Solutions 4 Fundamentals & Wire antennas

Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Radar cross section

Problem 4.1 :
A rectangular X-band horn, with aperture dimensions of 5.5 cm and 7.4 cm and a gain of 16.3 dB (over isotropic) at 10 GHz, is used to transmit and receive energy scattered from a perfectly conducting sphere of radius a = 5 . Find the maximum scattered power delivered to the load when the distance between the horn and the sphere is: a) 200 b) 500 Assume that the transmit power is 200mW, and the radar cross section is equal to the geometrical cross section.

s = pa 2 = 25pl2 G0r = G 0t = 16.3dB G 0r = G 0t = 101.63 = 42.66

f = 10 GHz l = 3 cm
l 2 G0rG0t Pr = s 4pR R 4p Pt 1 2

a) b)

R1 = R2 = 200 = 6 m : R1 = R2 = 500 = 15 m :

Pr = 9 nW Pr = 0.23 nW

Solutions 4 Fundamentals & Wire antennas

Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Coordinate transformation

Problem 4.2 :
A infinitesimal electric dipole of constant current I0 is placed symmetrically about the origin and directed along the x-axis. Derive the a) b) far-zone fields radiated by the dipole directivity of the antenna.

a) The pattern of a dipole oriented in x -direction has to be the same as oriented along the

z -axis. Two new coordinates y and c are introduced that are corresponding to q and f .
Thus, the electric and magnetic far field of the dipole can be written as kl e - jkr I sin y 4p 0 r Ey kl e - jkr Hc j I0 sin y = r 4p h Ey j h z

The new coordinate y now must be expressed in terms of the old coordinates q and f . Generally, an angle a enclosed by two vectors a and b can be calculated by cos a = a b . Therefore it is convenient to perform the following conversion
sin y = 1 - cos2 y = 1 - a x ar
2

where the vector ar in spherical coordinates can be expressed as

ar = ax sin q cos f + ay sin q sin f + az cos q

and therefore sin y =

1 - ( sin q cos f )2

The far field of the dipole oriented in y -direction can be written as

Ey j h kl e - jkr I 4p 0 r 1 - ( sin q cos f )2

Solutions 4 Fundamentals & Wire antennas

Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

y x

b)

When the radiation pattern stays the same as for an z -oriented dipole, also the

directivity has to be the same:

U = U 0 ( 1 - sin2 q cos2 f )
2p p 1 - sin2 q cos2 f ) sin qd qd f = U 0 ( sin q - sin 3 q cos2 f )d q d f = ( 0 0 0 0 W 2p 2p 4 4 8 = U 0 2d f - cos2 fd f = U 0 4p - p = U 0 p 3 3 3 0 0 2p p

Prad =

Ud W = U 0

and D0 = 4pU 0 3 = = 1.5 8 2 U0 p 3

Solutions 4 Fundamentals & Wire antennas

Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Wire antennas

Problem 4.3 :
A thin linear dipole of length l is placed symmetrically about the z -axis. Find the far-zone spherical electric and magnetic components radiated by the dipole whose current distribution can be approximated by
I 1 + 2 z ' 0 l I z (z ') = I 0 1 - 2 z ' l

a) b)

( (

) )

-l / 2 z ' 0 0 z ' l /2

, .

I z (z ') = I 0 cos

( p z ') l

-l /2 z ' l /2

a)

I 1 + 2 z ' 0 l I z (z ') = I0 1 - 2 z ' l 2 = I0 1 - z ' l

( (

) ) )
l

-l / 2 z ' 0 0 z ' l /2 for -l /2 z ' l /2

The magnetic vector potential can be found as m e - jkr A(r ) az 4p r

-l2

I z ( z ' )e jkz 'cos qdz '

l 2

m I 0e- jkr az 4p r
- jkr

-l

(1 - 2 z ' )e l ( )

jkz 'cos q

dz '

l sin kl cos q 2 m I 0e z ' jkz 'cos q 2 l az -2 e dz ' kl 4p r l l cos q - 2 2 The integral in the brackets can be solved as

Solutions 4 Fundamentals & Wire antennas

l

Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

-l2

z ' jkz 'cos q e dz ' l

l

0 l

z ' jkz 'cos q e dz 'l

0
-l2

z ' jkz 'cos q e dz ' l

z ' jkz 'cos q z' e dz '+ e - jkz 'cos qdz ' l l

0 2

= 2
0

z' 2 l kl cos [ kz ' cos q ] dz ' = x = z ' = x cos x cos q d x l l 2 2

0

kl sin kl cos q cos cos q - 1 l 2 2 = + kl 2 2 kl cos q cos q 2 2

kl cos q - jkr 1 - cos ml I 0e 2 A(r ) az 2 4p r kl cos q 2 The r , q , and f components of the vector potential can be found as: kl cos q - jkr 1 - cos ml I 0e 2 cos q Ar = Az cos q = 2 4p r kl cos q 2 kl 1 - cos cos q ml I 0e - jkr 2 sin q Aq = -Az sin q = 2 4p r kl cos q 2 Af = 0 In far-field zone: Er 0; Ef 0

( (
(

) )
)

Thus:

E q -j wAq = j w

ml I 0e 4p r

- jkr

1 - cos

( kl cos q ) sin q 2 ( kl cos q ) 2

2

H r 0;

H q 0;

Hf =

Eq h

b) By using a formula from the script, the far-zone field of a finite length dipole can be found as:
l /2

Eq =

-l / 2

k e - jkr sin q dE q = j h 4pr

l /2

-l / 2

Ie ( x ', y ', z ' ) e jkz ' cos qdz '

Solutions 4 Fundamentals & Wire antennas

Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

In our case, we have:

k e - jkr Eq = j h sin q I 0 4pr
l /2

-l / 2

cos

( plz ' ) e

jkz ' cos q

dz '

By letting a = jk cos q and b = p / l , and using the following integral formula

cos (bz ) eazdz =

eaz ( a cos (bz ) + b sin (bz ) ) a 2 + b2

we may write

Eq = j h

k e 4pr

- jkr

l / 2 jkz ' cos q e pz ' p pz ' sin q I 0 jk cos q cos + sin 2 p l l l 2 l - ( k cos q ) -l / 2

( )

jkl cos q jkl cos q 2 k e - jkr e 2 p e p sin q I 0 = jh + p 2 p 2 l 4pr 2 l - ( k cos q ) - ( k cos q )2 l l kl cos q 2 cos I 0k e - jkr p 2 sin q = jh 2 l p 4pr - ( k cos q )2 l p I 0 e - jkr cos 2 cos q = jh 2pr sin q kl cos q 2 cos - jkr I k e p 2 sin q Hf = j 0 4pr l p 2 - ( k cos q )2 l p I 0 e - jkr cos 2 cos q = j 2pr sin q

( )

( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Solutions 4 Fundamentals & Wire antennas

Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Wire antennas

Problem 4.4 :
A center-fed electric dipole of length l is attached to a balanced lossless transmission line whose characteristic impedance is 50 W . Find the input VSWR when a) b) c) d)

l = l/4, l = l /2 , l = 3l / 4 ,
l = l.

VSWR =

1+ G , 1- G

G=

Rin - Z 0 , Rin + Z 0

Rin =

Rrad , kl sin2 2

( )

Z 0 = 50W

a)

l = l 4,

kl

p 2 = 4,

kl =

p , 2

2kl = p

Rrad = 60 C + ln

1 { ( p ) - C ( p ) + 2 sin ( p ) S p - 2S ( p ) } 2 2 2 2 1 = 60 { 0.5772 + 0.45158 - 0.470 + [ 1.85 - 2 1.3698 ]} 2

i i
( )

= 6.8388 W
The input impedance is calculated as
Rin = Rrad 6.8388 = p = 13.6776 W 2 kl sin2 sin 4 2

( )

( )

The reflection coefficient

G=

13.6776 - 50 = -0.5704 VSWR = 3.6555 13.6776 + 50

b)

l = l 2,

kl

p 2 = 2,

kl = p,

2kl = 2p

Solutions 4 Fundamentals & Wire antennas

Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

1 p + C i ( 2p ) - 2C i ( p ) Rrad = 60 C + ln ( p ) - C i ( p ) + cos ( p ) C + ln 2 2 1 = 60 0.5772 + 1.14473 - 0.059 - [ 0.5772 + 0.45158 - 0.0227 - 2 0.059 ] 2 = 73.13 W

{ {

( )

Rin =

Rrad 73.13 = p = 73.13 W kl sin2 sin2 2 2

( )

( )

G=

73.13 - 50 = 0.18785 73.13 + 50

3p 2= 4 ,

VSWR = 1.4626

c)

l = 3l 4 ,

kl

kl =

3p , 2

2kl = 3p

Rrad = 60 C + ln

1 { ( 34p ) - C ( 32p ) + 2 sin ( 32p ) S 3p - 2S ( 32p ) } 1 = 60 { 0.5772 + 1.5502 - (-0.19839) - 1.67473 - 2 1.611 } 2
i i

= 185.965 W
Rin = Rrad 185.965 = = 371.93 W 2 3p 2 kl sin sin 4 2

( )

( )

G=

371.93 - 50 = 0.7630 371.93 + 50

kl

VSWR = 7.4386

d)

l = l,

2 = p,

kl = 2p,

2kl = 4p

1 Rrad = 60 C + ln ( 2p ) - C i ( 2p ) + cos ( 2p ) [C + ln ( p ) + C i ( 4p ) - 2C i ( 2p ) ] 2 = 60 { 0.5772 + 1.8378 - (-0.0227) 1 + [ 0.5772 + 1.14473 - 0.006 - 2 (-0.0227) ] 2 = 199.099 W
Rin = Rrad 199.099 = = kl sin2 ( p ) sin2 2

( )

G=

1 - 50 - 50 = =1 + 50 1 + 50

VSWR =

Solutions 4 Fundamentals & Wire antennas

Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Wire antennas

Problem 4.5 :
A linear half-wavelength dipole is operating at a frequency of 1 GHz. Determine the capacitance or inductance that must be placed across the input terminals of the dipole so that the antenna becomes resonant (make the total input impedance real). What is then the VSWR of the resonant half-wavelength dipole when it is connected to a 50 line ?
l , 2

l =

Zc = 50 W

Z in = ( 73 + j 42.5 ) W

Yin =

1 1 = = ( 0.01023 - j 0.0059563 ) S = Gin - jBin Z in 73 + j 42.5

The capacitance that has to be put across the antenna terminals is

Bin = wC in = 2p fC in
and thus

C in =

Bin 5.9563 10-3 = = 0.94797 10-12 F 2p f 2p 109 = 0.94797 pF

. , i.e.

The resonant antenna will only have

Gin = 10.23 10-3 S

Rin =

1 = 97.75 W Gin

The reflection coefficient at the input terminals is

Gin =

Rin - Zc = 0.3232 Rin + Zc 1 + Gin = 1.955 VSWR = 1 - Gin