{density + diversity}

ISD5102 INTEGRATED STUDIO PROJECT 2

sia ching sian | a0082594 amalia yuliasih | a0093782 harry joseph serrano | a0082151 wu tong | a0093804 kartik venkatamaran | a0082261

{density + diversity}
introduction
This report will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a high density development and the need for a compact city. Different forms of high density developments using examples from Hong Kong, Seoul, Barcelona and Singapore. It will look into the optimum density using Hong Kong as an example as well as also compare the 4 cities based on the diversity of its building forms, building typology, urban forms. Indicators such as urban green space, quality of living, human development index, transport energy consumption, car ownership, public transport usage, CO2 emissions, eco-cities index and ecological footprint will be used in relation to density. A matrix will be produced to compare the performance of each city in terms of its density. Population density is defined as the number of people living in a given area. urban density is defined as the number of people inhabiting a given urbanized area. diversity or mixed use planning: 1. districts and many of its internal parts must serve more than one primary function, preferably more than two. 2. blocks must be short, streets and opportunities to turn corners must be frequent 3. district must mingle buildings that vary in age and condition 4. must be sufficiently dense concentration of people

introduction

the good - fully utilize infrastructure, better economical - reduce dependency on private vehicles, reduces carbon emission - healthier communities, create walkable communities, people bike, take public transport than drive - more people to support local business and amenities - social equity

the bad social fragmentation pollution traffic noise, privacy crowding open space

{compact cities}
1. Eliminates many of the inconveniences related to urban size. 2. Makes it possible to build a modern, convenient metropolis in a natural setting at a low cost, indeed, at costs which can be largely financed out of the savings now spent on transportation in present-day cities, for example, on vehicles, accidents, roads, parking facilities, and gasoline. 3. Saves money. 4. Conserves the use of time. 5. Saves lives and safety of people is better 6. Conserves the use of land. 7. Makes it possible to locate people of the constantly increasing population of the world into cities without the destructive effect urban sprawl brings to the countryside, the environment, or the ecosystem. 8. Conserves use of energy. 9. Conserves material resources. 10. Compact City makes possible flexible construction so that the city could adjust to changing needs. 11. Could provide opportunities for the economically disadvantaged. In addition, educational and health facilities would become readily accessible to all because of the short distances involved. 12. Makes a city wide automatic delivery system possible.. 13. Permits consolidation and centralization of certain urban services. Urban sprawl causes the duplication of hospitals, schools, and many other institutions. Many specialized services that are presently not economically possible in cities of today because of the time and distance, can be implemented in Compact City. 14. Eliminates air pollution. Because the atmosphere of Compact City would be controllable, air of the highest quality could, through better waste management, recycling, and air filtering techniques, be in constant supply for all the inhabitants. 15. Makes possible economical water and solid waste recycling systems 16. Reduces noise pollution and congestion because of the round-the-clock use of facilities, the less use of cars, and the use of cars with battery power.
ThinkQuest.OracleFoundation.Web.23Feb.2012.<http://library.thinkquest.org/C0115965/english/info/solu/advantages.htm>.

compact cities

{density + diversity}
mindmap

correlations

The mind map above shows how the various factors influence the density of a region through the economic, social and ecological sustainability

{density vs. diversity}

what s the best density? how to allocate the lands to reach diversity?
Total land use can be divided into land use for residential and land use for supporting facilities. Non-residential land use can be determined by population density and occupancy rate.

density vs diversity

Residential land area can be determined by population density, plot ratio and occupancy rate.

If the density is at a certain low level, much land is left un-used; and if density is at a certain high level, competition of land use for residential and land use for supporting facilities exist, rendering a possible result of inadequate supporting facilities. Both of these results are not desirable.

open and public spaces (including road and green space)

population density

occupancy rate

land population density Residential, commercial, industrial and institutional land

*occupancyrate:theamountofsquaremetersthatperpersonoccupies

plot ratio occupancy rate

density+diversity

Here is a example showing a method of finding the best density. This is a neighborhood in Hong Kong with total land area of 100 Ha, our objective is to find out the best density and best allocation of land use. The bar chart on the left shows the relationship of density and open land-use. when the density increase, the amount of open space can be calculated. The line chart on the right can be used to find out the optimal density. It shows the relationship of density, plot ratio and land-use. The colorful lines show the demands of residential lands at different plot ratio. With different plot ratio, , the demand for residential land is growing at different growth rate as density increases. The black line indicates the actual supply of residential land, which is calculated from the left graph. The optimal density is where the colored lines and black line meet. For example, the optimum density level for Plot Ratio 7 is 630 people per hectare with 38% of land use being residential. Density vs. open space
100 90 80 LandAreainHa 70 LandAreainHa 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 PopulationDensity(person/ha) C/I GIC OpenSpace Road

{example}
Hong Kong
Totallandarea Residential Occupancy Road Occupancy Open spaceOccupancy 100Ha 23sq.m/person 0.215 ha/person 0.033ha/person

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Density vs. residential land use (minus open space)

PlotRatio:8 PlotRatio:7 PlotRatio:6 PlotRatio:5 PlotRatio:4 PlotRatio:3 PlotRatio:2 PlotRatio:1

100

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 PopulationDensity(person/ha)

Source: Toward a low density urban form in Hong Kong \ Ng, Wing-shun, Anthony Vincent \ 1993

{density + diversity}
building density is important on shaping the urban morphology. diversity in term of high density can be accommodated in different urban form layout.

density+diversity

densityisdependentonplotratio,sitecoveragethatcancreateverydifferenturbanforms.
high rise create larger open area promote communal activities. without proper planning it may result of these spaces being left over. courtyard form this example can be seen in Barcelona. the courtyard space is clearly defined, shaped as a central space and encourages use of space.

medium rise enclosed courtyard encourages efficient use of space

parallel block form single unit residential or mixed use provide potential green corridor and open space

low rise single unit limited communal area enhance residents privacy

tower form independent low rise building

{4 cities} Hong Kong Seoul Barcelona Singapore

city profiles

{hong kong}

cities

As a major financial, trading and transport hub in East Asia, Hong Kong is one of the worlds busiest cities with high density and high rise.

City's spatial configuration: is high density, high rise and compact city.

city profile
1104.4 sq. km 367 persons/hectare under 15: 11.8%; 15-34: 27.7%; 3564: 47.4%; 65 and over: 13.2% livable cities index ranking 71 eco city index ranking 142 plot ratio zone A: 6.5-10; zone B: 5; zone C: 3 site coverage 50% city green space per capita 117.9 sq. m/person car Ownership 83 cars / 1000 people public Transport 92% CO2 Emission 5.4 metric tons / person human development index 0.898 (13th) urban green space per capita 3.3 sq. m/person area urban density population-characteristics

The high concentration of population in Hong Kong has made use of its public transportation network very efficiently. The city does well on public transport network because of its integrated pricing and good transport policies.

High dense and high rise also brings disadvantages. For example, in a city famous for its skyscrapers, buildings account for about 90% of total electricity consumption. The skyscrapers in Hong Kong consumes a lot of energy and also adds to CO2 emissions. Power generation for Hong Kongs electricity needs is mainly generated by combusting coal which also contributes to CO2 emissions and air pollution

{hong kong}
The massing of Hong Kong shows the typical building typology in the city. Including super high-rise residential of up to 50 storey; office skyscraper; medium residential blocks with retail on the ground floor. Overshadowing is a problem as buildings are built close to each other, plot ratio | up to 10 (residential) site coverage | up to 66% urban density | 367 pp/ha

cities

200m

{seoul}

cities

Seoul is experiencing rapid growth over the past 50 years, which has coincided with equally rapid economic growth and urbanization at the national level.

It has experimented some containment policy such as the greenbelt, inner city densification, and decentralized concentration.

city profile
area urban density population-characteristics livable cities index ranking eco city index ranking ecological footprint issues - current challenges 605.25 km2 282 people/ha 0-14 : 16.6% | 15-64 : 76.1% | 65+ : 7.3% 81 93 3.7 global ha/capita unbalanced development | demand for culture, leisure, sport | unemployment 15.95 m2/ person 65% 3.7 metric tons/person 0.897 (15th)

The urban form of Seoul presents positive elements arising from dense agglomeration, such as heavy public transport use, reduced energy use, balance of housing and jobs, extensive mixed use developments, and intensive use of brownfields.

Being a very dense city has its problem too, such as increased land price, housing shortage, widespread gentrification, lack of mass rapid transportation to the outer area, and energy consumption by the commuters private automobile.

green space per capita public transport CO2 emissions human development index

{seoul}
This model shows a typical inner city area in Seoul. It is at the south-eastern part of the inner city. It shows fragmented urban form and diversity of building typology. The area is characterized by low rise, medium rise and high rise high density development. plot ratio | 1.5-3.0(residential) site coverage | up to 60% urban density | 282pp/ha

cities

200m

{barcelona}

cities

Barcelona is an example of high density, low rise development. The city is very dense and highly mixed-use in terms of land-use. Open space is highly accessible and the city is extremely walkable as well.

The foundation for Barcelonas transformation has been the citys Eixample district. The homogeneous grid avoids hierarchy in land property values and generate a more democratic plan. Its configuration enhanced the accessibility, where the metro is still within walking distance for most of the population. The blocks also promote open area that could enhance communal activities.

city profile
area urban density population-characteristics livable cities index ranking eco city index ranking ecological footprint issues current challenges plot ratio urban planning concept green space per capita public transport CO2 emission human development index 101 sq.km 171 persons / hectare 0-14 : 12.05% | 15-64 : 67.38% | 65+ : 20.57% 100.6 (44th 121 (57th ) 3.26 traffic congestion | domestic waste | noise | pollution 4.7 example - compact superblock plan 18 sq.m / person 74.2% 2.51 metric tons/person

One of the catalyst of Barcelonas modern transformation was the Olympics. Infrastructure was greatly improved, where facilities were built on neglected urban areas and abandoned industrial land around the coast.

Although Barcelona is one of the most compact city in Europe, currently it is facing some issues, such as traffic congestion, noise (from both traffic and people and air pollution.

{barcelona}
This is a model built on Eixample district, showing its high density in low rise development. It has extensive mixed use development. The path between the blocks shows high walkability around the district. plot ratio | 4.79 (eixample) site coverage | up to 60% urban density | 171pp/ha

cities

200m

{singapore}

cities

As land is considered to be scarce, urban planning in Singapore is done in a prudent manner to ensure sufficient land for industries, commerce, transport, water catchment areas, infrastructure and military needs and future development.

city profile
Most of the developments in Singapore are of high rise and high density to maximize land value. 85% of the population lives in public housing. area urban density population-characteristics livable cities index ranking eco city index ranking plot ratio ecological footprint issues - current challenges 704 km2 107 people/ha 0-14 : 15.6% | 15-64 : 76.1% | 65+ : 8.3%

Singapore currently has 5 million people and targets to achieve 6.5 million people within the next 10-15 years.

Adequate and affordable housing is an issue that is currently being addressed and public transportation needs to be improved to cater to the increasing population. green space/ green capital car ownership public transport CO2 emissions per person human development index

1.4-13.0 (HDB: 2.1-4.2) 5.34 global ha/capita increase in population | better public transportation | better flood management 7.5m2/person 158 cars/1000 people 59% 7.4 metric tons/person 0.866 (26th)

{singapore}
This massing shows a typical development of Singapore. This example is in Kallang , where most buildings range from mostly 5 storey to 24 storey These are clusters of public housing blocks in the area, with open spaces and communal facilities planned within and around the blocks. plot ratio | 2.8 3.5 (residential) site coverage | up to 40% urban density | 107pp/ha

cities

200m

Indicator 1: {urban greenspace}

Indicator 2: {human development index}

correlations

Parks, greens and other open spaces including playing fields in the urban area per person Does higher density equate to lesser green space

The Human Development Index (HDI) measures wellbeing standards of living, literacy rate and life expectancy of countries worldwide Impact of economic policies on quality of life. Does higher density means a compromise on well-being?

source: Human Development Reports, UNDP, 2011

Indicator 3: {quality of living}

Indicator 4: {eco-cities index}

Based on Mercers 2010 report on quality of living [QoL]. Ranking based on internal stability, crime levels, law enforcement effectiveness Does higher density means lower quality of living

Eco-city index Ranks cities based on: Water availability water potability waste removal sewage air pollution traffic congestion Does higher density equate to a more ecological city?

source: Mercers 2010 Quality of Living worldwide city rankings

source : www.globalsherpa.org)

Indicator 5: {transport energy consumption}

Indicator 6: {car ownership}

correlations

Vehicle manufacture, maintenance and disposal Vehicle operation Infrastructure construction and maintenance Administration of transport business Energy production and trade Does a denser city equate to lower consumption of transport energy?

Number of private cars owned by per thousand people Do people require less cars in denser cities?

source: Rodrigue and Comtois, The Geography of Transport Systems, 2009

source: International Road Federation

Indicator 7: {public transport}

Percentage of general population who uses public transportation Impact: environmental, land use, social, economic, Is there a higher usage of public transport in denser cities?

Indicator 8: {co2 emissions}

Relative contributions of material productions, building operation and transportation to annual greenhouse gas emissions and energy use Do denser cities perform better in terms of GHG emissions compared to cities that are not as dense?

source: 2012 American Public Transportation Association

Source: Journal of Urban Planning and Development ASCE, MARCH 2006

Indicator 9: {ecological footprint}

correlations

Ecological footprint is the area of land and water required to support a defined economy or population at a specified standard of living. Does a denser city equate to a lower ecological footprint?

{matrix}
hongkong
367people/ha

cities comparison

seoul
282people/ha 15.95 sqm/person

barcelona
171people/ha 18 sqm/person

singapore
107people/ha 7.5 sqm/person

urban green space/pax

3 sqm/person

2 h.d.i. 3 5 6
quality of living ranking

13th 36th 142nd 8,000MJ/person 55 cars/1000 people 5.4 metric tonnes/person 90%

15th 80th 93rd 10,000MJ/person 227 cars/1000 people 3.7metric tonnes/person 63%

23rd 40th 57th 9,000MJ/person 460 cars/1000 people 4.2metric tonnes/person 74.2%

26th 25th 22nd 18,000MJ/person 111 cars/1000 people 7.4 metric tonnes/person 59%

4 eco - cities (2010)

transport energy use car ownership

co2 7emissions

8 9

public Transport +walking usage eco footprint (2007)

4.0gha

3.95gha

3.26gha

5.34gha

{conclusion}
Based on the matrix, Hong Kong has the highest urban density with least urban greenery at 3.3m per person, Barcelona did best with 18m per person. Quality of living is best in Singapore which has least density among the 4 cities. Human development index ranked Hong Kong best out of the 4. Public transport usage is extremely high in Hong Kong with 90%. Car ownership is lowest in Hong kong with 55 cars per 1000 people. Seoul performed best in terms of CO2 emissions. In terms of ecological footprint Barcelona came up best with 3.25global hectare per person and Singapore came up best with the eco cities index.

conclusion

It is without a doubt that the amount of transport energy use, public transport usage and car ownership is best in terms of extremely high density conditions as public transportation infrastructure could be fully utilized instead of being heavily dependent on private vehicles.

In conclusion, in the example of Barcelona, it has performed relatively well with an urban density of 171 people/hectare with mainly low rise, high density developments. Such a compact city development has illustrated that it is possible to achieve a very livable and walkable environment with high usage of public transport, low CO2 emissions and the highest amount of urban green space among the 4 cities. It is a type of model that can be explored in designing cities instead of adopting only high rise high density developments particularly in the case of Singapore.

{reference}
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{reference}

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