung, bt than b nn v gin. Vic nn gin ny to ra mt in tr bin i lm cho dng in trong mch vng c iu ch. T to ra mt tn hiu dng in m thanh (nh hnh v ). ng nghe ca in thoi gm mt nam chm in vi mt mng rung thun t t trong mt t trng. Dng in m tn truyn cm ng qua nam chm in lm cho mng rung ca ng nghe rung v m thanh c ti to li. H thng in thoi hai dy n gin trong hnh (1.1) c 3 thun li:
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

R tin.

- Cc my c cp ngun t trm trung tm qua ng in thoi v vy khng cn ngun ti ni thu bao. Mch in song cng.

H thng hai dy ny c bt li l khng th s dng cc b khuch i tn hiu ch theo 1 hng. Bi vy i vi cc kt ni in thoi ng di cn c k thut cao cp hn l mch 4 dy. Tm li, cc mch in thoi c th c chia thnh 2 loi chnh: + Mch 2 dy (mch vng cc b) + Mch 4 dy 1.1.2: Mng in thoi
Mch lai 2 dy > 4 dy Pht

24DS-0
B m ha PCM

Dy xanh l cy ng dy n thu bao in thoi

B ghp knh TDM Truyn

200 200

Mch cn bng

Tn hiu DS-0/PCM (64kbit/s)

tn hiu DS-1 n CO

24 ng thu bao

B to in p chung 90V. 20Hz

48V Dy
Thu B gii m PCM

24DS-0
DS-0

B phn knh TDM

Nhn tn hiu DS-0 t CO

Hnh 2: H thng in thoi c cc thit b u cui t xa H thng vng cc b c s dng hin nay s c m t n gin nh sau:

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Trm chuyn mch cc b ni hai bn hi thoi bng cch to 1 kt ni cng gia 2 vng cc b thch hp. v c bn y l mt kt ni ni tip vi mt ngun (t ti trm in thoi) Dy c in p dng t trm trung tm c gi l dy u nhn (tiplead) v n c nh du mu xanh l cy. Dy c in p m c gi l dy u vng (ring lead) v c nh du mu . Cc thut ng u nhn v u vng c xut x t thi s dng mt bng chuyn mch phch cm ti trm trung tm v cc u ny c ni vo mt phch cm c cc tip xc u nhn v u vng. Gic cm ny tng t gic ca mt ng nghe phone stereo c cc tip xc u nhn vng v v bc. u tip t c ni vo v bc. Kt ni cuc gi: Bn gi nhc Handset( t hp ng nghe v micro) ln hnh ng ny ng tip im chuyn mch (off book) cho dng DC chy qua ng dy in thoi ca ngi gi. Dng in ny khong 40mA, c th cm ti trm trung tm l trm thit lp mt tn hiu tone mi quay s trn ng dy bn gi (khong 400 Hz). Bn gi c th quay s bng cch s dng quay s xung hoc a tn. nu s dng quay s xung, dng in DC b ngt mt s ln bng s c quay (vi tc 10 xung/s). V d: c 5 ln ngt dng in khi quay s 5. Khi nhn c dy s hon chnh ca bn gi, trm trung tm t b to chung (90v, 20v, bt 2s, tt 4s) vo ng dy tng ng s c quay. Kt qu lm rung chung in thoi. Khi bn c gi nhc ng nghe, dng in DC chy vo ng dy bo hiu cho trm trung tm bit ngt b to chung v ni 2 bn vi nhau qua chuyn mch. Dng in mt chiu by gi chy qua cc ng dy ca c hai bn gi v c gi. C hai bn c th ni v nghe ng thi, y l hot ng trn song cng. Vic cung cp cho mi thu bao mt i dy ring trn tt c cc ng ti trm trung tm l rt tn km. Trong cc ng dng m mt s lng ln thu bao tp trung cch trm trung tm mt khong cch no th gi thnh ca h thng gim i ng k bng cch s dng cc thit b u cui t xa (remote Terminal_RT). Cc RT cn cho php t cc my in thoi cch trm trung tm mt khong cch bt k. Thit b u cui t xa RT cung cp in p c qui v dng in rung chung cho my in thoi ca thu bao. ng 2 dy rung cc tn hiu voice frequency
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

(VF_tn s thoi) song cng n v i khi thu bao c chuyn sang ng bn dy mang 2 ng n cng pht v thu tn hiu bng mt mch lai (hybrid). Mch lai l mt mch bin p cn bng (hay mt mch in t tng ng ) to ln s cch li gia tn hiu pht v thu. Do vy hin tng t dao ng s khng sy ra khi tn hiu pht c khuch i hi tip qua ng dy thu. Tn hiu thoi VF pht c chuyn i thnh tn hiu PCM v n c ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian vi cc tn hiu PCMn t thu bao khc ni vo RT. Tn hiu TDM c gi i trn mt ng trung k ti trm trung tm. Tng t tn hiu thu c t ng trung k c phn knh v gii m c tn hiu VF cho thu bao. Trong cc h thng in thoi hin nay ngi ta thay th cc chuyn mch tng t ti Central Office bng cc chuyn mch s. Cc chuyn mch tng t c iu khin bng mch logic chuyn tip u ni sn. hin nay, cc trm in thoi hin i s dng cc h thng chuyn mch in t (ESS_Electronic Switching System). Vi ESS cn c mt my tnh iu khin hot ng chuyn mch bng phn mm gi l iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr. Hn na cc ESS gn y s dng chuyn mch s thay cho chuyn mch tng t. Trong mt Central Office chuyn mch s, tn hiu VF ca khch hng c chuyn i sang PCM v c ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian vi cc tn hiu PCM khc vo mt ng s tc cao (khi cc RT c s dng, vic chuyn i tn hiu VF sang PCM c thc hin ti RF). Trm trunng tm s chuyn mch mt cuc gi bng cch t d liu PCM ca bn gi vo khe thi gian TDM gn cho bn ch (bn c gi ). y gi l trao i khe thi gian (ISI_Time Slot Interchange). Chuyn mch s (cho mt khch hng ) v n cho php chuyn mch gia d liu v hnh nh s ha cng nh m thanh PCM. Tuy nhin nhiu trm trung tm chuyn mch tng t hin nay vn c s dng v l do kinh t, tt nhin cc tn hiu VF phi c chuyn sang PCM,TDM trc khi mt chuyn mch s c th s dng. i vi cuc gi ng di, trm trung tm cc b chuyn mch cuc gi ti ng trung k ni vi mt trm trung tm xa. Cc ng trung k thng mang tn hiu TDM hoc FDM, nhng TDM c a chung hn. Nu Central Office cc b s dng cc chuyn mch tng t, mch 2 dy phi c chuyn thnh 4 dy (s dng mch lai) v cc b lp mt chiu c s dng 1 chuyn mch s th b chuyn mch s ng vai tr tng ng RT so vi central office xa v 2 CO c ni vi nhau qua cc trung k TDM tc cao.
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh Trng i Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Tm li: thu bao in thoi tng t c ni vi mt CO hoc mt thit b u cui t xa RT qua ng dy thu bao ccp xon i. CO v RT cng xem nh mt thit b u cui ca vm thu bao v n c cc chc nng: + Kt thc ng dy vi mt ti AC 900( cn bng vi t ) + Cung cp dng Dc t ngun ca n qua cc in tr 200 cn bng (i vi im iu khin th tng tr DC l 400). + Kim tra dng in xc nh trng thi cp my hoc nhc my + Nhn thng tin quay s t thu bao + S dng in p rung chung v bo hiu tin trnh gi (m quay s, bo bn, bo rung chung ) + Chuyn ng 2 dy sang 4 dy trong cc CO s hoc trn cc cuc gi ng di. + Cung cp chuyn i s_tng t v tng t _s cho cc h thng s + Kim tra ng thu bao v im cui ng dy. + Cung cp s cch ly v bo v cn thit cho CO v RT 1.2: Cu to chung ca my in thoi. c im k thut ca my in thoi ph thuc k thut truyn dn tn hiu thoi ca mng (ghp knh theo tn s, ghp knh theo thi gian, ghp knh theo m), hai k thut sau u thuc in thoi s, k thut u l in thoi tng t. Chc nng cn bn ca my in thoi l: Pht v tip nhn bo hiu; Pht m s thu bao b gi; Pht v thu tn hiu thoi ni chuyn;

- Kh trc m, chng cc loi nhiu v iu chnh m lng m thu c l d nghe nht. Hin nay k thut vi x l c dng trong cc my in thoi khin kh nng dch v v cung cp tin ch ca my in thoi rt phong ph. K thut my tnh trong mng thng tin in thoi s ch ng v kt hp vi thit b u cui to ra nhiu dch v in thoi cht lng cao.
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

My in thoi gm cc khi sau: Chung; Chuyn mch nhc - t; Quay s; T hp (ng ni v tai nghe trn cu trc c tay cm); Mch kh trc m, dit ting keng click, iu chnh m lng.

Ngoi cc khi c bn trn, my in thoi cn c th c: H thng vi x l, h thng ghi m, mn hnh v cc h thng h tr truyn dn. Di y l mt s khi ca my in thoi:

Quay s Bo v qu p Thu chung Chng o cc Chuyn mch nhc t Dit ting keng/click iu chnh m lng ng ni Micro Sai ng Tai nghe

Mch cn

bng Hnh 3: S khi my in thoi + Khi bo v qu p chng in p cao do ng dy in thoi chp vi ng dy in lc hoc st nh. Mch thng gm 2 diode zener mc ngc chiu nhau:

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

L1 D D L2 Hnh 4: Mch bo v chng qu p Nu c in p ln hn in p ca diode +0,6v th diode s thng v in p d ra st trn in tr ca ng dy. + Mch chng o cc in p: in p mt chiu t tng i a n cc khi sau n c cc tnh n nh, mch thng dng cu diode:

L1 A L2 Hnh 5:Mch chng o cc bng cu diode D in p trn L1 v L2 th no th in p trn A vn l (+) v trn B vn l (-). Vi mch lc no cng c 2 diode thng v 2 diode cm. Mch ny c cu to n gin v gi thnh h nhng lc no cng c 2 diode tham gia v mch cp ngun. st p trn diode l 1,2v 1,4v. i vi nhng in thoi gn tng i th st p trn mch chng o cc khng nh hng n cht lng m thoi nhng vi nhng in thoi xa tng i th st p ny s nh hng n cht lng m thoi. khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta s dng mch chng o cc dng IC. + B

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

L1 T1 A T3 L2 RB T4 RB T2 B

Hnh 6: Mch chng o cc dng IC + Mch thu chung : Mch thu chung dng nhn tn hiu gi v bo cho ngi s dng thu bao bit. Tn hiu chung i vi cc tng i c l 20Hz in p 88v hoc 25Hz in p 86v. Cc tng i hin nay dng tn s 50Hz, pht 1s ngh 4s, cc tng i c pht 2s ngh 4s. Mch thu chung c tnh cht chn lc tn s v tnh phi tuyn sao cho ch lm vic vi tn hiu chung v khng lm vic vi tn hiu thoi v tn hiu quay s. Mch thu chung ca in thoi n phm v in thoi dng a quay s khc nhau. i vi mch thu chung ca in thoi dng a quay s th hon ton l c kh. Thnh phn chnh l chung xoay chiu, s dng trc tip dng in xoay chiu t tng i a n. Dng chung nh nht l 3mA. Ting chung c c l do va chm c kh v nh cng hng c hc khi qu chung p vo np chung. Vi chung ca my in thoi n phm ngi ta IC ha hon ton. Tn hiu chung c chnh lu thnh dng 1 chiu nui IC chung hot ng. Chung c m thanh a m. + Chuyn mch nhc t: gm mt h thng tip im t pha di ca b t hp, khi nhc t hp ln mch m thoi c ni thng v c ngun cung cp, khi t t hp xung mch m thoi b ngt ng thi mch thu chung c u sn trn ng thu bao tip nhn cc cuc gi t thu bao khc n. Chuyn mch nhc t c th l c kh, t, quang ty loi my. + B gi m s thu bao: gi s thu bao ti tng i: C 2 phng php l xung thp phn v lng m a tn ( Dual Tone Multi Frequency_ DTMF). My dng a quay s s dng phng php xung thp phn
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

My n phm dng c 2 phng php trn

697 770 852 941

1 4 7 * 1209

2 1 5 8 0 1336

3 6 9 # 1477

A B C D 1633

Hnh 7: Ma trn bn phm DTMF

+ mch dit ting keng/click. Trong my in a quay s th khi quay s hoc nhc t t hp th tai nghe thy ting ku ca chung. iu ny do qu trnh qu ca xung quay s hoc t bin dng 1 chiu khi nhc t t hp gy ln. Trong in thoi n phm khng pht ra ting keng/click khi nhc t t hp nhng vn gi nh vy do thi quen cn thit phi kh nhng ting ny. ra 2 phng n: - Ct tn s: tn s tn hiu chung ln hn tn s ca xung quay s do c th dng 1 mch lc thng cao tn hiu chung th cho qua, tn hiu quay s th khng cho qua. Tuy nhin nu s dng phng php ny th pha dng t v cun cm gi tr ln nn thc t phng n khng c s dng. - nh hng in p . Hu ht tt c cc loi tng i tn hiu chung do tng i cung cp thng ln hn rt nhiu so vi tn hiu ca xung quay s v tn hiu thoi. phng n dit ting keng/click da trn phng php to nn mc ngng ca tn hiu chung. Phng n ny c nhc im duy nht l lm gim nhy ca chung nhng thc t vn dng phng php ny. Ch cn 1 diode zerner to mch ny.
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

+ Mch b tr chiu di ng dy thu bao. Trc y khi m thoi bng cc my in thoi ta thng thy hin tng cc thu bao gn tng i th cht lng m thoi tt hn cn cc thu bao xa th cht lng m thoi km hn. S d c hin tng l do nh hng ca in tr ca ng dy thu bao. Nu ng dy thu bao cng di th in tr cng ln. khc phc hin tng ny i vi in thoi th h mi ngi ta thit k cc b khuch i ni, nghe c h s khuch i ph thuc vo in tr ng dy thu bao + Mch sai ng kt hp mch cn bng . Mch ny dng kh hin tng trc m l hin tng ni chuyn trc ng nghe, mt phn nng lng ca ting ni lt ln tai nghe ca mnh gy cm gic kh chu v vy cn gim nh hin tng ny khi thit k mch cc nh sn xut khng kh ht trc m m li 1015% to cm gic t nhin cho ngi ni chuyn v ngi s dng kim tra ging ni ca mnh trong khi m thoi. + Micro v loa Micro l thit b bin i ging ni thnh tn hiu in truyn ln ng dy thu bao, loa (tai nghe) l thit b ti to tn hiu thoi t tn hiu in trn ng thu bao. Micro v loa c nhiu loi: Micro v loa h in ng Micro v loa h in t Micro v loa h tnh in Micro in p v micro bt than

Ty tng nhu cu m dng loi micro v loa cho ph hp. 1.3: Kho st mt s thng s ca my in thoi. 1.3.1: Khi t my. 1.3.2: Khi nhc my. 1.3.3: Khi quay s.

CHNG 2: NGUYN L HOT NG CA MY IN THOI.

Do c rt nhiu loi my din thoi nn vic kho st nguyn l lm vic ca tt c cc loi my l rt kh khn, hn na hin nay cng vi s pht trin ca cng
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

10

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

ngh th cc loi my in thoi thng xuyn thay i mu m v thm nhiu tnh nng, nhng ni chung cc loi my in thoi u c nguyn l hot ng tng t nhau. y ta s xt nguyn l hot ng ca mt loi my in thoi n phm loi n gin (my in thoi n phm PH-117) c th nghin cu nguyn l hot ng ca cc loi in thoi khc. 2.1. c im c bn, s nguyn l v tc dng ca cc linh kin. 2.1.1.Cc c im c bn: - My c hai phng thc gi m s thu bao: Lng m a tn (TONE) v xung thp phn. Vic chn la phng thc gi s no l ph thuc vo v tr ca kha P-T. - C th iu chnh m lng ca chung ba mc Low (L), Medium (M), High (H). 2.1.3. S nguyn l (trang sau).

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

11

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Edited by Foxit Reader Copyright(C) by Foxit Corporation,2005-2010 For Evaluation Only.

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

12

Trng

Hnh 8: S d nguyn l my in thoi HP 117

tip

ring

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

2.1.3. Tc dng ca cc linh kin. IC1: IC chung; IC2: IC gi s; Q2: m pht xung kch thch Q1 lm vic; Q6: Lm vic ch m bo ha c tc dng ni t cho Micro;

- Q8: Khuch i tn hiu thoi trong trng hp pht thoi ng thi khuch i tn hiu lng m a tn; D1-D4: Cu chng o cc in p;

- D5-D8: Chnh lu tn hiu chung thnh ngun 1 chiu cung cp cho IC chung hot ng; Gn Q5,Q7 c LED bo hiu nhc t t hp.

2.2. Nguyn l hot ng. 2.2.1. Mch thu chung. Dng in t tng i a n 2 dy L1v L2 qua C1v R1 sau c chnh lu thnh ngun 1 chiu nh c diode t D5 n D8. in p 1 chiu sau khi chnh lu c lc bi t C2 v n nh bi diode zener D9 IC chung c cp in p 1 chiu vi cc tnh dng chn 1 v t chn 5. in tr R3C3 v R4C4 xc nh 2 tn s ca b to dao ng m tn li ra ca IC chung chn 8 ,trong mch thu chung ngi ta dng a pht m . Tn hiu chung t tng i a dn l ngt qung do ting chung cng ngt qung. 2.2.2.Mch cp ngun Khi nhc t hp th chuyn mch HS1 v HS2 c ng. HS2 ng ni chn 10 ca IC2 vi t IC kim sot v bit c t hp c nhc khi chn 11 ca IC2 a ra mt in p (+) cp cho baz ca Q2 lm cho Q2 thng,Q2 thng lm cho in tr R14 ni vi colector ca Q2 coi nh c ni t qua b phn th ca R13 v R14 dn n Q1 thng v cp ngun cho ton my. Kho st cp ngun cho IC2 c 3 mch:
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

13

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

+) Mch qua R5 v D10 a vo chn 14 v chn 6 ca IC2 ni t ni vi phn m ca cu chm o cc lm kn mch ngun . Mch cp ngun trn l mch ph v R5 l rt ln nn khi ta t t hp th cc mch khc trong in thoi u b ngt nhng qua chn 14 cc b nh trong IC2 vn c cp ngun nhng tng i v in thoi tiu th dng r nh nn tng i vn bit thu bao ang trng thi khng nhc t hp. Khi nhc t hp mt mch na cp in cho IC2 tc l qua R6 v diode D14 to iu kin cho cc mch bn trong IC2 hot ng trc khi IC khi ng , khi chn 10 ca IC2 ni t IC2 c khi ng a ra in p c mc cao chn 11 do Q2 ng v dn n Q1 ,Q1 ng cp ngun cho c phn thoi qua R18 v D15 cng cp ngun cho IC2. Mch cp ngun mi l mch cp ngun chnh. Mch cp ngun cho micro in p dng t cu chng o cc (D1 D4 )qua Emitor v Colector ca Q1 ri qua C , E ca Q7 mc song song vi R28 v R27 qua R24 ni vi C,E ca Q6 ni xung t. Ngoi ra Q5 ,Q7 ,Q8 cng c cp ngun. Q8 l tng khuch i c ti l loa. 2.2.3. Mch pht thoi. Khi ta ni trc Micro tn hiu li ra ca Micro l tn hiu m tn qua in tr R23,C14 a vo baz ca Q5 c khuch i bi Q5 & Q7, sau a ti C, E ca Q1 ln ng dy thu bao ti tng i v ti my bn kia. 2.2.4. Mch thu thoi. Tn hiu t my bn kia ti ng dy thu bao qua cu chng o cc sau qua E,C ca Q1 ri qua R28, C16 ti baz ca Q8 c Q8 khuch i a ra loa. 2.2.5. Mch pht tn hiu gi s. Vic gi m s thu bao v tng i do IC2 m nhn, IC ny c th thc hin c c 2 phng thc xung thp phn v lng m a tn, vic chn phng thc no ty thuc vo mc logic chn 13 ca IC2. Nu chn 13 ni vi T tc l ni t ( mc logic 0) IC2 s gi bng phng thc lng m a tn. Nu chn 13 ni vi T c in p cao ( mc logic 1) phng thc gi m s s l xung thp phn. Mch pht xung.

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

14

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Khi bn phm c n 1 phm th tip im hng s chm vo ct , IC2 cn c vo hng v ct s bit c phm no c n v iu khin b m trong IC lm vic, vi s tham gia ca mch to dao ng dng thch anh, vi tn s 3,56 MHz. Thch anh c mc vo chn 7 v chn 8 ca IC2 khi chn 11 cc in p cao thp lin tc theo dy xung c pht ra, khi bt u qu trnh pht xung in p chn 11 b ko xung mc thp do lm Q2 cm dn n Q1 cm, Q2 v Q1 cm ng dy thu bao coi nh h mch, nh vy l mt xung (xung khng dng) c gi v tng i, kt thc xung th nht in p chn 11 li nhy ln mc cao lm cho Q2 thng ko theo Q1 thng, ng dy thu bao xem nh kn mch tc l trong mch c dng in. Khi bt u xung th 2 in p chn 11 li nhy xung mc thp, qu trnh tng t nh xung th nht v tip din khi gi ht lot xung. Nh vy khi pht xung dng in trn ng dy thu bao s thay i theo xung do tng i nhn bit c m s ca thu bao gi n. Mch pht tn hiu lng m a tn (TONE). Tng t nh trng hp trn khi IC2 nhn c lnh ca bn phm th cc b m, cc b chia s lm vic to ra cc tn hiu c tn s tng ng vi hng v ct ca phm c n sau khi qua mch lc, cng hai tn hiu a ra chn 12 ca IC2 qua in tr R21v t 13 a ti baz ca Q5 v Q7 a ra colector ca Q5 v Q7 qua C,E ca Q1 , qua cu chng o cc ln ng dy thu bao v tng i. D vic gi s n tng i bng phng thc no th trong qu trnh gi s IC2 cng a ra in p (-) chn 9. Qua diode D90 v D91 t ti baz ca Q6 v Q8 lm cho 2 transistor ny u cm dit c ting click xut hin tai nghe v ngt mch micro m bo vic gi m s n tng i c chnh xc.

CHNG 3: VI IU KHIN 89C2051 V MT S LINH KIN S DNG TRONG MCH

AT 89C2051 l h vi tnh 8-bit CMOS c hiu sut cao, tiu th ngun thp vi 2K Bytes b nh ROM Flash c th lp trnh c / xa c (PEROM). Chip c sn xut bng cng ngh b nh khng bay hi c tch hp cao ca Atmel, n tng thch tp lnh v cc chn ra ca chun cng nghip MCS-51. Bng cch kt hp mt CPU linh hot 8-bit vi Flash trn mt chip n th, AT89C2051 l mt h vi

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

15

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

tnh mnh cung cp cho ta mt gii php hiu qu v chi ph v rt mm do vi cc ng dng iu khin. AT89C2051 c cc c trng chun sau: 2K Bytes Flash, 128 bytes RAM,15 ng vo / ra (I/O), hai b nh thi/m 16-bit, mt cu trc vector ngt hai mc u tin v 5 nguyn nhn ngt, mt cng ni tip song cng, b so snh chnh xc tng t, mt mch to dao ng v to xung clock trn chip. Ngoi ra, AT89C2051 c thit k vi logic tnh cho hot ng c tn s gim xung 0 v h tr hai ch tit kim nng lng c la chn bng phn mm. ch ngh, dng CPU trong khi cho php RAM, cc b nh thi/m, cng ni tip v h thng ngt tip tc chc nng. Ch ngun gim, duy tr ni dung ca RAM nhng khng cho mch dao ng cung cp xung clock nhm v hiu ha cc hot ng khc ca chip cho n khi c reset cng tip theo. Cu to chn
RST/VPP RXD(P3.0) TXD(P3.1) XTAL2 XTAL1 INT0 INT1 TO(P3.4) T1(P3.5) GND 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 VCC P1.7 P1.6 P1.5 P1.4 P1.3 P1.2 P1.1(AIN1) P1.0(AIN0) P3.7

Hnh 9: Cu to chn ca Vi iu khin AT 89C2051

3.1: M t chc nng ca cc chn.

- Vcc: in p ngun (5V). - GND: t. - Port 1 : l mt port I/O 8 bit hai chiu c pullup ni. u ra port 1 c th iu khin 4 u vo TTL. Khi vit cc mc 1 ra cc chn port th chng c ko ln do c in tr ni v c th dng lm u vo. Khi vai tr l cng nhp, nhng chn ca port 1 b ko sung thp s i dng v c ni ko ln.
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

16

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Hn na, P1.0 v P1.1 c th dng nh l u vo b m timer/counter 2 bn ngoi (P1.0/T2) v xung kch (P1.1/T2EX ). Port 1 cng nhn nhng byte a ch thp trong khi lp trnh Flash v trong khi kim tra Flash. Bng 1: Chc nng ca P1.0 v P1.1 Chn P1.0 P1.1 Chc nng thay th T2 (u vo m cho Timer/Counter) T2EX (xung kch capture/reload cho Timer/Counter 2 v iu khin trc tip).

- Port 3 : l mt port I/O 8 bit hai chiu c pullup ni. u ra port 3 c th iu khin 4 u vo TTL. Khi vit cc mc mt ra cc chn port th chng c ko ln do c in tr ni v c th dng lm u vo. Khi vai tr l cng nhp, nhng chn ca port 3 b ko sung thp s i dng v c ni tr ko ln. Port 3 cng c chc nng ca h MSC- 51 c lit k bng sau: Bng 2. Chc nng c bit ca cng 3 Bit P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.7 Tn RXD TXD
INT0 INT1

T0 T1 RD

a ch bit B0H B1H B2H B3H B4H B5H B7H

Chc nng thay th Nhn d liu cho port ni tip Truyn d liu cho port ni tip Ngt ngoi 0 Ngt ngoi 1 Ng vo t bn ngoi cho timer/counter 0 Ng vo t bn ngoi cho tmer/counter 1 Xung c b nh d liu ngoi

Port 3 cng nhn vi tn hiu iu khin trong lc lp trnh Flash v trong lc kim tra Flash. - RST : l ng vo Reset. Khi ngny a ln cao (trong t nht hai chu k my ), cc thanh ghi bn trong AT89C2051 c ti nhng gi tr thch hp khi ng h thng .

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

17

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

- ALE/PROG (Address Latch Enable ) : ALE l xung xut cho php cht byte a ch thp khi truy cp b nh ngoi. Chn ny cn l ng vo ca xung lp trnh (PROG) khi lp trnh Flash. Trong hot ng bnh thng, ALE c pht xung vi tn s 1/6 tn s dao ng on chip v c th c dng nh xung thi gian chun bn ngoi. Tuy nhin, cn ch lmt xung ALE s b mt khi truy cp b nh ngoi. C th hu b chc nng ca ALE bng cch set bit 0 ca thanh ghi v tr 8EH. Mt bit ny c set, ALE ch tch cc khi c lnh MOVX hoc MOVC. Nu khng c cc lnh ny th ALE mc cao. Vic set bit 0 ca thanh ghi v tr 8EH khng lm nh hng n vi iu khin khi truy cp b nh ngoi. - PSEN (Progam Store Enable ) : PSEN l xung strobe bo hiu vic c b nh trng trnh ngoi, PSEN tch cc hai ln (mc thp ) mi chu k my, ngoi tr hai xung PSEN b mt khi truy cp d liu ngoi. Khi thi hnh chng trnh trong RAM ni, PSEN s mc th ng ( mc cao ). - EA/Vpp (External Access ) : EA l ng vo cho php truy xut b nh chng trnh t bn ngoi khi c ni vi GND. Khi EA c treo ln ngun Vcc, chng trnh s c thc thi trong ROM ni. Chn ny cng nhn in p 12v (vpp) trong khi lp trnh Flash. - XTAL1 : u vo ca b khuch i dao ng o v cng l u vo n mch to xung clock ni. - XTAL2 : u ra ca b khuch i giao ng o.

3.2: Kho st cc khi bn trong 89C2051, t chc b nh.

Ngn ng c bn ca MC51 s dng cch phn chia c nh i vi cc vng khc nhau ca b nh RAM trong gim nh cng sc cho ngi s dng, khi cn phi c nhng hiu bit tng tn v s phn b a ch. V th s xung t b nh c loi tr. Cc vng c d tr ch c th c s dng vi cc t ng m rng. Cc a ch b cm c s dng i vi cc lnh MC51 v cng khng cho php trao i bng b lnh m rng. Bng 3: M t RAM trong 7Fh Ngn xp dng cho 16 mt bng 18 Procedme EndProc
Trng i Hc

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

60h 5Fh 30h 2Fh 20h 1Fh 10h 0Fh 08h 07h R7 00h R0

D tr cc b nh MEM 047 D tr cc a ch bit 07F Bit 00h cm D tr Count1Count 8 Loop 1 Loop 8 D tr dng cho cc on chng trnh h thng R0 R7 cm

WriMem 1 RdMem 1

Count 1 100 Loop1

Khi khi ng mt chng trnh MC51, bng lnh Begin con tr ngn xp c t gi tr 59h, v th ngn xp bt u a ch 60h. Nh vy , gii hn trn ca b nh MEM c n nh. Khi s dng b vi s l 8052, ngi ta t ngn xp vo vng t 80h, bng cch thay i thanh ghi SP u ca trng trnh. B nh chng trnh, t bn ngoi, bt u a ch 0000 khi khi ng chng trnh sau mi ln Reset. a ch ny, b bin dch (compiler) t mt lnh nhy ti ch bt u ca chng trnh chnh. Cc a ch u tin cho n 0032 trc heat cho php (enable). , mi th tc ngt chn vo mt lnh nhy ti a ch ngt u ca n. B nh a ch, t bn ngoi, c phn chia thnh 8kbyte dng cho chng trnh v 24 kbyte dng cho d liu. Trong h pht trin c t hai vng nh RAM, 32 Kbyte. Lnh Reset RAM t con tr d liu ln a ch 2000h. M i lnh WrRAM hoc RdRAM vit hoc c ni tip, trong mi ln con tr d liu DP li c tng ln 1. Theo cch ny c th sp xp d liu mt cch n gin, chng hn d liu o lng. Mt cch khc t chc b nh RAM l s dng lnh Reset RAM theo cch nh trong bng MC51.TAB. S truy nhp t do la chn a ch c th t c bng cch t trc tip d liu DP. Bng 4: MC51 TAB
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

19

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

7FFFh ... 60h 1FFFh ... 0033h 0032h ... 0000h

B nh d liu

Reset RAM WRRAM RDRAM Procedure . . . EndProc Begin . . . End Interrupt : 1Dh Begin

M chng trnh T do dng cho cc vect ngt Vct Reset

3.2.1 Hot ng ca b nh thi timer. 3.2.1.1 Gii thiu Mt nh ngha n gin ca timer l mt chui cc flip-flop chia i tn s ni tip vi nhau, chng nhn tn hiu vo lm ngun xung nhp. Ng ra ca tng cui lm xung nhp cho flip - flop bo trn ca timer (flip - flop c). Gi tr nh phn trong cc flip - flop ca timer c th xem nh m s xung nhp (hoc cc s kin) t khi ng timer. V d timer 16 bit s m t 0000H n FFFFH. C bo trn s ln 1 khi s m trn t FFFFH n 0000H. 89C051c hai timer 16 bit, mi timer c 4 cch lm vic. Ngi ta s dng cc timer : nh khong thi gian. m s kin. To tc baud cho port ni tip trong 89C2051. Trong cc ng dng nh ngha khong thi gian, ngi ta s dng lp trnh timer mt khong u n v t c trn timer. C c s dng ng b ha chng trnh thc hin mt tc ng nh kim tra trng thi ca cc ng vo hoc gi s kin ra cc ng ra. Cc ng dng khc c th s dng vic to xung nhp u n ca timer o thi gian tri qua gia hai s kin (V d: o rng xung). m s kin dng xc nh s ln xy ra ca mt s s kin. Mt s kin l bt c tc ng ngoi no c th cung cp mt chuyn trng thi trn mt chn ca 89C2051. 3.2.1.2.Thanh ghi ch timer.
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh Trng i Hc

20

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Thanh ghi TMOD cha hai nhm 4 bit dng t ch lm vic cho timer0 v timer1. Bng 5: Tm tt thanh ghi TMOD. Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Tn GATE
C/ T

Timer 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

M1 M0 GATE C/ T M1 M0

M t Bit (m cng), khi ln, timer ch chy khi INT1 mc cao Bit chn ch counter/ timer 1 = B m s kin 0 = B nh khong thi gian Bit1 ca ch ( mode) Bit 0 ca ch 00: Ch 0: timer 13 bit 01: Ch 1: timer 16 bit 10: Ch 2: t ng np li 8 bit 11: Ch 3: tch timer Bit (m) cng Bit chn counter/ timer Bit 1 ca ch Bit 0 ca ch

3.2.1.3. Thanh ghi iu khin Timer. Thanh ghi TCON cha cc bit trng thi v cc bit iu khin cho timer0 v timer1. Bng 6: Tm tt thanh ghi TCON. Bit TCON.7 TCON.6 TCON.5 TCON.4 TCON.3 K hiu TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 a ch 8FH 8EH 8DH 8CH 8BH M t C bo trn timer. t bi phn cng khi trn, c xa bi phn mm hoc phn cng khi b x l ch n chng trnh phc v ngt. Bit iu khin timer1 chy. t/ xa bng timer cho phn mm chy/ ngng C bo trn timer 0. Bit iu khin timer chy. C cnh ngt cnh bn ngoi. t bi phn cng khi pht hin mt cnh xung INT1:xa bng phn mm hoc phn cng khi CPU ch n chng trnh phc v ngt. C kiu ngt mt bn ngoi. t/xa bng phn mm ngt ngoi tch cc cnh xung/mc thp. 21
Trng i Hc

TCON.2

IT1

8AH

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

TCON.1 TCON.0

IE0 ITO

89H 88H

C cnh ngt 0 bn ngoi C kiu ngt 0 bn ngoi

3.2.1.4 Ch timer. a. Ch 1 Ch TIMER 16 BIT: Hot ng nh timer 16 bit y . C bo trn l bit TFx trong TCON c th c hoc ghi bng phn mm. MSB ca gi tr trong thanh ghi timer l bit 7 ca THx v LSB l bit 0 ca TLx. Cc thanh ghi timer (TLx/THx) c th c hoc ghi bt c lc no bng phn mm. Xung nhp timer TLx (8 bit) THx (8 bit) TFx C bo trn Hnh 10: Ch Timer 16 bit b. Ngun to xung nhp: C hai ngun to xung nhp c th c, c chn bng cch ghi vo C/T (counter/timer) trong TMOD khi khi ng timer. Mt ngun to xung nhp dng cho nh khong thi gian, ci khc cho m s kin. Thch anh B dao ng trong 12 Xung nhp timer

Chn T0 hoc T1

0: (ln) nh khong thi gian C/T Hnh 11: Ngun to xung nhp

nh khong thi gian (interval timing):

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

22

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Nu C/T=0 hot ng timer lin tc c chn vo timer c dng cho vic nh khong thi gian. Lc , timer ly xung nhp t b dao ng trn chip. B chia 12 c thm vo gim tn s xung nhp n gi tr thch hp cho cc ng dng. Nh vy, thch anh 12 MHz s cho tc xung nhp timer 1 MHz. Bo trn timer xy ra sau mt s (c nh) xung nhp, ph thuc vo gi tr ban u c np vo cc thanh ghi timer TLx/THx. m s kin (Event Counting): Nu C/T=1, timer ly ngun xung nhp t bn ngoi. Trong hu ht cc ng dng, ngun bn ngoi ny cung cp cho timer mt xung khi xy ra mt s kin timer dng m s kin. S s kin c xc nh bng phn mm bng cch c cc thanh ghi TLx/THx v gi tr 16 bit trong thanh ghi ny tng thm mt cho mi s kin. Ngun xung nhp ngoi c t thay i chc nng ca cc port 3, bit 4 ca port 3 (P3.4) dng lm ng vo to xung nhp bn ngoi cho timer 0 v c gi l T0. V P3.5 hay T1 l ng vo to xung nhp cho timer 1. Trong cc ng dng b m, cc thanh ghi Timer c tng thm 1 tng ng vi chuyn t 1 xung 0 ng vo bn ngoi: Tx, ng vo bn ngoi c ly mu trong S5P2 ca mi chu k my. Nh vy, khi ng vo cao trong mt chu k v thp trong mt chu k k th s m c tng thm mt. Ga tr mi c xut hin trong cc thanh ghi trong S3P1 ca chu k theo sau chu k trong pht hn s chuyn tip. Do , mt 2 chu k my (2s) ghi nhn s chuyn 1 sang 0, tn s ngoi ti a l 500KHz (gi s hot ng 12 MHz). c. Bt u, dng v iu khin cc Timer: Phng php n gin nht bt u (cho chy) v dng cc timer l dng cc bit iu khin chy: TRx trong TCON. TRx b xa sau khi Reset h thng. Nh vy, cc timer theo mc nhin l b cm (b dng). TRx c t ln 1 bng phn mm cho cc timer chy.

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

23

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Xung nhp timer

Cc thanh ghi timer

TRx

0 = ln: timer dng 1 = xung: timer chy Hnh 12: Bt u v dng cc Timer

V TRx trong thanh ghi TCON c a ch bit, nn d dng cho vic iu khin cc timer trong chng trnh. V d, cho timer 0 chy bng lnh: SETB TR0 V dng bng lnh: CLR TRO Trnh bin dch s thc hin vic chuyn i k hiu cn thit t TR0 sang a ch bit ng. SETB TR0 chnh xc ging nh SETB 8CH. Mt phng php khc iu khin cc timer l dng bit GATE trong TMOD v ng vo bn ngoi INTx. t GATE =1 cho php timer s c iu khin bng INTx. Vic ny rt hiu dng cho vic o rng xung nh sau: Gi s INT0 mc thp nhng cc xung mc cao trong khong thi gian o. Khi ng timer 0 ch 2 (ch timer 16 bit), vi TL0/TH0=0000H, Gate = 1 v TR0 = 1. Khi INT0 mc cao, timer c m cng v c cp xung nhp 1 MHz (nu C8031/8051 hot ng tn s 12 MHz). Khi INT0 xung thp, timer b ng cng v thi khong ca xung tnh bng s l s m trong TL0/TH0. (C th lp trnh INT0 to ra mt ngt khi n xung thp). Hnh sau minh ha Timer 1 hot ng ch 1 nh mt timer 16 bit. Cc thanh ghi timer TL1/TH1 v c bo trn TF1 trong s ch cc kh nng c th c ca ngun to xung nhp v d cho chy, dng v iu khin timer.

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

24

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

B dao ng trong 12

TL1

TH1

TF1

T1 C/T TR1

0: ln 1: xung

0: ln 1: xung

GAT

INT

Hnh 13: Minh ha hot ng ca Timer1 trong ch 16bit d. Khi ng v truy xut cc thanh ghi: Thng thng cc thanh ghi c khi ng mt ln u chng trnh t ch lm vic ng. Sau , trong thn chng trnh, cc timer c cho chy, dng, cc bit c c kim tra v xa, cc thanh ghi timer c c v cp nht v,v theo i hi ca cc ng dng. TMOD l thanh ghi th nht c khi ng v n t ch hot ng. V d cc lnh sau khi ng timer1 nh timer 16 bit (ch 1) c xung nhp t b dao ng trn chip cho vic nh khong thi gian: MOV TMOD = 00010000B Nu cn s m ban u, cc thanh ghi timer TL1/TH1 cng phi c khi ng. Nh li cc timer m ln v t c bo trn khi c s chuyn tip FFFFH sang 0000H. Mt khong 100s c th c nh thi bng cch khi ng gi tr cho TL1/TH1 lFF9C: MOV TL1, # 9CH MOV TH1, # OFFH Ri timer c cho chy bng cch iu khin bit nh sau: SETB TR1

Hong nh Thip

Cng Ngh

25

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

C bo trn c t ng t ln sau 100 s. Phn mm c th i trong 100 s bng cch dng lnh r nhnh c iu kin nhy n chnh n trong khi c bo trn cha c t ln 1: WAIT: JMB TF1, WAIT Khi timer trn, cn dng timer v xa c bo trn trong phn mm: CLR TR1 CLR TF1

* c timer ang chy: Trong mt s ng dng cn c gi tr trong cc thanh ghi timer ang chy. V phi c 2 thanh ghi timer, sai pha nu byte thp trn vo byte cao gia hai ln c. Gi tr c th c c khng ng. Gii php l c byte cao trc, k c byte thp ri c byte cao mt ln na. Nu byte cao thay i th lp li cc hot ng c. Cc lnh di y c cc lnh thanh ghi timer TL1/TH1 vo cc thanh ghi R6/R7: AGAIN: MOV A,TH1 MOV R6, TL1 CJNE R7, A 3. Hot ng ca b ngt . 3.1 Gii thiu. Mt interrupt (ngt) l s xy ra mt iu kin mt s kin, m n gy treo tm thi chng trnh trong iu kin c c phc v bi mt chng trnh khc. Cc interrupt ng vai tr quan trng trong vic thit k v ci t cc ng dng vi iu khin. Chng cho php h thng bt ng b vi mt s kin v gii quyt mt s kin trong khi mt chng trnh khc ang thc thi. Mt h thng c iu khin bng interrupt cho ta o gic l lm nhiu vic ng thi. D nhin l CPU ng thi khng th thc thi hn mt lnh. Nhng n c th tm treo vic thc thi mt chng trnh thc thi mt chng trnh khc, ri quay v chng trnh th nht. Theo cch ny, interrupt ging nh mt chng trnh con, nhng c mt khc bit trong h thng c iu khin l s ngt qung khng xy ra nh kt qu ca mt lnh, m p ng mt s kin xy ra bt ng b vi
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

26

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

chng trnh chnh. Ngi ta khng bit lc no v u chng trnh chnh b ngt qung. Chng trnh gii quyt ngt gi l chng trnh phc v ngt (ISR: Interrupt Service Routine) hoc b x l ngt. ISR thc thi p ng ngt v thng thng thc hin tc v nhp hay xut vi mt thit b. Khi ngt xy ra, chng trnh chnh tm thi b treo v r nhnh n ISR: ISR thi hnh v kt thc bng lnh tr v ngt. Chng trnh tip tc thc thi ti ch m n tm dng. Thng ngi ta xem chng trnh chnh thc thi mc nn (c s) v cc ISR thc thi ngt (Interrupt Level). Ngi ta dng thut ng Foreground (pha trc) (Base Level) ch mc nn v Background (pha sau) (Interrupt level) ch mc ngt. Hnh nh cc ngt c m t trong hnh sau:

CHNG TRNH CHNH

ISR * C/tr chnh ** C/tr chnh

ISR * ** C/tr chnh

ISR * ** C/tr chnh

Hnh 14: Minh Ha hot ng ca b ngt Thc thi chng trnh khng c ngt Thc thi chng trnh c ngt * ** : gi ngt : quay v t ngt

3.2 T chc ngt ca 89C2051. Tht s tt c cc ngun ngt 89C2051: 2 ngt ngoi, 2 t timer v mt ngt Port ni tip. Tt c cc ngt theo mc nhin u b cm sau khi Reset h thng v c cho php bng phn mm.
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh Trng i Hc

27

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Khi c 2 hoc nhiu ngt ng thi, 1 ngt xy ra trong khi 1 ngt khc ang c phc v, c c 2 s tun t hi vng v s u tin 2 mc dng xc nh thc hin ngt. Vic hi vng tun t th c nh nhng u tin ngt th c th lp trnh c. *. Cho php v cm cc ngt: (Enabling and Disnabling Interrupt) Mi ngun Interrupt c cho php hoc cm tng ngt qua mt thanh ghi chc nng c bit c a ch bit IE (Interrupt Enable) a ch A8H. Cng nh xc nh bit cho php ring bit cho mi ngun ngt, c mt bit cho php/cm ton b c xa cm hon ton cc ngt c xt (t ln 1) cho php tt c cc ngt. Bng 7: Tm tt thanh ghi IE Bit IE.7 IE.6 IE.5 IE.4 IE.3 IE.2 IE.1 IE.0 K hiu EA ET2 ES ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0 a ch bit AFH AEH ADH ACH ABH AAH A8H A8H M t (1 = cho php, 0=cm) Cho php / cm ton b Khng c nh ngha Cho php ngt t timer 2(8052) Cho php ngt Port ni tip Cho php ngt t timer 1 Cho php ngt ngoi Cho php ngt t timer 0 Cho php ngt ngoi 0

Hai bit phi c t ln mt cho php bt k ngt no: Bit cho php ring v bit cho php ton b. V d cc ngt t timer c cho php nh sau: SETB SETB ET1 ; Cho php ngt t timer 1. EA ; t bit cho php ton b. IE, #10001000B.

Hoc : MOV

Mc d hai cch ny c cng mt hiu qu sau khi reset h thng nhng hiu qu s khc nu IE c ghi gia chng trnh. Cch th nht khng nh hng ti 5
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

28

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

bit trong thanh ghi IE, tri li cch th hai s xa cc bit khc. Nn khi tr IE theo cch th hai u chng trnh (ngha l sau khi m my hoc reset h thng), nhng cho php v cm cc ngt ngay trong chng trnh nn dng cch th nht trnh nh hng n cc bit khc trong thanh ghi IE. Ngt Port ni tip c t Logic OR ca ngt thu (RI) v pht (TI). Cc bit c to cc ngt c tm tc trong bng sau: Bng 8: Cc bit c to ngt Ngt Bn ngoi 0 Bn ngoi 1 Timer 0 Timer 1 Port ni tip Port ni tip C IE0 IE1 TF0 TF1 TI RI Thanh ghi SER v v tr bit TCON.1 TCON.3 TCON.5 TCON.7 SCON.1 SCON.0

3.3 X l ngt (Processing Interrupt): Khi ngt xy ra v CPU chp thun, chng trnh chnh ngt qung nhng hot ng sau y xy ra: + Lnh hin hnh hon tt vic thc thi. + Ct PC vo ngn xp. + Trng thi ngt hin hnh c ct vo bn trong. + Cc ngt b chn mc ngt. + Np vo PC a ch vector ca ISR. + ISR thc thi. ISR thc thi v p ng ngt. ISR hon tt bng lnh RETI (quay v t ngt). iu ny lm ly li gi tr c PC t ngn xp v lp li trng thi ngt c. Thc thi chng trnh chnh ch m n b dng. Cc vector ngt (Interrupt Vectors):

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

29

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Khi chp nhn ngt, gi tr c np vo PC c gi l vector ngt. N l a ch bt u ca ISR cho ngun to ngt. Cc vector ngt c cho bng sau: Bng 9: Cc vector ngt Ngt Reset h thng Bn ngoi 0 Timer 0 Bn ngoi 1 Timer 1 Port ni tip RST IE0 TF 0 IE 1 TF 1 T1 hoc R1 C a ch vector 0000H 0003H 000BH 0013H 001BH 0023H

Vector Reset h thng (RST a ch 0000H) c trong bng ny v theo ngha ny n ging Interrupt: N ngt chng trnh chnh v np gi tr mi cho PC. Khi ch n mt ngt, c gy ra ngt t ng b xa bi phn cng. Cc ngoi l l RI v TI vi cc ngt port ni tip v TF2, EXF2 vi cc Interrupt Timer. V c hai ngun c th cho mi ngt ny, khng thc t CPU xa c ngt. Cc bit ny phi c kim tra trong ISR xc nh ngun ngt v c to ngt s c xa bng phn mm. Thng thng mt r nhnh xy ra vi mt phn ng thch hp, ph thuc vo ngun ngt. V cc vector ngt phn u ca b nh chng trnh, nn lnh th nht ca chng trnh chnh thng l lnh nhy qua chng trnh chnh ny. V d nh lnh LJMP 0030H. 3.4 Thit k chng trnh dng cc ngt. Cc v d trong cc mc trc khng s dng cc ngt nhng c vng lp i kim tra cc c bo trn (TF0 hoc TF1) hoc cc c thu v c pht Port ni tip (TI v RI). Vn trong phng php ny l thi gian thc thi c ga tr ca CPU hon ton khng b tiu tn trong vic i cc c. iu ny hon ton khng thch hp vi cc ng dng ca vi iu khin, trong b vi iu khin phi tng tc vi nhiu thit b xut nhp ng thi.
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

30

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Trong phn ny ta s kho st cch pht trin chng trnh dng vi iu khin. Khung ngh cho mt chng trnh phc v ngt nh sau: ORS 0000H ; im vo Reset. Ljmp main; cc im vo ISR. Org 0030H; im vo chng trnh chnh. Main: chng trnh chnh bt u. Lnh th nht nhy ti a ch 0030H, va trn cc v tr m cc ISR bt u. Nh c v hnh sau, chng trnh chnh bt u a ch 0030H.
FFFFH

Chng trnh chnh 0030H 002fH LJMP main 0000H Cc im vo Reset v ngt

Hnh 15 : T chc b nh khi dng cc ngt a.Chng trnh phc v ngt c kch thc nh: Cc chng trnh phc v ngt phi bt u gn phn u ca b nh chng trnh cc a ch trong bng cc vectr ngt. Mt d c 8 byte cc im vo ngt, thng b nh thc hin cc hot ng mong mun v quay v chng trnh chnh t IRS. Nu ch c mt ngun ngt c s dng, v d timer 0, th c th s dng khung sau: ORS 000H; Reset LJMP MAIN ORG 000BH; im vo time 0
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

31

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

TOIRS:

; ISR cho time 0 bt u.

RETI; quay v chng trnh chnh. MAIN: Chng trnh chnh. Nu s dng nhiu ngt phi m bo l chng phi bt u t v tr ng v khng chy qua ISR k. V ch c mt ngt c s dng trong v d trn, chng trnh chnh c th bt ngay sau lnh RETI. b. Cc chng trnh phc v ngt c kch thc ln: Nu ISR di hn 8 byte, c th cn chuyn n ti mt ni no trong b nh chng trnh hoc c th n i l qua im vo ca ngt k. Tiu biu l ISR bt u vi lnh nhy n vng nh khc c th m rng chiu di cc ISR. V d lc ny ch xt timer 0, c th s dng khung sau: ORS 000H; Reset LJMP MAIN ORG 000BH; cc vector ngt tip theo. MAIN: TOISR: ; ISR cho time 0.

RETI: ; quay v chng trnh chnh. n gin chng trnh ch lm vic mt lc ban u. Chng trnh khi ng Timer, Port ni tip v cc thanh ghi ngt cho thch hp v ri khng lm g c. Cng vic c hon ton lm trong ISR. Sau cc khi ng, chng trnh cha cc lnh sau: HERE: SJMP HERE

Hay dng vit gn gn: SJMP Khi ngt xy ra, chng trnh chnh b ngt qung tm thi trong khi ISR thc thi. Lnh RETI cui ISR tr iu khin v chng trnh chnh v n tip tc khng lm g c. Trong nhiu ng dng iu khin, nhiu cng vic tht ra c thc hin hon ton trong ISR.

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

32

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

V s dng ngt, nn lnh SJMP (HERE:SJMP HERE) c th c thay th bng cc lnh thc hin cng vic khc trong ng dng.

S khi ca vi iu khin

Hnh 16: S khi ca Vi iu khin AT89C2051 3.5: Cc linh kin khc trong mch. 3.5.1: IC LM358.

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

33

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Hnh 17: S khi ca LM358 IC LM358 cu to bi hai b khuch i thut ton c lp, chng c thit k ring bit hot ng bi ngun cung cp c phm vi in th rng(3V~32V hoc 1,5V~ 16V). Chng c cng sut tiu th thp, chu ng dng tiu hao khng ph thuc vo cng ca dng in. IC c ng dng rng ri, bao gm cc b khuch i, tng dng mt chiuIC c th d dng b xung trong cc h thng ngun n. 3.5.2: IC LM393.

Hnh 18: S nguyn l mt b so snh in p trong LM393 IC LM393 Gm hai b so snh in th c lp, chng c thit k s dng ngun cung cp c di in th rng. Hot ng bi ngun kp c th chu c s khc nhau gia hai in th l 2V n 36V, v in th cung cp c th sai khc ti thiu l +1,5V so vi in th li vo thng thng. Dng tiu hao khng ph thuc vo in th cung cp. LM393 c th hot ng trong iu kin nhit t -55oC n +125oC. 3.5.3: IC 4N35.

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

34

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Hnh 19 : S khi ca IC 4N35 4N35 bao gm mt diode pht quang Galiium Arsenide v mt photo diode silicon loi NPN. 4N35 c ng gi theo chun 6 chn. B mt khung c th ty chn. CHNG 4 : TM HIU V IC MT8880 DNG PHT XUNG 4.1 M t chung : MT8880 l mt khi pht xung lng m a tn (DTMF) gi l b lc tin trnh. N c sn xut ti Zarlink Semiconductors s dng cng ngh ISO2-CMOS. Vi cng sut tiu tn thp v tin cy cao. Khi thu DTMF da trn chun cng nghip MT8870. Khi pht s dng mt t ng m chuyn i s tng t cho tn hiu DTMF vi nhiu thp v tin cy cao. B m bn trong to ra mt bursts mode m tn hiu bursts c th pht vi thi gian chnh xc. B lc tin trnh c th la chn cho php mt vi x l phn tch tn hiu ca qu trnh cuc gi. Mt bus vi x l chun c to ra v tng thch vi 6800 b vi x l ni tip.

Hnh 20 : S khi chc nng

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh Trng i Hc

35

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

H nh 21 : S chn kt ni 4.2 M t chc nng : IC MT8880 l s tch hp cu trc my pht DTMF bao gm b thu DTMF vi b khuych i thit t h s khuych i bn trong v mt my pht DTMF s dung mt b m chuyn i ging mt b m chuyn i tn hiu chnh xc v ch lm vic ca mt tin trnh gi, c th c chn la vi mt tn s c tch ra trong mt gii thng c bit. Giao din ca mt b vi x l chun cho php truy nhp ti mt thanh ghi trng thi, hai thanh ghi iu khin v hai thanh ghi d liu. M t chc nng : Chn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1417 20 18 19 Tn IN+ INGS V Vss OSSC1 OSSC2 TONE R/ W
CS

M t Chn Khng o Chn o Chn chon h s khuych i Chn chuyn th li ra Chn t Chn xung DTMF clock / L i vo dao ng Chn ra xung ng h Chn ra tn hiu (DTMF or single tone) Chn c/Vit li vo Chn chn chip Chn la chn in tr Chn vo xung ng h h thng Chn yu cu ngt ti MPU Bus x l d liu ca b vi x l

RS0 2
IRQ /CP

D0-D3

Est St/GT

Li ra thit b li ban u Li vo thit b li/Thi gian bo v 36

Trng i Hc

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

20

VDD NC

Ngun cung cp th dng li vo Khng kt ni

4.3 Cu hnh li vo : S thit t cu hnh li vo ca MT8880C to ra mt li vo iu khin khuych i khc ging nh mt ngun phn cc m s dng u vo phn cc ti VDD/2 s iu khin ny to ra cho kt ni ca in tr hi tip ti li vo tin khuych i iu chnh h s khuych i. Trong cu hnh kt ni chn kt ni c ch ra trn hnh 22.

Hnh 22 : Cu hnh li vo n Hnh 23 ch ra s cn thit ca mt cu hnh kt ni khc :

Hnh 23 : Cu hnh khc ca li vo 4.4 Thit din khi thu : S chia ra nhm tn hiu cao v thp t c bng cch cung cp mt tn hiu DTMF ti li vo 2 ca t ng m s 6 trong b lc thng di. Gii thng tng ng
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

37

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

vi nhm tn s thp v cao ch ra trn hnh 26. Nhng b lc ny c th kt hp t ti tn s 350 Hz n 440 Hz cho nhng tn hiu quay bn ngoi. Mi li ra ca b lc c iu khin bng mt t ng m n lc nhng tn hiu nhn t gii hn. Gii hn ny c thc thi bi mt b so snh vi h s khuych i cao. N to ra s tr ngn cn s tch ca mc tn hiu thp khng mong mun. u ra ca b so snh to ra mt gi treo vi tn s ca tn hiu DTMF li vo. Sau b lc l b gii m s dng cng ngh m s quyt nh tn s ca tn hiu n v kim tra xem chng c tng ng vi tn s chun ca tn hiu DTMF. Mt thut ton trung bnh s phc bo v nhng tn s m phng ngc li nhng tn s khc l ging nh tn hiu thoi. Trong khi to ra mc chu ng c tn s nh v s bin i. Thut ton gi tr trung bnh c pht trin bo m thun li cho vic lin kt ngt ting ni v s c mt ca ting n cng tn s can nhiu. Khi b tch nhn ra hai gi tr tn hiu (iu ny cp ti iu kin tn hiu trong chun cng nghip c s dng ch r. u ra ca thit b li ban u(Est) s tr ln tch cc. S mt tn hiu iu khin k tip l nguyn nhn lm cho Est tr thnh th ng. 4.5 Mch li : B ghi dch trc ca mch gii m xung i, b thu kim tra khong gi tr ca tn hiu. S kim tra ny c thi hnh bi h s thi gian RC bn ngoi vn hnh bng Est. Mc logic cao trn Est s tng khi t khng tch in. Vi iu kin tn hiu thu c duy tr (Est gi mc cao) vi nhng chu k thch hp (tGTP), Vc t th ngng (VTST) ca thit b li ti nhng thanh ghi tn hiu i. Cht m ha tng ng 4 bit (xem hinh 26) thanh ghi d liu thu. Ti thi im ny u ra ca GP c kch hot v iu chnh Vc ti VDD. GP tip tc iu khin mc cao khi Est gi mc cao. Cui cng, sau mt thi gian tr ngn s cho php li ra c cht vi gi tr n nh. C li ra ca mch li tr t c mc cao. Tn hiu tone c thu v tn hiu i c ghi. Trng thi c ca thit b li tr c th c gim st bng cch kim tra bit thch hp trong thanh ghi trng thi. Nu ch ghi c chn chn IRQ /CP s c y xung mc thp trong khi c b li tr mc tch cc. Gi tr ca b cht li ra c cp nht da trn s chuyn trng thi ca thit b li tr tch cc. D liu ny c a ti 4 bit hai chiu trong bus trong khi thanh
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

38

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

ghi d liu thu c c. Mch li lm vic trong ch o vi chun an xen ngng gia cc tn hiu. V vy vic loi b nhng tn hiu qu ngn l c gi tr. Khi thu s quan tm n nhng tn hiu ngn v quan tm n gi tr dng. Nhng thun li ny cng vi dung lng ca thit b li h s thi gian thu thp bn ngoi, cho php nh thit k thay i s thi hnh khi gp mt di rng ca h thng yu cu.

Hnh 24 : Mch li c s 4.6 iu chnh thi gian bo v : Mch li n gin hnh 24 l y cho mi ng dng. Gi tr ca cc thnh phn c chn theo cng thc : tREC = tDP +tGTP tID = tDA +tGTA Gi tr ca tDP l tham s thit b (xem tnh cht ca ngun xoay chiu ), cn gi tr ca tREC l tn hiu tn ti nh nht c nhn bi b thu. Gi tr 0,1 :F cho t C1 c dng cho mi ng dng, gi tr R1 c chon bi nh thit k. Thit b li vi cch b tr khc cng c th c s dng la chn di thi gian bo v tin cy cho tn hiu (tone) hin ti (tGTP) v xung khng tn ti (tGTA). Cng cn xem xt mt h thng c bit t c mt lc c hai gii hn thu v loi tr trn c hai tn hiu (tone) v tn hiu an xen dng. iu chnh khong thi gian bo v cng cho php nh thit k thay i tham s h thng ging nh khi ngt ting ni v nhiu.

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

39

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Tng tREC ngn chn s ngt ting ni v t thu nh xc sut ti to tn hiu (tone) bng cch ting ni s c duy tr mt gi tr tn hiu iu kin di ti my ghi. La chn tREC ngn va v tD0 di s thch hp cho iu kin n ln. Khi s nhanh chng ginh c thi gian v b qua nhng xung yu cu. Thng tin thit k cho khi iu chnh thi gian bo v ch ra hnh 25. B thu thi gian c ch ra trn hinh 28 vi s m t ca nhng tn hiu trn cc mc khc nhau.

Hnh 25: Khi iu chnh thi gian bao v 4.7 B lc tin trnh goi: Ch lm vic ca mt b lc tin trnh gi s dng IC MT8880C c th c la chn cho cho php tch cc tn hiu bin i v phn bit tin trnh ca mt cuc gi trn mng. Xung vo ca cuc gi tin trnh v xung vo DTMF l thng thng. Tuy nhin xung ca cuc gi tin trnh c th c tch nu ch CP c chn. Trong khi tn hiu DTMF khng th c tch khi ch CP c chn (xem hinh 24). Hnh 27 ch ra nhng li ch ca vic tch di thng ca b lc tin trnh. Tn s hin ti li vo c chp nhn trong di thng ca b lc rt kh t c gii hn vi h s khuych i cao ca b so snh vi chn IRQ /CP l li ra. Dng xung hnh vung li ra t schmitt trigger c th c phn tch bng mt vi x l hoc mt b m sp xp quyt nh bn cht ca tn hiu trong b lc tin trnh s c
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

40

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

tch. Nhng tn s trong vng loi b s c tch v vy chn IRQ /CP c gi mc thp. 4.8 B pht xung DTMF: My pht xung DTMF s dng trong IC MT8880C c kh nng to ra tt c 6 loi tn hiu chun DTMF vi nhiu thp v tin cy cao tt c nhng tn s ny c chia ra t my pht thch anh ngoi 3.579545 Hz. Dng sng hnh sin cho tn hiu ring l c t hp s ha s dng b chia chng trnh ha hng ct v t ng m chuyn i s tng t. Tn hiu hng ct c trn v lc to ra 1 tn hiu DTMF vi lng nhiu thp v tin cy cao. Tn hiu DTMF c bit l d liu c m ho ch ra trn hnh 26 phi c vit ti thanh ghi d liu pht. M ha li ra ca b thu cng tng t nh vy. Nht l nhng tn hiu c pht (fthp v fcao) c cp n nh nhm tn hiu tn s thp v nhm tn hiu tn s cao. Nhn vo bng di ta thy nhm tn s thp l 697 Hz, 770 Hz, 852 Hz v 941 Hz. Nhm tn s cao l 1209 Hz, 1336 Hz, 1477 Hz, 1633 Hz. Thng thng nhm bin cao v nhm bin thp t l vi nhau khong 2 db v c b suy hao trong vng lp. Chu k ca mi tn hiu bao gm 32 khong thi gian. Chu k ca tn hiu c iu khin bi s thay i chiu di ca mi khong thi gian. Trong khi vit ln thanh ghi d liu pht 4bit d liu bus c cht v chuyn ti chn 2 ca b m ha 8 s dng mch chia chong trnh ho. Nhng m ny s dng mt di thi gian c bit s quyt nh tn s ca tn hiu cui cng. Khi b chia t c gi tr gn ng gi tr m c quyt nh bi li vo ca b m ho. Mt xung iu chnh c pht ra v b m lai bt u qu trnh m. S on thi gian c c nh l 32, tuy nhin do di ca on thay i nh ni phn trn ln tn s tn hiu li ra cng thay i. u ra xung ng h m a ch ca sng sin tra cu trong ROM. Bng tra cu bao gm nhng m s dng t ng m chuyn i s tng t v cha ng mc th mc th mt chiu c tin cy cao. Hai bng nhn dng c s dng to ra hng v ct tn hiu, sau chng c trn s dng s dng mt bng khuych i vi n nh. B m t dao ng khng cn thit trong thi gian u trong khi my pht dao ng tn hiu hnh sin DTMF phi tip tc hot ng. V vy to ra tn hiu burst vi mc chnh xc rt cao. Gii hn gii thng ca b lc c hp nht v p ng ti suy gim to ra trn 8 KHz. Hnh 29 cho thy nhiu to ra c bin rt nh.
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

41

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Hnh 26 : Bng chc nng m ho v gii m

Hnh 27 : Tin trnh gi phn hi

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

42

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Hnh 28 : Lc khi thi gian thu

Hinh 29 : Lc sn xung 4.9 Ch Burst : Trong ng dng chnh ca in thoi yu cu phi to ra tn hiu DTMF. Nhng ng dng c bit c yu cu t mt tng i pht c bit. Tn hiu thi gian chun DTMF c th ti to bng cch s dng ch burst. Mt my pht s dng burst/pause tn ti i xng c chn. Burst/pause khong 51ms 1ms gn vi bt t trong thanh ghi trng thi ch th my pht c thm d liu. B nh thi chon mt gi tr thi gian khong 102ms 2. S m rng l cn thit khi tn hiu burst di hn 51 ms tn ti v tn hiu dng mong mun l 51 ms. Ch khi ch CP hay ch burst c chn th tn hiu DTMF ch c th c pht hoc thu. Trong nhng ng dng ni m yu cu tn ti burst/pause khng chun ch burst phi c cm v cng pht c ng m bng phn cng bn ngoi hoc phn mm nh thi.
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

43

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

4.10 B to tn hiu n : ch to tn hiu n tn ti ni m nhng tn hiu ring l c th pht ra t nhm thp hoc nhm cao. Ch ny cng c th dng cho thit b ng dng kim tra DTMF, tn hiu pht xung tha nhn v o c nhiu. Thanh ghi iu khin B m t rt chi tit khi cp n. 4.11 B tnh ton nhiu : IC MT8880C c kh nng to tn hiu burst chnh xc vi nhiu tn s nh (xem bng 10). Tng khuych i ni bng khuych i ca mt b t ng m thng thp thu nh thnh phn iu ha v to ra khi iu ch bn trong. Dung lng ca nhiu iu ha cho mt tn hiu n c tnh ton bng cng thc 1. N t l tng cng sut tt c tn s bn ngoi vi cng sut tn s c bn nh percectage. Thnh phn Fourier ca tn hiu li ra tng ng vi V2f Vnf khi o c dng sng trn li ra dung lng nhiu ho m cho mt tn hiu quay c th tnh ton theo cng thc 2. VL v VH tng ng vi nhm bin thp v bin cao, v V2TMD l tng ca tt c nhng thnh phn iu ch bn trong. Mt b lc t ng m bn trong sau b chuyn i s tng t s gim nhiu to ra xung mc thp nh trong hnh 29.

Cng thc 1. THD(%) cho mt tn hiu n

Cng thc 2. THD(%) cho tn hiu i 4.12 Mch xung ng h DTMF : Mch xung ng h bn trong hon thin khi thm vo mt chun tinh th burst hin th mu. Tinh th ny c im c bit nh sau : Tn s Sai s tn s
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

: 3.579545 MHz : 0.1 % 44

Trng i Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Ch cng hng in dung ti

: Song song : 18 PF

Tr ni tip nh nht: 150 ohms Mc iu chnh max : 2mW S lng thit b ca MT8880 m kt ni nh trong hnh 12 ch ging nh mt tinh th. Ngoi ra li vo OSC1 trn tt c cc thit b c th iu khin t mt b m TTL vi u ra OSC2 bn tri khng kt ni. (Hnh 31).

Hnh 30 : Kt ni tinh th thng thng 4.13 Giao din b vi x l : MT8880 s dng mt giao din vi x l cho php iu khin chnh xc chc nng ca my pht v my thu. C 5 thanh ghi kt hp bn trong vi giao din vi x l c th chia lm 3 nhm l : Nhm thanh ghi dch, nhm thanh ghi iu khin thu pht v nhm thanh ghi trng thi thu pht. C 2 thanh ghi kt hp iu khin dich chuyn d liu. Thanh ghi d liu thu bao gm li ra c m ha. Phn gi tr tn hiu DTMF sau c gii m v l thanh ghi ch c. Li ra d liu bn trong thanh ghi d liu pht s quyt nh phn tn hiu s c to ra (xem hnh 26 cho vic m ho chi tit). D liu ch c th c vit ti thanh ghi pht. Thanh ghi iu khin thu pht hnh thnh t 2 thanh ghi iu khin (CRA v CRB) v chim nhng a ch trng ging nhau. Vic vit ln CRB c th thc hin bng cch thit t gi tr sp x trn CRA. Vic vit nhng a ch tng t sau c iu khin ti CRB v sau chu k vit s iu khin tr li thanh ghi CRA. Phn mm reset phi cha im u ca chng trnh iu khin u tin v trng thi thanh ghi sau khi tng cng sut hoc thit t li cng sut. Bng 11, 12, 13, 14 cp chi tit ti thanh ghi iu khin. Chn
IRQ /CP c th c chng trnh ho v n to ra mt yu cu ngt trn gi tr tn

hiu DTMF hoc khi b pht c thm d liu (ch ring ch burst ). Chn IRQ /CP
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

45

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

c cu hnh nh l mt thit b c li ra dn v n yu cu s tng vt ca in tr (xem hnh 31). Bng 10 : Chc nng ca cc thanh ghi bn trong RS0 0 0 1 1 Bng 11 : V tr bt CRA R/ W 0 1 0 1 Chc nng Vit ti thanh ghi d liu pht c t thanh ghi d liu thu Vit ti thanh ghi iu khin c t thanh ghi trng thi

Bng 12 : V tr bt CRB

Bng 13 : M t thanh ghi iu khin A Bit Tn B0 TOUT B1 CP/ DTMF B2 IRQ B3 RSEL Bng 14 : M t thanh ghi iu khin B Bit Tn B0 Burst B1 Test B2 S/ D C/ R Bng 15 : M t thanh ghi trng thi Bit Tn Thit t c trng thi B0 IRQ Ngt s kin bt b1 hoc bit b2 c thit lp
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

Chc nng Tn hiu li ra Ch iu khin Cho php ngt Chn thanh ghi Chc nng Ch burst Ch kim tra Ch pht xung n/i Tn hiu hng/ct Xo b c trng thi Ngt th ng v xo b sau khi thanh ghi trng thi c c
Trng i Hc

B3

46

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

B1

Thanh ghi pht d liu rng Thanh ghi thu d liu y

Delayed Steering

Tn ti xung dng v b pht sn sng pht d liu mi Gi tr d liu trong thanh ghi d liu thu Lp gi tr khng tn ti trc tip DTMF

Xo b sau khi c thanh ghi trng thi hoc ch burst khng c chon Xo b sau khi c thanh ghi trng thi Xo b trc tip gi tr tn hiu DTMF

B2

B3

Hinh 31 : S mch ng dng

Hnh 32 : S mch kim tra

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

47

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Hnh 33 : Giao din ghp ni MT8880 vi 6802

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

48

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

CHNG 5: THIT K V LP RP MCH CHNG GI TRM IN THOI.

5.1: S khi v nguyn tc hot ng.

LINE

Nhn bit my ch nhc Nhn bit in p trn ng dy

iu Khin MT8880 Pht Xung

Vi iu khin

Hnh 34: S khi ca mch chng gi trm in thoi Nguyn l hot ng: Khi Nhn bit my ch nhc s nhn bit trng thi ca my in thoi ta cm bo v xem my ang nhc hay t t hp, ta quy c trng thi nhc my (c st p trn ng thu bao) l (0), trng thi t my l (1). Khi Nhn bit in p trn ng dy s kim tra in p trn ng dy, nu trn ng dy c my nhc th in p l trn ng dy xp x 7V, nu khng c my nhc trn ng dy th in p trn l khong 48V (ty loi tng i gi tr ny c th khc nhng n ln hn 7V nhiu ln), ta quy c khi trng thi in p thp l (0), trng thi in p cao l (1). Vi iu khin s c lp trnh thc hin theo bng logic sau: Bng 16 : Bng logic kim tra trng thi ng dy Trng thi my c bo v 0 1 Trng thi ng dy 0 0 Tn hiu li ra ca vi iu khin 0 1

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

49

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Khng tn ti trng thi my c bo v nhc (trng thi 0) m trng thi trn ng dy l (1). V khi my c bo v nhc th s c st p trn ng dy. Theo bng trn, khi my c bo v khng nhc v trn ng dy khng st p (ngha l khng c my gi trm nhc my trn ng dy) hoc khi ta nhc my th in p trn ng dy cng gim th li ra ca vi iu khin l (0), rle s khng ng. Nhng nu my c bo v khng nhc m in p trn ng thu bao li gim xung cn khong 7V (ngha l c my gi trm nhc quay s trn ng dy), khi li ra ca vi iu khin s l (1) tng ng vi tn hiu iu khin a vo khi pht xung. My gi trm s khng th quay s n tng i c na.

5.2: S nguyn l chi tit ca mch chng gi trm.

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

50

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

5.3: Chng trnh vit cho vi iu khin 89C2051. Strart

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

51

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

Set : P1.0 = 0 P3.3: read; P3.4 : read

Kim tra: P3.4 v P3.3

Kim tra in p 2 u line

P3.4 = 0

Kim tra P3.3 Tn hiu my ch

Port P1.0 = 1 , iu khin MT8880 Pht xung

Delay

Phn lp trnh cho AT8922051 : ;Chng trnh iu khin chng gi trm in thoi
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

52

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

ORG 00H AJMP START ORG 03H AJMP SEND ORG 100H ;************************************************************** START: ACALL SETUP MOV P1,#000H MOV P3,#0FFH MOV P1,#00H ;P3.4= 1 <Tin hieu dien ap nhac may chung tren ;duong day ;P3.3= 1 <Tin hieu may chu nhac ;P3.5= 1 >Dieu khien ket noi giao dien quay so ;P3.2= 0 >Chon chip MT8880 begin: MOV A,P3 ANL JNZ ;Kiem tra sut ap tren duong day ;goi chuong trinh con setup he thong ;port P1 la loi ra dieu khien MT8880C: P1.0-P1.3 noi ;voi D0-D3 ;port P3 la loi vao nhan tin hieu nhac may , tin hieu ;dien ap

A,#00001000b ; begin; ;Neu dien ap tren duong day=0 -> khong sut ap -> ;khong co may goi ;Neu co sut ap thi -> kiem tra may chu

KTMC: MOV A,P3 ANL A,#00000100b

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

53

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

JZ begin

;Neu may chu nhac -> tro lai khong bao dong,khong ;pha cuoc goi ;Neu may chu khong nhac ma dien ap sut -> co nguoi ;dang goi trom

baotrom: MOV P1,#0FFH ;Chuong trinh phat xung goi thue bao khong ;co(112)de goi truoc khi trom goi

SETUP: MOV TCON,#41H; chay time 1 MOV TMOD,#20H; chay time 1 de tao toc do baud ;ORL PCON,#80H; dat bit SMOD=1 nhan doi tocdo baud MOV TH1,#0F3H; thiet lap toc do baud F3:4800Hz F9:9600Hz FC:19200Hz MOV SCON,#40H; mode 1 ( 8 bit data) 40_chopheptruyen,50_chophepnhan SETB IE.7 ;cho phep tat ca cac ngat SETB IE.0 ;cho phep ngat ngoai 0 RET SEND: CLR TI MOV SBUF,A; dua bye data vao thanh ghi cong noi tiep CHO: JNB TI,CHO; cho toi khi bye truyen xong CLR TI RETI END. 5.4 S khi phn lp trnh cho MT8880
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

54

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

CHNG 6: NH GI KT QU V HNG M RNG CA TI. Sau mt thi gian nghin cu ti liu v thc nghim em thc hin c mt s cng vic nh sau: Tm hiu nguyn l hot ng v nguyn l quay s ca my in thoi c nh . Tm hiu v cu to v tnh nng ca vi iu khin 89C2051. Tm hiu v cu trc v tnh nng ca IC MT8880 Thit k mch pht hin quay s trm v ngn chn vic quay s trm. Thit k mch pht hin xung quay s v TONE quay s trnh hin tng v tnh knh my th my khc vn c th gi trm. Vi vic s dng vi iu khin 89C2051 em mun c th pht trin thm mt s ng dng nh ghi li s gi n, s gi i, t ng quay s, t ng tr li lp thm vo nhng my cha c nhng chc nng trn. Vic ny s tit kim rt
Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

55

Trng

Hc

Tm hiu v my in thoi c nh v thit k mch chng gi trm in thoi

nhiu chi ph v ngi s dng c th tn dng my in thoi c m vn c nhng chc nng cn thit.

Hong nh Thip Cng Ngh

56

Trng

Hc