Steam traps

Throughout the history of steam utilisation, Spirax Sarco has been at the forefront of improving the efficiency of steam plant. Since 1935, the Spirax Sarco range of products has widened considerably and is now specified worldwide on the many types of plant employing steam. Today, there are few manufacturing processes that do not rely upon steam to provide an end product. The steam trap is an essential part of any steam system. It is the important link between good steam and condensate management, retaining steam within the process for maximum utilisation of heat, but releasing condensate and incondensable gases at the appropriate time. Although it is tempting to look at steam traps in isolation, it is their effect on the steam system as a whole that is often not appreciated. The following questions become important:

Does the plant come quickly up to temperature or is it slow to respond, and its performance less than it should be? Is the system trouble free, or does inadequate steam trapping permit waterhammer,corrosion and leakage, and high maintenance costs? Does the design of the system have a negative effect on the life and efficiency of the steam traps?

It is often true that if an inappropriate steam trap is selected for a particular application, no ill effects are noticed. Sometimes, steam traps are even shut-off completely without any apparent problems, for example on a steam main, where incomplete drainage of condensate from one drain point often means that the remainder is simply carried on to the next. This could well be a problem if the next drain point is blocked or has been shut-off too! The observant engineer may recognise that wear and tear of control valves, leakage and reduced plant output, can all be remedied by paying proper attention to steam trapping. It is natural for any mechanism to suffer from wear, and steam traps are no exception. When steam traps fail open, a certain amount of steam can be passed into the condensate system, although it is often a smaller quantity than might be expected. Fortunately, rapid means of detecting and rectifying such failures are now available to the steam user. Top Why steam traps? 'The duty of a steam trap is to discharge condensate while not permitting the escape of live steam' No steam system is complete without that crucial component 'the steam trap' (or trap). This is the most important link in the condensate loop because it connects steam usage with condensate return.

A steam trap quite literally 'purges' condensate, (as well as air and other incondensable gases), out of the system, allowing steam to reach its destination in as dry a state/condition as possible to perform its task efficiently and economically. The quantity of condensate a steam trap has to deal with may vary considerably. It may have to discharge condensate at steam temperature (i.e. as soon as it forms in the steam space) or it may be required to discharge below steam temperature, giving up some of its 'sensible heat' in the process. The pressures at which steam traps can operate may be anywhere from vacuum to well over a hundred bar. To suit these varied conditions there are many different types, each having their own advantages and disadvantages. Experience shows that steam traps work most efficiently when their characteristics are matched to that of the application. It is imperative that the correct trap is selected to carry out a given function under given conditions. At first sight it may not seem obvious what these conditions are. They may involve variations in operating pressure, heat load or condensate pressure. Steam traps may be subjected to extremes of temperature or even waterhammer. They may need to be resistant to corrosion or dirt. Whatever the conditions, correct steam trap selection is important to system efficiency. It will become clear that one type of steam trap can not possibly be the correct choice for all applications Considerations for steam trap selection Air venting At 'start-up', i.e. the beginning of the process, the heater space is filled with air, which unless displaced, will reduce heat transfer and increase the warm-up time. Start-up times increase and plant efficiency falls. It is preferable to purge air as quickly as possible before it has a chance to mix with the incoming steam. Should the air and steam be mixed together they can only be separated by condensing the steam to leave the air, which must then be vented to a safe place. Separate air vents may be required on larger or more awkward steam spaces, but in most cases air in the system is discharged through the steam traps. Here thermostatic traps have a clear advantage over some types of trap since they are fully open at start-up. Float traps with inbuilt thermostatic air vents are especially useful, while many thermodynamic traps are also quite capable of handling moderate amounts of air. However, the small hole in fixed orifice condensate outlets and the bleed hole in inverted bucket traps both vent air slowly. This could increase production times, warm-up times, and corrosion. Condensate removal Having vented the air, the trap must then pass the condensate but not the steam. Leakage of steam at this point is inefficient and uneconomical. The steam trap has to allow condensate to pass whilst trapping the steam in the process. If good heat transfer is critical to the process, then condensate must

be discharged immediately and at steam temperature. Waterlogging is one of the main causes of inefficient steam plant as a result of incorrect steam trap selection. Plant performance When the basic requirements of removing air and condensate have been considered, attention may be turned to 'plant performance'. Simply put, unless specifically designed to waterlog, for a heat exchanger to operate at its best performance, the steam space must be filled with clean dry steam. The type of steam trap will influence this. For instance, thermostatic traps retain condensate until cooled to below saturation temperature. Should this condensate remain in the steam space, it would reduce the heat transfer area and the heater performance. The discharge of condensate at the lowest possible temperature may seem very attractive, but generally most applications require condensate to be removed from the steam space at steam temperature. This needs a steam trap with different operating properties to the thermostatic type, and this usually means either a mechanical or thermodynamic type trap. Before choosing a particular steam trap it is necessary to consider the needs of the process. This will usually decide the type of trap required. The way in which the process is connected to the steam and condensate system may then decide the type of trap preferred to do the best job under the circumstances. Once chosen, it is necessary to size the steam trap. This will be determined by the system conditions and such process parameters as:

Maximum steam and condensate pressures. Operating steam and condensate pressures. Temperatures and flowrates. Whether the process is temperature controlled.

These parameters will be discussed further in subsequent Tutorials within this Block. Reliability Experience has shown that 'good steam trapping' is synonymous with reliability, i.e. optimum performance with the minimum of attention. Causes of unreliability are often associated with the following:

Corrosion, due to the condition of the condensate. This can be countered by using particular materials of construction, and good feedwater conditioning. Waterhammer, often due to a lift after the steam trap, sometimes overlooked at the design stage and often the cause of unnecessary damage to otherwise reliable steam traps.

Dirt, accumulating from a system where water treatment compound is carried over from the boiler, or where pipe debris is allowed to interfere with trap operation.

The primary task of a steam trap is the proper removal of condensate and air and this requires a clear understanding of how steam traps operate. Flash steam An effect caused by passing hot condensate from a high pressure system to a low pressure system is the naturally occurring phenomenon of flash steam. This can confuse the observer regarding the condition of the steam trap. Consider the enthalpy of freshly formed condensate at steam pressure and temperature (obtainable from steam tables). For example, at a pressure of 7 bar g, condensate will contain 721 kJ/kg at a temperature of 170.5C. If this condensate is discharged to atmosphere, it can only exist as water at 100C, containing 419 kJ/kg of enthalpy of saturated water. The surplus enthalpy content of 721 - 419 i.e. 302 kJ/kg, will boil off a proportion of the water, producing a quantity of steam at atmospheric pressure. The low pressure steam produced is usually referred to as 'flash steam'. The amount of 'flash' steam released can be calculated as follows:

If the trap were discharging 500 kg/h of condensate at 7 bar g to atmosphere, the amount of flash steam generated would be 500 x 0.134 = 67 kg/h, equivalent to approximately 38 kW of energy loss! This represents quite a substantial quantity of useful energy, which is all too often lost from the heat balance of the steam and condensate loop, and offers a simple opportunity to increase system efficiency if it can be captured and used. Top How steam traps operate

There are three basic types of steam trap into which all variations fall, all three are classified by International Standard ISO 6704:1982. Types of steam trap:

Thermostatic (operated by changes in fluid temperature) - The temperature of saturated steam is determined by its pressure. In the steam space, steam gives up its enthalpy of evaporation (heat), producing condensate at steam temperature. As a result of any further heat loss, the temperature of the condensate will fall. A thermostatic trap will pass condensate when this lower temperature is sensed. As steam reaches the trap, the temperature increases and the trap closes. Mechanical (operated by changes in fluid density) - This range of steam traps operates by sensing the difference in density between steam and condensate. These steam traps include 'ball float traps' and 'inverted bucket traps'. In the 'ball float trap', the ball rises in the presence of condensate, opening a valve which passes the denser condensate. With the 'inverted bucket trap', the inverted bucket floats when steam reaches the trap and rises to shut the valve. Both are essentially 'mechanical' in their method of operation. Thermodynamic (operated by changes in fluid dynamics) - Thermodynamic steam traps rely partly on the formation of flash steam from condensate. This group includes 'thermodynamic', 'disc', 'impulse' and 'labyrinth' steam traps. Also loosely included in this type are 'fixed orifice traps', which cannot be clearly defined as automatic devices as they are simply a fixed diameter hole set to pass a calculated amount of condensate under one set of conditions. All rely on the fact that hot condensate, released under dynamic pressure, will flash-off to give a mixture of steam and water.

Pipe material

Pipes for steam systems are commonly manufactured from carbon steel to ASME (ANSI) B 16.9 A106. The same material may be used for condensate lines, although copper tubing is preferred in some industries. For high temperature superheated steam mains, additional alloying elements, such as chromium and molybdenum, are included to improve tensile strength and creep resistance at high temperatures. Typically, pipes are supplied in 6 metre lengths.

Pipeline sizing

The objective of the steam distribution system is to supply steam at the correct pressure to the point of use. It follows, therefore, that pressure drop through the distribution system is an important feature. Liquids Bernoulli's Theorem (Daniel Bernoulli 1700 - 1782) is discussed in Block 4 - Flowmetering. D'Arcy (D'Arcy Thompson 1860 - 1948) added that for fluid flow to occur, there must be more energy at Point 1 than Point 2 (see Figure 10.2.3). The difference in energy is used to overcome frictional resistance between the pipe and the flowing fluid. Optimizing a hot water/steam plant, and gaining maximum energy efficiency is critical to any production line

The Pipeline The piping that transports the steam from the core to the relevant equipment is known as the Distribution System. Energy loss prevention in the distribution system is essential, and hence the piping must be properly insulated. Steam traps are an important part of this system in order to promote good drainage.

Pressure Reducing Stations

The steam pressure is distributed at the highest possible by the available boilers to minimize pipe sizes. This pressure may occasionally need to be reduced, as most steam equipment operate at varying temperatures, and consequently different pressures. A pressure reducing station is used in these cases, and ensure the correct pressure is supplied to the equipment. Pressure reducing station may include pressure relief valves and water separators to prevent damage and assure dry steam is supplied

Heat Transfer Control valves are used to regulate the heat transfer, which occurs within the equipment. Energy supplied and heat transfer rate are prone to numerous elements, including: steam pressure, transfer material, and particles in the air. Condensate Science teaches us that when steam cools, it condenses into water. This holds true in a steam system, and must be swiftly and efficiently removed in order to retain latent energy and prevent heat transfer rate reduction. Gravity, aided by equipment steam pressure, is the simplest manner in which to drain the condensate. Steam traps and utilized to drain the condensate. Condensate Recovery Condensate retains valuable heat energy and chemical purification, and it is advisable to not waste this high quality product. Usually this resource is recovered by pumping the drained condensate back to the boiler to that it my be reused. Doing so lowers overall loss, as the recovered condensate is already treated and distilled, which in turn prevents corrosion in the system. Flash Steam High temperature condensate my spontaneously convert into steam if the pressure imposed on it is suddenly reduced. This is known as 'flash steam', or 'flashing', and occurs most often after steam traps. Flash steam can be separated from the condensate, and if reused can help save energy.

Treatment of Raw Water Water treatment is essential to purify the raw water, and remove dissolved particles and gasses. Various methods are employed to treat water, and the method used depends on the water quality required.

Failure to treat water correctly will result in problems throughout the steam system.