MENG5753

Lecture # 3 Governing Equations of Motion Part II: Momentum Equation

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Objectives
Identify the various kinds of forces and moments acting on a control volume. Use control volume/integral analysis to determine the forces associated with fluid flow. Derive the differential form of the conservation of momentum using Newtons 2nd law.

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Integral Analysis
When dealing with engineering problems, it is desirable to obtain fast and accurate solutions at minimal cost. Most engineering problems, including those associated with fluid flow, can be analyzed using one of three basic approaches: - Differential, - Experimental,

- Control volume/Integeral.
The finite control volume approach is remarkably fast and simple and usually gives answers that are sufficiently accurate for most engineering purposes. Therefore, despite the approximations involved, the basic finite control volume analysis performed with a paper and pencil has always been an indispensable tool for engineers.
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Newtons Laws
Newtons laws are relations between motions of bodies and the forces acting on them.
First law: a body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion remains in motion at the same velocity in a straight path when the net force acting on it is zero. Second law: the acceleration of a body is proportional to the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.

Third law: when a body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
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Forces Acting on a CV
Forces acting on CV consist of body forces that act throughout the entire body of the CV (such as gravity, electric, and magnetic forces) and surface forces that act on the control surface (such as pressure and viscous forces, and reaction forces at points of contact). Body forces act on each volumetric portion dV of the CV. Surface forces act on each portion dA of the CS.

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Differential Analysis
When dealing with engineering problems, it is desirable to obtain fast and accurate solutions at minimal cost. Most engineering problems, including those associated with fluid flow, can be analyzed using one of three basic approaches:

- Differential,
- Experimental, - Control volume.

In differential approaches, the problem is formulated accurately using differential quantities, but the solution of the resulting differential equations is difficult, usually requiring the use of numerical methods with extensive computer codes.

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Forces Acting on a CV
Total force acting on Control Volume (CV):

F = F

r + F surface body

Surface integrals are cumbersome. Careful selection of CV allows expression of total force in terms of more readily available quantities like weight, pressure, and reaction forces. Goal is to choose CV to expose only the forces to be determined and a minimum number of other forces.

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Body Forces
The most common body force is gravity, which exerts a downward force on every differential element of the CV The different body force

Typical convention is that acts in the negative z-direction, Total body force acting on CV

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Surface Forces
Surface forces are not as simple to analyze since they include both normal and tangential components Diagonal components xx, yy, zz are called normal stresses and are due to pressure and viscous stresses Off-diagonal components xy, xz, etc., are called shear stresses and are due solely to viscous stresses Total surface force acting on CS

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Differential Form of Momentum

Where:

r r r r DV DV F = ma = m Dt = dx dy dz Dt r F = Fbody + Fsurface

F F

body

= g i dx dy dz , i = 1,2,3 = Pressure Force + Viscous Force

surface

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The Reynolds Stress Tensor

xx ij =+ yx zx

xy xz yy yz zy zz

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Conservation of Linear Momentum

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Differential Form of Momentum

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Navier-Stokes Equation

First step is to separate ij into pressure and viscous stresses

xx xy xz p 0 0 xx ij = yx yy yz = 0 p 0 + yx 0 p zx zx zy zz 0

xy xz yy yz zy zz

Viscous Stress Tensor

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Navier-Stokes Equation The Navier-Stokes equations

Incompressible NSE written in vector form

Incompressible Continuity written in vector form

This results in a closed system of equations!

4 equations (continuity and momentum equations) 4 unknowns (U, V, W, p)

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Continuity and Navier-Stokes Equation

Cartesian Coordinates
Continuity X-momentum

Y-momentum

Z-momentum

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Navier-Stokes Equation Tensor and Vector Notation

Tensor and Vector notation offer a more compact form of the equations.

Continuity
Tensor notation Vector notation

Conservation of Momentum
Tensor notation Vector notation

Repeated indices are summed over j (x1 = x, x2 = y, x3 = z, U1 = U, U2 = V, U3 = W)

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Eulers Equations
Conservation of Momentum for Inviscid Flow
Good approximation to the components of the stress tensor for many flows, especially for flow away from boundary (flow around an airfoil) are displayed by the array
Tensor notation

0
Vector notation

Assuming a constant-density and steady flow, the above equation can be Integrated along a streamline to yield Bernoullis equation.
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V2 p + + z = const . 2 g g

Exact Solutions of the NSE Procedure for solving continuity and NSE
1.Set up the problem and geometry, identifying all relevant dimensions and parameters 2.List all appropriate assumptions, approximations, simplifications, and boundary conditions 3.Simplify the differential equations as much as possible 4.Integrate the equations 5.Apply BC to solve for constants of integration 6.Verify results

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Example exact solution (Ex. 9-15) Fully Developed Couette Flow

For the given geometry and BCs, calculate the velocity and pressure fields, and estimate the shear force per unit area acting on the bottom plate Step 1: Geometry, dimensions, and properties
U

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Example exact solution (Ex. 9-15)

Step 2: Assumptions and BCs

Assumptions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Plates are infinite in x and z Flow is steady, /t = 0 Parallel flow, v=0 Incompressible, Newtonian, laminar, constant properties No pressure gradient 2D, w=0, /z = 0 Gravity acts in the -z direction,

Boundary conditions
1. Bottom plate (y=0) : u=0, v=0, w=0 2. Top plate (y=h) : u=U, v=0, w=0

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Example exact solution (Ex. 9-15)

Note: these numbers refer to the assumptions on the previous slide

Continuity 3 6

Step 3: Simplify
This means the flow is fully developed or not changing in the direction of flow X-momentum 2 Cont. 3 6 5 7 Cont. 6

y
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Example exact solution (Ex. 9-15) Step 3: Simplify, cont.

Y-momentum 2,3 3 3 3,6 7 3 3 3

Z-momentum 2,6 6 6 6 7 6 6 6

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Example exact solution (Ex. 9-15)

X-momentum

Step 4: Integrate
integrate integrate

Z-momentum
integrate

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Example exact solution (Ex. 9-15)

Step 5: Apply BCs

y=0, u=0=C1(0) + C2 C2 = 0 y=h, u=U=C1h C1 = V/h This gives
U

For pressure, no explicit BC, therefore C3 can remain an arbitrary constant (recall only P appears in NSE).
Let p = p0 at z = 0 (C3 renamed p0)
1. 2. Hydrostatic pressure Pressure acts independently of flow

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Example exact solution (Ex. 9-15) Step 6: Verify solution by back-substituting into differential equations
Given the solution (u,v,w)=(Uy/h, 0, 0)

Continuity is satisfied
0+0+0=0

X-momentum is satisfied

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Example exact solution (Ex. 9-15)

Shear force per unit area acting on the wall

Note that w is equal and opposite to the shear stress acting on the fluid yx (Newtons third law).
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Literature
- Yunus A. Cengel and John M. Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics:
Fundamentals and Applications, NY McGraw-Hill, 2nd edit. 2010. - Douglas, J. F., Gasiorek, J., Fluid Mechanics, 4th edit. 2001, Ashford Colour Press Ltd. Gosport. - Frank White, Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, 2nd edit. 2010. - Franz Durst, Fluid Mechanics: An Introduction to the Theory of Fluid Flows, Springer, Berlin, 2008. - Eric G. Paterson, Fluid Mechanics Lectures,
Nuclear Engineering The Pennsylvania State University Department of Mechanical and

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