Design of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger using Kern Method:

A single-shell and single-tube pass, shell-and-tube heat exchanger, where tubes are laid out on 1-inch
Triangular pitch, is to be designed. The cold fluid (Chilled water) is in the shell and the hot fluid
(water) is flowing in the tubes.

Properties of Hot Fluid (Tube-side):

Assume tube side fluid as water and properties are calculated at given Inlet temperature of 32 C (as
shown in Table 4).

Properties
Inlet temperature (C) 32
Mass flow rate (kg/s) 0.67
Density (kg/m3

) 996.4
Thermal conductivity (W/m-K) 0.6144
Dynamic viscosity (N-s/m2) 0.00083
Specific heat (KJ/kg-K) 4.178
Prandtl number 5.641

Table 4: Tube side properties

Properties of Cold Fluid (Shell-side):

Shell side fluid as chilled water and properties are calculated at given Inlet temperature of 13 C (as
shown in Table 5).








Table 5: Shell side properties
Tube Material:

The tube material is SS304.

Thermal conductivity (W/m-K) = 16.43 at 22.5 C.
Properties
Inlet temperature (C) 13
Mass flow rate (kg/s) 0.42
Density (kg/m3) 999.34
Thermal conductivity (W/m-K) 0.6144
Dynamic viscosity (N-s/m2) 0.00121
Specific heat (kJ/kg-K) 4.186
Prandtl number 8.73
-NTU method is very suitable for determining heat duty and outlet temperatures of the hot and
cold fluid for prescribed fluid mass flow rates and inlet temperatures when the type and size of
the heat exchanger are specified.

The Heat capacity rate of hot and cold fluid is determined from

= 0.674.178 = 2.796 kW/ C

= 0.424.186 = 1.758 kW/ C

and

Therefore Capacity ratio (

) =

= 1.758 / 2.796

= 0.62.

= 1.758 (32-13) = 33.4 kW.

TUBE-SIDE CALCULATIONS:

Tube-side Heat Transfer Coefficient:

u

N

= 7917

< 10000, Flow is laminar.

Therefore For laminar flow, the Sieder and Tate correlation can be used.
Nu

Pi

u

L

Nu

= 21.38
h

Nu

= 16.43

= 1313.7 W/

-K
Shell side Heat Transfer Coefficient:
Shell Equivalent diameter:
The equivalent diameter is calculated along (instead of across) the long axes of the shell and
therefore is taken as four times the net flow area as layout on the tube sheet (for any pitch layout)
divided by the wetted perimeter.

= / Wetted Perimeter
For Triangular pitch layout

Bundle Cross Flow Area:

Where

= 0.025- 0.012
= 0.013 m

= 0.0036

Then the shell-side mass flow rate is found with

= 117 kg/s-

Shell Side Reynolds Number:
Reynolds number for the shell-side is based on the tube diameter and the velocity on the cross flow
area at the diameter of the shell.

= 4304
Shell Side Heat transfer Coefficient:
The heat transfer coefficient for the shell-side in the Kern Method can be estimated from

For

= 1007 W/

-K
Overall Heat Transfer coefficient at clean condition:
The overall heat transfer coefficient for clean surface is given by

= 506.99 W/

-K
Overall Heat Transfer coefficient at fouled condition:

= 319 W/

-K
Total Heat Transfer Area:

= 0.144

Number of Transfer Units calculation:
At clean condition:

= 0.04
Heat Duty Calculation :
For clean condition:
For counter flow:
Effectiveness

= 0.04
And also

= 1.336 kW.
Outlet temperature of water

=
Outlet temperature of ink

=

For Parallel Flow:
Effectiveness

= 0.04015
And also

= 1.336 kW.
Outlet temperature of water

=
Outlet temperature of ink

=
For fouling condition:

=
For Counter flow:

=
For Parallel flow:

=


Tube side pressure drop:
The pressure drop encountered by the fluid making passes through the heat exchanger is a multiple
of the kinetic energy of the flow. Therefore, the tube-side pressure drop is calculated by

+4

Where

= 0.7 m/s
And

+4

=
Shell Side Pressure Drop:
The shell-side fluid experiences a pressure drop as it passes through the exchanger, over the tubes,
and around the baffles. If the shell fluid nozzles (inlet and outlet ports) are on the same side of the
heat exchanger, then the shell-side fluid makes an even number of the tube bundle crossings, but if
they are on opposite sides, then it makes an odd number of the bundle crossings. The number of
bundle crossings therefore influences the pressure drop. Based on experiment, the pressure drop
experienced by the shell-side fluid is calculated by

Where

And