Introduction to Medical Imaging

X-ray, CT, PET, Ultrasound, MRI

Eduardo Bartolome E-bartolome1@ti.com

Slide 1

Targets

Describe the physical principles behind each imaging modality. Overview of the engineering solutions. Future trends. Take away knowledge for our personal health and have some fun.

Imaging Modalities

X-ray

CT

PET

Ultrasound

MRI

Others: OCT, hyperspectral imaging

Digital X-rays

Spectrum
~124keV ~511keV ~124eV 6-8um

384Mm c E= h.f = h h = 6.63e-34 J.s = 4.1e-15 eV.s

30um

X-ray Generation
Courtesy of Siemens

Dose I Energy Voltage

X-ray Machine

ABSORBED SCATTERED TRANSMITTED

Filter/collimator Anti-scatter grid

DETECTOR

X-ray imagers overview

Courtesy of Hologic

Indirect

Scintillator

ADC Readout
PFL- Aachen, M. Overdick, 11 Sept 2002, IWORID 2002

Addressing

AFE-XR0064 operation
1. CDS samples offset. 2. The panel control turns on the TFTs of a new column of pixels. 3. The charge is integrated (needs about 14us). 4. The CDS takes the integrated values and subtracts the offsets. 5. We can now RST the integrators. CDS still holds the analog values. 6. Analog values are muxed to the ADC inputs.

Readout time
142mW For 128 lines (1 pixel/line): Tmin = 27.8us

142mW 130mW

Scan lines controlling gates of TFT: Ron 1-2M Cpixel 1-2pF

Example: 1536 * 1536 panel Divide panel on 2 blocks of 768 columns, each with 24 AFEXR0064: 768*27.8us = 21.35ms FR >30fps

CT Computer Tomography

The machine
3 revolutions per second 1000 profiles per revolution

3KSPS/pixel

Imaging the heart Challenges

@ 60bpm 1 beat/s. Need 100ms shot at least to resolve 1mm in diastole (when heart is more still) Faster shot for other phases of the heart or better resolution (for plaque, smaller arteries) 12cm long. Image the heart in one breath hold. Varying beats: % case with stable heart beat (courtesy of GE): 100ms 4 beat: 97% 5 beat: 92% 8 beat: 39% 10 beat: 10%

GE

1s

PQS T

DAS Data Acquisition System

Scintillator Ceramic

GE

Siemens X-ray

Photodiodes

Example
Flux * T * Exray * Yieldscintillator * Ephoton * * S * 1/T
<1.9Gp/(mm2.s) 100keV >15kphotons/MeV 2.6eV 0.7 0.3 6k # of x-ray photons 3e5 photons Incident energy 3e10eV # of photons from scintillator 475M light photons Visible light energy out from scintillator 1.2GeV Visible light at the photodiode 0.86GeV Charge 40pC Current 250nA

The spec
Sampling rate: 5 - 10KSPS. Maximum charge/current: 150pC/150nA Noise: <1fCrms, <1 to 1.5pArms Linearity: +/- 1ppm of FSR + % of reading Null offset drift with temperature mWs/channel

Switched Integrator

CINT

Photodiode Current + +

A
ADC
20bits 6KSPS (x2) 7mW/channel
CINT

FS 100s pC

DDC232

PET Positron Emision Tomography

The machine

The detector
Example (from Derenzo): NaI(TI) - 3.3 cm Light output: 50k (38k?) photons/MeV Principal Decay time: 230 ns Index of refraction: 1.85 15000 photons at photocathode 3000 photoelectrons at first dynode 3.109 electrons at anode

Centroid
To ADCs Position Anger logic
4 1 2

1 2 3 4 3

Xm

x E = E
i i i

mi

mi

Front-end
SE DIFF

SE DIFF

of ADS5273 12bit 70MSPS

LVDS

Xm

SE DIFF

x E = E
i i i

mi

mi

SE DIFF

DSP

AMP

Time Coincidence (TDC)

Radiation
Natural background: 2.4mSv/year Air travel crew: 3mSv/year Radiation worker federal limit: 50mSv/year Dental radiography: 0.01mSv Chest radiography: 0.1mSv Mammography: 0.7mSv PET/SPECT : 7mSv Chest CT: 8mSv Pelvic/abdomen CT: 10mSv CT Angiography: 15mSv 50% of cases die in 30 days: 3Sv

References: http://www.xrayrisk.com/

Ultrasound
*@?!?

Principle

Physics (I)
Substance Fat Muscle Compact bone Air c [m/s] 1470 1568 3600 331 [g/cm3] 0.97 1.04 1.7 0.0013 Z [105 Rayl] 1.42 1.63 6.12 43.10-5
Absorption [dB/MHz.cm] 0.5 2 4-10

Position Frame rate

Reflections

Depth

Imaging Systems for Medical Diagnostics - Siemens

Physics (II)
c = 1560m/s
Frequency [MHz] 2 5 10 15 Wavelength [mm] 0.78 0.31 0.16 0.1

RAxial

c c = = 6 dB 2.FBW 2 2f
Lateral resolution [mm] 3 1.2 0.6 0.4 Axial resolution [mm] 0.8 0.35 0.2 0.15

Penetration depth [cm] 25 10 5 3.3

f.2.x. = 100dB = 1dB/(MHz.cm)

Imaging Systems for Medical Diagnostics - Siemens

RLateral

c 2r = f w. cos

Scan

Electrical

Mechanical Mechanical

Courtesy of GE

The machine Top level

B-mode

Ultrasound System
Transducer Transducer Transducer Transducer Transducer Transducer Transducer Transducer

Tx Buffer Amp

HV Mux/ Demux

T/R Switches

OPA695

DAC5652

CW Analog Beam Former

ADC

Spectral Doppler Processing (D-Mode)

Image & Motion Processing (B-Mode)

Color Doppler (PW) Processing (F-Mode)

VCA2615/7 VCA8613/7 VCA8500/10

AFE5805 ADS1605/06/25/26

ADS527x/8x

Tx beamformer

Transducer array 1 2 3 4

Rx beamformer

Delay

Transducer array 1 2 3 4

Apodization

Receive Beamforming
Transducer array 1 2 3 4 A1 ADC samples C1
Line 1

A1 A2

B1 B2

C2 Line 2

Interpolated

ADCs 43 21

5ns

Signal chain analysis

20dB
GND P 1_A P0_A +HV1 P2_A +HV2

CW VCA

<35dB 2-3 pole filter x8

15mm

LNA
N0_A N1_A N2_A GND -HV1 -HV2

ADC
12bit 40MSPS

MUX 10uV-1V 0.85nV/rtHz

9mm

30.00

IR Noise (nV/rt(Hz))

25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 0.2

PG=30dB; Clamp in VCA disabled; Filter setting = 15MHz

TI AFE5805

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

Vcontrol (V)

MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The machine
Liquid Nitrogen Liquid Helium Magnet Coils RF Volume Coils

Surface Coils

Bo

Y X Z

www.e-mri.org

NMR Basic Physics No magnetic field

Spin/magnetic moment

Hidrogen Atomic Nucleus

Matter

www.e-mri.org

NMR Basic Physics With magnetic field

Larmor frequency: 0 = 42.57[MHz/T].B0

Magnetization vector

www.e-mri.org

Nuclear Excitation and Relaxation

Depends on B0 Depends on material
Z M RF @fo X Y 180 90 Bo Decay Time

Excitation

Relaxation

Gradient field

Bo

1. Slice: Gradient on excitation. Only the nucleuses with a Larmor frequency equal to the RF pulse frequency will be excited. 2. Frequency encoding: Gradient on relaxation. Looking at the spectrum of the received RF, the spatial position of the nucleuses can be identified.

RF Signal Characteristics
Carrier depending on Larmor frequency (depending on fix magnet). BW below 1MHz (depending on gradient coil). RF emissions from the human body have a decay time which depends on the nature of the tissue. Decay time can vary between 5ms and 200ms. The emissions SNR is dependent upon: Field strength and homogeneity RF coil design/tuning Distance of coil to the sample The sample itself For medical applications the typical dynamic range is ~80dB. Signal amplitude can range from Vs to several mVs.

Signal Chain

OTHER ASPECTS OF MEDICAL IMAGING

Slide 44

Volumes/Prices

Digital X-ray: CT: PET/CT: Ultrasound: MRI:

25Kunits/year 5Kunits/year 0.8kunits/year 70Kunits/year 3.5Kunits/year

~$300k $1-$2.5M <$5M $10K-$250k <$5M

Summary
X-ray CT PET Ultrasound MRI

Issues

Quality Radiation

Cost Radiation

Quality

Cost

Others: OCT, hyperspectral imaging

References
www.e-mri.org http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/mri/ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/mri/ht m/index.htm http://www.mri-tutorial.com/ http://users.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/~stuart/thesis/chapter_ 2/contents.html