Ordinary Differential Equations Solution Manual: William A. Adkins, Mark G. Davidson

William A. Adkins, Mark G.
Davidson
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Solution Manual
August 15, 2009
Springer
Berlin Heidelberg NewYork
Hong Kong London
Milan Paris Tokyo
1
Solutions
Section 1.1
1. The rate of change in the population 1(t) is the derivative 1
(t). The
Malthusian Growth Law states that the rate of change in the population is
proportional to 1(t). Thus 1
(t) = /1(t), where / is the proportionality

constant. Without reference to the t variable, the dierential equation
becomes 1
= /1
2. a. This statement mathematically is /(t) = /
0
1(t) where we have used
/
0
to represent the proportionality constant.
b. This statement translates as d(t) = d
0
1
2
(t) where we have used d
0
to
represent the proportionality constant.
c. The overall growth rate is 1
(t). Thus the Logistic Growth Law is

1
(t) = /(t) d(t)

= /
0
1(t) d
0
1
2
(t)
= (/
0
d
0
1(t))1(t).
3. Torricellis law states that the change in height,
(t) is proportional to
the square root of the height,

(t). Thus
(t) = `
(t), where ` is the

proportionality constant.
4. The highest order derivative is j
so the order is 1 and the standard form

is j
= t
3
,j
2
.
so the order is 2. The standard form is

j
= t
3
,j
.

is j
= (c
|
tj),t
2
.
4 1 Solutions
so the order is 2. The standard form is

j
= (3j +tj
),t
2
.

is j
= t
2
3j
2j.
(4)
so the order is 4. Solving for j
(4)
gives
the standard form: j
(4)
=
3
(1 (j
)
4
),t.

is j
= tj
4
t
2
j.
so the order is 3. Solving for j
gives
the standard form: j
= 2j
3j
+j.
12. The following table summarizes the needed calculations:
Function j
(t) 2j(t)
j
1
(t) = 0 j
1
(t) = 0 2j
1
(t) = 0
j
2
(t) = t
2
j
2
(t) = 2t 2j
2
(t) = 2t
2
j
3
(t) = 3c
2|
j
3
(t) = 6c
2|
2j
3
(t) = 6c
2|
j
4
(t) = 2c
3|
j
4
(t) = 6c
3|
2j
4
(t) = 4c
3|
Thus j
1
and j
3
are the only solutions.
Function tj
(t) j(t)
j
1
(t) = 0 tj
1
(t) = 0 j
1
(t) = 0
j
2
(t) = 3t tj
2
(t) = 3t j
2
(t) = 3t
j
3
(t) = 5t tj
3
(t) = 5t j
3
(t) = 5t
j
4
(t) = t
3
tj
4
(t) = 3t
3
j
4
(t) = t
3
Thus j
1
, j
2
, and j
3
are solutions.
14. We rst write the dierential equation in standard form: j
= 4j. The
following table summarizes the needed calculations:
Function j
(t) 4j(t)
j
1
(t) = c
2|
j
1
(t) = 4c
2|
4j
1
(t) = 4c
2|
j
2
(t) = sin 2t j
2
(t) = 4 sin2t 4j
2
(t) = 4 sin2t
j
3
(t) = cos(2t 1) j
3
(t) 4 cos(2t 1) 4j
3
(t) = 4 cos(2t 1)
j
4
(t) = t
2
j
4
(t) = 2 4j
4
(t) = 4t
2
1 Solutions 5
Thus j
2
and j
3
are solutions.
Function j
(t) 2j(t)(j(t) 1)
j
1
(t) = 0 j
1
(t) = 0 2j
1
(t)(j
1
(t) 1) = 2 0 (1) = 0
j
2
(t) = 1 j
2
(t) = 0 2j
2
(t)(j
2
(t) 1) = 2 1 0 = 0
j
3
(t) = 2 j
3
(t) = 0 2j
3
(t)(j
3
(t) 1) = 2 2 1 = 4
j
4
(t) =
1
1c
2
j
4
(t) =
2c
2
(1c
2
)
2
2j
4
(t)(j
4
(t) 1) = 2
1
1c
2
(
1
1c
2
1
)
= 2
1
1c
2
c
2
1c
2
=
2c
2
(1c
2
)
2
Thus j
1
, j
2
, and j
4
are solutions.
Function 2j(t)j
(t) 1
j
1
(t) = 1 2j
1
(t)j
1
(t) = 0 1
j
2
(t) = t 2j
2
(t)j
2
(t) = 2t 1
j
3
(t) = ln t 2j
3
(t)j
3
(t) = 2
1
|
ln t =
2 ln |
|
1
j
4
(t) =
t 4 2j
4
(t)j
4
(t) = 2
t 4
1
2
|4
= 1 1
Thus j
4
is the only solution.
Function 2()
()
2
+ 1
1() =
1
2
= 1 (
)
2
+ 1 = 1
2() =
1)
2
1 (
)
2
+ 1 =
1
3() =
1
2
= 1 (
)
2
+ 1 = 2 1
4() =
2(
)
1
2
= 1 (
))
2
+ 1 = 1
Thus j
1
, j
2
, and j
4
are solutions.
18. The following table summarizes the needed calculations for the rst three
functions:
6 1 Solutions
Function j
(t)
j
2
(t) 4j(t)t + 6t
2
t
2
j
1
(t) = t 1
t
2
4t
2
+ 6t
2
t
2
= 3
j
2
(t) = 2t 2
4t
2
8t
2
+ 6t
2
t
2
= 2
j
3
(t) = 3t 3
9t
2
12t
2
+ 6t
2
t
2
= 3
For j
4
(t) =
3t + 2t
2
1 +t
=
t(3 + 2t)
1 +t
the quotient rule and simplifying gives
j
4
(t) =
2t
2
+ 4t + 3
(1 +t)
2
. On the other hand,
j
2
4
(t) 4j
4
(t)t + 6t
2
t
2
=
t
2
(3 + 2t)
2
(1 +t)
2

4t
2
(3 + 2t)
(1 +t)
+ 6t
2
t
2
=
(3 + 2t)
2
4(3 + 2t)(1 +t) + 6(1 +t)
2
(1 +t)
2
=
2t
2
+ 4t + 3
(1 + t)
2
.
It follows that j
2
, j
3
, and j
4
are solutions.
19.
j
(t) = 3cc
3|
3j + 12 = 3(cc
3|
4) + 12 = 3cc
3|
12 + 12 = 3cc
3|
.
Note that j(t) is dened for all t .
20.
j
(t) = cc
|
+ 3
j(t) + 3t = cc
|
3t + 3 + 3t = cc
|
+ 3.
Note that j(t) is dened for all t .
21.
j
(t) =
cc
|
(1 cc
|
)
2
j
2
(t) j(t) =
1
(1 cc
|
)
2

1
1 cc
|
=
1 (1 cc
|
)
(1 cc
|
)
2
=
cc
|
(1 cc
|
)
2
.
If c 0 then the denominator 1 cc
|
0 and j(t) has domain . If c 0
then 1 cc
|
= 0 if t = ln
1
t
= lnc. Thus j(t) is dened either on the
interval (, lnc) or (ln c, ).
1 Solutions 7
22.
j
(t) = cc
|
2
2t = 2ctc
|
2
2tj(t) = 2tcc
|
2
.
23.
j
(t) =
cc
|
cc
|
1
c
1 = c
ln(tc
1)
1 =
1
cc
|
1
1 =
cc
|
cc
|
1
.
24. We rst calculate j
(t) = c(t + 1)
2
so
(t + 1)j
(t) +j(t) = (t + 1)
c
(t + 1)
2
+
c
t + 1
=
c
t + 1
+
c
t + 1
= 0.
Observe that j(t) is not dened at t = 1 so the two intervals where j is
dened are (, 1) and (1, ).
25.
j
(t) = (c t)
2
(1) =
1
(c t)
2
j
2
(t) =
1
(c t)
2
.
The denominator of j(t) is 0 when t = c. Thus the two intervals where
j(t) is dened are (, c) and (c, ).
26. This is a dierential equation we can solve by simple integration: We get
j(t) =
|
2
2
+ 3t +c.
27. Integration gives j(t) =
c
2
2
t +c.
28. Integration (by parts) gives j(t) = tc
|
c
|
+c.
29. Observe that
|+1
|
= 1 +
1
|
. Integration gives j(t) = t + ln t +c.
30. We integrate two times. First, j
(t) = t
2
+t +c
1
. Second, j(t) =
|
3
3
+
|
2
2
+
c
1
t +c
2
.
31. We integrate two times. First, j
(t) = 2 cos 3t + c
1
. Second, j(t) =
2
3
sin 3t +c
1
t +c
2
.
32. From Problem 19 the general solution is j(t) = cc
3|
4. At t = 0 we get
2 = j(0) = cc
0
4 = c 4. It follows that c = 2 and j(t) = 2c
3|
4.
8 1 Solutions
33. From Problem 20 the general solution is j(t) = cc
|
+ 3t 3. At t = 0
we get 0 = j(0) = cc
0
+ 3(0) 3 = c 3. It follows that c = 3 and
j(t) = 3c
|
+ 3t 3.
34. From Problem 21 the general solution is j(t) = 1,(1 cc
|
). At t = 0 we
get 1,2 = j(0) =
1
1t
. It follows that c = 1 and j(t) = 1,(1 +c
|
).
35. From Problem 24 the general solution is j(t) = c(t + 1)
1
. At t = 1
we get 9 = j(1) = c(1 + 1)
1
= c,2. It follows that c = 18 and
j(t) = 18(t + 1)
1
.
36. From Problem 27 the general solution is j(t) = c
2|
,2 t +c. Evaluation
at t = 0 gives 4 = c
0
,2 0 +c = 1,2 +c. Hence c = 7,2 and
37. From Problem 28 the general solution is j(t) = tc
|
c
|
+c. Evaluation
at t = 0 gives 1 = j(0) = 1 +c so c = 0. Hence j(t) = tc
|
c
|
.
38. From Problem 31 the general solution is j(t) =
2
3
sin3t + c
1
t + c
2
and
a j
(t) = 2 cos 3t + c
1
. Evaluation at t = 0 gives 1 = j(0) = c
2
and
2 = j
(0) = 2 + c
1
. If follows that c
1
= 4 and c
2
= 1. Thus j(t) =
2
3
sin 3t + 4t.
39. Implicit dierentiation with respect to t gives 6t + 8jj
= 0.
40. Implicit dierentiation with respect to t gives 2jj
2t 3t
2
= 0.
41. Dierentiation gives j
= 2cc
2|
+1. However, from the given function we
have cc
2|
= j t. Substitution gives j
= 2(j t) + 1 = 2j 2t + 1.
42. Dierentiation gives j
= 3ct
2
+ 2t. However, from the given function
we have ct
3
= j t
2
and hence ct
2
=
|
2
|
. Substitution gives j
=
3
|
2
|
+ 2t =
3
|
t.
1 Solutions 9
Section 1.2
1. j
= t
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 55
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
t
y
2. j
= j
2
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 55
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
t
y
3. j
= j(t +t)
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 55
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
t
y
10 1 Solutions
4.
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5.
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 55
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
t
y
6.
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 55
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
t
y
1 Solutions 11
7.
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 55
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
t
y
8.
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 55
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
t
y
9.
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 55
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
t
y
10. We set j
2
= 0 and see that j = 0 is the only constant (= equilibrium)
solution.
11. We set j(j + t) = 0. We look for constant solutions to j(j +t) = 0, and
we see that j = 0 is the only constant (= equilibrium) solution.
12 1 Solutions
12. The equation j t = 0 has no constant solution. Thus, there are no
equilibrium solutions.
13. The equation 1 j
2
= 0 has two constant solutions: j = 1 and j = 1
14. We substitute j = ot +/ into j
= j t to get o = (o 1)t +/. Equality

for all t forces o 1 = 0 and o = /. Thus o = 1 and / = 1 and the only
linear solution is j = t + 1.
15. We substitute j = ot +/ into j
= cos(t +j) to get o = cos((o +1)t +/).

Equality for all t means that cos((o+1)t +/) must be a constant function,
which can occur only if the coecient of t is 0. This forces o = 1 leaving
us with the equation 1 = cos /. This implies / = (2n+1), where n is an
integer. Hence j = t + (2n + 1), n is a family of linear solutions.
Section 1.3
1. separable; (t) = 1 and p(j) = 2j(5 j)
2. In standard form we get j
= (1 j),j. This is separable; (t) = 1 and

p(j) = (1 j),j.
3. First write in standard form: j
=
12|
|
2
. We cannot write
12|
|
2
as a
product of a function of t and a function of j. It is not separable.
= j(j t). We cannot write j(j t) as a

product of a function of t and a function of j. It is not separable.
5. Write in standard form to get: j
= (j 2jt),j. Here we can write (j

2tj),j = 1 2t. It is separable; (t) = 1 2t and p(j) = 1.
6. We can factor to get j
= j
2
(t 1) +t 1 = (j
2
+1)(t 1). It is separable;
(t) = t 1 and p(j) = j
2
+ 1.
=
2|
|
2
+3
2
. We cannot write j
=
2|
|
2
+3
2
as a
product of a function of t and a function of j. It is not separable
8. It is not separable as t
2
+j
2
cannot be written as a product of a function
of t and a function of j.
9. In standard form we get: j
= c
|
(j
3
j) It is separable; (t) = c
|
and
p(j) = j
3
j
10. The variables are already separated, so integrate both sides of the equa-
tion to get j
2
,2 = t
2
,2 + c, which we can rewrite as j
2
t
2
= / where
/ = 2c is a constant. Since j(2) = 1, substitute t = 2 and j = 1
to get that / = (1)
2
2
2
= 3. Thus the solution is given implicitly by
1 Solutions 13
the equation j
2
t
2
= 3 or we can solve explicitly to get j =
t
2
3,
where the negative square root is used since j(2) = 1 < 0.
=
1
2
|
. Clearly, j = 1 are equilibrium
solutions. Separating the variables gives
j
1 j
2
dj =
1
t
dt.
Integrating both sides of this equation (using the substitution n = 1 j
2
,
dn = 2j dj for the integral on the left) gives
1
2
ln 1 j
2
= ln t +c.
Multiplying by 2, taking the exponential of both sides, and removing
the absolute values gives 1 j
2
= /t
2
where / is a nonzero constant.
However, when / = 0 the equation becomes 1j
2
= 0 and hence j = 1.
By considering an arbitrary constant (which we will call c), the implicit
equation t
2
(1 j
2
) = c includes the two equilibrium solutions for c = 0.
12. The variables are already separated, so integrate both sides to get j
4
,4 =
t
2
,2 +c, c a real constant. This can be simplied to j
4
= 2t
2
+c. (where
we replace 4c by c) We leave the answer in implicit form.
13. The variables are already separated, so integrate both sides to get j
5
,5 =
t
2
,2 + 2t + c, c a real constant. Simplifying gives j
5
=
5
2
t
2
+ 10t + c. We
leave the answer in implicit form
14. There is an equilibrium solution j = 0. Separating variables give j
2
j
=
t and integrating gives j
1
= t
2
,2 + c. Thus j = 2,(t
2
+ 2c), c a real
constant. This is equivalent to writing j = 2,(t
2
+c), c a real constant,
since twice an arbitrary constant is still an arbitrary constant.
= (1 j) tant so j = 1 is a solution. Sepa-

rating variables gives
J
1
= tan t dt. The function tan t is continuous on
the interval (,2, ,2) and so has an antiderivative. Integration gives
ln 1 j = ln cos t +/
1
. Multiplying by 1 and exponentiating gives
1 j = /
2
cos t where /
2
is a positive constant. Removing the absolute
value signs gives 1j = /
3
cos t, with /
3
= 0. If we allow /
3
= 0 we get the
equilibrium solution j = 1. Thus the solution can be written j = 1c cos t,
c any real constant.
16. An equilibrium solution is j = 0. Separating variables gives j
n
dj =
t
n
dt and integrating gives

1
1n
=
|
+1
n+1
+c, c a real constant. Simplifying
gives j
1n
=
1n
n+1
t
n+1
+c, and the equilibrium solution j = 0.
14 1 Solutions
17. There are two equilibrium solutions; j = 0 and j = 4. Separating vari-
ables and using partial fractions gives
1
4
(
1
+
1
4
)
dj = dt. Integrating
and simplifying gives ln
= 4t +/
1
which is equivalent to

4
= cc
4|
,
c a nonzero constant. Solving for j gives j =
4tc
4
1+tc
4
. When c = 0 we get
the equilibrium solution j = 0. However, there is no c which gives the
other equilibrium solution j = 4.
18. There are no equilibrium solutions. Separating variables gives

2
+1
dj =
1
2
ln(j
2
+ 1) = t + /. Solving for j
2
gives j
2
=
cc
2|
1, where c 0.
19. Separating variables gives
J
2
+1
= dt and integrating gives tan
1
j = t+c.
Thus j = tan(t +c), c a real constant.
20. Separating variables gives j dj =
(
1
|
t
)

2
2
=
ln t
|
2
2
+c. Simplifying gives j
2
+t
2
+ ln t
2
= c, c a real constant.
=
(+1)
1
1
1+|
2
from which we see that j =
1 is an equilibrium solution. Separating variables and simplifying gives
(
2
+1
1
)
dj =
J|
|
2
+1
. Integrating and simplifying gives ln(j + 1)
2
j =
tan
1
t + c.
22. Separating variables gives 2j dj = c
|
dt and integrating gives j
2
= c
|
+c,
c a constant.
23. The equilibrium solution is j = 0. Separating variables gives j
2
dj =
J|
1|
. Integrating and simplifying gives j =
1
ln1|+t
, c real constant.
= j(j+1) from which we see j = 0 and j = 1

are equilibrium solutions. The equilibrium solution j(t) = 0 satises the
initial condition j(0) = 0 so j(t) = 0 is the required solution.
25. j = 0 is the only equilibrium solution. The equilibrium solution j(t) = 0
satises the initial condition j(1) = 0 so j(t) = 0 is the required solution.
26. Rewriting we get j
=
J
Ji
=
i+2
i
j from which we see that j = 0 is
an equilibrium solution. Separating variables gives
J
=
(
1 +
2
i
)
dr and
integrating gives ln j = r + ln r
2
+ /, / a constant. Solving for j by
taking the exponential of both sides gives j = cr
2
c
i
, and allowing c = 0
gives the equilibrium solution. The initial condition gives c = j(1) = cc
so c = 1. Thus j = r
2
c
i
.
= 2tj so j = 0 is a solution. Separating vari-

ables and integrating gives ln j = t
2
+/. Solving for j gives j = cc
|
2
1 Solutions 15
and allowing c = 0 gives the equilibrium solution. The initial condition
implies 4 = j(0) = cc
0
= c. Thus j = 4c
|
2
.
28. Since cot j = 0 at j =
t
2
+ : for all integers : we have equilibrium
lines at j =
t
2
+:, none of which satisfy the initial condition j(1) =
t
4
.
Separating variables gives tanj dj =
J|
|
and integrating gives lncos j =
ln t + c. We can solve for c here using the initial condition: we get c =
ln cos
t
4
= ln
(
2
2
)
. Solving for j gives j = cos
1 1
2|
29. Separating variables gives
J
=
u
u
2
+1
dn and integrating gives ln j =
ln
n
2
+ 1 + /. Solving for j gives j = c
n
2
+ 1, for c = 0. The initial
condition gives 2 = j(0) = c. So j = 2
n
2
+ 1.
=
|
|+2
j so j = 0 is an equilibrium solution.
Separating variables gives
J
=
(
1
2
|+2
)
dt. Integrating we get ln j =
t 2 lnt + 2 + /. Solving for j we get j = c
c
(|+2)
2
, for c = 0. However,
allowing c = 0 gives the equilibrium solution.
31. We assume the decay model (t) = (0)c
X|
. If t is the age of the
bone then (t) =
1
3
(0). Thus
1
3
= c
X|
. Solving for t gives t =
ln3
X
=
5730 ln 3
ln 2
9082 years
32. Let : denote the number of Argon-40 atoms in the sample. Then 8: is
the number of Potassium-40 atoms. Let t be the age of the rock. Then
t years ago there were : + 8: = 9: atoms of Potassium-40. Hence
(0) = 9:. On the other hand, 8: = (t) = (0)c
X|
= 9:c
X|
. This
implies that
8
9
= c
X|
and hence t =
ln
8
9
X
=
r
ln 2
ln
8
9
212 million years
old.
33. We need only solve .3(0) = (0)c
X|
for t. We get t =
ln.3
X
=
5.27 ln .3
ln 2
= 9.15 years.
34. The ambient temperature is 32
F, the temperature of the ice water.

From Equation (12) we get T(t) = 32 + /c
:|
. At t = 0 we get 70 =
32 + /, so / = 38 and T(t) = 32 + 38c
:|
. After 30 minutes we have
55 = T(30) = 32 +38c
30:
and solving for : gives : =
1
30
ln
23
38
. To nd the
time t when T(t) = 45 we solve 45 = 32 + 38c
:|
, with : as above. We get
t = 30
ln13ln 38
ln 23ln 38
64 minutes.
35. The ambient temperature is T
o
= 70
. Equation (12) gives T(t) =

70 + /c
:|
for the temperature of the coee at time t. Since the initial
temperature of the coee is T(0) = 180 we get 180 = T(0) = 70 + /.
Thus / = 110. The constant : is determined from the temperature at a
second time: 140 = T(3) = 70 + 110c
3:
so : =
1
3
ln
7
11
.1507. Thus
16 1 Solutions
T(t) = 70 + 110c
:|
, with : as calculated. The temperature requested is
T(5) = 70 + 110
(
7
11
)5
3
121.8
.
o
= 65
. Equation (12) gives T(t) = 65 +

/c
:|
for the temperature at time t. Since the initial temperature of the
thermometer is T(0) = 90 we get 90 = T(0) = 65 + /. Thus / = 25. The
constant : is determined from the temperature at a second time: 85 =
T(2) = 65 + 25c
2:
so : =
1
2
ln
4
5
. Thus T(t) = 65 + 25c
:|
, with : =
1
2
ln
4
5
.
To answer the rst question we solve the equation 75 = T(t) = 65 +25c
:|
for t. We get t = 2
ln2ln 5
ln 4ln 5
8.2 minutes. The temperature at t = 20 is
T(20) = 65 + 25
(
4
5
)
10
67.7
.
o
= 70

/c
:|
for the temperature of the soda at time t. Since the initial temperature
of the soda is T(0) = 40 we get 40 = T(0) = 70 + /. Thus / = 30. The
constant : is determined from the temperature at a second time: 60 =
T(2) = 70 30c
2:
so : =
1
2
ln
1
3
. Thus T(t) = 70 30c
:|
, with : =
1
2
ln
1
3
.
The temperature at t = 1 is T(1) = 70 30c
1
2
ln
1
3
= 70
30
3
52.7
.
o
= 70

/c
:|
for the temperature of the coee at time t. We are asked to determine
the initial temperature of the coee so T(0) is unknown. However, we have
the equations
150 = T(5) = 70 +/c
5:
142 = T(6) = 70 +/c
6:
or
80 = /c
5:
72 = /c
4:
.
Dividing the second equation by the rst gives
72
80
= c
:
so : = ln 0.9.
From the rst equation we get / = 80c
5:
135.5. We now calculate
T(0) = 70 +/ 205.5

o
= 40

/c
:|
for the temperature of the beer at time t. Since the initial temperature
of the beer is T(0) = 80 we get 80 = T(0) = 40 + /. Thus / = 40.
The constant : is determined from the temperature at a second time:
60 = T(1) = 40 + 40c
:
so : = ln2. Thus T(t) = 40 + 40c
:|
, with
: = ln 2. We now solve the equation 50 = T(t) = 40 + 40c
:|
for t and
get t =
ln 4
ln 2
= 2. She should therefore put the beer in the refrigerator at
2 p.m.
40. Let us start time t = 0 at 1980. Then 1(0) = 290. The Malthusian growth
model gives 1(t) = 290c
:|
. At t = 10 (1990) we have 370 = 290c
10:
1 Solutions 17
and hence : =
1
10
ln
37
29
. At t = 30 (2010) we have 1(30) = 290c
30:
=
290
(
37
29
)
3
602.
41. The initial population is 40 = 1(0). Since the population doubles in 3
hours we have 1(3) = 80 or 80 = 40c
3:
. Hence : =
ln 2
3
. Now we can
compute the population after 30 hours: 1(30) = 40c
30:
= 40(2
10
) =
40, 960.
42. We have 31(0) = 1(5) = 1(0)c
3:
. So : =
ln 3
5
. Now we solve the equation
21(0) = 1(t) = 1(0)c
:|
for t. We get t =
ln 2
:
=
5 ln 2
ln 3
3.15 years.
43. In the logistic growth equation : = 800 and 1(0) = 290. Thus 1(t) =
800290
290+510c
. To determine : we use 1(10) = 370 to get 370 =

800290
290+510c
10
.
A simple calculation give : =
1
10
ln
1887
1247
. Now the population in 2010 is
1(30) =
800290
290+510(
1247
1887
)
3
530
44. In the logistics equation : = 5000 and 1
0
= 2000. Thus 1(t) =
10,000,000
2,000+3,000c
=
10,000
2+3c
. Since 1(2) = 3000 we get 3000 =

10,000
2+3c
. Solv-
ing this equation for : gives : = ln
3
2
. Now 1(4) =
10,000
2+3c
4
=
10,000
2+3(
2
3
)
4

3857
45. Let r = c
:|0
. Then r
2
= c
2:|
. The equation 1(t
0
) = 1
1
implies that
r =
10(n11)
11(n10)
. The equation 1(2t
0
) = 1
2
implies r
2
=
10(n12)
12(n10)
. These
equation together imply
1
2
0
(n11)
2
1
2
1
(n10)
2
=
10(n12)
12(n10)
. Cross multiplying and
simplifying leads to (1
0
1
2
1
2
1
):+(1
2
1
1
0
+1
2
1
1
2
21
0
1
1
1
2
) = 0. Solving
for : gives the result. Now replace the formula for : into c
:|0
= r =
10(n11)
11(n10)
. Simplifying gives c
:|0
=
10
12
1211
1110
. The formula for : follows
after taking the natural log of both sides.
46. We have 1(0) = 1
0
= 400, 1(3) = 1
1
= 700, and 1(6) = 1
2
= 1000. Us-
ing the result of the previous problem we get : =
700(700(400+1000)24001000)
(700)
2
4001000
=
1, 400
Section 1.4
1. This equation is already in standard form with j(t) = 3. An antiderivative
of j(t) is 1(t) =
3 dt = 3t so the integrating factor is j(t) = c

3|
. If we
multiply the dierential equation j
+3j = c
|
by j(t), we get the equation
c
3|
j
+ 3c
3|
j = c
4|
,
and the left hand side of this equation is a perfect derivative, namely,
(c
3|
j)
. Thus, (c
3|
j)
= c
4|
. Now take antiderivatives of both sides and
multiply by c
3|
. This gives
18 1 Solutions
j =
1
4
c
|
+cc
3|
for the general solution of the equation. To nd the constant c to satisfy
the initial condition j(0) = 2, substitute t = 0 into the general solution
to get 2 = j(0) =
1
4
+ c. Hence c =
9
4
, and the solution of the initial
value problem is
j =
1
4
c
|
9
4
c
3|
.
2. Divide by cos t to put the equation in the standard form
j
+ (tan t)j = sec t.

In this case j(t) = tant, an antiderivative is 1(t) = ln(sec t), and the
integrating factor is j(t) = sec t. (We do not need sec t since we are
working near t = 0 where sec t 0.) Now multiply by the integrating
factor to get (sec t)j
+ (sec t tan t)j = sec

2
t, the left hand side of which
is a perfect derivative. Thus ((sec t)j)
= sec
2
t and taking antiderivatives
of both sides gives (sec t)j = tant + c where c is a constant. Now
multiply by 1, sec t = cos t to get j = sin t+c cos t for the general solution.
Letting t = 0 gives 5 = j(0) = sin0 +c cos 0 = c so c = 5 and
j = sin t + 5 cos t.
3. This equation is already in standard form. In this case j(t) = 2, an
antiderivative is 1(t) = 2t, and the integrating factor is j(t) = c
2|
.
Now multiply by the integrating factor to get
c
2|
j
2c
2|
j = 1,
the left hand side of which is a perfect derivative ((c
2|
)j)
. Thus ((c
2|
)j)
=
1 and taking antiderivatives of both sides gives
(c
2|
)j = t + c,
where c is a constant. Now multiply by c
2|
to get j = tc
2|
+ cc
2|
for
the general solution. Letting t = 0 gives 4 = j(0) = c so
j = tc
2|
+ 4c
2|
.
4. Divide by t to put the equation in the standard form
j
+
1
t
j =
c
|
t
In this case j(t) = 1,t, an antiderivative is 1(t) = ln t, and the integrating
factor is j(t) = t. Now multiply the standard form equation by the inte-
grating factor to get tj
+j = c
|
, the left hand side of which is a perfect
1 Solutions 19
derivative (tj)
. (Note that this is just the original left hand side of the
equation. Thus if we had recognized that the left hand side was already a
perfect derivative, the preliminary steps could have been skipped for this
problem, and we could have proceeded directly to the next step.) Thus
the equation can be written as (tj)
= c
|
and taking antiderivatives of
both sides gives tj = c
|
+c where c is a constant. Now divide by t to
get
j =
c
|
t
+
c
t
for the general solution.
5. The general solution from Problem 4 is j =
c
|
+
t
|
. Now let t = 1 to get
0 = c + c. So c = c and j =
c
|

c
|
.
j
+
:
t
j = ln t.
In this case j(t) =
n
|
, an antiderivative is 1(t) = :ln t = ln t
n
, and the
integrating factor is j(t) = t
n
. Now multiply the standard form equation
by the integrating factor to get t
n
j
+ :t
n1
j = t
n
ln t, the left hand
side of which is a perfect derivative ((t
n
)j)
. Thus ((t
n
)j)
= t
n
ln t. To
integrate t
n
ln t we consider the cases : = 1 and : = 1 separately.
Case : = 1: A simple substitution gives

t
1
ln t dt =
(ln |)
2
2
+ c.
Hence, t
1
j =
(ln |)
2
2
+c and so j =
|(ln |)
2
2
+ct
Case : = 1: Use integration by parts to get

t
n
ln t dt =
|
+1
ln |
n+1

|
+1
(n+1)
2
+c. Then j =
| ln |
n+1

|
(n+1)
2
+
t
|
.
7. We rst put the equation in standard form and get
j
+
1
t
j = cos(t
2
).
In this case j(t) =
1
|
, an antiderivative is 1(t) = ln t, and the integrating
factor is j(t) = t. Now multiply by the integrating factor to get
tj
+j = t cos(t
2
),
the left hand side of which is a perfect derivative (tj)
. Thus (tj)
=
t cos(t
2
) and taking antiderivatives of both sides gives tj =
1
2
sin(t
2
) + c
where c is a constant. Now divide by t to get j =
sin(|
2
)
2|
+
t
|
. for the
general solution.
new: please check
8. In this case j(t) = 2 and the integrating factor is c
2 J|
= c
2|
. Now
multiply to get c
2|
j
+ 2c
2|
j = c
2|
sin t, which simplies to (c
2|
j)
=
20 1 Solutions
c
2|
sin t. Now integrate both sides to get c
2|
j =
1
5
(cos t + 2 sint)c
2|
+c,
where we computed

c
2|
sin t by parts two times. Dividing by c
2|
gives
j =
1
5
(2 sint cos t) +cc
2|
.
9. In this case j(t) = 3 and the integrating factor is c
3 J|
= c
3|
.
Now multiply to get c
3|
j
+ 2c
3|
j = 25c
3|
cos 4t, which simplies
to (c
3|
j)
= 25c
3|
cos 4t. Now integrate both sides to get c
3|
j =
(4 sin 4t 3 cos 4t)c
3|
+ c, where we computed

25c
3|
cos 4t by parts
twice. Dividing by c
3|
gives j = 4 sin4t 3 cos 4t +cc
3|
.
10. In standard form this equation becomes
j
1
t(t + 1)
j =
2
t(t + 1)
.
Using partial fractions we get j(t) =
1
|(|+1)
=
1
|+1
1
|
, an antiderivative is
1(t) = ln(t +1) lnt = ln
(
|+1
|
)
, and the integrating factor is j(t) =
|+1
|
.
Now multiply by the integrating factor to get
t + 1
t
j
1
t
2
j =
2
t
2
,
the left hand side of which is a perfect derivative (
|+1
|
j)
. Thus
(
t + 1
t
j)
=
2
t
2
and taking antiderivatives of both sides gives
|+1
|
j =
2
|
+c where c
is a constant. Now multiply by
|
|+1
to get j =
2
|+1
+
t|
|+1
=
t|2
|+1
for the
general solution.
11. In standard form we get .
2t. = 2t
3
. An integrating factor is
c
2| J|
= c
|
2
. Thus (c
|
2
.)
= 2t
3
c
|
2
. Integrating both sides gives
c
|
2
. = (t
2
+1)c
|
2
+c, where the integral of the right hand side is done
by parts. Now divide by the integrating factor c
|
2
to get . = t
2
+1+cc
|
2
.
12. The given dierential equation is in standard form, j(t) = o, an an-
tiderivative is 1(t) = ot, and the integrating factor is j(t) = c
o|
. Now
multiply by the integrating factor to get
c
o|
j
+oc
o|
j = /c
o|
,
o|
)j)
. Thus
((c
o|
)j)
= /c
o|
.
If o = 0 then taking antiderivatives of both sides gives c
o|
j =
b
o
c
o|
+ c
o|
to get j =
b
o
+cc
o|
for
the general solution. In the case o = 0 then j
= / and j = /t +c.
1 Solutions 21
13. The given equation is in standard form, j(t) = cos t, an antiderivative is
1(t) = sint, and the integrating factor is j(t) = c
sin |
. Now multiply
by the integrating factor to get
c
sin |
j
+ (cos t)c
sin |
j = (cos t)c
sin |
,
sin |
)j)
. Thus
((c
sin |
)j)
= (cos t)c
sin |
and taking antiderivatives of both sides gives (c
sin |
)j = c
sin |
+c where
c is a constant. Now multiply by c
sin |
to get j = 1 + cc
sin |
for the
general solution. To satisfy the initial condition, 0 = j(0) = 1 + cc
sin 0
=
1 + c, so c = 1. Thus, the solution of the initial value problem is j =
1 c
sin |
14. The given equation is in standard form, j(t) =
2
|+1
, an antiderivative is
1(t) = 2 ln(t + 1) = ln((t + 1)
2
), and the integrating factor is j(t) =
(t + 1)
2
. Now multiply by the integrating factor to get
(t + 1)
2
j
2
(t + 1)
3
j = 1,
the left hand side of which is a perfect derivative (((t + 1)
2
)j)
. Thus
(((t + 1)
2
)j)
= 1
and taking antiderivatives of both sides gives ((t + 1)
2
)j = t + c where
c is a constant. Now multiply by (t +1)
2
to get j = (t +c)(t +1)
2
for
the general solution.
15. The given linear dierential equation is in standard form, j(t) =
2
|
,
an antiderivative is 1(t) = 2 lnt = ln t
2
, and the integrating factor is
j(t) = t
2
. Now multiply by the integrating factor to get
t
2
j
2
t
3
j =
t + 1
t
3
= t
2
+t
3
,
the left hand side of which is a perfect derivative (t
2
j)
. Thus
(t
2
j)
= t
2
+t
3
and taking antiderivatives of both sides gives (t
2
)j = t
1
|
2
2
+c where
c is a constant. Now multiply by t
2
to and we get j = t
1
2
+ct
2
for the general solution. Letting t = 1 gives 3 = j(1) =
3
2
+c so c =
3
2
and
j(t) = t
1
2

3
2
t
2
.
22 1 Solutions
16. The given equation is in standard form, j(t) = o, an antiderivative is
1(t) = ot, and the integrating factor is j(t) = c
o|
. Now multiply by the
integrating factor to get c
o|
j
+oc
o|
j = 1, the left hand side of which is a
perfect derivative (c
o|
j)
. Thus (c
o|
j)
= 1 and taking antiderivatives of

both sides gives c
o|
j = t +c where c is a constant. Now multiply by
c
o|
to get j = tc
o|
+cc
o|
17. The given equation is in standard form, j(t) = o, j(t) = o, an antideriva-
tive is 1(t) = ot, and the integrating factor is j(t) = c
o|
. Now multiply
by the integrating factor to get c
o|
j
+oc
o|
j = c
(o+b)|
, the left hand side
of which is a perfect derivative (c
o|
j)
. Thus (c
o|
j)
= c
(o+b)|
and taking
antiderivatives of both sides gives
(c
o|
)j =
1
o +/
c
(o+b)|
+c
o|
to get
j =
1
o +/
c
b|
+cc
o|
18. The given dierential equation is in standard form, j(t) = o, an an-
tiderivative is 1(t) = ot, and the integrating factor is j(t) = c
o|
. Now
multiply by the integrating factor to get c
o|
j
+ oc
o|
j = t
n
, the left
hand side of which is a perfect derivative (c
o|
j)
. Thus (c
o|
j)
= t
n
.
Now assume n = 1. Then taking antiderivatives of both sides gives
(c
o|
)j =
|
+1
n+1
+ c where c is a constant. Now multiply by c
o|
to
get j =
|
+1
n+1
c
o|
+ cc
o|
for the general solution. If n = 1 then taking
antiderivatives leads to c
o|
j = ln t +c and hence j = (ln t)c
o|
+cc
o|
is
the general solution in this case.
(tan t)j = sec t. In this case j(t) =

tant, an antiderivative is 1(t) = ln cos t, and the integrating factor
is j(t) = c
1(|)
= cos t. Now multiply by the integrating factor to get
(cos t)j
(sin t)j = 1, the left hand side of which is a perfect deriva-

tive ((cos t)j)
. Thus ((cos t)j)
= 1 and taking antiderivatives of both

sides gives (cos t)j = t + c where c is a constant. Now multiply by
1, cos t = sec t and we get j = (t +c) sec t for the general solution.
j
+
2 lnt
t
j =
4 ln t
t
.
In this case j(t) =
2 ln |
|
, an antiderivative is 1(t) = (ln t)
2
, and the inte-
grating factor is j(t) = c
(ln |)
2
. Now multiply by the integrating factor to
get
1 Solutions 23
c
(ln|)
2
j
+
2 lnt
t
c
(ln |)
2
j =
4 lnt
t
c
(ln|)
2
,
the left hand side of which is a perfect derivative (c
(ln |)
2
j)
. Thus
(c
(ln |)
2
j)
=
4 ln |
|
c
(ln|)
2
and taking antiderivatives of both sides gives
c
(ln|)
2
j = 2c
(ln|)
2
+c
(ln|)
2
and we get j =
2 +cc
(ln|)
2
21. The given dierential equation is in standard form, j(t) = n,t, an
antiderivative is 1(t) = nlnt = ln(t
n
), and the integrating factor
is j(t) = t
n
. Now multiply by the integrating factor to get t
n
j

nt
n1
j = c
|
, the left hand side of which is a perfect derivative (t
n
j)
.
Thus (t
n
j)
= c
|
and taking antiderivatives of both sides gives (t
n
)j =
c
|
+ c where c is a constant. Now multiply by t
n
to and we get
j = t
n
c
|
+ct
n
22. The given dierential equation is in standard form, j(t) = 1, an an-
tiderivative is 1(t) = t, and the integrating factor is j(t) = c
|
. Now
multiply by the integrating factor to get c
|
j
c
|
j = tc
|
, the left
hand side of which is a perfect derivative (c
|
j)
. Thus (c
|
j)
= tc
|
.
Taking antiderivatives of both sides and using integration by parts gives
c
|
j = tc
|
c
|
+c = (t 1)c
|
+c where c is a constant. Now multiply
by c
|
to get j = (t 1)c
2|
+ cc
|
for the general solution. Letting t = 0
gives o = j(0) = 1 +c so c = o + 1 and
j = (t 1)c
2|
+ (o + 1)c
|
.
j
+
3
t
j = t.
In this case j(t) = 3,t, an antiderivative is 1(t) = 3 ln t = ln(t
3
), and the
3
. Now multiply the standard form equation
by the integrating factor to get t
3
j
+3t
2
j = t
4
, the left hand side of which
is a perfect derivative (t
3
j)
. Thus (t
3
j)
= t
4
and taking antiderivatives
of both sides gives t
3
j =
1
5
t
5
+c where c is a constant. Now multiply
by t
3
and we get j =
1
5
t
2
+ct
3
for the general solution. Letting t = 1
gives 2 = j(1) =
1
5
c so c =
9
5
and
j =
1
5
t
2
9
5
t
3
.
24 1 Solutions
24. In this case the given dierential equation is in standard form. We have
j(t) = 2t, an antiderivative is 1(t) = t
2
, and the integrating factor is
j(t) = c
|
2
. Now multiply by the integrating factor to get c
|
2
j
+2tc
|
2
j =
c
|
2
, the left hand side of which is a perfect derivative (c
|
2
j)
. Thus (c
|
2
j)
=
c
|
2
and taking antiderivatives of both sides gives c
|
2
j =
c
|
2
dt +c where
c is a constant. However, the right hand side has no closed form
antiderivative. Using Corollary 8 to can write
j = c
|
2
|
0
c
u
2
dn +j(0)c
|
2
= c
|
2
|
0
c
u
2
dn +c
|
2
.
25. Divide by t
2
to put the equation in the standard form
j
+
2
t
j = t
2
.
In this case j(t) = 2,t, an antiderivative is 1(t) = 2 lnt = ln t
2
, and the
2
. Now multiply by the integrating factor to
get t
2
j
+2tj = 1, the left hand side of which is a perfect derivative (t

2
j)
.
Thus (t
2
j)
= 1 and taking antiderivatives of both sides gives t

2
j = t + c
where c is a constant. Now multiply by t
2
to get j =
1
|
+ ct
2
for
the general solution. Letting t = 2 gives o = j(2) =
1
2
+
t
4
so c = 4o 2
and
j =
1
t
+ (4o 2)t
2
.
26. input rate: input rate = 4
gal
min
0
lbs
gal
= 0
lbs
min
.
output rate: output rate = 4
gal
min

j(t)
100
lbs
gal
=
4
100
j(t)
lbs
min
.
Since
j
= input rate output rate

we get the initial value problem
j
= 0
4
100
j , j(0) = 80.
Simplifying and putting in standard form gives j
+
1
25
j = 0. The coe-
cient function is j(t) = 1,25, 1(t) =
j(t) dt = t,25, and the integrating

factor is j(t) = c
|25
. Thus (c
|25
j)
= 0. Integrating and simplifying gives

j = cc
|25
. The initial condition implies c = 80 so j = 80c
|25
. The
concentration of the brine solution is now obtained by dividing by the
volume which is 100 gallons:
80
100
c
|25
= 0.8c
|25
.
1 Solutions 25
27. Let \ (t) denote the volume of uid in the tank at time t. Initially, there
are 10 gal of brine. For each minute that passes there is a net decrease of
4 3 = 1 gal of brine. Thus \ (t) = 10 t gal.
input rate: input rate = 3
gal
min
1
lbs
gal
= 3
lbs
min
.
gal
min

j(t)
\ (t)
lbs
gal
=
4j(t)
10 t
lbs
min
.
Since j
= input rate output rate, it follows that j(t) satises the initial
value problem
j
= 3
4
10 t
j(t) , j(0) = 2.
Put in standard form, this equation becomes
j
+
4
10 t
j = 3.
The coecient function is j(t) =
4
10|
, 1(t) =
j(t) dt = 4 ln(10 t) =
ln(10 t)
4
, and the integrating factor is j(t) = (10 t)
4
. Multiplying
the standard form equation by the integrating factor gives
((10 t)
4
j)
= 3(10 t)
4
.
Integrating and simplifying gives j = (10 t) + c(10 t)
4
. The initial
condition j(0) = 2 implies 2 = j(0) = 10 +c10
4
and hence c = 8,10
4
so
j = (10 t)
8
10
4
(10 t)
4
.
Of course, this formula is valid for 0 t 10. After 10 minutes there is
no uid and hence no salt in the tank.
28. input rate: input rate = 1
L
min
10
g
L
= 10
g
min
.
L
min

j(t)
10
g
L
=
j(t)
10
g
min
.
Since j
value problem
j
= 10
1
10
j , j(0) = 0.
Put in standard form, this equation becomes j
+
1
10
j = 10. The coecient
function is j(t) =
1
10
, 1(t) =
j(t) dt = t,10, and the integrating factor

is j(t) = c
|10
. Multiplying the standard form equation by the integrating
factor gives (c
|10
j)
= 10c
|10
. Integrating and simplifying gives j =
100 + cc
|10
. The initial condition j(0) = 0 implies c = 100 so j =
100 100c
|10
. After 10 minutes we have j(10) = 100 100c
1
g of salt.
The concentration is thus (100 100c
1
),10 = 10 10c
1
g/L
26 1 Solutions
29. Let \ (t) denote the volume of uid in the container at time t. Initially,
there are 10 L. For each minute that passes there is a net gain of 42 = 2 L
of uid. So \ (t) = 10+2t. The container overows when \ (t) = 10+2t =
30 or t = 10 minutes.
L
min
20
g
L
= 80
g
min
.
L
min

j(t)
10 +t
g
L
=
2j(t)
10 +t
g
min
.
Since j
value problem
j
= 80
2j
10 +t
, j(0) = 0.
Simplifying and putting in standard form gives the equation
j
+
1
5 +t
j = 80.
1
5+|
, 1(t) =
j(t) dt = ln(5+t), and the

integrating factor is j(t) = 5 +t. Multiplying the standard form equation
by the integrating factor gives ((5 + t)j)
= 80(5 + t). Integrating and

simplifying gives j = 40(5+t)+c(5+t)
1
, where c is a constant. The initial
condition j(0) = 0 implies c = 1000 so j = 40(5 + t) 1000(5 + t)
1
.
At the time the container overows t = 10 we have j(10) = 600
1000
15

533.33 g of salt.
30. Let \ (t) denote the volume of uid in the tank at time t. Initially, there
are 10 gallons of uid. For each minute that goes by there is a net increase
of 4 2 = 2 gallons. It follows that \ (t) = 10 +2t. The tank will overow
when 100 = \ (t). Solving 100 = 10 + 2t gives t = 45. Thus T = 45
minutes. Next we nd j(t):
gal
min
0.5
lbs
gal
= 2
lbs
min
.
gal
min

j(t)
10 + 2t
lbs
gal
=
2j(t)
10 + 2t
lbs
min
.
Since j
value problem
j
= 2
j
5 +t
, j(0) = 0.
Putting this equation in standard form gives
j
+
1
5 +t
j = 2.
1
5+|
, 1(t) =
j(t) dt = ln(5+t), and the

integrating factor is j(t) = 5 +t. Thus ((5 + t)j)
= 2(5 +t). Integrating

1 Solutions 27
and simplifying gives j = (5+t)+c(5+t)
1
. The initial condition j(0) = 0
implies c = 25 so j = (5+t) 25(5+t)
1
, for 0 t 45. At t = T = 45
we get j(45) = 50
25
50
= 49.5 lbs salt. Once the tank is full, the inow
and outow rates will be equal and the brine in the tank will (in the
limit as t ) stabilize to the concentration of the incoming brine, i.e.,
0.5 lb/gal. Since the tank holds 100 gal, the total amount present will
approach 0.5 100 = 50 lbs. Thus lim
|
j(t) = 50.
31. input rate: input rate = :c
output rate: output rate = :
1(|)
\
Let 1
0
denote the amount of pollutant at time t = 0. Since 1
=
input rate output rate it follows that 1(t) is a solution of the initial
value problem
1
= :c
:1(t)
\
, 1(0) = 1
0
.
Rewriting this equation in standard form gives the dierential equation
1
+
:
\
1 = :c. The coecient function is j(t) = :,\ and the integrating
factor is j(t) = c
:|\
. Thus (c
1)
= :cc
. Integrating and simplifying

gives 1(t) = c\ +/c
, where / is the constant of integration. The initial

condition 1(0) = 1
0
implies c = 1
0
c\ so 1(t) = c\ + (1
0
c\ )c
.
(a) lim
|
1(t) = c\.
(b) When the river is cleaned up at t = 0 we assume the input con-
centration is c = 0. The amount of pollutant is therefore given by
1(t) = 1
0
c
. This will reduce by 1,2 when 1(t) =

1
2
1
0
. We solve the
equation
1
2
1
0
= 1
0
c
for t and get t

12
= \
ln 2
:
. Similarly, the pollutant
will reduce by 1,10 when t
110
= \
ln 10
:
.
(c) Letting \ and : be given as stated for each lake gives:
Lake Erie: t
12
= 1.82 years, t
110
= 6.05 years.
Lake Ontario: t
12
= 5.43 years, t
110
= 18.06 years
32. Let j
1
(t) and j
2
(t) denote the amount of salt in Tank 1 and Tank 2,
respectively, at time t.
input rate for Tank 1: input rate = 4
L
min
100
g
L
= 400
g
min
.
output rate for Tank 1: output rate = 4
L
min
j
1
(t)
10
g
L
=
4j
1
(t)
10
g
m
.
The initial value problem for Tank 1 is thus:
j
1
= 400
4
10
j
1
, j
1
(0) = 0.
Simplifying and putting this equation in standard form gives j
1
+
4
10
j
1
=
400. The integrating factor is j(t) = c
4|10
. Thus (c
4|10
j
1
)
= 400c
4|10
.
28 1 Solutions
Integrating and simplifying gives j
1
= 1000 + cc
4|10
. The initial condi-
tion j
1
(0) = 0 implies c = 1000 so j
1
= 1000 1000c
4|10
. Now the
brine solution in Tank 1 has concentration j
1
(t),10 = 100 100c
4|10
and ows into Tank 2 at a rate of 4 liters per minute. Thus
L
min
(100 100c
4|10
)
g
L
=
400 400c
4|10
g
min
.
L
min
j
2
(t)
10
g
L
=
4j
2
(t)
10
g
min
.
The initial value problem for Tank 2 is thus:
j
2
= 400 400c
4|10
4
10
j
2
, j
2
(0) = 0.
Simplifying and putting this equation in standard form gives
j
2
+
4
10
j
2
= 400 400c
4|10
.
The integrating factor is again (as for the Tank 1 equation) j(t) = c
4|10
.
Thus multiplying by the integrating factor gives
(c
4|10
j
2
)
= 400c
4|10
400.
Integrating and simplifying gives
j
2
(t) = 1000 400tc
4|10
+cc
4|10
.
The initial condition j
2
(0) = 0 implies c = 1000 so
j
2
(t) = 1000 400tc
4|10
1000c
4|10
.
33. Let j
1
(t) and j
2
(t) denote the amount of salt in Tank 1 and Tank 2,
respectively, at time t. The volume of uid at time t in Tank 1 is \
1
(t) =
10 + 2t and Tank 2 is \
2
(t) = 5 +t.
L
min
10
g
L
= 40
g
min
.
L
min

j
1
(t)
10 + 2t
g
L
=
2j(t)
10 + 2t
g
min
. The initial value problem for Tank 1 is thus
j
1
= 40
2
10 + 2t
j
1
, j
1
(0) = 0.
Simplifying this equation and putting it in standard form gives
1 Solutions 29
j
1
+
1
5 +t
j
1
= 40.
The integrating factor is j(t) = 5 + t. Thus ((5 + t)j
1
)
= 40(5 + t).
Integrating and simplifying gives j
1
(t) = 20(5 +t) +c,(5 +t). The initial
condition j(0) = 0 implies c = 500 so j
1
= 20(5 +t) 500,(5 +t).
L
min

j
1
(t)
10 + 2t
g
L
= 20
500
(5 +t)
2
g
min
.
L
min
j
2
(t)
5 +t
g
L
=
j
2
(t)
5 +t
g
min
.
The initial value problem for Tank 2 is thus
j
2
= 20 500,(5 +t)
2
1
(5 +t)
j
2
, j
2
(0) = 0.
When this equation is put in standard form we get
j
2
+
1
(5 +t)
j
2
= 20
500
(5 +t)
2
.
The integrating factor is j(t) = 5 +t. Thus
((5 +t)j
2
)
= 20(5 +t)
500
5 +t
.
Integrating and simplifying gives
j
2
(t) = 10(5 +t)
500 ln(5 +t)
5 +t
+
c
5 +t
.
The initial condition j
2
(0) = 0 implies c = 500 ln5 250 so
j
2
(t) = 10(5 +t)
500 ln(5 +t)
5 +t
+
500 ln5 250
5 +t
.
Section 1.5
=
j
2
+jt +t
2
t
2
which is homogeneous since
the degrees of the numerator and denominator are each two. Let j = t.
Then +t
=
2
+ + 1 and so t
=
2
+ 1. Separating variables gives
d
2
+ 1
=
dt
t
. Integrating gives tan
1
= ln t + c. So = tan(ln t +c).
Substituting = j,t gives j = t tan(ln t +c).
30 1 Solutions
2. Since the numerator and denominator are homogeneous of degree 1 the
quotient is homogeneous. Let j = t. Then + t
=
4 3
1
and so
t
=
( 2)
2
1
. Clearly, = 2 is an equilibrium solution. Separating the
variables and using partial fractions gives
d
( 2)
2
d
2
=
dt
t
. Integrat-
ing gives ( 2)
1
ln 2 = ln t +c. Simplifying and exponentiating
gives c
(u2)
1
= /t( 2), / = 0. Now let = j,t then c

2
= /(j 2t)
for / = 0. The equilibrium solution = 2 gives j = 2t as another solution.
=
2
4 + 6. So
t
=
2
5 + 6 = ( 2)( 3). There are two equilibrium solu-
tions = 2, 3. Separating the variables and using partial fractions gives
(
1
3

1
2
)
d =
dt
t
. Integrating and simplifying gives ln
3
2
=
ln t +c. Solving for gives =
3 2/t
1 /t
, for / = 0, and so j =
3t 2/t
2
1 /t
,
for / = 0. When / = 0 we get = 3 or j = 3t, which is the same as the
equilibrium solution = 3. The equilibrium solution = 2 gives j = 2t.
Thus we can write the solutions as j =
3t 2/t
2
1 /t
, / and j = 2t.
=
t
2
2
+ 2t
2
t
2
+t
2
2
+ 2
1 +
. Subtract from both sides to get t
=

+ 1
. Separate the
variables to get
(
1 +
1
)
d =
1
t
dt.
Integrating gives + ln = ln t + c. Now exponentiate, substitute =
j,t, and simplify to get jc
|
= /t
2
, / .
=
3
2
1
2
. Subtract
from both sides to get t
=

2
1
2
. The equilibrium solutions are
= 1. Separating variables gives
2 d
2
1
=
dt
t
and integrating gives
ln
2
1
= ln t +c. Exponentiating gives

2
1 = /t and by simplifying
we get =
1 +/t. Now = j,t so j = t
1 + /t. The equilibrium

solutions = 1 become j = t. These occur when / = 0, so are already
included in the general formula.
1 Solutions 31
6. Since t
2
+j
2
and tj are homogeneous of degree 2 their quotient (t
2
+j
2
),tj
is a homogeneous function. Let j = t. Then j
= + t
and the given

dierential equation becomes
+t
=
1 +
2
=
1
+ .
Simplifying and separating variables gives d = dt,t. Integrating we
get
2
,2 = ln t + c and so =
2 lnt + 2c. Since = j,t we get

j = t
2 ln t + 2c.
=
j +
t
2
j
2
t
. Since

(ct)
2
(cj)
2
=
c
2
(t
2
j
2
) = c
t
2
j
2
for c 0 it is easy to see that j
=
j +
t
2
j
2
t
is homogeneous. Let j = t. Then + t
= +
1
2
.
Simplifying gives t
1
2
. Clearly = 1 are equilibrium solution.
Separating variables gives
d
1
2
=
dt
t
. Integrating gives sin
1
=
ln t + c and so = sin(ln t + c). Now substitute = j,t to get
j = t sin(ln t + c). The equilibrium solutions imply j = t are also
solutions.
=
j
t
+
j
t
2
+j
2
t
2
. It is straightforward to see
that

t
2
+j
2
is homogeneous of degree one. So j
=
j
t
+
j
t
2
+j
2
t
2
is a homogeneous dierential equation. Let j = t then + t
=
+
1 +
2
or t
1 +
2
. It follows that = 0 is an equilib-
rium solution. Separating variables gives
d
1 +
2
=
dt
t
. Integrating
gives ln
1 +
1 +
2
= ln t + c. (To integrate the left hand side use

the trig substitution = tan 0.) Exponentiating gives

1 +
1 +
2
= /t,
/ = 0. Now let = j,t. Then
j
t +
t
2
+j
2
= /t. The case where / = 0
gives the equilibrium solution.
9. Note that although j = 0 is part of the general solution it does not satisfy
the initial value. Divide both sides by j
2
to get j
2
j
j
1
= t. Let
. = j
1
. Then .
= j
2
j
. Substituting gives .
. = t or .
+. = t.
An integrating factor is c
|
. So (c
|
.) = tc
|
. Integrating both sides gives
c
|
. = tc
|
+c
|
+c, where we have used integration by parts to compute
tc
|
dt. Solving for . gives . = t + 1 + cc
|
. Now substitute . = j
1
32 1 Solutions
and solve for j to get j =
1
t + 1 +cc
|
. The initial condition implies
1 =
1
1 +c
and so c = 0. The solution is thus j =
1
1 t
.
10. Note that j = 0 is a solution. Divide by j
2
to get j
2
j
+ j
1
= 1. Let
. = j
1
. Then .
= j
2
j
and substituting gives .
+ . = 1. In the
standard form for linear equations this becomes .
. = 1. Multiplying
by the integrating factor c
|
gives (c
|
.)
= c
|
so that c
|
. = c
|
+c.
Hence . = 1 + cc
|
. Now go back to the original function j by solving
. = j
1
for j. Thus j = .
1
= (1 +cc
|
)
1
=
1
1+tc
. The general solution

is j =
1
1+tc
and j = 0.
11. Note that j = 0 is a solution. First divide both sides by j
3
to get j
3
j
+
tj
2
= t. Let . = j
2
. Then .
= 2j
3
j
, so
.
2
= j
3
j
. Substituting
gives
.
2
+t. = t, which in standard form is .
2t. = 2t. An integrating

factor is c
2| J|
= c
|
2
, so that (c
|
2
.)
= 2tc
|
2
. Integrating both
sides gives c
|
2
. = c
|
2
+ c, where the integral of the right hand side is
done by the substitution n = t
2
. Solving for . gives . = 1 + cc
|
2
. Since
. = j
2
we nd j =
1
1 +cc
|
2
.
3
to get
j
3
j
+tj
2
= t
3
. Let . = j
2
. Then .
= 2j
3
j
, so
.
2
= j
3
j
. Sub-
stituting gives
.
2
+ t. = t
3
, which in standard form is .
2t. = 2t
3
.
2| J|
= c
|
2
. Thus (c
|
2
.)
= 2t
3
c
|
2
. Inte-
grating both sides gives c
|
2
. = (t
2
+1)c
|
2
+c, where the integral of the
right hand side is computed using integration by parts with n = t
2
and
d = 2tc
|
2
dt. Solving for . gives . = t
2
+ 1 + cc
|
2
. Since . = j
2
we
nd j =
1
t
2
+ 1 +cc
|
2
.
13. Note that j = 0 is a solution. Divide by j
2
and (1 t
2
) to get j
2
j
t
1 t
2
j
1
=
5t
1 t
2
. Let . = j
1
. Then .
= j
2
j
and substituting
gives .
t
1 t
2
j
=
5t
(1 t
2
)
. In standard form we get .
+
t
1 t
2
. =
5t
1 t
2
. Multiplying by the integrating factor
j(t) = c

1
2
J|
= c
1
2
ln(1|
2
)
= (1 t
2
)
12
1 Solutions 33
gives (.(1 t
2
)
12
)
= 5t(1 t
2
)
32
. Integrating gives .(1 t
2
)
12
=
5(1 t
2
)
12
+ c and hence . = 5 + c
1 t
2
. Since . = j
1
we have
j =
1
5 +c
1 t
2
.
14. Note that j = 0 is a solution. Divide both sides by j
23
to get j
23
j
+
j
13
t
= 1. Let . = j
13
. Then .
=
1
3
j
23
j
and hence 3.
+
.
t
= 1. In
standard form we get .
+
.
3t
=
1
3
. The integrating factor is c
1
3
J|
=
c
ln
3
= t
13
. Multiplying by t
13
gives (t
13
.)
=
1
3
t
13
and integrating
gives t
13
. =
1
4
t
43
+c. Solving for . we get . =
t
4
+ct
13
. Since . = j
13
we can solve for j to get j = (t,4 +ct
13
)
3
.
15. If we divide by j we get j
+tj = tj
1
which is a Bernoulli equation with
n = 1. Note that since n < 0, j = 0 is not a solution. Dividing by j
1
gets us back to jj
+ tj
2
= t. Let . = j
2
. Then .
= 2jj
so
.
2
+ t. = t
and in standard form we get .
+2t. = 2t. An integrating factor is c

|
2
so
(c
|
2
.)
= 2tc
|
2
. Integration gives c
|
2
. = c
|
2
+ c so . = 1 + cc
|
2
. Since
. = j
2
we get j =
1 +cc
|
2
.
16. First divide by 2j to get j
1
2
j =
t 1
2
j
1
, which is a Bernoulli equation
with n = 1. Since n < 0, j = 0 is not a solution. Now divide by j
1
to
get jj
1
2
j
2
=
t 1
2
. Let . = j
2
. Then .
= 2jj
and substituting gives

1
2
.
1
2
. =
t 1
2
. In standard form we get .
. = (t 1). An integrating
factor is c
1 J|
= c
|
. Multiplying by c
|
gives (c
|
.)
= (t 1)c
|
.
Integration by parts gives c
|
. = tc
|
+c and thus . = t +cc
|
. Since
. = j
2
we have j =
cc
|
t, c .
3
to get j
3
j
+
j
2
= t. Let . = j
2
. Then .
= 2j
3
j
. So
.
2
+. = t. In standard form
we get .
2. = 2t. An integrating factor is c
2 J|
= c
2|
and hence
(c
2|
.)
= 2tc
2|
. Integration by parts gives c
2|
. = (t +
1
2
)c
2|
+c and
hence . = t +
1
2
+cc
2|
. Since . = j
2
we get j =
1
t +
1
2
+cc
2|
.
18. The logistic dierential equation is 1
= :(1
1
:
)1 which can be written
1
:1 =
:
:
1
2
. Note that 1 = 0 is a solution. Divide by 1
2
to get
34 1 Solutions
1
2
1
:1
1
=
:
:
. Let . = 1
1
. Then .
= 1
2
1
and .
:. =
:
:
or .
+:. =
:
:
. An integrating factor is c
:|
so (c
:|
.)
=
:
:
c
:|
. Integrating
gives c
:|
. =
c
:|
:
+ c. Solving for . we get . =
1
:
+ cc
:|
=
1 +:cc
:|
:
.
Since . = 1
1
we get 1 =
:
1 +:cc
:|
. Now 1
0
= 1(0) =
:
1 +:c
and solving for c we get c =
:1
0
:1
0
. Substituting and simplifying gives
1(t) =
:1
0
1
0
+ (:1
0
)c
:|
.
19. Let . = 2t 2j + 1. Then .
= 2 2j
and so j
=
2 .
2
. Substituting
we get
2 .
2
= .
1
= 2 2.
1
, a
separable dierential equation. Clearly, . = 1 is an equilibrium solution.
Assume for now that . = 1. Then separating variables and simplifying
using 1,(1.
1
) =
:
:1
= 1+
1
:1
gives
(
1 +
1
:1
)
d. = 2 dt. Integrating
we get . +ln . 1 = 2t +c. Now substitute . = 2t 2j +1 and simplify
to get 2j +ln 2t 2j = c, c . (We absorb the constant 1 in c.) The
equilibrium solution . = 1 becomes j = t.
20. Let . = t j. Then .
= 1 j
and so j
= 1 .
. Substituting we get
1 .
= .
2
= 1 .
2
. We see that . = 1
are equilibrium solutions. Separating variables we get
d.
1 .
2
= dt. Partial
fractions gives
(
1
1 .
+
1
1 +.
)
d. = 2 dt. Integrating and simplifying
gives ln
1 +.
1 .
= 2t +c, c . Solving for . we get . =

/c
2|
1
/c
2|
+ 1
, / = 0.
However, the case / = 0 gives the equilibrium solution . = 1. Now
substitute . = t j and simplify to get j = t
/c
2|
1
/c
2|
+ 1
, / . The
equilibrium solution . = 1 becomes j = t 1.
21. Let . = t +j. Then .
= 1 + j
and substituting we get .
1 = .
2
. In
=
1 +.
2
.
2
. Separating variables and simplifying
we get
(
1
1
1 +.
2
)
d. = dt. Integrating we get . tan
1
. = t +c. Now
let . = t +j and simplify to get j tan
1
(t +j) = c, c .
22. Let . = t j. Then .
= 1 j
and substituting we get 1 .
= sin.. In
= 1 sin.. Notice that . =

2
+ 2n, n , are
1 Solutions 35
equilibrium solutions. Separating variable gives
d.
1 sin.
= dt. Now
1
1 sin .
=
1 + sin .
1 sin
2
.
=
1 + sin .
cos
2
.
= sec
2
. + sec . tan ..
So integrating gives tan . +sec . = t +c. Substituting, we get the implicit
solution tan(t j) + sec(t j) = t + c. For the equilibrium solution
. =

2
+ 2n we get j = t

2
2n.
23. This is the same as Exercise 16 where the Bernoulli equation technique
there used the substitution . = j
2
. Here use the given substitution to
get .
= 2jj
+ 1. Substituting we get .
1 = . and in standard form

.
= 1+.. Clearly, . = 1 is an equilibrium solution. Separating variables

gives
d.
1 +.
= dt and integrating gives ln 1 +. = t + c, c . Solving
for . we get . = /c
|
1, where / = 0. Since . = j
2
+ t 1 we get
j
2
+t 1 = /c
|
1 and solving for j gives j =
/c
|
t. The case / = 0
gives the equilibrium solutions j =
t.
24. If . = sin j then .
= (cos j)j
. Multiply the given dierential equation by

cos j to get (cos j)j
= sin j + 2 cos t. Substituting we get .
= . + 2 cos t
and in standard form .
. = 2 cos t. An integrating factor is c

|
so
(.c
|
)
= 2(cos t)c
|
. Integrating by parts twice leads to .c
|
= (sin t
cos t)c
|
+ c and hence . = sint cos t + cc
|
. Solving for j gives j =
sin
1
(sin t cos t +cc
|
), c .
25. If . = ln j then .
=
j
j
. Divide the given dierential equation by j. Then
j
j
+ ln j = t and substitution gives .
+ . = t. An integrating factor is
c
|
so (c
|
.)
= tc
|
. Integration (by parts) gives c
|
. = (t 1)c
|
+ c and so
. = t 1 +cc
|
. Finally, solving for j we get j = c
|1+tc
, c .
26. Let . = c
. Then .
= c
so .
,. = j
. Substituting gives
.
.
=
1
.
1. Multiply both sides by . and put in standard form to get .
. = 1.
|
so (c
|
.)
= c
|
. Integrating we get c
|
. =
c
|
+c and so . = cc
|
1. Since . = c
, . 0 and this requires c 0.

We thus get j = ln(cc
|
1), c 0.
Section 1.6
1. This can be written in the form `(t, j) + (t, j)j
= 0 where `(t, j) =
j
2
+ 2t and (t, j) = 2tj. Since `
(t, j) = 2j =
|
(t, j), the equation is
exact (see Equation (3.2.2)), and the general solution is given implicitly
36 1 Solutions
by 1(t, j) = c where the function 1(t, j) is determined by 1
|
(t, j) =
`(t, j) = j
2
+ 2t and 1
(t, j) = (t, j) = 2tj. These equations imply

that 1(t, j) = t
2
+ tj
2
will work so the solutions are given implicitly by
t
2
+tj
2
= c.
2. tj +j
2
1
2
t
2
= c
3. Not Exact
4. tj
2
+t
3
= c
5. Not Exact
6. t
2
j +j
3
= 2
7. (j t
2
)
2
2t
4
= c
8. j =
1
3
t
2
c
t
9. j
4
= 4tj +c
10. / +c = 0
Section 1.7
1. We rst change the variable t to n and write j
(n) = nj(n). Now integrate

both sides from 1 to t to get

|
1
j
(n) dn =
|
1
nj(n) dn. Now the left side
is

|
1
j
(n) dn = j(t) j(1) = j(t) 1. Thus j(t) = 1 +
|
1
nj(n) dn.
2. Change the variable t to n and write j
(n) = j
2
(n). Now integrate both
sides from 0 to t to get

|
0
j
(n) dn =
|
0
j
2
(n) dn. The left side is j(t) + 1
so j(t) = 1 +
|
0
j
2
(n) dn.
(n) =
n j(n)
n +j(n)
. Now integrate
both sides from 0 to t to get

|
0
j
(n) dn =
|
0
n j(n)
n +j(n)
dn. The left side is
j(t) 1 so j(t) = 1 +
|
0
n j(n)
n +j(n)
dn.
(n) = 1 + n
2
. Now integrate both
sides from 0 to t to get

|
0
j
(n) dn =
|
0
(1 + n
2
) dn. The left side is j(t)
so j(t) =
|
0
(1 +n
2
) dn.
5. The corresponding integral equation is j(t) = 1 +
|
1
nj(n) dn. We then
have
1 Solutions 37
j
0
(t) = 1
j
1
(t) = 1 +
|
1
n 1 dn = 1 +
(
n
2
2
)
|
1
= 1 +
t
2
2

1
2
=
1 +t
2
2
j
2
(t) = 1 +
|
1
n
(
1 +n
2
2
)
dn = 1 +
(
n
2
4
+
n
4
8
)
|
1
=
5
8
+
t
2
4
+
t
4
8
j
3
(t) = 1 +
|
1
(
5n
8
+
n
3
4
+
n
5
8
)
dn = 1 +
(
5n
2
16
+
n
4
16
+
n
6
48
)
|
1
=
29
48
+
5t
2
16
+
t
4
16
+
t
6
48
.
6. The corresponding integral equation is
j(t) = 1 +
|
0
(n j(n)) dn.
We then have
j
0
(t) = 1
j
1
(t) = 1 +
|
0
(n 1) dn = 1 +
(
n
2
2
n
)
|
0
= 1 t +
t
2
2
j
2
(t) = 1 +
|
0
(
n
(
1 n +
n
2
2
))
dn = 1 +
(
n +n
2
n
3
6
)
|
0
= 1 t +t
2
t
3
6
j
3
(t) = 1 +
|
0
(
n
(
1 n +n
2
n
3
6
))
dn = 1 t +t
2
t
3
3
+
t
4
4!
j
4
(t) = 1 +
|
0
(
n
(
1 n +n
2
n
3
3
+
n
4
4!
))
dn = 1 t +t
2
t
3
3
+
t
4
12

t
5
5!
.
7. The corresponding integral equation is j(t) =
|
0
(n + j
2
(n)) dn. We then
have
j
0
(t) = 0
j
1
(t) =
|
0
(n + 0) dn =
t
2
2
j
2
(t) =
|
0
(
n +
(
n
2
2
)
2
)
dn =
|
0
(
n +
n
4
4
)
dn =
t
2
2
+
t
5
20
j
3
(t) =
|
0
(
n +
(
n
2
2
+
n
5
20
)
2
)
dn =
|
0
(
n +
n
4
4
+
n
7
20
+
n
10
400
)
dn
=
t
2
2
+
t
5
20
+
t
8
160
+
t
11
4400
.
38 1 Solutions
j(t) = 1 +
|
0
((j(n))
3
j(n)) dn.
We now have
j
0
(t) = 1
j
1
(t) = 1 +
|
0
(1
3
1) dn = 1 +
|
0
0 dn = 1
j
2
(t) = 1
j
3
(t) = 1
j(t) =
|
0
(1 + (n j(n))
2
) dn.
We then have
j
0
(t) = 0
j
1
(t) =
|
0
(
1 + (n 0)
2
)
dn =
(
n +
n
3
3
)
|
0
= t +
t
3
3
j
2
(t) =
|
0
(
1 +
(
n
(
n +
n
3
3
))
2
)
dn =
|
0
(
1 +
n
6
9
)
dn
=
(
n +
n
7
63
)
|
0
= t +
t
7
7 3
2
j
3
(t) =
|
0
(
1 +
n
14
7
2
3
4
)
dn = t +
t
15
15 7
2
3
4
j
4
(t) =
|
0
(
1 +
n
30
15
2
7
4
3
8
)
dn = t +
t
31
31 15
2
7
4
3
8
j
5
(t) =
|
0
(
1 +
n
62
31
2
15
4
7
8
3
1
6
)
dn = t +
t
63
63 31
2
15
4
7
8
3
16
10. The right hand side is 1(t, j) = 1 +j
2
. Then 1
(t, j) = 2j. Both 1 and

1
are continuous in the whole (t, j)-plane and thus are continuous on
any rectangle containing the origin (0, 0). Picards theorem applies and
we can conclude there is a unique solution on an interval about 0.
11. The right hand side is 1(t, j) =

j. If is any rectangle about (1, 0)
then there are j-coordinates that are negative. Hence 1 is not dened on
and Picards theorem does not apply.
1 Solutions 39

j. Then 1
(t, j) =
1
2
j
. Choose a
rectangle about (0, 1) that lies above the t-axis. Then both 1 and 1
are continuous on . Picards theorem applies and we can conclude there

is a unique solution on an interval about 0.
t j
t +j
. Then 1
(t, j) =
2t
(t +j)
2
. Choose
a rectangle about (0, 1) that contains no points on the line t +j = 0.
Then both 1 and 1
are continuous on . Picards theorem applies and

we can conclude there is a unique solution on an interval about 0.
t j
t +j
, which is not dened at the initial
condition (t
0
, j
0
) = (1, 1). Thus Picards theorem does not apply.
15. The corresponding integral equation is j(t) = 1 +
|
0
oj(n) dn. We thus
have
j
0
(t) = 1
j
1
(t) = 1 +
|
0
o dn = 1 +ot
j
2
(t) = 1 +
|
0
o(1 +on) dn = 1 +
|
0
(o +o
2
n) dn = 1 +ot +
o
2
t
2
2
j
3
(t) = 1 +
|
0
o
(
1 +on +
o
2
n
2
2
)
dn = 1 +ot +
o
2
t
2
2
+
o
3
t
3
3!
.
.
.
j
n
(t) = 1 +ot +
o
2
t
2
2
+ +
o
n
t
n
n!
.
We can write j
n
(t) =
n
|=0
o
|
t
|
/!
. We recognize this sum as the rst n
terms of the Taylor series expansion for c
o|
. Thus the limiting function
is j(t) = lim
n
j
n
(t) = c
o|
. It is straightforward to verify that it is a
solution. If 1(t, j) = oj then 1
(t, j) = o. Both 1 and 1
are continuous
on the whole (t, j)-plane. By Picards theorem, Theorem 5, j(t) = c
o|
is
the only solution to the given initial value problem.
16. 1. The equation is separable so separate the variables to get j
2
dj = dt.
Integrating gives j
1
= t + c and the initial condition j(0) = 1
implies that the integration constant c = 1, so that the exact solution
is
j(t) =
1
1 t
= 1 +t +t
2
+t
3
+t
4
+ ; t < 1.
2. To apply Picards method, let j
0
= 1 and dene
40 1 Solutions
j
1
(t) = 1 +
|
0
(j
0
(n))
2
dn = 1 +
|
0
1 dn = 1 +t;
j
2
(t) = 1 +
|
0
(j
1
(n))
2
dn = 1 +
|
0
(1 +n)
2
dn = 1 +t +t
2
+
t
3
3
;
j
3
(t) = 1 +
|
0
(j
2
(n))
2
dn = 1 +
|
0
(
1 +n +n
2
+
n
3
3
)
2
dn
= 1 +
|
0
(
1 + 2n + 3n
2
+
8
3
n
3
+
5
3
n
4
+
2
3
n
5
+
1
9
n
6
)
dn
= 1 +t +t
2
+t
3
+
2
3
t
4
+
1
3
t
5
+
1
9
t
6
+
1
63
t
7
.
Comparing j
3
(t) to the exact solution, we see that the series agree up
to order 3.
17. Let 1(t, j) = cos(t + j). Then 1
(t, j) = sin(t + j). Let j

1
and
j
2
be arbitrary real numbers. Then by the mean value theorem there
is a number j
0
in between j
1
and j
2
such that 1(t, j
1
) 1(t, j
2
) =
sin(t +j
0
) j
1
j
2
j
1
j
2
. It follows that 1(t, j) is Lipschitz on
any strip. Theorem 10 implies there is a unique solution on all of .
18. Let 1(t, j) = j(t)j + )(t). Since j(t) and )(t) are continuous on [o, /]
it follows that 1(t, j) is continuous on the strip {(t, j) : t [o, /], j }.
Further more j(t) is bounded: i.e. there is a number such that j(t) ,
for all t [o, /]. Let t [o, /] and j
1
and j
2
be arbitrary real numbers.
Then
1(t, j
1
) 1(t, j
2
) j(t)j
1
+)(t) (j(t)j
2
+)(t))
= j(t) j
1
j
2
j
1
j
2
.
It follows that 1(t, j) is Lipschitz with Lipschitz constant . By Theorem
10, j
+ j(t)j = )(t), j(t

0
) = j
0
has a unique solution on the entire
interval [o, /].
19. 1. First assume that t = 0. Then tj
= 2j t is linear and in
standard form becomes j
2j,t = 1. An integrating factor is

j(t) = c
(2|) J|
= t
2
and multiplying both sides by j gives
t
2
j
2t
3
j = t
2
. This simplies to (t
2
j)
= t
2
. Now in-
tegrate to get t
2
j = t
1
+ c or j(t) = t + ct
2
. We observe that this
solution is also valid for t = 0. Graphs are given below for various
values of c.
1 Solutions 41
6 4 2 0 2 4 6
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
t
Graph of j(t) = t +ct
3
for various c
2. Every solution satises j(0) = 0. There is no contradiction to Theorem
5 since, in standard form, the equation is j
=
2
t
j 1 = 1(t, j) and
1(t, j) is not continuous for t = 0.
20. 1. If 1(t, j) = j
2
then 1
(t, j) = 2j. Both are continuous on any rectan-

gle that contains (t
0
, j
0
). Hence Theorem 5 applies and implies there
is a unique solution on an interval that contains t
0
.
2. j(t) = 0 is a solution dened for all t; j(t) =
1
1 t
is a solution dened
on (, 1) .
21. No. Both j
1
(t) and j
2
(t) would be solutions to the initial value problem
j
= 1(t, j), j(0) = 0. If 1(t, j) and 1
(t, j) are both continuous near

(0, 0), then the initial value problem would have a unique solution by
Theorem 5.
22. No, Both j
1
(t) and j
2
(t) would be solutions to the initial value problem
j
= 1(t, j), j(0) = 1. If 1(t, j) and 1
(t, j) are both continuous near

(0, 1), then the initial value problem would have a unique solution by
Theorem 5.
23. For t < 0 we have j
1
(t) = 0 and for t 0 we have j
1
(t) = 3t
2
. For t = 0
we calculate j
1
(0) = lim
0
j
1
() j
1
(0)
0
= lim
0
j
1
()
. To compute
this limit we show the left hand and right hand limits agree. We get
lim
0
+
j
1
()
= lim
0
+
= lim
0
+
2
= 0
lim
0
j
1
()
= lim
0
+
0
= 0
It follows that j
1
(t) =
{
0, for t < 0
3t
2
for t 0
and so
42 1 Solutions
tj
1
(t) =
{
0, for t < 0
3t
3
for t 0
On the other hand,
3j
1
(t) =
{
0, for t < 0
3t
3
for t 0
It follows that j
1
is a solution. It is trivial to see that j
2
(t) is a solution.
There is no contraction to Theorem 5 since, in standard form j
=
3
t
j =
1(t, j) has a discontinuous 1(t, j) near (0, 0). So Picards theorem does
not even apply.
Section 2.1
1.
{3t + 1} (:)
=

0
(3t + 1)c
s|
dt
= 3

0
tc
s|
dt +

0
c
s|
dt
= 3
(
t
:
c
s|
0
+
1
:

0
c
s|
dt
)
+
1
:
c
s|
0
= 3
((
1
:
)(
1
:
)
c
s|
0
)
+
1
:
=
3
:
2
+
1
:
.
2.
{
5t 9c
|
}
(:)
=

0
c
s|
(5t 9c
|
) dt
= 5

0
tc
s|
dt 9

0
c
s|
c
|
dt
= 5
(
t
:
c
s|
0
+
1
:

0
c
s|
dt
)
9

0
c
(s1)|
dt
= 5
(
0 +
1
:
2
)
9
1
: 1
=
5
:
2

9
: 1
.
1 Solutions 43
3.
{
c
2|
3c
|
}
(:)
=

0
c
s|
(c
2|
3c
|
) dt
=

0
c
s|
c
2|
dt 3

0
c
s|
c
|
dt
=

0
c
(s2)|
dt 3

0
c
(s+1)|
dt
=
1
: 2

3
: + 1
.
4.
{
tc
3|
}
(:)
=

0
c
s|
tc
3|
dt
=

0
tc
(s+3)|
dt
=
tc
(s+3)|
(: + 3)
0
+
1
: + 3

0
c
(s+3)|
dt
=
1
(: + 3)
2
.
5.
{
5c
2|
}
= 5
{
c
2|
}
=
5
: 2
6.
{
3c
7|
7t
3
}
= 3
{
c
7|
}
7
{
t
3
}
=
3
: + 7
7
3!
:
4
=
3
: + 7

42
:
4
7.
{
t
2
5t + 4
}
=
{
t
2
}
5{t} + 4{1} =
2
:
3

5
:
2
+
4
:
8.
{
t
3
+t
2
+t + 1
}
=
{
t
3
}
+
{
t
2
}
+{t} +{1} =
6
:
4
+
2
:
3
+
1
:
2
+
1
:
9.
{
c
3|
+ 7tc
4|
}
=
{
c
3|
}
+ 7
{
tc
4|
}
=
1
: + 3
+
7
(: + 4)
2
10.
{
t
2
c
4|
}
(:) =
2
(: 4)
3
11. {cos 2t + sin 2t} = {cos 2t}+{sin 2t} =
:
:
2
+ 2
2
+
2
:
2
+ 2
2
=
: + 2
:
2
+ 4
44 1 Solutions
12. {c
|
(t cos 4t)} (:) = {tc
|
} (:) {c
|
cos 4t} (:) =
1
(: 1)
2

: 1
(: 1)
2
+ 16
.
13.
{
(tc
2|
)
2
}
(:) =
{
t
2
c
4|
}
(:) =
2
(: + 4)
3
14.
{
c
|3
cos
6t
}
(:) =
: +
1
3
(: +
1
3
)
2
+ 6
15.
{
(t +c
2|
)
2
}
(:) =
{
t
2
+ 2tc
2|
+c
4|
}
(:) =
{
t
2
}
(:)+2
{
tc
2|
}
(:)+
{
c
4|
}
(:) =
2
:
3
+
2
(: 2)
2
+
1
: 4
16. {5 cos 3t 3 sin 3t + 4}(:) = 5{cos 3t} (:)3{sin3t} (:)+{4} (:) =
5
:
:
2
+ 3
2
3
3
:
2
+ 3
2
+
4
:
=
5: 9
:
2
+ 9
+
4
:
17.
{
t
4
c
4|
}
(:) =
{
t
4
c
4|
}
(:) =
4!
(: + 4)
5
=
24
(: + 4)
5
18.
{
c
5|
(8 cos 2t + 11 sin2t)
}
(:) = 8
{
c
5|
cos 2t
}
(:)+11
{
c
5|
sin2t
}
(:) =
8(: 5)
(: 5)
2
+ 4
+
22
(: 5)
2
+ 4
=
8: 18
:
2
10: + 29
19.
{
tc
3|
}
(:) =
(
{
c
3|
})
(:) =
(
3
: 3
)
=
1
(: 3)
2
20. {t cos 3t} (:) = ({cos 3t})
=
(
:
:
2
+ 9
)
=
:
2
9
(:
2
+ 9)
2
21. Here we use the transform derivative principle twice to get
{
t
2
sin 2t
}
(:) =
({sin 2t})
=
(
2
:
2
+ 4
)
=
(
4:
(:
2
+ 4)
2
)
=
12:
2
16
(:
2
+ 4)
3
22. {tc
|
cos t} (:) = {c
|
cos t}
(:) =
(
:
:
2
+ 1
ss+1
)
=
(
: + 1
:
2
+ 2: + 2
)
=
:
2
+ 2:
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)
2
23. {t)(t)} (:) = {)(t)}
(:) =
(
ln
(
:
2
:
2
+ 1
))
=
2:
:
2
+ 1

2
:
24.
{
1 cos 5t
t
}
= 5
{
1 cos 5t
5t
}
=
1
2
ln
(:,5)
2
(:,5)
2
+ 1
=
1
2
ln
:
2
:
2
+ 25
.
1 Solutions 45
25. {Ei(6t)} (:) =
1
6
{Ei(t)} (:)
ss6
=
1
6
ln((:,6) + 1)
:,6
=
ln(: + 6) ln 6
:
26.
{
cos
2
/t
}
(:) =
1
2
{1 + cos 2/t} (:) =
1
2
(
1
:
+
:
:
2
+ 4/
2
)
=
:
2
+ 2/
2
:(:
2
+ 4/
2
)
27. We use the identity sin
2
0 =
1
2
(1cos 20).
{
sin
2
/t
}
(:) =
1
2
{1 cos 2/t}(:) =
1
2
(
1
:

:
:
2
+ 4/
2
)
=
2/
2
:(:
2
+ 4/
2
)
;
28. We use the identity sin20 = 2 sin0 cos 0. {sin /t cos /t} (:) =
1
2
{sin 2/t}(:) =
1
2
2/
:
2
+ 4/
2
=
/
:
2
+ 4/
2
;
29. We use the identity sin ot cos /t =
1
2
(sin(o +/)t + sin(o /)t).
{sinot cos /t} =
1
2
({sin(o +/)t} +{sin(o /)t})
=
1
2
(
o /
:
2
+ (o /)
2
+
o +/
:
2
+ (o +/)
2
)
.
30. {cosh/t} =
1
2
(
{
c
b|
+c
b|
})
=
1
2
(
1
: +/
+
1
: /
)
=
:
:
2
/
2
31. {sinh /t} =
1
2
(
{
c
b|
c
b|
})
=
1
2
(
1
: +/

1
: /
)
=
/
:
2
/
2
32. Let )(t) = c
o|
. Then )
(t) = oc
o|
and )(t)
|=0
= 1. Thus o{c
o|
} =
{)
(t)} = :{c
o|
} 1. Solving for {c
o|
} gives {c
o|
} =
1
: o
.
33. Let )(t) = sinh /t. Then )
(t) = / cosht and )
(t) = /
2
sinh t. Fur-
ther, )(t)
|=0
= 0 and )
(t)
|=0
= /. Thus /
2
{sinh /t} = {)
(t)} =
:
2
{)(t)} :)(0) )
(0) = :
2
{)(t)} /. Solving for {)(t)} gives
{sinh /t} =
/
:
2
/
2
.
34. Let )(t) = cosh/t. Then )
(t) = / sinht and )
(t) = /
2
cosh t. Fur-
ther, )(t)
|=0
= 1 and )
(t)
|=0
= 0. Thus /
2
{cosh/t} = {)
(t)} =
:
2
{)(t)} :)(0) )
(0) = :
2
{)(t)} :. Solving for {)(t)} gives
{cosh/t} =
:
:
2
/
2
.
35. Let p(t) =
|
0
)(n) dn and note that p
(t) = )(t) and p(0) =
0
0
)(n) dn =
0. Now apply the input derivative formula to p(t), to get
46 1 Solutions
1(:) = {)(t)} (:) = {p
(t)} (:) = :{p(t)} (:) p(0) = :G(:).

Solving for G(:) gives G(:) = 1(:),:.
36. For t 0, c
o|
c
b|
. Thus )(t) 1c
o|
1c
b|
. So ) is of exponential
type of order /.
37. Suppose ) is on exponential type of order o and p is of exponential type
of order /. Suppose o /. Then there are numbers 1 and 1 so that
)(t) 1c
o|
and p(t) 1c
b|
. Now )(t) +p(t) )(t) + p(t)
1c
o|
+ 1c
b|
(1 + 1)c
b|
. If follows that ) + p is of exponential type of
order /.
38. Suppose ) is of exponential type of order o and p is of exponential type
of order /. Then there are numbers 1 and 1 so that )(t) 1c
o|
and
p(t) 1c
b|
. Now )(t)p(t) 1c
o|
1c
b|
= 11c
(o+b)|
. If follows that
) +p is of exponential type of order o +/.
39. If ) is bounded by 1, say, then )(t) 1c
0|
. So ) is of exponential type
of order 0.
40. Suppose ) is of exponential type of order o in the sense given in the text.
Then can be chosen to be 0 and ) satises the denition given in the
statement of the problem. Now suppose ) satises the denition given in
the statement of the problem. I.e. there is a 1 0 and 0 so that
) 1c
o|
for t . Since ) is continuous on the interval [0, ] it has a
maximum, 1
1
, say. It follows that ) 1
1
1
1
c
o|
on [0, ] and hence
) (1 +1
1
)c
o|
, for all t 0. It follows that ) is of exponential type in
the sense given in the text.
41. Suppose o and 1 are real and j(t) 1c
o|
. Then j(t)c
o|
is bounded
by 1. But
c
|
2
c
o|
= c
|
2
o|+
2
4
c
2
4
= c
(|
2
)
2
c
2
4
= c
u
2
c
2
4
,
where n = t
o
2
. As t approaches innity so does n. Since lim
u
c
u
2
=
it is clear that lim
|
c
|
2
c
o|
= , for all o , and hence j(t)c
o|
is
not bounded. It follows that j(t) is not of exponential type.
42. First of all, x o . Since c
|
2
1 for all t it follows that

o
c
|
2
dt
o
1 dt = by the comparison test. Thus

o
c
|
2
dt does not exist for
any real number o. Now let : be any real number. Then
1 Solutions 47
{
c
|
2
}
(2:) =

0
c
2s|
c
|
2
dt
=

0
c
|
2
2s|+s
2
s
2
dt
= c
s
2

0
c
(|s)
2
dt
= c
s
2

s
c
|
2
dt.
But this last integral does not exist. Since the Laplace transform does not
exist at 2:, for any :, the Laplace transform does not exist.
43. j(t) is of exponential type because it is continuous and bounded. On the
other hand, j
(t) = cos(c
|
2
)c
|
2
(2t). Suppose there is a 1 and o so that
j
(t) 1c
o|
for all t 0. We need only show that there are some t for
which this inequality does not hold. Since cos c
|
2
oscillates between 1
and 1 lets focus on those t for which cos c
|
2
= 1. This happens when c
|
2
is a multiple of 2n or t = t
n
=
ln(2n). If the inequality j
(t) 1c
o|
is valid for all t 0 it is valid for t
n
for all n 0. We then get the
inequality 2t
n
c
|
2
1c
o|
. Now divide by c
o|
, combine, complete the
square, and simplify to get the inequality 2t
n
c
(|o2)
2
1c
o
2
4
. Choose
n so that t
n
1 and t
n
o. Then this last inequality is not satised.
It follows that j
(t) is not of exponential type. Now consider the denite

integral

1
0
c
s|
j
(t) dt and compute by parts: We get
1
0
c
s|
j
(t) dt = j(t)c
s|
1
0
+:
1
0
c
s|
j(t) dt.
Since j(t) = sin(c
|
2
) is bounded and j(0) = 0 it follows that
lim
1
j(t)c
s|
1
0
= 0.
Taking limits as ` in the equation above gives {j
(t)} =
:{j(t)}. The righthand side exists because j(t) is bounded.
(a) Show that 1(1) = 1.
(b) Show that 1 satises the recursion formula 1(a + 1) = a1(a).
(Hint : Integrate by parts.)
(c) Show that 1(n + 1) = n! when n is a nonnegative integer.
44. (a) 1(1) =
0
c
i
dr = c
i
0
= 1.
(b) 1(a + 1) =
0
r
o
c
i
dr = r
o
c
i
0
+a
0
r
o1
c
i
dr = a1(a).
The second equality is obtained by integration by parts using n = r
o
,
d = c
i
dr.
(c) Repeated use of (b) gives
48 1 Solutions
1(n+1) = n1(n) = n(n1)1(n1) = = n(n1) 211(1) = n!.
45. Using polar coordinates r = : cos 0, j = : sin 0. Then drdj = : d: d0 and
the domain of integration is the rst quadrant of the plane, which in polar
coordinates is given by 0 0 ,2, 0 : < . Thus

0
c
(i
2
+
2
)
drdj =
t2
0

0
c
:
2
: d: d0
=

2

0
c
:
2
: d:
=

2
c
:
2
2
0
=

4
.
Hence, 1 =
,2.
46. 1(
1
2
) =
0
r
12
c
i
dr. Using the change of variables r = n
2
, so dr =
2n dn it follows that
1(
1
2
) =

0
n
1
c
u
2
2n dn = 2

0
c
u
2
dn =
.
Then using the recursion formula gives:
(a) 1(
3
2
) = 1(
1
2
+ 1) =
1
2
1(
1
2
) =
,2, (b) 1(
5
2
) =
3
2
1(
3
2
) = 3
,4.
Now apply the general power formula (Formula 11) to get
(c)
{
t
}
=
1(
3
2
)
:
32
=
2:
32
, (d)
{
t
32
}
=
1(
5
2
)
:
52
=
3
4:
52
.
Section 2.2
1.
The : 1 -chain
5: + 10
(: 1)(: + 4)
3
: 1
2
: + 4
2.
The : 2 -chain
10: 2
(: + 1)(: 2)
6
(: 2)
4
(: + 1)
1 Solutions 49
3.
The : 5 -chain
1
(: + 2)(: 5)
1,7
(: 5)
1,7
(: + 2)
4.
The : + 3 -chain
5: + 9
(: 1)(: + 3)
3,2
: + 3
7,2
: 1
5.
The : 1 -chain
3: + 1
(: 1)(:
2
+ 1)
2
: 1
2: + 1
:
2
+ 1
6.
The : + 1 -chain
3:
2
: + 6
(: + 1)(:
2
+ 4)
2
(: + 1)
: 2
:
2
+ 4
7.
The : + 3 -chain
:
2
+: 3
(: + 3)
3
3
(: + 3)
3
: 2
(: + 3)
2
5
(: + 3)
2
1
: + 3
1
: + 3
0
50 1 Solutions
8.
The : + 2 -chain
5:
2
3: + 10
(: + 1)(: + 2)
2
36
(: + 2)
2
5: + 23
(: + 1)(: + 2)
13
: + 2
18
: + 1
9.
The : + 1 -chain
:
(: + 2)
2
(: + 1)
2
1
(: + 1)
2
: + 4
(: + 2)
2
(: + 1)
3
: + 1
3: 8
(: + 2)
2
10.
The : 1 -chain
16:
(: 1)
3
(: 3)
2
4
(: 1)
3
4: + 36
(: 1)
2
(: 3)
2
8
(: 1)
2
8: + 36
(: 1)(: 3)
2
7
(: 1)
7: + 27
(: 3)
2
1 Solutions 51
11.
The : 5 -chain
1
(: 5)
5
(: 6)
1
(: 5)
5
1
(: 5)
4
(: 6)
1
(: 5)
4
1
(: 5)
3
(: 6)
1
(: 5)
3
1
(: 5)
2
(: 6)
1
(: 5)
2
1
(: 5)(: 6)
1
: 5
1
: 6
12. Use the technique of distinct linear factors (Example 5).
3,2
: + 3
+
7,2
: 1
13. Use the technique of distinct linear factors (Example 5).
13,8
: 5

5,8
: + 3
14.
1
: 1
+
1
: 2
15.
23
12(: 5)
+
37
12(: + 7)
16.
1
:
+
2
: + 1
17.
25
8(: 7)

9
8(: + 1)
18.
25
2(: 3)
+
9
2(: 1)

15
: 2
19.
1
2(: + 5)

1
2(: 1)
+
1
: 2
20. Use Theorem 1 to write
52 1 Solutions
:
2
(: 1)
3
=

1
(: 1)
3
+
j
1
(:)
(: 1)
2
where
1
=
:
2
1
s=1
= 1
and j
1
(:) =
1
: 1
(:
2
(1)(1)) =
1
: 1
(:
2
1) = : + 1
Continuing gives
: + 1
(: 1)
2
=

2
(: 1)
2
+
j
2
(:)
: 1
where
2
=
: + 1
1
s=1
= 2
and j
2
(:) =
1
: 1
(: + 1 (2)(1)) =
1
: 1
(: 1) = 1
Thus
:
2
(: 1)
3
=
1
(: 1)
3
+
2
(: 1)
2
+
1
: 1
.
Alternate Solution: Write : = (: 1) + 1 so that
:
2
(: 1)
3
=
((: 1) + 1)
2
(: 1)
3
=
1 + 2(: 1) + (: 1)
2
(: 1)
3
=
1
(: 1)
3
+
2
(: 1)
2
+
1
: 1
21.
7
(: + 4)
4
:
(: 3)
3
=

1
(: 3)
3
+
j
1
(:)
(: 3)
2
where
1
=
:
1
s=3
= 3
and j
1
(:) =
1
: 3
(: (3)(1)) = 1.
Thus,
:
(: 3)
3
=
3
(: 3)
3
+
1
(: 3)
2
Alternate Solution: Write : = (: 3) + 3 so that
:
(: 3)
3
=
(: 3) + 3
(: 3)
3
=
3
(: 3)
3
+
1
(: 3)
2
.
1 Solutions 53
:
2
+: 3
(: + 3)
3
=

1
(: + 3)
3
+
j
1
(:)
(: + 3)
2
where
1
=
:
2
+: 3
1
s=3
= 3
and j
1
(:) =
1
: + 3
(:
2
+: 3 (3)(1)) =
1
: + 3
(:
2
+: 6) = : 2
Continuing gives
: 2
(: + 3)
2
=

2
(: + 3)
2
+
j
2
(:)
: + 3
where
2
=
: 2
1
s=3
= 5
and j
2
(:) =
1
: + 3
(: 2 (5)(1)) =
1
: + 3
(: + 3) = 1
Thus
:
2
+: 3
(: + 3)
3
=
3
(: + 3)
3

5
(: + 3)
2
+
1
: + 3
Alternate Solution: Write : = (: + 3) 3 so that
:
2
+: 3
(: + 3)
3
=
((: + 3) 3)
2
+ ((: + 3) 3) 3
(: 3)
3
=
(: + 3)
2
5(: + 3) + 3
(: + 3)
3
=
3
(: + 3)
3

5
(: + 3)
2
+
1
: + 3
.
24. Use Theorem 1 to compute the (: + 2)-chain:
5:
2
3: + 10
(: + 1)(: + 2)
2
=

1
(: + 2)
2
+
j
1
(:)
(: + 2)(: + 1)
where
1
=
5:
2
3: + 10
: + 1
s=2
= 36
and j
1
(:) =
1
: + 2
(5:
2
3: + 10 (36)(: + 1)) =
1
: + 2
(5:
2
+ 33: + 46) = 5: + 23
Continuing gives
54 1 Solutions
5: + 23
(: + 2)(: + 1)
=

2
: + 2
+
j
2
(:)
: + 1
where
2
=
5: + 23
: + 1
s=2
= 13
and j
2
(:) =
1
: + 2
(5: + 23 (13)(: + 1)) =
1
: + 2
(18: + 36) = 18
Thus
5:
2
3: + 10
(: + 1)(: + 2)
2
=
36
(: + 2)
2

13
: + 2
+
18
: + 1
25.
:
2
6: + 7
(:
2
4: 5)
2
=
:
2
6: + 7
(: + 1)
2
(: 5)
2
, so use Theorem 1 to compute the
(: + 1)-chain:
:
2
6: + 7
(: + 1)
2
(: 5)
2
=

1
(: + 1)
2
+
j
1
(:)
(: + 1)(: 5)
2
where
1
=
:
2
6: + 7
(: 5)
2
s=1
=
7
18
and j
1
(:) =
1
: + 1
(:
2
6: + 7 (7,18)(: 5)
2
)
=
1
: + 1
(11:
2
38: 49),18 =
1
18
(11: 49)
Continuing gives
1
18
11: 49
(: + 1)(: 5)
2
=

2
: + 1
+
j
2
(:)
(: 5)
2
where
2
=
1
18
11: 49
(: 5)
2
s=1
= 5,54
and j
2
(:) =
1
: + 1
((11: 49),18 (5,54)(: 5)
2
) = (5: 22),54
Thus
:
2
6: + 7
(: + 1)
2
(: 5)
2
=
1,18
(: + 1)
2
5,54
: + 1
+
(5: 22),54
(: 5)
2
Now either con-
tinue with Theorem 1 or replace : with : = (: 5) + 5 in the numerator
of the last fraction to nish the calculation and get
:
2
6: + 7
(: + 1)
2
(: 5)
2
=
1
54
(
5
: 5
+
21
(: + 1)
2
+
3
(: 5)
2

5
: + 1
)
1 Solutions 55
81
:
3
(: + 9)
=

1
: + 9
+
j
1
(:)
:
3
where
1
=
81
:
3
s=9
= 1,9
and j
1
(:) =
1
: + 9
(81 (1,9)(:
3
)) =
1
: + 9
(:
3
+ 9
3
),9 = (:
2
9: + 81),9
Thus
81
:
3
(: + 9)
=
9
:
3

1
:
2
+
1
9:

1
9
1
: + 1
:
(: + 2)
2
(: + 1)
2
=

1
(: + 2)
2
+
j
1
(:)
(: + 2)(: + 1)
2
where
1
=
:
(: + 1)
2
s=2
= 2
and j
1
(:) =
1
: + 2
(: (2)(: + 1)
2
)
=
2:
2
+ 5: + 2
: + 2
=
(2: + 1)(: + 1)
: + 2
= 2: + 1
Continuing gives
2: + 1
(: + 2)(: + 1)
2
=

2
: + 2
+
j
2
(:)
(: + 1)
2
where
2
=
2: + 1
(: + 1)
2
s=2
= 3
and j
2
(:) =
1
: + 2
(2: + 1 (3)(: + 1)
2
) = 3: + 2
Thus
:
(: + 2)
2
(: + 1)
2
=
2
(: + 2)
2

3
: + 2
+
3: + 2
(: + 1)
2
. Now continue using
Theorem 1 or replace : by (: +1) 1 in the numerator of the last fraction
to get
:
(: + 2)
2
(: + 1)
2
=
2
(: + 2)
2

3
: + 2

1
(: + 1)
2
+
3
: + 1
56 1 Solutions
:
2
(: + 2)
2
(: + 1)
2
=

1
(: + 2)
2
+
j
1
(:)
(: + 2)(: + 1)
2
where
1
=
:
2
(: + 1)
2
s=2
= 4
and j
1
(:) =
1
: + 2
(:
2
(4)(: + 1)
2
)
=
3:
2
8: 4
: + 2
=
(3: + 2)(: + 2)
: + 2
= (3: + 2)
Continuing gives
3: 2
(: + 2)(: + 1)
2
=

2
: + 2
+
j
2
(:)
(: + 1)
2
where
2
=
3: 2
(: + 1)
2
s=2
= 4
and j
2
(:) =
1
: + 2
(3: 2 (4)(: + 1)
2
) = (4: + 3)
Thus
:
2
(: + 2)
2
(: + 1)
2
=
4
(: + 2)
2
+
: + 2
+
4: 3
(: + 1)
2
Theorem 1 or replace : by (: +1) 1 in the numerator of the last fraction
to get
:
2
(: + 2)
2
(: + 1)
2
=
4
(: + 2)
2
+
4
: + 2
+
1
(: + 1)
2

4
: + 1
29. Use Theorem 1 to compute the (: 3)-chain:
8:
(: 1)(: 2)(: 3)
3
=

1
(: 3)
3
+
j
1
(:)
(: 1)(: 2)(: 3)
2
where
1
=
8:
(: 1)(: 2)
s=3
= 12
and j
1
(:) =
1
: 3
(8: (12)(: 1)(: 2))
=
12:
2
+ 44: 24
: 3
=
(12: + 8)(: 3)
: 3
= 12: + 8
For the second step in the (: 3)-chain:
1 Solutions 57
12: + 8
(: 1)(: 2)(: 3)
2
=

2
(: 3)
2
+
j
2
(:)
(: 1)(: 2)(: 3)
2
where
2
=
12: + 8
(: 1)(: 2)
s=3
= 14
and j
2
(:) =
1
: 3
(12: + 8 (14)(: 1)(: 2))
=
14:
2
54: + 36
: 3
=
(14: 12)(: 3)
: 3
= 14: 12
Continuing gives
14: 12
(: 1)(: 2)(: 3)
2
=

3
: 3
+
j
3
(:)
(: 1)(: 2)
where
3
=
14: 12
(: 1)(: 2)
s=3
= 15
and j
3
(:) =
1
: 3
(14: 12 (15)(: 1)(: 2)) = 15: + 14
Thus
8:
(: 1)(: 3)(: 3)
3
=
12
(: 3)
3
14
(: 3)
2
+
15
: 3
+
15: + 14
(: 1)(: 2)
.
The last fraction has a denominator with distinct linear factors so we get
8:
(: 1)(: 3)(: 3)
3
=
12
(: 3)
3
+
14
(: 3)
2
+
15
: 3
+
16
: 2
+
1
: 1
30. Use Theorem 1 to compute the :-chain:
25
:
2
(: 5)(: + 1)
=

1
:
2
+
j
1
(:)
:(: 5)(: + 1)
where
1
=
25
(: 5)(: + 1)
s=0
= 5
and j
1
(:) =
1
:
(25 (5)(: 5)(: + 1))
=
5:
2
20:
:
= 5: 20
Continuing gives
5: 20
:(: 5)(: + 1)
=

2
:
+
j
2
(:)
(: 5)(: + 1)
where
2
=
5: 20
(: 5)(: + 1)
s=0
= 4
and j
2
(:) =
1
:
(5: 20 (4)(: 5)(: + 1)) = 4: + 16
58 1 Solutions
Thus
25
:
2
(: 5)(: + 1)
=
5
:
2

4
:
+
4: + 16
(: 5)(: + 1)
. The last fraction has
a denominator with distinct linear factors so we get
25
:
2
(: 5)(: + 1)
=
2
3
1
: 5

20
3
1
: + 1

5
:
2
+
4
:
:
(: 2)
2
(: 3)
2
=

1
(: 2)
2
+
j
1
(:)
(: 2)(: 3)
2
where
1
=
:
(: 3)
2
s=2
= 2
and j
1
(:) =
1
: 2
(: (2)(: 3)
2
)
=
2:
2
+ 13: 18
: 2
=
(2: + 9)(: 2)
: 2
= 2: + 9
Continuing gives
2: + 9
(: 2)(: 3)
2
=

2
: 3
+
j
2
(:)
(: 3)
2
where
2
=
2: + 9
(: 3)
2
s=2
= 5
and j
2
(:) =
1
: 2
(2: + 9 (5)(: 3)
2
) = 5: + 18
Thus
:
(: 2)
2
(: 3)
2
=
2
(: 2)
2
+
5
: 2
+
5: + 18
(: 3)
2
Theorem 1 or replace : by (: 3) +3 in the numerator of the last fraction
to get
:
(: 2)
2
(: 3)
2
=
2
(: 2)
2
+
5
: 2
+
3
(: 3)
2

5
: 3
16:
(: 1)
3
(: 3)
2
=

1
(: 1)
3
+
j
1
(:)
(: 1)
2
(: 3)
2
where
1
=
16:
(: 3)
2
s=1
= 4
and j
1
(:) =
1
: 1
(16: (4)(: 3)
2
)
=
4:
2
+ 40: 36
: 1
=
(4: + 36)(: 1)
: 1
= 4: + 36
1 Solutions 59
For the second step in the (: 1)-chain:
4: + 36
(: 1)
2
(: 3)
2
=

2
(: 1)
2
+
j
2
(:)
(: 1)(: 3)
2
where
2
=
4: + 36
(: 3)
2
s=1
= 8
and j
2
(:) =
1
: 1
(4: + 36 (8)(: 3)
2
)
=
8:
2
+ 44: 36
: 1
=
(8: + 36)(: 1)
: 1
= 8: + 36
Continuing gives
8: + 36
(: 1)(: 3)
2
=

3
: 1
+
j
3
(:)
(: 3)
2
where
3
=
8: + 36
(: 3)
2
s=1
= 7
and j
3
(:) =
1
: 1
(8: + 36 (7)(: 3)
2
) = 7: + 27
Thus
16:
(: 1)
3
(: 3)
2
=
4
(: 1)
3
+
8
(: 1)
2
+
7
: 1
+
7: + 27
(: 3)
2
. Now
continue using Theorem 1 or replace : by (: 3) +3 in the numerator of
the last fraction to get
16:
(: 1)
3
(: 3)
2
=
4
(: 1)
3
+
8
(: 1)
2
+
7
: 1
+
6
(: 3)
2

7
: 3
Section 2.3
1. Note that : = i is a root of :
2
+ 1. Applying Theorem 1 gives
1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
(:
2
+ 2)
=
1
1
: +C
1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
+
j
1
(:)
(:
2
+ 1)(:
2
+ 2)
where 1
1
i +C
1
=
1
(:
2
+ 2)
s=.
=
1
i
2
+ 2
= 1
1
1
= 0 and C
1
= 1
and j
1
(:) =
1
:
2
+ 1
(1 (1)(:
2
+ 2))
=
:
2
1
:
2
+ 1
= 1.
60 1 Solutions
We now apply Theorem 1 on the remainder term
1
(:
2
+ 1)(:
2
+ 2)
.
1
(:
2
+ 1)(:
2
+ 2)
=
1
2
: +C
2
(:
2
+ 1)
+
j
2
(:)
(:
2
+ 2)
where 1
2
i +C
2
=
1
(:
2
+ 2)
s=.
= 1
1
2
= 0 and C
2
= 1
and j
2
(:) =
1
:
2
+ 1
(1 (1)(:
2
+ 2))
=
:
2
+ 1
:
2
+ 1
= 1.
Thus the (:
2
+ 1)-chain is
The :
2
+ 1 -chain
1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
(:
2
+ 2)
1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
1
(:
2
+ 1)(:
2
+ 2)
1
(:
2
+ 1)
1
:
2
+ 2
2. Note that : =
2i is a root of :
2
:
3
(:
2
+ 2)
2
(:
2
+ 3)
=
1
1
: +C
1
(:
2
+ 2)
2
+
j
1
(:)
(:
2
+ 2)(:
2
+ 3)
where 1
1
2i +C
1
=
:
3
(:
2
+ 3)
s=
2.
=
(
2i)
3
(
2i)
2
+ 3
= 2
2i
1
1
= 2 and C
1
= 0
and j
1
(:) =
1
:
2
+ 1
(:
3
(2:)(:
2
+ 3))
=
3:
3
+ 6:
:
2
+ 2
= 3:.
We now apply Theorem 1 on the remainder term
3:
(:
2
+ 2)(:
2
+ 3)
.
1 Solutions 61
3:
(:
2
+ 2)(:
2
+ 3)
=
1
2
: +C
2
(:
2
+ 2)
+
j
2
(:)
(:
2
+ 3)
where 1
2
2i +C
2
=
3:
(:
2
+ 3)
s=
2.
= 3
2i
1
2
= 3 and C
2
= 0
and j
2
(:) =
1
:
2
+ 2
(3: (3:)(:
2
+ 3))
=
3:(:
2
+ 2)
:
2
+ 2
= 3:.
Thus the (:
2
+ 2)-chain is
The :
2
+ 2 -chain
:
3
(:
2
+ 2)
2
(:
2
+ 3)
2:
(:
2
+ 2)
2
3:
(:
2
+ 2)(:
2
+ 3)
3:
:
2
+ 2
3:
:
2
+ 3
3. Note that : =
3i is a root of :
2
8: + 8:
2
(:
2
+ 3)
3
(:
2
+ 1)
=
1
1
: +C
1
(:
2
+ 3)
3
+
j
1
(:)
(:
2
+ 3)
2
(:
2
+ 1)
where 1
1
3i +C
1
=
8: + 8:
2
(:
2
+ 1)
s=
3.
=
8
3i + 8(
3i)
2
(
3i)
2
+ 1
= 4
3i + 12
1
1
= 4 and C
1
= 12
and j
1
(:) =
1
:
2
+ 3
(8: + 8:
2
(4: + 12)(:
2
+ 1))
=
4:
3
4:
2
+ 12: 12
:
2
+ 3
= 4(: 1).
Apply Theorem 1 a second time on the remainder term
4: 4
(:
2
+ 3)
2
(:
2
+ 1)
.
62 1 Solutions
4: 4
(:
2
+ 3)
2
(:
2
+ 1)
=
1
2
: +C
2
(:
2
+ 3)
2
+
j
2
(:)
(:
2
+ 3)(:
2
+ 1)
where 1
2
3i +C
2
=
4: 4
(:
2
+ 1)
s=
3.
= 2
3i + 2
1
2
= 2 and C
2
= 2
and j
2
(:) =
1
:
2
+ 3
(4: 4 (2: + 2)(:
2
+ 1))
=
2:
3
2:
2
+ 6: 6
:
2
+ 3
= 2: 2.
A third application of Theorem 1 on the remainder term
2: 2
(:
2
+ 3)(:
2
+ 1)
gives
2: 2
(:
2
+ 3)(:
2
+ 1)
=
1
3
: +C
3
(:
2
+ 3)
+
j
3
(:)
(:
2
+ 1)
where 1
3
3i +C
3
=
2: 2
(:
2
+ 1)
s=
3.
=
3i + 1
1
3
= 1 and C
3
= 1
and j
3
(:) =
1
:
2
+ 3
(2: 2 (: + 1)(:
2
+ 1))
=
:
3
:
2
+ 3: 3
:
2
+ 3
= : 1.
Thus the (:
2
+ 3)-chain is
The :
2
+ 3 -chain
8: + 8:
2
(:
+
3)
3
(:
2
+ 1)
12 4:
(:
2
+ 3)
3
4(: 1)
(:
2
+ 3)
2
(:
2
+ 1)
2 2:
(:
2
+ 3)
2
2(: 1)
(:
2
+ 3)(:
2
+ 1)
1 :
:
2
+ 3
: 1
:
2
+ 1
4. Note that : = 2i is a root of :
2
1 Solutions 63
4:
4
(:
2
+ 4)
3
(:
2
+ 6)
=
1
1
: +C
1
(:
2
+ 4)
4
+
j
1
(:)
(:
2
+ 4)
3
(:
2
+ 6)
where 1
1
2i + C
1
=
4:
4
(:
2
+ 6)
s=2.
=
4(2i)
4
(2i)
2
+ 6
= 32
1
1
= 0 and C
1
= 32
and j
1
(:) =
1
:
2
+ 4
(4:
4
(32)(:
2
+ 6))
=
4:
4
32:
2
192
:
2
+ 4
= 4:
2
48.
Apply Theorem 1 a second time on the remainder term
4:
2
48
(:
2
+ 4)
3
(:
2
+ 6)
.
4:
2
48
(:
2
+ 4)
3
(:
2
+ 6)
=
1
2
: +C
2
(:
2
+ 4)
3
+
j
2
(:)
(:
2
+ 4)
2
(:
2
+ 6)
where 1
2
2i +C
2
=
4:
2
48
(:
2
+ 6)
s=2.
= 32
1
2
= 0 and C
2
= 32
and j
2
(:) =
1
:
2
+ 4
(4:
2
48 (32)(:
2
+ 6))
=
36:
2
+ 144
:
2
+ 4
= 36.
A third application of Theorem 1 on the remainder term
36
(:
2
+ 4)
2
(:
2
+ 6)
gives
36
(:
2
+ 4)
2
(:
2
+ 6)
=
1
3
: +C
3
(:
2
+ 4)
2
+
j
3
(:)
(:
2
+ 4)(:
2
+ 6)
where 1
3
2i +C
3
=
36
(:
2
+ 6)
s=2.
= 18
1
3
= 0 and C
3
= 18
and j
3
(:) =
1
:
2
+ 4
(36 (18)(:
2
+ 6))
=
18:
2
72
:
2
+ 4
= 18.
A fourth (and nal) application of Theorem 1 on the remainder term
18
(:
2
+ 4)(:
2
+ 6)
gives
64 1 Solutions
18
(:
2
+ 4)(:
2
+ 6)
=
1
4
: +C
4
(:
2
+ 4)
+
j
4
(:)
(:
2
+ 6)
where 1
4
2i +C
4
=
18
(:
2
+ 6)
s=2.
= 9
1
4
= 0 and C
4
= 9
and j
4
(:) =
1
:
2
+ 4
(18 (9)(:
2
+ 6))
=
9:
2
+ 36
:
2
+ 4
= 9.
Thus the (:
2
+ 4)-chain is
The :
2
+ 4 -chain
4:
4
(:
2
+ 4)
4
(:
2
+ 6)
32
(:
2
+ 4)
4
4:
2
48
(:
2
+ 4)
3
(:
2
+ 6)
32
(:
2
+ 4)
3
36
(:
2
+ 4)
2
(:
2
+ 6)
18
(:
2
+ 4)
2
18
(:
2
+ 4)(:
2
+ 6)
9
:
2
+ 4
9
:
2
+ 6
5. Note that :
2
+2:+2 = (:+1)
2
+1 so : = 1i are the roots of :
2
+2:+2.
We will use the root : = 1+i for the partial fraction algorithm. Applying
Theorem 1 gives
1 Solutions 65
1
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)
2
(:
2
+ 2: + 3)
2
=
1
1
: +C
1
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)
2
+
j
1
(:)
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)(:
2
+ 2: + 3)
2
where 1
1
(1 +i) +C
1
=
1
(:
2
+ 2: + 3)
2
s=1+.
=
1
((1 +i)
2
+ 2)
2
= 1
1
1
= 0 and C
1
= 1
and j
1
(:) =
1 (1)(:
2
+ 2: + 3)
2
:
2
+ 2: + 2
=
(:
2
+ 2: + 4)(:
2
+ 2: + 2)
:
2
+ 2: + 2
= (:
2
+ 2: + 4).
Now apply Theorem 1 to the remainder term
(:
2
+ 2: + 4)
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)(:
2
+ 2: + 3)
2
.
(:
2
+ 2: + 4)
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)(:
2
+ 2: + 3)
2
=
1
2
: +C
2
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)
+
j
2
(:)
(:
2
+ 2: + 3)
2
where 1
2
(1 +i) +C
2
=
(:
2
+ 2: + 4)
(:
2
+ 2: + 3)
s=1+.
= 2
1
2
= 0 and C
2
= 2
and j
2
(:) =
(:
2
+ 2: + 4) (2)(:
2
+ 2: + 3)
2
:
2
+ 2: + 2
=
(2(: + 1)
2
+ 5)((: + 1)
2
+ 1)
:
2
+ 2: + 2
= 2:
2
+ 4: + 7.
Thus the (:
2
+ 2: + 2)-chain is
The :
2
+ 2: + 2 -chain
1
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)
2
(:
2
+ 2: + 3)
2
1
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)
2
(:
2
+ 2: + 4)
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)(:
2
+ 2: + 3)
2
2
:
2
+ 2: + 2
2:
2
+ 4: + 7
(:
2
+ 2: + 3)
2
66 1 Solutions
6. Note that :
2
+2:+2 = (:+1)
2
2
+2:+2.
We will use the root : = 1+i for the partial fraction algorithm. Applying
Theorem 1 gives
1
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)
2
(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
=
1
1
: +C
1
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)
2
+
j
1
(:)
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
where 1
1
(1 +i) +C
1
=
5: 5
(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
s=1+.
=
5i 10
2i + 1
= 5i
1
1
= 5 and C
1
= 5
and j
1
(:) =
5: 5 (5: + 5)(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
:
2
+ 2: + 2
=
(5: + 15)(:
2
+ 2: + 2)
:
2
+ 2: + 2
= (5: + 15).
(5: + 15)
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
.
(5: + 15)
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
=
1
2
: +C
2
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)
+
j
2
(:)
(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
where 1
2
(1 +i) +C
2
=
(5: + 15)
(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
s=1+.
= 4 + 3i
1
2
= 3 and C
2
= 1
and j
2
(:) =
(5: + 15) (3: 1)(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
:
2
+ 2: + 2
=
(3: 5)(:
2
+ 2: + 2)
:
2
+ 2: + 2
= 3: 5.
Thus the (:
2
+ 2: + 2)-chain is
1 Solutions 67
The :
2
+ 2: + 2 -chain
5: 5
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)
2
(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
5: + 5
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)
2
5: 15
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
3: 1
:
2
+ 2: + 2
3: 5
:
2
+ 4: + 5
7. Use Theorem 1 of Section 2.2 to compute the (: 3)-chain:
:
(:
2
+ 1)(: 3)
=

1
: 3
+
j
1
(:)
:
2
+ 1
where
1
=
:
:
2
+ 1
s=3
=
3
10
and j
1
(:) =
1
: 3
(: (3,10)(:
2
+ 1)) =
1
10(: 3)
(3:
2
+ 10: 3)
=
3: + 1
10
Since the remainder term
3: + 1
10(:
2
+ 1)
is already a simple partial fraction,
we conclude
:
(:
2
+ 1)(: 3)
=
1
10
(
3
: 3
+
1 3:
:
2
+ 1
)
8. Use Theorem of Section 2.2 1 to compute the (: + 1)-chain:
4:
(:
2
+ 1)
2
(: + 1)
=

1
: + 1
+
j
1
(:)
(:
2
+ 1)
2
where
1
=
4:
(:
2
+ 1)
2
s=1
= 1
and j
1
(:) =
1
: + 1
(4: (1)(:
2
+ 1)
2
) =
:
4
+ 2:
2
+ 4: + 1
: + 1
= :
3
:
2
+ 3: + 1
Now compute the :
2
+ 1-chain for the remainder term
:
3
:
2
+ 3: + 1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
using Theorem 1. Since : = i is a root of :
2
+ 1, an application of this
theorem gives
68 1 Solutions
:
3
:
2
+ 3: + 1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
=
1
1
: +C
1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
+
j
1
(:)
(:
2
+ 1)
where 1
1
i +C
1
=
:
3
:
2
+ 3: + 1
1
s=.
= 2i + 2
1
1
= 2 and C
1
= 2
and j
1
(:) =
1
:
2
+ 1
(:
3
:
2
+ 3: + 1 (2: + 2)(1))
=
:
3
:
2
+: 1
:
2
+ 1
= : 1.
: 1
:
2
+ 1
is a simple partial fraction, we conclude
that the complete partial fraction decomposition is
4:
(:
2
+ 1)
2
(: + 1)
=
2: + 2
(:
2
+ 1)
2
+
: 1
:
2
+ 1

1
: + 1
9. Use Theorem of Section 2.2 1 to compute the (: 3)-chain:
2
(:
2
6: + 10)(: 3)
=

1
: 3
+
j
1
(:)
(:
2
6: + 10)
where
1
=
2
(:
2
6: + 10)
s=3
= 2
and j
1
(:) =
1
: 3
(2 (2)(:
2
6: + 10)) =
2:
2
+ 12: 18
: 3
= 2: + 6
2: + 6
:
2
6: + 10
is a simple partial fraction, we con-
clude that the complete partial fraction decomposition is
2
(:
2
6: + 10)(: 3)
=
2
: 3
+
6 2:
(: 3)
2
+ 1
10. Use Theorem of Section 2.2 1 to compute the (: 1)-chain:
30
(:
2
4: + 13)(: 1)
=

1
: 1
+
j
1
(:)
(:
2
4: + 13)
where
1
=
30
(:
2
4: + 13)
s=1
= 3
and j
1
(:) =
1
: 1
(30 (3)(:
2
4: + 13)) =
3:
2
+ 12: 9
: 1
= 3: + 9
1 Solutions 69
3: + 9
:
2
4: + 13
is a simple partial fraction, we con-
clude that the complete partial fraction decomposition is
30
(:
2
4: + 13)(: 1)
=
9 3:
((: 2)
2
+ 9)
+
3
: 1
11. Note that :
2
4:+8 = (:2)
2
2
4:+8.
We will use the root : = 2+2i to compute the (:
2
4:+8)-chain. Applying
Theorem 1 gives
25
(:
2
4: + 8)
2
(: 1)
=
1
1
: +C
1
(:
2
4: + 8)
2
+
j
1
(:)
(:
2
4: + 8)(: 1)
where 1
1
(2 + 2i) +C
1
=
25
: 1)
s=2+2.
=
25
2i + 1
= 5 10i
1
1
= 5 and C
1
= 15
and j
1
(:) =
25 (5: + 15)(: 1)
:
2
4: + 8
=
(5)(:
2
4: + 8)
:
2
4: + 8
= 5.
5
(:
2
4: + 8)(: 1)
.
5
(:
2
4: + 8)(: 1)
=
1
2
: +C
2
(:
2
4: + 8)
+
j
2
(:)
: 1
where 1
2
(2 + 2i) +C
2
=
5)
: 1
s=2+2.
= 1 2i
1
2
= 1 and C
2
= 3
and j
2
(:) =
5 (3 :)(: 1)
:
2
4: + 8
=
(1)(:
2
4: + 8)
:
2
4: + 8
= 1.
Thus the partial fraction expansion is
25
(:
2
4: + 8)
2
(: 1)
=
5: + 15
(:
2
4: + 8)
2
+
: + 3
:
2
4: + 8
+
1
: 1
70 1 Solutions
12. Note that :
2
+ 6: + 10 = (: + 3)
2
+ 1 so : = 3 i are the roots of
:
2
+6:+10. We will use the root : = 3+i to compute the (:
2
+6:+10)-
chain. Applying Theorem 1 gives
:
(:
2
+ 6: + 10)
2
(: + 3)
2
=
1
1
: +C
1
(:
2
+ 6: + 10)
2
+
j
1
(:)
(:
2
+ 6: + 10)(: + 3)
2
where 1
1
(3 + i) +C
1
=
:
(: + 3)
2
)
s=3+.
= 3 i
1
1
= 1 and C
1
= 0
and j
1
(:) =
: (:)(: + 3)
2
:
2
+ 6: + 10
=
(:)(:
2
+ 6: + 10)
:
2
+ 6: + 10
= :.
:
(:
2
+ 6: + 10)(: + 3)
2
)
.
:
(:
2
+ 6: + 10)(: + 3)
2
=
1
2
: +C
2
(:
2
+ 6: + 10)
+
j
2
(:)
(: + 3)
2
where 1
2
(3 +i) +C
2
=
:)
(: + 3)
2
s=3+.
= 3 i
1
2
= 1 and C
2
= 0
and j
2
(:) =
: (:)(: + 3)
2
:
2
+ 6: + 10
=
(:)(:
2
+ 6: + 10)
:
2
+ 6: + 10
= :.
The remainder term is
:
(: + 3)
2
=
(: + 3) 3
(: + 3)
2
=
3
(: + 3)
2
+
1
: + 3
,
so the partial fraction expansion of the entire rational function is
:
(:
2
+ 6: + 10)
2
(: + 3)
2
=
:
(:
2
+ 6: + 10)
2

:
:
2
+ 6: + 10
3
(: + 3)
2
+
1
: + 3
1 Solutions 71
13. Note that :
2
+4:+5 = (:+2)
2
2
+4:+5.
We will use the root : = 2+i to compute the (:
2
+4:+5)-chain. Applying
Theorem 1 gives
: + 1
(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
2
(:
2
+ 4: + 6)
2
=
1
1
: +C
1
(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
2
+
j
1
(:)
(:
2
+ 4: + 5)(:
2
+ 4: + 6)
2
where 1
1
(2 +i) +C
1
=
: + 1
(:
2
+ 4: + 6)
2
)
s=2+.
= 1 +i
1
1
= 1 and C
1
= 1
and j
1
(:) =
: + 1 (: + 1)(:
2
+ 4: + 6)
2
:
2
+ 4: + 5
=
(: + 1)((:
2
+ 4: + 6)
2
1)
:
2
+ 4: + 5
=
(: + 1)(:
2
+ 4: + 7)(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
:
2
+ 4: + 5
= (: + 1)(:
2
+ 4: + 7).
(: + 1)(:
2
+ 4: + 7)
(:
2
+ 4: + 5)(:
2
+ 4: + 6)
2
)
.
(: + 1)(:
2
+ 4: + 7)
(:
2
+ 4: + 5)(:
2
+ 4: + 6)
2
=
1
2
: +C
2
(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
+
j
2
(:)
(:
2
+ 4: + 6)
2
where 1
2
(2 +i) +C
2
=
(: + 1)(:
2
+ 4: + 7)
(:
2
+ 4: + 6)
2
s=2+.
= 2 2i
1
2
= 2 and C
2
= 2
and j
2
(:) =
(: + 1)(:
2
+ 4: + 7) (2: 2)(:
2
+ 4: + 6)
2
:
2
+ 4: + 5
=
(: + 1)(2(:
2
+ 4: + 6) + 1)(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
:
2
+ 4: + 5
= (: + 1)(2(:
2
+ 4: + 6) + 1).
The remainder term is
(: + 1)(2(:
2
+ 4: + 6) + 1)
(:
2
+ 4: + 6)
2
=
: + 1
(:
2
+ 4: + 6)
2
+
2: + 2
:
2
+ 4: + 6
so the partial fraction expansion of the entire rational function is
72 1 Solutions
: + 1
(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
2
(:
2
+ 4: + 6)
2
=
: + 1
(:
2
+ 4: + 6)
2
+
2: + 2
:
2
+ 4: + 6
+
: + 1
(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
2

2: + 2
:
2
+ 4: + 5
14. Using the hint, let n = :
2
. Then the rational function becomes
n
(n + 5)
3
(n + 6)
2
,
which can be put in partial fraction form by the technique of Section 2.2.
Use Theorem 1 of Section 2.2 to compute the (n + 5)-chain:
n
(n + 5)
3
(n + 6)
2
=

1
(n + 5)
3
+
j
1
(n)
(n + 5)
2
(n + 6)
2
where
1
=
n
(n + 6)
2
u=5
= 5
and j
1
(n) =
1
n + 5
(n (5)(n + 6)
2
)
=
5n
2
+ 61n + 180
n + 6
=
(5n + 36)(n + 5)
n + 5
= 5n + 36.
Continuing gives
5n + 36
(n + 5)
2
)(n + 6)
2
=

2
(n + 5)
2
+
j
2
(n)
(n + 5)(n + 6)
2
where
2
=
5n + 36
(n + 6)
2
u=5
= 11
and j
2
(n) =
1
n + 5
(5n + 36 (11)(n + 6)
2
)
=
11n
2
127n 360
n + 5
=
(11n + 72)(n + 5)
n + 5
= (11n + 72).
Another recursion gives
11n 72
(n + 5)(n + 6)
2
=

3
(n + 5)
+
j
3
(n)
(n + 6)
2
where
3
=
11n 72
(n + 6)
2
u=5
= 17
and j
3
(n) =
1
n + 5
(11n 72 (17)(n + 6)
2
)
=
17n
2
+ 193n + 540
n + 5
=
(17n + 108)(n + 5)
n + 5
= 17n + 108.
1 Solutions 73
Thus we get
n
(n + 5)
3
(n + 6)
2
=
5
(n + 5)
3
+
11
(n + 5)
2

17
n + 5
+
17n + 108
(n + 6)
2
=
5
(n + 5)
3
+
11
(n + 5)
2

17
n + 5
+
17
(n + 6)
2
+
6
n + 6
.
Replacing n by :
2
in the above expression, gives the following expression
for the partial fraction decomposition of
:
2
(:
2
+ 5)
3
(:
2
+ 6)
2
:
5
(:
2
+ 5)
3
+
11
(:
2
+ 5)
2

17
:
2
+ 5
+
6
(:
2
+ 6)
2
+
17
:
2
+ 6
Section 2.4
1.
1
{5,:} = 5
1
{1,:} = 5
2.
1
{3,(: 4)} = 3
1
{1,(: 4)} = 3c
4|
3.
1
{
3
:
2

4
:
3
}
= 3
1
{
1,:
2
}
2
1
{
2,:
3
}
= 3t 2t
2
4.
1
{
4
2: + 3
}
= 2
1
{
1
: + (3,2)
}
= 2c
3|2
5.
1
{
3:
:
2
+ 4
}
= 3
1
{
:
:
2
+ 2
2
}
= 3 cos 2t
6.
1
{
2
:
2
+ 3
}
=
2
1
{

3
:
2
+ (
3)
2
}
=
2
3
sin
3 t
7. First, we have :
2
+6: +9 = (: +3)
2
. Partial fractions gives
2: 5
:
2
+ 6: + 9
=
11
(: + 3)
2
+
2
: + 3
. So
1
{
2: 5
(: + 3)
2
}
= 11tc
3|
+ 2c
3|
8. Partial fractions gives
2: 5
(: + 3)
3
=
11
(: + 3)
3
+
2
(: + 3)
2
. Thus
1
{
2: 5
(: + 3)
3
}
=
11
2
t
2
c
3|
+ 2tc
3|
74 1 Solutions
9.
6
:
2
+ 2: 8
=
6
(: 2)(: + 4)
=
1
: + 4
+
1
: 2
. So
1
{
6
:
2
+ 2: 8
}
=
c
2|
c
4|
10.
:
:
2
5: + 6
=
:
(: 2)(: 3)
=
2
: 2
+
3
: 3
. So
1
{
:
(: 2)(: + 3)
}
=
3c
3|
2c
2|
11.
2:
2
5: + 1
(: 2)
4
=
1
(: 2)
4
+
3
(: 2)
3
+
2
(: 2)
2
. So
1
{
2:
2
5: + 1
(: 2)
4
}
=
1
6
t
3
c
2|
+
3
2
t
2
c
2|
+ 2tc
2|
12.
2: + 6
:
2
6: + 5
=
2: + 6
(: 1)(: 5)
=
2
: 1
+
4
: 5
. So
1
{
2: + 6
:62 6: + 5
}
=
4c
5|
2c
|
13.
4:
2
(: 1)
2
(: + 1)
2
=
1
(: 1)
2
+
1
: 1
+
1
(: + 1)
2
1
: + 1
. So
1
{
4:
2
(: 1)
2
(: + 1)
2
}
=
tc
|
+ c
|
+tc
|
c
|
14.
27
:
2
(: + 3)
=
9
:
3
3
:
2
+
1
:
1
: 3
. So
1
{
27
:
3
(: + 3)
}
=
9t
2
2
3t+1c
3|
15.
8: + 16
(:
2
+ 4)(: 2)
2
=
4
(: 2)
2
1
: 2
+
:
:
2
+ 4
2
:
2
+ 4
. So
1
{
8: + 16
(:
2
+ 4)(: 2)
2
}
=
4tc
2|
c
2|
+ cos 2t sin2t
16.
5: + 15
(:
2
+ 9)(: 1)
=
2
: 1
2
:
:
2
+ 9
+
3
:
2
+ 9
. So
1
{
5: + 15
(:
2
+ 9)(: 1)
}
=
2 cos 3t + sin 3t + 2c
|
17.
12
:
2
(: + 1)(: 2)
=
6
:
2
+
3
:
4
: + 1
+
1
: 2
. So
1
{
12
:
2
(: + 1)(: 2)
}
=
3 6t +c
2|
4c
|
18.
2:
(: 3)
3
(: 4)
2
=
6
(: 3)
3
+
14
(: 3)
2
+
22
: 3
+
8
(: 4)
2

22
: 4
. So
1
{
2:
(: 3)
3
(: 4)
2
}
= 3t
2
c
3|
+ 14tc
3|
+ 22c
3|
+ 8tc
4|
22c
4|
19. First we have :
2
+2: +5 = (: +1)
2
+4. So
2:
:
2
+ 2: + 5
=
2:
(: + 1)
2
+ 4
=
2(: + 1) 2
(: + 1)
2
+ 4
= 2
: + 1
(: + 1)
2
+ 4
2
(: + 1)
2
+ 4
. The First Translation princi-
ple gives
1
{
2:
:
2
+ 2: + 5
}
= 2
1
{
: + 1
(: + 1)
2
+ 4
}
1
{
2
(: + 1)
2
+ 4
}
=
2c
|
cos 2t c
|
sin 2t
1 Solutions 75
20.
1
:
2
+ 6: + 10
=
1
(: + 3)
2
+ 1
. Thus
1
{
1
(: + 3)
2
+ 1
}
= c
3|
sin t
21.
: 1
:
2
8: + 17
=
: 4
(: 4)
2
+ 1
+3
1
(: 4)
2
+ 1
. Thus
1
{
: 1
:
2
8: + 17
}
=
c
4|
cos t + 3c
4|
sin t
22.
2: + 4
:
2
4: + 12
= 2
: 2
(: 2)
2
+ (
8)
2
+
8
(: 2)
2
+ (
8)
2
. Thus
1
{
2: + 4
:
2
4: + 12
}
=
2c
2|
cos
8 t +
8 c
2|
sin
8 t
23.
: 1
:
2
2: + 10
=
: 1
(: 1)
2
+ 3
2
. Thus
1
{
: 1
:
2
2: + 10
}
= c
|
cos 3t
24.
: 5
:
2
6: + 13
=
: 3
(: 3)
2
+ 2
2
2
(: 3)
2
+ 2
2
. Thus
1
{
: 5
:
2
6: + 13
}
=
c
3|
cos 2t c
3|
sin 2t
25.
1
{
8:
(:
2
+ 4)
2
}
= 8
1
{
:
(:
2
+ 2
2
)
2
}
=
8
2 2
2
(2t sin 2t) = 2t sin2t
26.
1
{
9
(:
2
+ 9)
2
}
= 3
1
{
3
(:
2
+ 3
2
)
2
}
=
3
2 3
2
(sin 3t 3t cos 3t) =
1
6
sin 3t
1
2
t cos 3t
27. We rst complete the square :
2
+ 4: + 5 = (: + 2)
2
+ 1. By the transla-
tion principle we get
1
{
2:
(:
2
+ 4: + 5)
2
}
= 2
1
{
(: + 2) 2
((: + 2)
2
+ 1)
2
}
=
2c
2|
(
1
{
:
(:
2
+ 1)
2
}
2
1
{
1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
})
= 2c
2|
(
1
2
t sin t 2(
1
2
(sin t t cos t)
)
=
2tc
2|
cos t + (t 2)c
2|
sin t
2
6:+10 = (:3)
2
+1. By the translation
principle we get
1
{
2: + 2
(:
2
6: + 10)
2
}
= 2
1
{
(: 3) + 3 + 1
((: 3)
2
+ 1)
2
}
=
2c
3|
(
1
{
:
(:
2
+ 1)
2
}
+ 4
1
{
1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
})
= 2c
3|
(
1
2
t sint + 4(
1
2
(sin t t cos t)
)
=
4tc
3|
cos t + (t + 4)c
3|
sin t
2
+8:+17 = (:+4)
2
principle we get
1
{
2:
(:
2
+ 8: + 17)
2
}
= 2
1
{
(: + 4) 4
((: + 4)
2
+ 1)
2
}
=
2c
4|
(
1
{
:
(:
2
+ 1)
2
}
4
1
{
1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
})
= 2c
4|
(
1
2
t sin t 4(
1
2
(sin t t cos t)
)
=
4tc
4|
cos t + (t 4)c
4|
sin t
76 1 Solutions
2
+ 2: + 2 = (: + 1)
2
+ 1. By the trans-
lation principle we get
1
{
: + 1
(:
2
+ 2: + 2)
3
}
=
1
{
: + 1
((: + 1)
2
+ 1)
3
}
=
c
|
(
1
{
:
(:
2
+ 1)
3
})
= c
|
1
8
(
t sin t t
2
cos t
)
=
1
8
(tc
|
sintt
2
c
|
cos t)
2
2: +5 = (: 1)
2
+2
2
. By the transla-
1
{
1
(:
2
2: + 5)
3
}
=
1
{
1
((: 1)
2
+ 2
2
)
3
}
=
c
|
(
1
{
1
(:
2
+ 2
2
)
3
})
= c
|
1
2
(
1
{
2
(:
2
+ 2
2
)
3
})
= c
|
1
2 8 2
4
(
(3 (2t)
2
) sin 2t 6t cos 2t
)
=
1
256
(
(3 4t
2
)c
|
sin 2t 6tc
|
cos 2t
)
2
6:+10 = (:3)
2
principle we get
1
{
8:
(:
2
6: + 10)
3
}
= 8
1
{
(: 3) + 3
((: 3)
2
+ 1)
3
}
=
8c
3|
(
1
{
:
(:
2
+ 1)
3
}
+ 3
1
{
1
(:
2
+ 1)
3
})
= 8c
3|
(
1
8
(
t sint t
2
cos t
)
+ 3
1
8
((3 t
2
) sin t 3t cos t)
)
= (3t
2
+t + 9)c
3|
sin t (t
2
+ 9t)c
3|
cos t
2
8: +17 = (: 4)
2
+1. By the transla-
1
{
: 4
(:
2
8: + 17)
4
}
=
1
{
: 4
((: 4)
2
+ 1)
4
}
=
c
4|
(
1
{
:
(:
2
+ 1)
4
})
= c
4|
1
48
(
(3t t
3
) sin t 3t
2
cos t
)
=
1
48
(
(t
3
+ 3t)c
4|
cos t 3t
2
c
4|
cos t
)
2
+ 4: +8 = (: + 2)
2
+2
2
. By the transla-
1
{
2
(:
2
+ 4: + 8)
3
}
=
1
{
2
((: + 2)
2
+ 2
2
)
3
}
=
c
2|
(
1
{
2
(:
2
+ 2
2
)
3
})
= c
2|
1
8 2
4
(
(3 (2t)
2
) sin 2t 6t cos 2t
)
=
1
128
(
(3 4t
2
)c
2|
sin 2t 6tc
2|
cos 2t
)
35. Compute the partial fraction
1
(: o)(: /)
=
1,(o /)
: o
+
1,(/ o)
: /
.
Then
1
{
1
(: o)(: /)
}
=
1
{
1,(o /)
: o
+
1,(/ o)
: /
}
=
c
o|
o /
+
c
b|
/ o
.
1 Solutions 77
36. Apply the inverse Laplace transform to the partial fraction expansion
:
(: o)(: /)
=
o,(o /)
: o
+
/,(/ o)
: /
.
1
(: o)(: /)(: c)
=
1
(o /)(o c)
1
: o
+
1
(/ o)(/ c)
1
: /
+
1
(c o)(c /)
1
(: c)
.
:
(: o)(: /)(: c)
=
o
(o /)(o c)
1
: o
+
/
(/ o)(/ c)
1
: /
+
c
(c o)(c /)
1
(: c)
.
:
2
(: o)(: /)(: c)
=
o
2
(o /)(o c)
1
: o
+
/
2
(/ o)(/ c)
1
: /
+
c
2
(c o)(c /)
1
(: c)
.
:
|
(: :
1
) (: :
n
)
=

1
: :
1
+ +

n
: :
n
where
.
=
:
|
(:),(: :
.
)
s=:
=
:
|
.
(:
.
)
.
The last equality is true since the product rule for derivatives implies that
(:
.
) = (:
1
:
1
) (:
.
:
.1
)(:
.
:
.+1
) (:
.
:
n
),
that is, the derivative of (:) evaluated at one of the roots :
.
is obtained
by deleting the term : :
.
from (:) and then evaluating at :
.
and this is
the same expression which is evaluated to put in the denominator of the
coecient
.
.
41. This is directly from Table 2.3.
:
(: o)
2
=
(: o) +o
(: o)
2
=
1
: o
+
o
(: o)
2
.
43. This is directly from Table 2.3.
78 1 Solutions
:
(: o)
3
=
(: o) +o
(: o)
3
=
1
(: o)
2
+
o
(: o)
3
.
:
2
(: o)
3
=
((: o) +o)
2
(: o)
3
=
1
: o
+
2o
(: o)
2
+
o
2
(: o)
3
.
46. To compute the partial fraction write : = (: o) +o and compute :
|
=
((: o) +o)
|
by the binomial theorem:
:
|
= ((: o) +o)
|
=
|
l=0
(
/
|
)
o
|l
(: o)
l
.
Thus,
:
|
(: o)
n
=
|
l=0
(
/
|
)
o
|l
1
(: o)
nl
.
Now apply the inverse Laplace transform.
Section 2.5
1. Yes.
2. No; t
2
is not a polynomial.
3. Yes;
t
c
|
= tc
|
.
4. No;
1
t
5. Yes; t sin(4t

4
) = t(
2
2
sin 4t
2
2
cos 4t).
6. Yes; (t +c
|
)
2
= t
2
+ 2tc
|
+c
2|
.
7. No.
8. Yes.
9. No; t
1
2
10. Yes;
sin 2t
c
2|
= c
2|
sin 2t.
1 Solutions 79
11. No.
12.
g
=
{
c
4|
}
13.
g
=
{
c
6|
}
14.
g
=
{
1, c
5|
}
15.
g
=
{
c
4|
, c
|
}
16.
g
=
{
c
3|
, tc
3|
}
17.
g
=
{
c
2|
, c
7|
}
18.
g
=
{
c
3|
, c
2|
}
19.
g
=
{
c
3|
, c
6|
}
20.
g
=
{
c
|2
, c
4|3
}
21.
g
=
{
c
(1+
2)|
, c
(1
2)|
}
22.
g
=
{
c
(2+
3)|
, c
(2
3)|
}
23.
g
=
{
c
5|
, tc
5|
}
24.
g
=
{
c
3|2
, tc
3|2
}
25.
g
= {cos 3t, sin 3t}
26.
g
= {cos(5t,2), sin(5t,2)}
27.
g
=
{
c
2|
cos 3t, c
2|
sin 3t
}
28.
g
= {c
|
cos 2t, c
|
sin2t}
29.
g
=
{
c
|2
cos
3
2
t, c
|2
sin
3
2
t
}
30.
g
= {c
|
, cos t, sin t}
31.
g
=
{
1, t, t
2
}
32.
g
=
{
c
2|
, c
|
cos
3t, c
|
sin
3t
}
33.
g
=
{
c
|2
, c
|
, tc
|
}
34.
g
=
{
c
2|
, c
3|
t, c
3|
}
80 1 Solutions
35.
g
= {c
|
, c
|
, cos t, sin t}
36.
g
=
{
cos
3t, sin
3t, cos
2t, sin
2t
}
37.
g
=
{
c
2|
, c
2|
, tc
2|
, tc
2|
}
38.
g
=
{
c
|
, tc
|
, t
2
c
|
, c
7|
, tc
7|
}
39.
g
=
{
cos t, t cos t, t
2
cos t, sin t, t sin t, t
2
sint
}
40. :
1
(:) =
j
1
(:)
1
(:)
with deg j
1
(:) < deg
1
(:) and :
2
(:) =
j
2
(:)
2
(:)
with
deg j
2
(:) < deg
2
(:). Thus, :
1
(:):
2
(:) =
j
1
(:)j
2
(:)
1
(:)
2
(:)
and
deg(j
1
(:)j
2
(:) = deg j
1
(:)+deg j
2
(:) < deg
1
(:)+deg
2
(:) = deg(
1
(:)
2
(:)).
41. :(:) =
j(:)
(:)
with deg j(:) < deg (:). But deg j(:) = deg j(:o) since, for
any natural number n, (:o)
n
= :
n
+lower degree terms. Thus translating
the highest power of : found in j(:) will produce the same highest power
of : in j(:o). Since the same is also true for (:), it follows that deg j(:
o) = deg j(:) < deg (:) = deg (: o). Thus, :(: o) =
j(: o)
(: o)
is a
proper rational function.
42. If :(:) then :(:) =
j(:)
(:)
where deg j(:) = : < n = deg (:). Then
:
(:) =
(:)j
(:)
(:)j(:)
((:))
2
,
and deg((:)j
(:)
(:)j(:)) max(deg((:)
(:)), deg(
(:)j(:))) =
max(n + (: 1), (n 1) + :) = n + : 1 < 2n = deg((:))
2
. Hence
:
(:) is a proper rational function.

43. Suppose :(:)
g
but not in
g
1 . Then we can write :(:) =
(s)
g
(s)
where j(:) does not have a factor of (:) = (: o)
2
+/
2
. By the quotient
rule we have
:
(:) =
j
n
n
n1
2(: o)j
2n
=
j
2n(: o)j
n+1
.
Thus :
(:)
g
+1 . Suppose :
(:)
g
. Then the numerator j

2n(: o)j has a factor of . But this implies j has a factor of . But this
is impossible since :(:) ,
g
1 . Hence :
(:) ,
g
.
1 Solutions 81
44. By exercise 43 this is true for n = 1. Now apply induction. If n is given
and we assume the result is true for derivatives of order n1, then :
(n1)
g
but not in
g
1 . Another application of exercise 43 then shows that
:
(n)
=
(
:
(n1)
)

g
+1 but not in
g
.
45. First note the following trigonometric identities:
cos /t cos dt =
1
2
(cos(/ +d)t + cos(/ d)t)
sin /t sindt =
1
2
(cos(/ d)t cos(/ +d)t)
sin /t cos dt =
1
2
(sin(/ +d)t + sin(/ d)t) .
Thus if t
1
(t) and t
2
(t) are two basic trig functions ( sin or cos) then
t
1
(t)t
2
(t) is a linear combination of basic trig functions. Now if )(t) =
t
n
c
o|
t
1
(t) and p(t) = t
n
c
t|
t
2
(t) then )(t)p(t) = t
n+n
c
(o+t)|
t
1
(t)t
2
(t).
Since t
1
(t)t
2
(t) is a linear combinations of basic trig functions then )(t)p(t)
is a linear combination of exponential polynomial. Now if )(t) and p(t)
is any exponential polynomial then they are each made up of linear com-
binations of simple exponential polynomials and their product is a sum
of terms of products of simple exponential polynomials, which we have
shown is the sum of possibly two simple exponential polynomials. It now
follows that )(t)p(t) is an exponential polynomial.
46. Observe that c
||0
= c
|0
c
|
. So the translate of an exponential function
is a multiple of an exponential function. Also, if )(t) is a polynomial so is
)(tt
0
). By the addition rule for cos we have cos /(tt
0
) = cos /t cos /t
0
sin /t sin/t
0
and similarly for sin. It follows that all these translates remain
in . By Theorem ?? and Exercise ?? the result follows.
47. Since ) is a linear combination of terms of the form t
n
c
o|
cos /t and
t
n
c
o|
sin /t it is enough to show that the derivative of each of these terms
is again in . But, by the product rule we have
(t
n
c
o|
cos /t)
= nt
n1
c
o|
cos /t +ot
n
c
o|
cos /t /t
n
c
o|
sin /t,
a linear combination of simple exponential polynomials and hence back in
. A similar calculation holds for t
n
c
o|
sin/t.
48. All exponential polynomials are continuous functions on . If )(t) =
t then ) is an exponential polynomial. However, )
1
(t) = 1,t is not
continuous at 0. Thus )
1
is not an exponential polynomial.
Section 2.6
1.
82 1 Solutions
t t =
|
0
r(t r) dr
=
|
0
(tr r
2
) dr
=
(
t
r
2
2

r
3
3
)
i=|
i=0
= t
t
2
2

t
3
3
=
t
3
6
2.
t t
3
= t
3
t =
|
0
r
3
(t r) dr
=
|
0
(tr
3
r
4
) dr
=
(
t
r
4
4

r
5
5
)
i=|
i=0
= t
t
4
4

t
5
5
=
t
5
20
.
3.
3 sin t = sint 3 =
|
0
(sin r)(3) dr
= 3 cos r
i=|
i=0
= 3(cos t cos 0)
= 3 cos t + 3
4.
(3t + 1) c
4|
=
|
0
(3r + 1)c
4(|i)
dr
= c
4|
(
3
|
0
rc
4i
dr +
|
0
c
4i
dr
)
= c
4|
(
3
(
1
4
tc
4|
1
16
c
4|
+
1
16
)
1
4
c
4|
+
1
4
)
=
7c
4|
12t 7
16
.
1 Solutions 83
5. From the Convolution table we get
sin 2t c
3|
=
1
3
2
+ 2
2
(2c
3|
2 cos 2t 3 sin2t)
=
1
13
(2c
3|
2 cos 2t 3 sin2t).
6. From linearity and the Convolution table we get
(2t + 1) cos 2t = 2t cos 2t + 1 cos 2t
= 2
1 cos 2t
2
2
+ (
|
0
cos 2rdr)
=
1 cos 2t
2
+
sin2t
2
t
2
c
6|
=
2
(6)
3
(c
6|
(6 6t + (36t
2
),2))
=
1
108
(18t
2
6t 6 +c
6|
).
cos t cos 2t =
1
1
2
2
2
(sin t 2 sin2t)
=
1
3
(2 sin 2t sint).
c
2|
c
4|
=
c
2|
c
4|
2 (4)
1
6
(c
2|
c
4|
).
10.
{t t
n
} (:) = {t} (:){t
n
} (:)
=
1
:
2
n!
:
n+1
=
n!
:
n+3
=
1
(n + 1)(n + 2)
(n + 2)!
:
n+3
=
1
(n + 1)(n + 2)
{
t
n+2
}
.
84 1 Solutions
Thus
t t
n
=
t
n+2
(n + 1)(n + 2)
.
11.
{
c
o|
sin /t
}
(:) =
1
: o
/
:
2
+/
2
=
1
:
2
+/
2
(
/
: o

/: +/o
:
2
+/
2
)
=
1
:
2
+/
2
(
/
{
c
o|
}
(/{cos /t} +o{sin /t})
)
Thus
c
o|
sin /t =
1
o
2
+/
2
(/c
o|
/ cos /t o sin /t).
12.
{
c
o|
cos /t
}
(:) =
1
: o
:
:
2
+/
2
=
1
o
2
+/
2
(
o
: o

o: /
2
:
2
+/
2
)
=
1
o
2
+/
2
(
o
{
c
o|
}
(o{cos /t} /{sin/t})
)
Thus
c
o|
sin /t =
1
o
2
+/
2
(oc
o|
o cos /t +/ sin/t).
13. First assume o = /. Then
{sin ot sin /t} =
o
:
2
+o
2
/
:
2
+/
2
=
1
/
2
o
2
(
o/
:
2
+o
2

o/
:
2
+/
2
)
From this it follows that
sin ot sin /t =
1
/
2
o
2
(/ sin ot o sin /t).
Now assume o = /. Then
{sinot sinot} =
o
2
(:
2
+o
2
)
2
By Table 2.4 in Section 2.4 we get
1 Solutions 85
{sin ot sin ot} =
1
2o
(sin ot ot cos ot).
{sin ot cos /t} =
o
:
2
+o
2
:
:
2
+/
2
=
1
/
2
o
2
(
o:
:
2
+o
2

o:
:
2
+/
2
)
sin ot cos /t =
1
/
2
o
2
(o cos ot o cos /t).
{sin ot cos ot} =
o:
(:
2
+o
2
)
2
By Table 2.4 in Section 2.4 we get
{sin ot cos ot} =
1
2o
(ot sin ot).
{cos ot cos /t} =
:
:
2
+o
2
:
:
2
+/
2
=
1
/
2
o
2
(
o
2
:
2
+o
2
+
/
2
:
2
+/
2
)
cos ot cos /t =
1
/
2
o
2
(o sin ot +/ sin/t).
{cos ot cos ot} =
:
2
(:
2
+o
2
)
2
=
1
:
2
+o
2

o
2
(:
2
+o
2
)
2
.
By Table 2.4 we get
{cos ot cos ot} =
1
o
sin ot
1
2o
(sin otot cos ot) =
1
2o
(sin ot+ot cos ot).
86 1 Solutions
16. The key is to recognize the integral dening )(t) as the convolution
integral of two functions. Thus )(t) = (cos 2t) t so that 1(:) =
{(cos 2t) t} = {cos 2t} {t} =
:
:
2
+ 4
1
:
2
=
1
:(:
2
+ 4)
.
17. )(t) = t
2
sin 2t so 1(:) =
2
:
3
2
:
2
+ 4
=
4
:
3
(:
2
+ 4)
.
18. )(t) = t
3
c
3|
so 1(:) =
6
:
4
1
: + 3
=
6
:
4
(: + 3)
19. )(t) = t
3
c
3|
so 1(:) =
6
:
4
1
: + 3
=
6
:
4
(: + 3)
20. )(t) = sin 2t cos t so 1(:) =
2
:
2
+ 4
:
:
2
+ 1
=
2:
(:
2
+ 4)(:
2
+ 1)
21. )(t) = sin 2t sin 2t so 1(:)
2
:
2
+ 2
2
2
:
2
+ 2
2
=
4
(:
2
+ 4)
2
22.
1
{
1
(: 2)(: + 4)
}
=
1
{
1
: 2
}

1
{
1
: + 4
}
= c
2|
c
4|
=
c
2|
c
4|
2 4
=
1
6
(c
2|
c
4|
).
23.
1
{
1
:
2
6: + 5
}
=
1
{
1
(: 1)(: 5)
}
=
1
{
1
: 1
}

1
{
1
: 5
}
= c
|
c
5|
=
c
|
c
5|
1 5
=
1
4
(c
|
+c
5|
)
24.
1 Solutions 87
1
{
1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
}
=
1
{
1
:
2
+ 1
}

1
{
1
:
2
+ 1
}
= sin t sint
=
1
2
(sin t t cos t)
25.
1
{
:
(:
2
+ 1)
2
}
=
1
{
1
:
2
+ 1
}

1
{
:
:
2
+ 1
}
= sin t cos t
=
1
2
t sint
26.
1
{
1
(: + 6):
3
}
=
1
{
1
: + 6
}

1
{
1
:
3
}
= c
6|
t
2
2
=
1
216
(c
6|
+ 1 6t + 18t
2
)
27.
1
{
2
(: 3)(:
2
+ 4)
}
=
1
{
1
: 3
}

1
{
2
:
2
+ 4
}
= c
3|
sin 2t
=
1
13
(2c
3|
2 cos 2t 3 sin2t)
28.
1
{
:
(: 4)(:
2
+ 1)
}
=
1
{
1
: 4
}

1
{
:
:
2
+ 1
}
= c
4|
cos t
=
1
17
(4c
4|
4 cos t + sint)
29.
1
{
1
(: o)(: /)
}
=
1
{
1
: o
}

1
{
1
: /
}
= c
o|
c
b|
=
c
o|
c
b|
o /
.
88 1 Solutions
30.
1
{
G(:)
: + 2
}
=
1
{G(:)}
1
{
1
: + 2
}
= p(t) c
2|
=
|
0
p(r)c
2(|i)
dr
31.
1
{
G(:)
:
2
+ 2
}
=
1
{G(:)}
1
{
:
:
2
+
2
2
}
= p(t) cos(
2)t
=
|
0
p(r) cos
2(t r) dr
32. Hint: use the Input Integral Principle repeatedly.
33. We apply the input integral principle twice:
1
{
1
:(:
2
+ 1)
}
=
|
0
sin rdr
= cos r
|
0
= cos t + 1
1
{
1
:
2
(:
2
+ 1)
}
=
|
0
1 cos rdr
= t sin t dr
34. The inverse Laplace transform of
1
:
2
4
=
1
: 2
1
: + 2
is c
2|
c
2|
=
c
2|
c
2|
4
. Thus
1
{
1
:(:
2
4)
}
=
1
4
|
0
(c
2i
c
2i
) dr
=
1
4
(
c
2i
2
|
0
+
c
2i
2
|
0
)
=
1
8
(c
2|
1 +c
2|
1)
=
1
4
+
1
8
c
2|
+
1
8
c
2|
1 Solutions 89
Repeating the input integral principle we get
1
{
1
:
2
(:
2
4)
}
=
|
0
(
1
4
+
1
8
c
2i
+
1
8
c
2i
)
dr
=
t
4
+
1
16
(c
2|
1)
1
16
(c
2|
1)
=
t
4
+
1
16
c
2|
1
16
c
2|
35. We apply the input integral principle three times:
1
{
1
:(: + 3)
}
=
|
0
c
3i
dr
=
c
3i
3
|
0
=
1
3
(1 c
3|
).
1
{
1
:
2
(: + 3)
}
=
1
3
|
0
1 c
3i
dr
=
1
3
(
t
1 c
3|
3
)
=
1
9
(3t 1 +c
3|
).
1
{
1
:
3
(: + 3)
}
=
1
9
|
0
3r 1 +c
3i
dr
=
1
9
(
3
t
2
2
t
c
3|
1
3
)
=
1
54
(2 6t + 9t
2
2c
3|
)
36. We apply the input integral principle twice:
1
{
1
:(: 2)
2
}
=
|
0
rc
2i
dr
=
1
4
(2rc
2i
c
2i
)
|
0
=
1
4
(2tc
2|
c
2|
+ 1)
90 1 Solutions
1
{
1
:
2
(: 2)
2
}
=
1
4
|
0
2rc
2i
c
2i
+ 1 dr
=
1
4
(rc
2i
c
2i
+r)
|
0
=
1
4
(tc
2|
c
2|
+t + 1)
37. First,
1
{
1
(:
2
+ 9)
2
}
=
1
54
(sin 3t 3t cos 3t). Thus
1
{
1
:(:
2
+ 9)
2
}
=
1
54
|
0
(sin 3r 3rcos 3r) dr
=
1
54
(
cos 3r
3

(
rsin 3r +
cos 3r
3
))
|
0
=
1
54
(
2 cos 3t
3
t sin 3t +
2
3
)
=
1
162
(2 cos 3t 3t sin3t + 2).
38. First, from Table 2.4,
1
:
3
+:
2
=
1
:
2
(: + 1)
. We apply the input integral
principle twice:
1
{
1
:(: + 1)
}
=
|
0
c
i
dr
= c
i
|
0
= 1 c
|
.
1
{
1
:
2
(: + 1)
}
=
|
0
(1 c
i
) dr
=
(
r +c
i
)
|
0
= t +c
|
1.
Section 2.7
1.
1
384
(
(t
4
45t
2
+ 105) sint + (10t
3
105t) cos t
)
2.
1
384
(
(t
4
15t
2
) cos t (6t
3
15t) sint
)
3.
1
3840
(
(945 420t
2
+ 15t
4
) sin t (945t 105t
3
+t
4
) cos t
)
4.
1
3840
(
(105t 45t
3
+t
5
) sint (105t
2
10t
4
) cos t
)
1 Solutions 91
Section 3.1
1. Y (:) =
12
(s2)(s+1)(s+2)
+
s+4
(s+1)(s+2)
=
1
s2
+
1
(s+2)
+
1
s+1
and j(t) = c
2|
+
c
2|
c
|
2. Y (:) =
s+4
(s+1)(s5)
+
25
s
2
(s+1)(s5)
=
5
s
2

5
s+1
+
4
s
and j(t) = 4 5t 5c
|
3. Y (:) =
2s+1
s
2
+4
+
8
s(s
2
+4)
=
1
s
2
+4
+
2
s
and j(t) =
1
2
sin2t + 2
4. Y (:) =
1
(s+2)
2
+
1
(s+2)
3
and j(t) = tc
2|
+
1
2
t
2
c
2|
5. Y (:) =
1
(s+2)
2
+
4s
(s
2
+4)(s+2)
2
=
1
s
2
+4
and j(t) =
1
2
sin2t
6. Y (:) =
2s3
(s1)(s2)
+
4
s(s1)(s2)
=
2
s
+
3
s3
3
s1
and j(t) = 2 +3c
2|
3c
|
7. Y (:) =
3s+9
(s1)(s2)
+
1
(s1)
2
(s2)
=
7
s1
+
4
s2

1
(s1)
2
and j(t) = tc
|
+
4c
2|
7c
|
8. Y (:) =
26
(s
2
+4)(s+3)(s1)
=
1
2
1
s+3
+
13
10
1
s1
+
1
5
4s14
s
2
+4
and j(t) =
13
20
c
|
1
2
c
3|
4
5
cos 2t
7
5
sin 2t
9. Y (:) =
2
(s+3)
2
+
50
(s
2
+1)(s+3)
2
=
3
s+3
+
3s+4
s
2
+1
+
7
(s+3)
2
and j(t) = 3c
3|
+
7tc
3|
3 cos t + 4 sint
10. Y (:) =
s1
s
2
+25
and j(t) =
1
5
sin 5t + cos 5t
11. Y (:) =
s+12
2(s+4)
2
and j(t) =
1
2
c
4|
+ 4tc
4|
12. Y (:) =
s
(s2)
2
+
4
(s2)
3
=
1
s2
+
2
(s2)
2
+
4
(s2)
3
and j(t) = c
2|
+2tc
2|
+
2t
2
c
2|
13. Y (:) =
s+1
s
2
+s+1
and j(t) =
3
3
c
2
sin
(
3|
2
)
+c
2
cos
(
3|
2
)
14. Y (:) =
s+4
(s+2)
2
+
64s
(s
2
+4)
2
(s+2)
2
=
16
(s
2
+4)
2
+
s
s
2
+4
and j(t) = 2t cos 2t +
cos 2t + sin 2t
15. Y (:) =
1
s
2
+4
+
3
(s
2
+9)(s
2
+4)
=
8
5
1
s
2
+4
3
5
1
s
2
+9
and j(t) =
4
5
sin 2t
1
5
sin 3t
Section 3.2
1. no, not linear.
2. yes; (
2
3)(j) = c
|
, (:) = :
2
3:, nonhomogeneous
3. no, third order.
4. no, not linear.
92 1 Solutions
5. no, not constant coecient.
6. yes; (
2
+ 2 + 3)(j) = c
|
, (:) = :
2
+ 2: + 3, nonhomogeneous
7. yes; (
2
7 + 10)(j) = 0, (:) = :
2
7: + 10, homogeneous
8. no, rst order.
9. yes;
2
(j) = 2 + cos t, (:) = :
2
, nonhomogeneous
10. yes; (2
2
12 + 18)(j) = 0, (:) = 2:
2
12: + 18, homogeneous
11. (a) 6c
|
(b) 0
(c) sin t 3 cos t
12. (a) 0
(b) 2 sint
(c) c
2|
13. (a) 4c
2|
(b) 0
(c) sec
2
t 2 tant
14. (a) 0
(b) 0
(c) 1
15. (a) 4c
2|
(b) 0
(c) 0
16. j(t) = cos 2t +c
1
c
|
+c
2
c
4|
where c
1
, c
2
are arbitrary constants.
17. j(t) = tc
3|
+c
1
c
3|
+ c
2
c
2|
where c
1
, c
2
are arbitrary constants.
18. j(t) = cos 2t +c
|
c
4|
19. j(t) = tc
3|
+c
3|
2c
2|
Section 3.3
1. j(t) = c
1
c
2|
+c
2
c
|
2. j(t) = c
1
c
4|
+c
2
c
3|
3. j(t) = c
1
c
4|
+c
2
c
6|
4. j(t) = c
1
c
6|
+c
2
c
2|
1 Solutions 93
5. j(t) = c
1
c
4|
+c
2
tc
4|
6. j(t) = c
1
c
5|
+c
2
c
2|
7. j(t) = c
1
c
|
cos 2t +c
2
c
|
sin2t
8. j(t) = c
1
c
3|
+c
2
tc
3|
9. j(t) = c
1
c
9|
+c
2
c
4|
10. j(t) = c
1
c
4|
cos 3t +c
2
c
4|
sin 3t
11. j(t) = c
1
c
5|
+c
2
tc
5|
12. j(t) = c
1
c
7|
+c
2
c
3|
13. j =
c
2
14. j = 2c
5|
+ 3c
2|
15. j = tc
5|
16. j = c
2|
cos 3t c
2|
sin 3t
Section 3.4
1. (:)(:) = (: + 1)(: 2)(: 3) so
gu
=
{
c
|
, c
2|
, c
3|
}
while
g
=
{
c
|
, c
2|
}
. Since c
3|
is the only function in the rst set but not in the
second j
(t) = c
1
c
3|
.
2. (:)(:) = (: + 2)(: + 4)(: + 3) so
gu
=
{
c
2|
, c
4|
, c
3|
}
while
g
=
{
c
2|
, c
4|
}
. Since c
3|
is the only function in the rst set but not in the
second j
(t) = c
1
c
3|
.
3. (:)(:) = (: 2)
2
(: 3) so
gu
=
{
c
2|
, tc
2|
, c
3|
}
while
g
=
{
c
2|
, c
3|
}
.
Since tc
2|
is the only function in the rst set but not in the second j
(t) =
c
1
tc
2|
.
4. (:)(:) = (: 4)
3
(: 3) so
gu
=
{
c
4|
, tc
4|
, t
2
c
4|
, c
3|
}
while
g
=
{
c
4|
, c
3|
}
. Since tc
4|
and t
2
c
4|
are the only functions in the rst set but
not in the second j
(t) = c
1
tc
4|
+c
2
t
2
c
4|
.
5. (:)(:) = (: 5)
2
(:
2
+25) so
gu
=
{
c
5|
, tc
5|
, cos 5t, sin 5t
}
while
g
=
{
c
5|
, tc
5|
}
. Since cos 5t and sin 5t are the only functions in the rst set
that are not in the second j
(t) = c
1
cos 5t +c
2
sin 5t.
6. (:)(:) = (:
2
+1)(:
2
+4) so
gu
= {cos t, sin t, cos 2t, sin2t} while
g
=
{cos t, sin t}. Since cos 2t and sin 2t are the only functions in the rst set
that are not in the second j
(t) = c
1
cos 2t +c
2
sin 2t.
94 1 Solutions
7. (:)(:) = (:
2
+ 4)
2
so
gu
= {cos 2t, sin 2t, t cos 2t, t sin 2t} while
g
=
{cos 2t, sin 2t}. Since t cos 2t and t sin2t are the only functions in the rst
set that are not in the second j
(t) = c
1
t cos 2t +c
2
t sin2t.
8. (:)(:) = (:
2
+ 4: + 5)(: 1)
2
so
gu
=
{
c
|
, tc
|
, c
2|
cos t, c
2|
sin t
}
while
g
=
{
c
2|
cos t, c
2|
sin t
}
. Since c
|
and tc
|
are the only functions
in the rst set that are not in the second j
(t) = c
1
c
|
+c
2
tc
|
.
9. (:)(:) = (:
2
+ 4: + 5)(: 1)
2
so
gu
=
{
c
|
, tc
|
, c
2|
cos t, c
2|
sin t
}
while
g
= {c
|
, tc
|
}. Since c
2|
cos t and c
2|
sin t are the only functions
in the rst set that are not in the second j
(t) = c
1
c
2|
cos t +c
2
c
2|
sin t.
10. j =
1
6
c
2|
+c
|
+1c
4|
11. j = tc
2|
+c
2|
+1c
5|
12. j =
1
4
c
|
+c
|
+1tc
|
13. j = 2 +c
|
+1c
2|
14. j =
1
2
c
3|
+c
2|
cos t +1c
2|
sint
15. j =
1
4
+
1
5
c
|
+cos(2t) +1sin(2t)
16. j = t
2
2 +c
|
+1c
|
17. j = c
|
+c
2|
+1tc
2|
18. j =
1
2
t
2
c
2|
+c
2|
+1tc
2|
19. j = t cos t +sin t +1cos t
20. j = tc
2|
2
5
c
2|
+c
3|
+1tc
3|
21. j =
25
6
t
3
c
3|
+c
3|
+1tc
3|
22. j =
1
4
tc
3|
sin(2t) +c
3|
cos(2t) +1c
3|
sin(2t)
23. j = t
2
c
4|
cos(3t) +tc
4|
sin(3t) +c
4|
cos(3t) +1c
4|
sin 3t
24. j =
1
12
c
3|
+
10
21
c
6|
+
135
84
c
|
25. j = 2c
|
2c
|
cos 2t + 4c
|
sin 2t
26. j = 2c
2|
2 cos t 4 sint
27. j =
1
2
c
2|
+c
2|
+ 2t
1
2
28. 5.
29. ( + 6)
2
=
2
+ 12 + 36.
1 Solutions 95
30.
2
+ 9.
31. (2)
2
+ 16 =
2
4 + 20.
32. (
2
+ 1)
3
=
3
+ 3
2
+ 3 + 1.
33. (o)
n+1
.
Section 3.5
1. j =
1
32
c
6|
+c
2|
+1c
2|
2. j = c
|
+c
3|
+1c
5|
3. j = tc
2|
+c
2|
+1c
3|
4. j = 2 +c
|
+1c
2|
5. j = tc
4|
+c
2|
+1c
4|
6. j =
3
130
cos t
11
130
sint
7. j = t
2
++1c
3|
+Cc
3|
8. j = tc
2|
2
5
c
2|
+c
3|
+1tc
3|
9. j = tc
4|
3
10
c
4|
+c
|
+1c
6|
10. j = t
2
c
4|
cos(3t) +tc
4|
sin(3t) +c
4|
cos(3t) +1c
4|
sin 3t
11. j =
1
6
t
3
c
2|
+c
2|
+1tc
2|
12. j =
1
2
sin t +c
|
+1tc
|
13. j =
1
2
tc
|
sint
Section 4.1
1. no
2. yes, yes, homogeneous
3. yes, yes, nonhomogeneous
4. no
96 1 Solutions
7. no
9. yes, no, homogeneous
10. no
13. (1) = 1
+ 1 = 1
(t) = t
+t = t
(c
|
) = (c
|
)
+c
|
= 2c
|
(cos 2t) = (cos 2t)
+ cos 2t = 4 cos 2t + cos 2t = 3 cos 2t.

14. (1) = 1
(t) = t
(c
|
) = (t + 1)c
|
(cos 2t) = (4t + 1) cos 2t
15. (1) = 3
(t) = 1 3t
(c
|
) = 2c
|
(cos 2t) = 11 cos 2t 2 sin2t
16. (1) = 5
(t) = 5t + 6
(c
|
) = 0
(cos 2t) = cos 2t 12 sin2t
17. (1) = 4
(t) = 4t
(c
|
) = 3c
|
(cos 2t) = 8 cos 2t
18. (1) = 1
(t) = 0
(c
|
) = (t
2
t 1)c
|
(cos 2t) = (4t
2
1) cos 2t 2t sin2t
19. (c
:|
) = o(c
:|
)
+/(c
:|
)
+cc
:|
= o:
2
c
:|
+/:c
:|
+cc
:|
= (o:
2
+/: +c)c
:|
20. C =
4
3
21. C
1
=
3
4
and C
2
=
1
2
22. no
1 Solutions 97
23. yes, C = 1.
24. Parts (1) and (2) are done by computing j
+ j where j(t) = t
2
2,
j(t) = cos t, or j(t) = sint. Then by Theorem 3, every function of the
form j(t) = t
2
2 + c
1
cos t + c
2
sin t is a solution to j
+ j = t
2
, where
c
1
and c
2
are constants. If we want a solution to (j) = t
2
with j(0) = o
and j
(0) = /, then we need to solve for c

1
and c
2
:
o = j(0) = 2 +c
1
/ = j
(0) = c
2
These equations give c
1
= o +2, c
2
= /. Particular choices of o and / give
the answers for Part (3).
(3)a. j =
1
2
c
|
+ 2c
2|
3
2
c
3|
(3)b. j =
1
2
c
|
2c
2|
+
3
2
c
3|
(3)c. j =
1
2
c
|
7c
2|
+
11
2
c
3|
(3)d. j =
1
2
c
|
+ (1 + 3o /)c
2|
+
(
1
2
2o +/
)
c
3|
25. (3)a. j =
1
2
c
|
+ 2c
2|
3
2
c
3|
(3)b.
1
2
c
|
2c
2|
+
3
2
c
3|
(3)c.
1
2
c
|
+
11
2
c
2|
7c
3|
(3)d.
1
2
c
|
+ (3o / 1)c
2|
+ (/ 2o +
1
2
)c
3|
26. (3)a. j =
1
6
t
5
+
10
3
t
2
5
2
t
3
(3)b. j =
1
6
t
5
2
3
t
2
+
1
2
t
3
(3)c. j =
1
6
t
5
17
3
t
2
+
9
2
t
3
(3)d. j =
1
6
t
5
+
(
1
3
+ 3o /
)
t
2
+
(
1
2
2o +/
)
t
3
27. Write the equation in the standard form:
j
+
3
t
j
1
t
2
j = t
2
.
Then o
1
(t) =
3
t
, o
2
(t) =
1
t
2
, and )(t) = t
2
. These three functions are
all continuous on the intervals (0, ) and (, 0). Thus, Theorem 6
shows that if t
0
(0, ) then the unique solution is also dened on the
interval (0, ), and if t
0
(, 0), then the unique solution is dened
on (, 0).
28. Maximal intervals are (, 1), (1, 1), (1, )
29. (/, (/ + 1)) where /
98 1 Solutions
30. (, )
31. (3, )
32. (, 2), (2, 0), (0 2), (2, )
33. The initial condition occurs at t = 0 which is precisely where o
2
(t) = t
2
has a zero. Theorem 6 does not apply.
34. In this case j(t
0
) = 0 and j
(t
0
) = 0. The function j(t) = 0, t 1 is a
solution to the initial value problem. By the uniqueness part of Theorem
6 j = 0 is the only solution.
35. The assumptions say that j
1
(t
0
) = j
2
(t
0
) and j
1
(t
0
) = j
2
(t
0
). Both j
1
and j
2
therefore satises the same initial conditions. By the uniqueness
part of Theorem 6 j
1
= j
2
.
Section 4.2
1. dependent; 2t and 5t are multiples of each other.
2. independent
3. independent
4. dependent; c
2
t +1 = c
1
c
2|
and c
2|3
= c
3
c
2|
, they are multiples of each
other.
5. independent
6. dependent; ln t
2
= 2 ln t and ln t
5
= 5 lnt, they are multiples of each other.
7. dependent; sin 2t = 2 sint cos t, they are multiples of each other.
8. dependent; cosht =
1
2
(c
|
+c
|
) and 3c
|
(1 +c
2|
) = 3(c
|
+c
|
), they are
multiples of each other.
9. 1. Suppose ot
3
+ /
t
3
= 0 on (, ). Then for t = 1 and t = 1 we

get
o +/ = 0
o +/ = 0.
These equations imply o = / = 0. So j
1
and j
2
are linearly indepen-
dent.
2. Observe that j
1
(t) = 3t
2
and j
2
(t) =
{
3t
2
if t < 0
3t
2
if t 0.
If t < 0
then n(j
1
, j
2
)(t) =
(
t
3
t
3
3t
2
3t
2
)
= 0. If t 0 then n(j
1
, j
2
)(t) =
1 Solutions 99
(
t
3
t
3
3t
2
3t
2
)
= 0. It follows that the Wronskian is zero for all t
(, ).
3. The condition that the coecient function o
2
(t) be nonzero in Theo-
rem 4 and Proposition 6 is essential. Here the coecient function, t
2
,
of j
is zero at t = 0, so Proposition 6 does not apply on (, ).

The largest open intervals on which t
2
is nonzero are (, 0) and
(0, ). On each of these intervals j
1
and j
2
are linearly dependent.
4. Consider the cases t < 0 and t 0. The verication is then straight-
forward.
5. Again the condition that the coecient function o
2
(t) be nonzero is
essential. The Uniqueness and Existence theorem does not apply.
Section 4.3
1. The indicial polynomial is (:) = :
2
+ : 2 = (: + 2)(: 1). There are
two distinct roots 1 and 2. The fundamental set is
{
t, t
2
}
. The general
solution is j(t) = c
1
t +c
2
t
2
.
2. The indicial polynomial is (:) = 2:
2
7: +3 = (2: 1)(: 3). There are
two distinct roots
1
2
and 3. The fundamental set is
{
t
1
2
, t
3
}
. The general
1
t
1
2
+c
2
t
3
.
2
6: + 1 = (3: 1)
2
. There is one
root, 1,3, with multiplicity 2. The fundamental set is
{
t
1
3
, t
1
3
ln t
}
. The
general solution is j(t) = c
1
t
1
3
+c
2
t
1
3
ln t.
2
2 = (:
2)(: +
2). There are

two distinct roots
2 and
2. The fundamental set is

{
t
2
, t
2
}
. The
general solution is j(t) = c
1
t
2
+c
2
t
2
.
2
: + 1 = (2: 1)
2
. The root is
1
2
with multiplicity 2. The fundamental set is
{
t
1
2
, t
1
2
ln t
}
. The general
1
t
1
2
+c
2
t
1
2
ln t.
2
4: 21 = (: 7)(: +3). The roots
are 7 and 3. The fundamental set is
{
t
7
, t
3
}
. The general solution is
j(t) = c
1
t
7
+c
2
t
3
.
2
: + 1 = :
2
: + 1,4 + 3,4 =
(: 1,2)
2
+ (
3,2)
2
. There are two complex roots,
1+.
3
2
and
1.
3
2
.
The fundamental set is
{
t
1
2
sin
3
2
t, t
1
2
cos
3
2
t
}
j(t) = c
1
t
1
2
sin
3
2
t +c
2
t
1
2
cos
3
2
t.
100 1 Solutions
2
4 = (: 2)(: + 2). There are two
distinct roots, 2 and 2. The fundamental set is
{
t
2
, t
2
}
. The general
1
t
2
+c
2
t
2
.
2
+ 4. There are two complex roots,
2i and 2i. The fundamental set is {cos(2 lnt), sin(2 lnt)}. The general
1
cos(2 lnt) +c
2
sin(2 ln t).
2
4: + 13 = (: 2)
2
+ 9. There
are two complex roots, 2 + 3i and 2 3i. The fundamental set is
{
t
2
cos(3 lnt), t
2
sin(3 lnt)
}
. The general solution is j(t) = c
1
t
2
cos(3 ln t)+
c
2
t
2
sin(3 ln t).
12. j =
1
3
(t t
2
)
13. j = 2t
12
t
12
ln t
14. j = 3 cos(2 ln t) + 2 sin(2 lnt)
15. No solution is possible.
Section 4.4
1. ln
(
: o
: /
)
2. ln
(
:
2
+/
2
:
2
+o
2
)
3. : ln
(
:
2
+o
2
:
2
+/
2
)
+ 2/ tan
1
(
/
:
)
2o tan
1
(
o
:
)
4. tan
1
(
o
:
)
5. j = ot +/c
|
6. j = o(t + 1) +/c
|
7. Y
(:) +
1
: + 1
Y (:) = 0 and Y (:) =
C
: + 1
and j(t) = Cc
|
8. Y
(:) =
j
0
(: + 2)
2
, Y (:) =
j
0
: + 2
, and j(t) = c
2|
.
9. Y
(:) +
4:
:
2
+ 1
Y (:) =
3j
0
:
2
+ 1
. Solving gives Y (:) =
j
0
(:
3
+ 3:) +C
(:
2
+ 1)
2
and
j(t) = (t cos t sin t) +1(t sin t + cos t).
1 Solutions 101
10. Y
(:) +
2:
2
+: 2
:(: 1)
=
2(j
0
: +j
1
)
:(: 1)
Y (:) =
2:
2
2: + 1
2:
2
(: 1)
j
0
+
2: 1
1:
2
(: 1)
j
1
j(t) = (t + 1 + c
|
) + (t 1 +c
|
)j
1
The general solution can be written
(t 1) +1c
|
11. Y
(:) =
j
0
(: + 1)
2
, Y (:) =
j
0
: + 1
, and j(t) = j
0
c
|
.
12. Y
(:)+
6:
:
2
+ 1
Y (:) = 0, Y (:) =
C
(:
2
+ 1)
3
, and j(t) = C
(
(3 t
2
) sin t 3t cos t
)
13. Y
(:)
: 2
: + 1
Y (:) =
:j
0
j
1
(: + 1)
2
, Y (:) = j
0
:
2
+ 3: + 3
(: + 1)
3
+j
1
: + 2
(: + 1)
3
, and
j(t) = j
0
(c
|
+tc
|
+
t
2
2
c
|
) +j
1
(tc
|
+
t
2
2
c
|
). The general solution can
be written j(t) = c
|
+1(tc
|
+
t
2
2
c
|
).
14. Y
(:) = j
0
(
1
:

1
: 1
) Then Y (:) = j
0
ln
(
:
: 1
)
+ C. Take C = 0.
Hence j(t) = j
0
1 c
|
t
.
15. Y
(:) =
j
0
:
2
1
and Y (:) =
j
0
2
ln
(
: + 1
: 1
)
+C. Take C = 0 Then j(t) =
j
0
2
c
|
c
|
t
.
16. Y
(:) =
j
0
(:
2
5: + 6)
and Y (:) = j
0
ln
(
: 2
: 3
)
+C. Take C = 0. Then
j(t) = j
0
(
c
3|
c
2|
t
)
.
17. Y
(:) =
j
0
:
2
+ 9
so Y (:) =
j
0
3
(tan
1
(:,3) +C). Since lim
s
Y (:) = 0
we have C =
2
. Hence Y (:) =
j
0
3
tan
1
(
3
:
) and j(t) =
j
0
3
sin 3t
t
.
18. Y
(:) =
j
0
:
2
+:
and hence j(:) = j
0
ln
(
: + 1
:
)
+ C. But C = 0 and
j(t) = j
0
1 c
|
t
.
19. We use the formula
d
n
dt
n
()(t)p(t)) =
n
|=0
(
n
:
)
d
|
dt
|
)(t)
d
n|
dt
n|
p(t).
Observe that
102 1 Solutions
d
|
dt
|
c
|
= (1)
|
c
|
and
d
n|
dt
n|
t
n
= n(n 1) (/ + 1)t
|
.
It now follows that
1
n!
c
|
d
n
dt
n
(c
|
t
n
)
=
1
n!
c
|
n
|=0
(
n
/
)
d
|
dt
|
c
|
d
n|
dt
n|
t
n
= c
|
n
|=0
(
n
/
)
(1)
|
c
|
n(n 1) (/ + 1)
n!
t
|
=
n
|=0
(1)
|
(
n
/
)
t
|
/!
=
n
(t).
20. This follows in a similar manner to the proof of Equation (2) given in
Theorem 11.
22.
{
n
(ot)} (:)
=
n
|=0
(
n
/
)
(1)
|
o
|
{
t
|
/!
}
=
n
|=0
(
n
/
)
(1)
|
o
|
1
:
|+1
=
1
:
n+1
n
|=0
(
n
/
)
(o)
|
:
n|
=
(: o)
n
:
n+1
.
The last line follows from the binomial theorem. Note: the dilation prin-
ciple gives the same formula for o 0.
23. Hint: Take the Laplace transform of each side. Use the previous exercise
and the binomial theorem.
24. We have that
n
1(t) =
|
0

n
(r) dr. By the convolution theorem
1 Solutions 103
{
n
1} (:) =
1
:
(: 1)
n
:
n+1
=
(
1
: 1
:
)
(: 1)
n
:
n+1
=
(: 1)
n
:
n+1

(: 1)
n+1
:
n+2
= {
n
} (:) {
n+1
} (:).
The result follows by inversion.
25. We compute the Laplace transform of both sides. Well do a piece at a
time.
{(2n + 1)
n
} (:)
= (2n + 1)
(: 1)
n
:
n+1
=
(: 1)
n1
:
n+2
(2n + 1)(:(: 1)).
{t
n
} (:)
=
(
(: 1)
n
:
n+1
)
=
(: 1)
n1
:
n+2
(n + 1 :).
n{
n1
} (:)
= n
(: 1)
n1
:
n
=
(: 1)
n1
:
n+2
(n:
2
).
We have written each so that the common factor is
(: 1)
n1
:
n+2
. The co-
ecients are
n + 1 : + (2n + 1)(:(: 1)) n:
2
= (n + 1)(:
2
2: + 1)
= (n + 1)(: 1)
2
The right hand side is now
1
n + 1
(
(n + 1)(: 1)
2
(: 1)
n1
:
n+2
)
=
(: 1)
n+1
:
n+2
= {
n+1
} (:).
104 1 Solutions
Taking the inverse Laplace transform completes the verication.
26. We have that
n

n
(t) =
|
0

n
(r)
n
(t r) dr. By the convolution the-
orem
{
n

n
} (:)
=
(: 1)
n
:
n+1
(: 1)
n
:
n+1
=
(: 1)
n+n
:
n+n+1
(
1
: 1
:
)
=
(: 1)
n+n
:
n+n+1

(: 1)
n+n+1
:
n+n+2
= {
n+n
(:)} {
n+n+1
} (:).
The result follows by inversion.
27. First of all

0
c
|
n
(t) dt = {
n
} (1) = 0. Thus

|
c
i
n
(r) dt
=
|
0
c
i
n
(r) dr
= c
|

0
c
|i
n
(r) dr
= c
|
(c
|

n
(t)).
By the convolution theorem
{
c
|

n
}
(:)
=
1
: 1
(: 1)
n
:
n+1
=
(: 1)
n1
:
n+1
=
(: 1)
n1
:
n
(
1
: 1
:
)
=
(: 1)
n1
:
n

(: 1)
n
:
n+1
=
1
{
n1
(t)}
1
{
n
(t)} .
It follows by inversion that c
|
n
=
n1
n
and substituting this formula
into the previous calculation gives the needed result.
1 Solutions 105
Section 4.5
1. Let j
2
(t) = t
2
n(t). Then t
4
n
+ t
3
n
= 0, which gives n
= t
1
and
n(t) = ln t. Substituting gives j
2
(t) = t
2
ln t. The general solution can be
written j(t) = c
1
t
2
+c
2
t
2
ln t.
2. j
2
(t) =
1
3|
2
. The general solution can be written j(t) = c
1
t +c
2
1
|
2
.
3. Let j
2
(t) = (1 t
2
)n(t). Substitution gives (1 t
2
)
2
n
4t(1 t
2
)n
= 0
and hence
u
= 2
2|
1|
2
. From this we get n
=
1
(1|)
2
. Integrating n
by
partial fractions give n =
1
2
|
1|
2
+
1
4
ln
(
1+|
1|
)
and hence
j
2
(t) =
1
2
t +
1
4
(1 t
2
) ln
(
1 +t
1 t
)
.
4. j
2
(t) = 1 +
|
2
ln
(
1+|
1|
)
. The general solution can be written j(t) =
c
1
t +c
2
(
1 +
|
2
ln
(
1+|
1|
))
.
5. Let j
2
(t) = t
1
2
n(t). Then 4t
5
2
n
+ 4t
3
2
n
= 0 leads to n
= 1,t and hence

n(t) = ln t. Thus j
2
(t) =
t ln t. The general solution can be written

j(t) = c
1
t +c + 2
t ln t.
6. j
2
(t) = 1. The general solution can be written j(t) = c
1
t +c
2
.
7. j
2
(t) = tc
|
1
t +c
2
tc
|
.
8. Let j
2
(t) = t
2
cos t n(t). Then t
4
cos t n
2t
4
sin t n
= 0 which gives
n
(t) = sec
2
t and hence n(t) = tant. Thus j
2
(t) = t
2
sin t. The general
solution can be written j(t) = c
1
t
2
cos t +c
2
t
2
sin t.
9. j
2
(t) =
1
2
cos t
2
1
sin t
2
+
c
2
cos t
2
.
10. j
2
(t) = tc
2|
1
c
2|
+c
2
tc
2|
.
11. j
2
(t) = 1 t tant. The general solution can be written j(t) = c
1
tan t +
c
2
(1 +t tant).
12. j
2
(t) = t 1. The general solution can be written j(t) = c
1
c
|
+c
2
(t 1).
13. j
2
(t) = sec t. The general solution can be written j(t) = c
1
tant +
c
2
sec t.
14. Let j
2
(t) = tn(t). Then (t
3
+ t)n
+ 2n
= 0 which gives n
=
|
2
+1
|
2
and
n = t
1
|
. Thus j
2
(t) = t
2
1. The general solution can be written
j(t) = c
1
t +c
2
(t
2
1).
106 1 Solutions
15. j
2
= 1
| sin 2|
1+cos 2|
1
sin 2|
1+cos 2|
+
c
2
(
1 +
| sin 2|
1+cos 2|
)
.
16. j
2
(t) = t sint. The general solution can be written j(t) = c
1
t cos t +
c
2
t sin t.
Section 4.6
1. sin t and cos t form a fundamental set for the homogeneous solutions. Let
j
(t) = n
1
cos t +n
2
sin t. Then the matrix equation
(
cos t sin t
sint cos t
)(
n
1
n
2
)
=
(
0
sint
)
implies n
1
(t) = sin
2
t =
1
2
(cos 2t 1)
and n
2
(t) = cos t sin t =
1
2
(sin 2t). Integration give n
1
(t) =
1
4
(sin(2t)
2t) =
1
2
(sin t cos tt) and n
2
(t) =
1
4
cos 2t =
1
4
(2 cos 2t1). This implies
j
(t) =
1
4
sint
1
2
t cos t. Since
1
4
sin t is a homogeneous solution we can
write the general solution in the form j(t) =
1
2
t cos t +c
1
cos t +c
2
sin t.
We observe that a particular solution is the imaginary part of a solution
to j
+ j = c
.|
. We use the incomplete partial fraction method and get
Y (:) =
1
(s.)
2
(s+.)
. This can be written Y (:) =
1
2.
1
(s.)
2
+
(s)
(s.)(s+.)
. From
this we get j
(t) = Im
(
1
2.
1
{
1
(s.)
2
}
)
= Im
.
2
tc
.|
=
1
2
t cos t. The
general solution is j(t) =
1
2
t cos t +c
1
cos t +c
2
sin t.
2. A fundamental set for j
4j = 0 is
{
c
2|
, c
2|
}
. Let j
(t) = n
1
(t)c
2|
+
n
2
(t)c
2|
. Then the matrix equation
(
c
2|
c
2|
2c
2|
2c
2|
)(
n
1
n
2
)
=
(
0
c
2|
)
implies n
1
(t) =
1
4
and n
2
(t) =
c
4
4
and
hence n
1
(t) =
|
4
and n
2
(t) =
c
4
16
. Now j
(t) =
|
4
c
2|
c
2
16
. Since
c
2
16
is a homogeneous solution we can write the general solution as j(t) =
|
4
c
2|
+c
1
c
2|
+c
2
c
2|
. On the other hand, the incomplete partial fraction
method gives Y (:) =
1
(s2)
2
(s+2
=
1
4
(s2)
2
+
(s)
(s2)(s+2)
. From this we see
that a particular solution is j
(t) =
1
4
tc
2|
. The general solution is j(t) =
1
4
tc
2|
+c
1
c
2|
+c
2
c
2|
.
3. The functions c
|
cos 2t and c
|
sin 2t form a fundamental set. Let j
(t) =
c
1
c
|
cos 2t +c
2
c
|
sin 2t. Then the matrix equation
\(c
|
cos 2t, c
|
sin 2t)
(
n
1
n
2
)
=
(
0
c
|
)
implies that n
1
(t) =
1
2
sin2t and
n
2
(t) =
1
2
cos 2t. Hence, n
1
(t) =
1
4
co:2t and n
2
(t) =
1
4
sin2t. From this
we get j
(t) =
1
4
c
|
cos
2
2t +
1
4
c
|
sin
2
2t =
1
4
c
|
. On the other hand, the
method of undetermined coecients implies that a particular solution is
of the form j
(t) = Cc
|
. Substitution gives 4Cc
|
= c
|
and hence C =
1
4
.
It follows that j
(t) =
1
4
c
|
. Furthermore, the general solution is j(t) =
1
4
c
|
+c
1
c
|
cos 2t +c
2
c
|
sin 2t.
1 Solutions 107
4. A fundamental set is
{
1, c
3|
}
. The matrix equation
(
1 c
3|
0 3c
3|
)(
n
1
n
2
)
=
(
0
c
3|
)
implies n
1
(t) =
1
3
c
3|
and n
2
(t) =
1
3
. Thus
n
1
(t) =
c
3
9
, n
2
(t) =
|
3
, and j
(t) =
c
3
9

|
3
c
3|
. Observe though
that
c
3
9
is a homogeneous solution and so the general solution can
be written j(t) =
|
3
c
3|
+ c
1
+ c
2
c
3|
. The incomplete partial fraction
method gives Y (:) =
1
(s+3)
2
s
=
1
3
(s+3)
2
+
(s)
(s+3)s
which implies that
1
3
tc
3|
is a particular solution. The general solution is as above.
{
c
|
, c
2|
}
(
c
|
c
2|
c
|
2c
2|
)(
n
1
n
2
)
=
(
0
c
3|
)
implies n
1
(t) = c
2|
and n
2
(t) = c
|
. Hence
n
1
(t) =
1
2
c
2|
, n
2
(t) = c
|
, and j
(t) =
1
2
c
2|
c
|
+ c
|
c
2|
=
1
2
c
3|
. The
1
2
c
3|
+c
1
c
|
+c
2
c
2|
. The method of undetermined
coecients implies that a particular solution is of the form j
= Cc
3|
.
Substitution gives 2Cc
3|
= 3c
3|
and hence C =
1
2
as above.
6. sin t and cos t form a fundamental set for the homogeneous solutions. Let
j
(t) = n
1
cos t +n
2
sin t. Then the matrix equation
(
cos t sin t
sint cos t
)(
n
1
n
2
)
=
(
0
tan t
)
implies that n
1
(t) = cos t sec t and
n
2
(t) = sin t. From this we get n
1
(t) = sint ln sec t + tan t and n
2
(t) =
cos t. Therefore j
(t) = cos t ln sec t + tant. The general solution is

thus j(t) = cos t ln sec t + tan t +c
1
cos t +c
2
sint.
7. A fundamental set is {c
|
, tc
|
}. The matrix equation
(
c
|
tc
|
c
|
c
|
+tc
|
)(
n
1
n
2
)
=
(
0
c
|
)
implies n
1
(t) = 1 and n
2
(t) =
1
|
. Hence,
n
1
(t) = t, n
2
(t) = ln t, and j
(t) = tc
|
+ t ln tc
|
. Since tc
|
is a
homogeneous solution we can write the general solution as j(t) = t ln tc
|
+
c
1
c
|
+c
2
tc
|
.
8. A fundamental set is {cos t, sin t}. The matrix equation
(
cos t sin t
sint cos t
)(
n
1
n
2
)
=
(
0
sec t
)
implies n
1
(t) = tant and n
2
(t) = 1.
Hence n
1
(t) = ln(cos t), n
2
(t) = t, and j
(t) = cos t ln(cos t) + t sint. The

general solution is j(t) = cos t ln(cos t) +t sint +c
1
cos t +c
2
sin t.
9. The associated homogeneous equation is Cauchy-Euler with indicial equa-
tion :
2
3:+2 = (:2)(:1). It follows that
{
t, t
2
}
forms a fundamental
set. We put the given equation is standard form to get j
2
|
j
+
2
|
2
j = t
2
.
Thus )(t) = t
2
(
t t
2
1 2t
)(
n
1
n
2
)
=
(
0
t
2
)
implies n
1
(t) = t
2
and n
2
(t) = t. Hence n
1
(t) =
108 1 Solutions
|
3
3
, n
2
(t) =
|
2
2
, and j
(t) =
|
3
3
t +
|
2
2
t
2
=
|
4
6
. It follows that the general
solution is j(t) =
|
4
6
+c
1
t +c
2
t
2
.

1
|
j
= 3t
1
|
(
1 t
2
0 2t
)(
n
1
n
2
)
=
(
0
3t
1
|
)
implies n
1
(t) =
3
2
t
2
+
1
2
and n
2
(t) =
3
2

1
2|
2
.
Hence n
1
(t) =
1
2
t
3
+
1
2
t, n
2
(t) =
3
2
t +
1
2|
, and j
(t) = t
3
+t. The general
solution is j(t) = t
3
+t +c
1
+c
2
t
2
.
11. The homogeneous equation is Cauchy-Euler with indicial equation :
2
2: + 1 = (: 1)
2
. It follows that {t, t lnt} is a fundamental set. After
writing in standard form we see the forcing function )(t) is
1
|
. The matrix
equation
(
t t ln t
1 ln t + 1
)(
n
1
n
2
)
=
(
0
1
|
)
implies n
1
(t) =
ln |
|
and n
2
(t) =
1
|
. Hence
n
1
(t) =
ln
2
|
2
, n
2
(t) = ln t, and j
(t) =
|
2
ln
2
t + t ln
2
t =
|
2
ln
2
t. The
|
2
ln
2
t +c
1
t +c
2
t ln t.
{
c
2|
, tc
2|
}
(
c
2|
tc
2|
2c
2|
c
2|
(1 + 2t)
)(
n
1
n
2
)
=
(
0
c
2
|
2
+1
)
implies n
1
(t) =
|
|
2
+1
and n
2
(t) =
1
|
2
+1
. Hence n
1
(t) =
1
2
ln(t
2
+1), n
2
(t) = tan
1
t, and j
(t) =
1
2
c
2|
ln(t
2
+
1)+t tan
1
c
2|
1
2
c
2|
ln(t
2
+1)+t tan
1
c
2|
+
c
1
c
2|
+c
2
tc
2|
.
13. The matrix equation
(
tan t sec t
sec
2
t sec t tan t
)(
n
1
n
2
)
=
(
0
t
)
implies n
1
(t) = t and n
2
(t) = t sin t.
Hence n
1
(t) =
|
2
2
, n
2
(t) = t cos t sin t, and j
(t) =
|
2
2
tan t + (t cos t
sin t) sec t =
|
2
2
tan t + t tan t. Since tan t is a homogeneous solution we
can write the general solution as j(t) =
|
2
2
tan t +t +c
1
tant +c
2
sec t.
14. When put in standard form one sees that )(t) = tc
|
. The matrix equa-
tion
(
t 1 c
|
1 c
|
)(
n
1
n
2
)
=
(
0
tc
|
)
implies n
1
(t) = c
|
and n
2
(t) = 1 t.
Hence n
1
(t) = c
|
, n
2
(t) = t
|
2
2
, and j
(t) = (t1)c
|
+(t
|
2
2
)c
|
=
|
2
2
c
|
+c
|
. Since c
|
is a homogeneous solution we can write the general
solution as j(t) =
|
2
2
c
|
+c
1
(t 1) +c
2
c
|
.
15. After put in standard form the forcing function ) is 4t
4
. The matrix equa-
tion
(
cos t
2
sint
2
2t sint
2
2t cos 2t
)(
n
1
n
2
)
=
(
0
4t
4
)
implies n
1
(t) = 2t
3
sin t
2
and
1 Solutions 109
n
2
(t) = 2t
3
cos t
2
. Integration by parts gives n
1
(t) = t
2
cos t
2
sint
2
and
n
2
(t) = t
2
sin t
2
+ cos t
2
. Hence j
(t) = t
2
cos t
2
cos t
2
sin t
2
+t
2
sin t
2
+
cos t
2
sin t
2
= t
2
. The general solution is j(t) = t
2
+c
1
cos t
2
+c
2
sin t
2
.
16. A fundamental set is {c
|
, c
|
}. The matrix equation
(
c
|
c
|
c
|
c
|
)(
n
1
n
2
)
=
(
0
1
1+c
)
implies n
1
(t) =
1
2
1
1+c
and n
2
(t) =
1
2
c
1+c
.
Hence n
1
(t) =
1
2
(t ln(1 + c
|
), n
2
(t) =
1
2
(c
|
ln(1 + c
|
)), and j
(t) =
1
2
(tc
|
1 (c
|
c
|
) ln(1 + c
|
)). (Note: in the integrations of n
1
and n
2
use the substitution n = c
|
.) The general solution can now be written
j(t) =
1
2
(tc
|
1 (c
|
c
|
) ln(1 +c
|
)) +c
1
c
|
+c
2
c
|
.
18. j
(t) =
1
o
)(t) sin ot
19. j
(t) =
1
o
)(t) sinh ot
20. j
(t) =
1
o
)(t) tc
o|
21. j
(t) =
1
bo
)(t) (c
b|
c
o|
)
Section 5.1
1. Graph (c)
2. Graph (g)
3. Graph (e)
4. Graph (a)
5. Graph (f)
6. Graph (d)
7. Graph (h)
8. Graph (b)
110 1 Solutions
Graphs for problems 1 through 8
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t
(a)
0
1
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t
(b)
0
1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
t
(c)
0
2
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t
(d)
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t
(e)
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t
(f)
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t
(g)
0
1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
t
(h)
9.

5
0
)(t) dt =
2
0
(t
2
4) dt +
3
2
0 dt +
5
3
(t + 3) dt =
(
t
3
,3 4t
)
2
0
+ 0 +
(
t
2
,2 + 3t
)
5
3
= (8,3 8) + (25,2 + 15) (9,2 + 9) = 22,3.
10.

2
0
)(n) dn =
1
0
(2 n) dn +
2
1
n
3
dn = (2n n
2
,2)
1
0
+ n
4
,4
2
1
= 3,2 +
4 1,4 = 21,4.
11.

2t
0
sin r dr =
t
0
sin rdr +
2t
t
sinrdr = cos r
t
0
+ cos r
2t
t
= 4.
12.

3
0
)(n) dn =
1
0
ndn+
2
1
1
u
dn+
3
2
1
2
dn = 1,2 +ln 2 +1,2 = 1 +ln 2
1 Solutions 111
13.

5
2
)(t) dt =
3
2
(3 t) dt +
4
3
2(t 3) dt +
6
4
2 dt = 1,2 + 1 + 4 = 11,2
14.

6
0
)(t) dt =
2
0
(1 t) dt +
4
2
(3 t) dt +
6
4
(5 t) dt = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0.
15.

6
0
)(n) dn =
1
0
n dn +
2
1
(2 n) dn +
6
2
1 dn = 1,2 + 1,2 + 4 = 5.
16.

6
0
)(t) dt =
2
0
t
2
dt +
3
2
4 dt +
6
3
(7 t) dt = 8,3 + 4 + 15,2 = 85,6
17. A is true since j(t) satises the dierential equation on each subinterval.
B is true since the left and right limits agree at t = 2. C is not true since
j(0) = 1 = 2.
B is true since lim
|2
j(t) = 1 + c
8
= lim
|2
+ j(t). C is true since
j(0) = 2.
B is false since lim
|2
j(t) = 1 + c
8
while lim
|2
+ j(t) = 1. C is false
since B is false.
20. A is false since 2c
4|
does not satisfy the dierential equation j
+4j = 4
on the interval [0, 2). Since is false, B and C are necessarily false.
B is true since lim
|1
j(t) = 2c + c
2
= lim
|1
+ j(t). C is false since
lim
|1
j
(t) = 3c + 2c
2
while lim
|1
+ j
(t) = 3c
2
2c. D is false since
C is false.
B is false since lim
|1
j(t) = 2c+c
2
while lim
|1
+ j(t) = (1,2)c
2
3c.
C and D are false since B is false. You cannot have a continuous derivative
if the function is not continuous.
B is true since lim
|1
j(t) = 2c + c
2
= lim
|1
lim
|1
j
(t) = 3c + 2c
2
= lim
|1
+ j
(t). D is true since j(0) = j
(0) =
0.
24. A is true since j(t) satises the dierential equation on each subinter-
val. B is true since lim
|1
j(t) = c
2
= lim
|1
lim
|1
j
(t) = c 2c
2
= lim
|1
+ j
(t). D is false since j(0) = 2 = 0.

25. The general solution of j
j = 1 on the interval [0, 2) is found by using

the integrating factor c
|
. The general solution is j(t) = 1 + cc
|
and
the initial condition j(0) = 0 gives c = 1, so that j(t) = 1 + c
|
for
t [0, 2). Continuity of j(t) at t = 2 will then give j(2) = lim
|2
j(t) =
1 + c
2
, which will provide the initial condition for the next interval
112 1 Solutions
[2, 4). The general solution of j
j = 1 on [2, 4) is j(t) = 1 + /c
|
.
Thus 1 + c
2
= j(2) = 1 + /c
2
and solve for / to get / = 2c
2
+ 1,
so that j(t) = 1 + (2c
2
+ 1)c
|
for t [2, 4). Continuity will then give
j(4) = 1 + (2c
2
+ 1)c
4
, which will provide the initial condition for
the next interval [4, ). The general solution to j
j = 0 on [4, )
is j(t) = /c
|
and the constant / is obtained from the initial condition
/c
4
= j(4) = 1 + (2c
2
+ 1)c
4
, which gives / = c
4
2c
2
+ 1, so
that j(t) = (c
4
2c
2
+ 1)c
|
for t [4, ). Putting these three pieces
together, we nd that the solution is
j(t) =
1 +c
|
if 0 t < 2,
1 2c
|2
+c
|
if 2 t < 4
c
|4
2c
|2
+c
|
if 4 t < .
+3j = t on the interval [0, 1) is found by using

3|
1
3
t
1
9
+ cc
3|
and the initial condition gives c =
1
9
. By continuity we must have j(1) =
1
3

1
9
+
1
9
c
3
=
2
9
+
1
9
c
3
, which will provide the initial condition for
the next interval [1, ). The general solution of j
+ 3j = 1 on (1, ) is
j(t) =
1
3
+ /c
3|
. Setting j(1) =
1
3

1
9
+
1
9
c
3
=
2
9
+
1
9
c
3
found from
the interval [0, 1) equal to j(1) =
1
3
+/c
3
found from the interval [1, )
and solving for / gives / =
1
9

1
9
c
3
. Thus the complete solution is
j(t) =
{
1
3
t
1
9
+
1
9
c
3|
if 0 t < 1,
1
3
+ (
1
9

1
9
c
3
)c
3|
if 1 t < .
j = )(t) on any interval is found by using

|
. The general solution on the interval [0, 1) is
j(t) = oc
|
and since the initial condition is j(0) = 0, the solution on
[0, 1) is j(t) = 0. Continuity then given j(1) = 0, which will be the initial
condition for the interval [1, 2). The general solution of j
j = t 1
on the interval [1, 2) is j(t) = t +/c
|
and the initial condition j(1) = 0
gives 0 = 1+/c
1
so that / = c
1
. Thus j(t) = t+c
1
c
|
= t+c
|1
for
t [0, 2). Continuity of j(t) at t = 2 will then give j(2) = lim
|2
j(t) =
2+c
1
, which will provide the initial condition for the next interval [2, 3).
The general solution of j
j = 3 t on [2, 3) is j(t) = t 2 +cc

|
. Thus
2 + c
1
= j(2) = cc
2
and solve for c to get c = 2c
2
+ c
1
, so that
j(t) = t 2 + (2c
2
+ c
1
)c
|
= t 2 2c
|2
+ c
|1
for t [2, 3).
Continuity will then give j(3) = 12c
1
+c
2
, which will provide the initial
condition for the next interval [3, ). The general solution to j
j = 0
on [4, ) is j(t) = /c
|
and the constant / is obtained from the initial
condition /c
3
= j(3) = 1 2c
1
+ c
2
, which gives c = c
3
2c
2
+ c
1
,
1 Solutions 113
so that j(t) = (c
3
2c
2
+c
1
)c
|
= c
|3
2c
|2
+c
|1
for t [3, ).
Putting these three pieces together, we nd that the solution is
j(t) =
0 if 0 t < 1,
t +c
|1
if 1 t < 2,
t 2 2c
|2
+c
|1
if 2 t < 3
c
|3
2c
|2
+c
|1
if 3 t < .
+j = )(t) on any interval is found by using the

integrating factor c
|
. Using this integrating factor the general solution of
j
+j = sint on the interval [0, ) is found to be j(t) = (sin t cos t),2 +

cc
|
. The initial condition actually occurs at the end of this interval, but
by continuity we can substitute t = in this formula to get 1 = j() =
1,2 + cc
t
so c = (3,2)c
t
. Hence on the interval [0, ] the solution is
j(t) = (sin t cos t),2(3,2)c
t
c
|
= (sin t cos t),2(3,2)c
(|t)
. The
general solution of j
+ j = 0 on the interval [, ) is j(t) = /c

|
and
j() = 1 this gives 1 = /c
t
so / = c
t
and j(t) = c
(|t)
on
[, ). Putting these two pieces together, we nd that the solution is
j(t) =
{
(sin t cos t),2 (3,2)c
(|t)
if 0 t < ,
c
(|t)
if t < .
29. The characteristic polynomial of the equation j
j = )(t) is :
2
1 = (:
1)(: +1) so the homogeneous equation has the solution j
(t) = oc
|
+/c
|
for constants o and /. On the interval [0, 1] the equation j
j = t
has a particular solution j
(t) = t so the general solution has the form

j(t) = t + oc
|
+ /c
|
. The initial conditions give 0 = j(0) = o + / and
1 = j
(0) = 1+o/. Solving gives o = 1, / = 1 so j(t) = t +c

|
c
|
on [0, 1). By continuity it follows that j(1) = 1 + c
1
c
1
and j
(1) =
1 + c
1
+ c
1
and these constitute the initial values for the equation
j
j = 0 on the interval [1, ). The general solution on this interval is

j(t) = oc
|
+/c
|
and at t = 1 we get j(1) = oc
1
+/c
1
= 1+c
1
c
1
and
j
(1) = oc
1
/c
1
= 1 +c
1
+c
1
. Solving for o and / gives o = 1 c
1
and / = 1 so that j(t) = (1 c
1
)c
|
c
|
= c
|
c
|1
c
1
. Putting
the two pieces together gives
j(t) =
{
t +c
|
c
|
if 0 t < 1,
c
|
c
|1
c
1
1 t < .
30. The characteristic polynomial of the equation j
4j
+ 4j = )(t) is
:
2
4: + 4 = (: 2)
2
so the homogeneous equation has the solution
j
(t) = oc
2|
+ /tc
2|
for constants o and /, which is valid on the interval
114 1 Solutions
[0, 2). The initial conditions j(0) = 1 and j
(0) = 0 imply that c

1
= 1
and c
2
= 2. So j(t) = c
2|
2tc
2|
on [0, 2). By continuity it follows that
j(2) = c
4
4c
4
= 3c
4
and j
(2) = 8c
4
and these constitute the initial
values for the equation j
4j
+ 4j = 4 on the interval [2, ). The

general solution on this interval is j(t) = 1 +oc
2|
+/tc
2|
and at t = 2 we
get j(2) = 1 + oc
4
+ 2/c
4
= 3c
4
and j
(1) = (2o + /)c

4
+ 4/c
4
= 8c
4
.
Solving for o and / gives o = 1 5c
4
and / = 2 + 2c
4
so that j(t) =
1 +(1 5c
4
)c
2|
+(2 +2c
4
)tc
2|
= 1 +c
2|
5c
2(|2)
2tc
2|
+2tc
2(|2)
.
Putting the two pieces together gives
j(t) =
{
c
2|
2tc
2|
if 0 t < 2,
1 +c
2|
5c
2(|2)
2tc
2|
+ 2tc
2(|2)
2 t < .
33. 1. )(t) = sin(1,t) 1 for all t = 0, while )(0) = 0 = 0 1.
2. It is enough to observe that lim
|0
+ does not exist. But letting t
n
=
1
nt
gives )(t
n
) = sin n = 0 for all positive integers n, while letting
t
n
=
2
(4n+1)t
gives )(t
n
) = sin(1,t
n
) = sin((4n + 1),2) = sin(2n +
t
2
) = 1 so there is one sequence t
n
0 with )(t
n
) 0 while another
sequence t
n
0 with )(t
n
) 1 so )(t) cannot be continuous at 0.
3. To be piecewise continuous, )(t) would have to have a limit at t ap-
proaches 0 from above, and this is not true as shown in part 2.
Section 5.2
1. )(t) = 3(t 2) (t 5) =
0 if t < 2,
3 if 2 t < 5,
2 if t 5.
Thus, the graph is
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t
j
2. )(t) = 2(t 2) 3(t 3) + 4(t 4) =
0 if t < 2,
2 if 2 t < 3,
1 if 2 t < 4,
3 if t 4.
Thus, the
graph is
1 Solutions 115
1
2
3
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
t
j
3. This function is p(t 1)(t 1) where p(t) = t, so the graph of )(t) is
the graph of p(t) = t translated 1 unit to the right and then truncated at
t = 1, with the graph before t = 1 replaced by the line j = 0. Thus the
graph is
0
1
2
0 1 2 3
t
j
4. This function is p(t 2)(t 2) where p(t) = t
2
, so the graph of )(t) is
the graph of p(t) = t
2
translated 1 unit to the right and then truncated
at t = 2, with the graph before t = 2 replaced by the line j = 0. Thus the
graph is
0
1
2
0 1 2 3
t
j
5. This function is just t
2
truncated at t = 2, with the graph before t = 2
replaced by the line j = 0. Thus the graph is
0
2
4
6
8
0 1 2 3
t
j
where the dashed line is the part of the t
2
graph that has been truncated.
It is only shown for emphasis and it is not part of the graph.
116 1 Solutions
6. This is the sin t function, truncated at t = . The graph is
0
1
1
2 3
t
j
7. This is the function cos 2t shifted units to the right and then truncated
at t = . The graph is
0
1
1
2 3
t
j
8. )(t) = t
2
[0, 1)
(t) + (2 t)
[1, 3)
(t) + 3
[3, )
(t)
=
t
2
if 0 t < 1,
2 t if 1 t < 3,
3 if t 3.
Thus, the graph is
1
2
3
1
1 2 3 4 5
t
j
9. (a) (t 2)
[2, )
(t); (b) (t 2)(t 2);
(c) {(t 2)(t 2)} = c
2s
{t} = c
2s
,:
2
.
10. (a) t
[2, )
(t); (b) t(t 2);
(c) {t(t 2)} = c
2s
{t + 2} = c
2s
(
1
:
2
+
2
:
)
.
11. (a) (t + 2)
[2, )
(t); (b) (t + 2)(t 2);
(c) {(t + 2)(t 2)} = c
2s
{(t + 2) + 2} = c
2s
(
1
:
2
+
4
:
)
.
1 Solutions 117
12. (a) (t 4)
2
[4, )
(t); (b) (t 4)
2
(t 4);
(c)
{
(t 4)
2
(t 4)
}
= c
2s
{
t
2
}
= c
4s
2
:
3
.
13. (a) t
2
[4, )
(t); (b) t
2
(t 4);
(c)
{
t
2
(t 4)
}
= c
4s
{
(t + 4)
2
}
= c
4s
{
t
2
+ 8t + 16
}
= c
4s
(
2
:
3
+
8
:
2
+
16
:
)
.
14. (a) (t
2
4)
[4, )
(t); (b) (t
2
4)(t 4);
(c)
{
(t
2
4)(t 4)
}
= c
4s
{
(t + 4)
2
4
}
= c
4s
{
t
2
+ 8t + 12
}
= c
4s
(
2
:
3
+
8
:
2
+
12
:
)
.
15. (a) (t 4)
2
[2, )
(t); (b) (t 4)
2
(t 2);
(c)
{
(t 4)
2
(t 2)
}
= c
2s
{
((t + 2) 4)
2
}
= c
2s
{
t
2
4t + 4
}
= c
2s
(
2
:
3

4
:
2
+
4
:
)
.
16. (a) c
|4
[4, )
(t); (b) c
|4
(t 4);
(c)
{
c
|4
(t 4)
}
= c
4s
{c
|
} = c
4s
1
: 1
.
17. (a) c
|
[4, )
(t); (b) c
|
(t 4);
(c) {c
|
(t 4)} = c
4s
{
c
|+4
}
= c
4s
c
4
{c
|
}
= c
4(s1)
1
: 1
.
18. (a) c
|4
[6, )
(t); (b) c
|4
(t 6);
(c)
{
c
|4
(t 6)
}
= c
6s
{
c
(|+6)4
}
= c
6s
c
2
{c
|
}
= c
6s+2
1
: 1
.
19. (a) tc
|
[4, )
(t); (b) tc
|
(t 4);
(c) {tc
|
(t 4)} = c
4s
{
(t + 4)c
|+4
}
= c
4s
c
4
{tc
|
+ 4c
|
}
= c
4(s1)
(
1
(: 1)
2
+
4
: 1
)
.
20. (a)
[0,4)
(t)
[4,5)
(t); (b) 1 2(t 4) +(t 5);
(c) {1 2(t 4) +(t 5)} =
1
:
2
c
4s
:
+
c
5s
:
.
21. (a) t
[0,1)
(t) + (2 t)
[1,)
(t); (b) t + (2 2t)(t 1);
(c) {t + (2 2t)(t 1)} = {t} +c
s
{(2 2(t + 1))}
= {t} +c
s
{2t} =
1
:
2

2c
s
:
2
.
118 1 Solutions
22. (a) t
[0,1)
(t) + (2 t)
[1,2)
(t) +
[2,)
(t);
(b) t (2 2t)(t 1) + (t 1)(t 2);
(c) {t + (2 2t)(t 1) + (t 1)(t 2)}
= {t} +c
s
{(2 2(t + 1))} +c
2s
{(t + 2) 1}
= {t} +c
s
{2t} +c
2s
{t + 1}
=
1
:
2

2c
s
:
2
+c
2s
(
1
:
2
+
1
:
)
.
23. (a) t
2
[0, 2)
(t) + 4
[2, 3)
(t) + (7 t)
[3, )
(t);
(b) t
2
+ (4 t
2
)(t 2) + (3 t)(t 3);
(c)
{
t
2
+ (4 t
2
)(t 2) + (3 t)(t 3)
}
=
{
t
2
}
+c
2s
{
4 (t + 2)
2
}
+c
3s
{3 (t + 3)}
=
2
:
3
c
2s
(
2
:
3
+
4
:
2
)
c
3s
:
2
.
24. (a)
[0,2)
(t) + (3 t)
[2,3)
(t) + 2(t 3)
[3,4)
(t) + 2
[4,)
(t);
(b) 1 + (2 t)(t 2) + (3t 9)(t 3) (2t 4)(t 4);
(c) {1 + (2 t)(t 2) + (3t 9)(t 3) (2t 4)(t 4)}
= {1}+c
2s
{2 (t + 2)}+c
3s
{3(t + 3) 9}c
4s
{2(t + 4) 4}
=
1
:

c
2s
:
2
+
3c
3s
:
2
c
4s
(
2
:
2
+
4
:
)
.
25. (a)

n=0
(t n)
[n,n+1)
(t);
(b) t
n=1
(t n);
(c) {t
n=1
(t n)} = {t}
n=1
{(t n)}
=
1
:
2

n=1
c
ns
:
=
1
:
2

1
:
n=1
(c
s
)
n
=
1
:
2

c
s
:(1 c
s
)
.
26. (a)

n=0
[2n,2n+1)
(t); (b)

n=0
(1)
n
(t n);
(c)
1
:(1 +c
s
)
.
27. (a)

n=0
(2n + 1 t)
[2n,2n+2)
(t); (b) (t + 1) + 2
n=0
(t 2n);
(c)
1
:
2

1
:
+
2
:(1 c
2s
)
.
28.
1
{
c
3s
: 1
}
= (t 3)
1
{
1
: 1
}
||3
= (t 3) (c
|
)
||3
= c
|3
(t 3) =
{
0 if 0 t < 3,
c
|3
if t 3.
1 Solutions 119
29.
1
{
c
3s
:
2
}
= (t 3)
1
{
1
:
2
}
||3
= (t 3) (t)
||3
= (t 3)(t 3) =
{
0 if 0 t < 3,
t 3 if t 3.
30.
1
{
c
3s
(: 1)
3
}
= (t 3)
1
{
1
(: 1)
3
}
|(|3)
= (t 3)
(
1
2
t
2
c
|
)
||3
=
1
2
(t 3)
2
c
|3
(t 3)
=
{
0 if 0 t < 3,
1
2
(t 3)
2
c
|3
if t 3.
31.
1
{
c
ts
:
2
+ 1
}
= (t )
1
{
1
:
2
+ 1
}
||t
= (t ) (sin t)
||t
= (t ) sin(t )
=
{
0 if 0 t < ,
sin(t ) if t
=
{
0 if 0 t < ,
sint if t .
32.
1
{
:c
3ts
:
2
+ 1
}
= (t 3)
1
{
:
:
2
+ 1
}
||3t
= (t 3) (cos t)
||3t
= (t 3) cos(t 3)
=
{
0 if 0 t < 3,
cos(t 3) if t 3
=
{
0 if 0 t < 3,
cos t if t 3.
33.
1
{
c
ts
:
2
+ 2: + 5
}
= (t )
1
{
1
:
2
+ 2: + 5
}
||t
= (t )
1
{
1
(: + 1)
2
+ 2
2
}
||t
= (t ) (
1
2
c
|
sin 2t)
||t
=
1
2
c
(|t)
sin 2(t )(t ) =
{
0 if 0 t < ,
1
2
c
(|t)
sin 2t if t .
34.
1
{
c
s
:
2
+
c
2s
(: 1)
3
}
= (t 1)
1
{
1
:
2
}
||1
+(t 2)
1
{
1
(: 1)
3
}
||2
= (t 1) (t)
||1
+(t 2) (
1
2
t
2
c
|
)
||2
= (t 1)(t 1) +
1
2
(t 2)
2
c
|2
(t 2)
=
0 if 0 t < 1,
t 1 if 1 t < 2,
t 1 +
1
2
(t 2)
2
c
|2
if t 2.
120 1 Solutions
35.
1
{
c
2s
:
2
+ 4
}
= (t 2)
1
{
1
:
2
+ 4
}
||2
= (t 2) (
1
2
sin 2t)
||2
=
1
2
(t 2) sin 2(t 2)
=
{
0 if 0 t < 2,
1
2
sin2(t 2) if t 2.
36.
1
{
c
2s
:
2
4
}
= (t 2)
1
{
1
:
2
4
}
||2
= (t 2)
1
{
1
4
(
1
: 2

1
: + 2
)}
||2
= (t 2) (
1
4
(c
2|
c
2|
)
||2
=
1
4
(t 2)
(
c
2(|2)
c
2(|2)
)
=
{
0 if 0 t < 2,
1
4
(
c
2(|2)
c
2(|2)
)
if t 2.
37.
1
{
:c
4s
:
2
+ 3: + 2
}
= (t 4)
1
{
:
:
2
+ 3: + 2
}
||4
= (t 4)
1
{
2
: + 2

1
: + 1
}
||4
= (t 4) (2c
2|
c
|
)
||4
= (t 4)
(
2c
2(|4)
c
(|4)
)
=
{
0 if 0 t < 4,
2c
2(|4)
c
(|4)
if t 4.
38.
1
{
c
2s
+c
3s
:
2
3: + 2
}
= (t2)
1
{
1
:
2
3: + 2
}
||2
+(t3)
1
{
1
:
2
3: + 2
}
||3
= (t 2)
1
{
1
: 2

1
: 1
}
||2
+(t 3)
1
{
1
: 2

1
: 1
}
||3
= (t 2) (c
2|
c
|
)
||2
+ (t 3) (c
2|
c
|
)
||3
= (t 2)
(
c
2(|2)
c
|2
)
+(t 3)
(
c
2(|3)
c
|3
)
39.
1
{
1 c
5s
:
2
}
=
1
{
1
:
2
}
(t 5)
1
{
1
:
2
}
||5
= t (t 5) (t)
||5
= t (t 5)(t 5) =
{
t if 0 t < 5,
5 if t 5.
1 Solutions 121
40.
1
{
1 +c
3s
:
4
}
=
1
{
1
:
4
}
+(t 3)
1
{
1
:
4
}
||3
=
1
6
t
3
+(t 3)
(
1
6
t
3
)
||3
=
1
6
t
3
+
1
6
(t 3)
3
(t 3)
=
{
1
6
t
3
if 0 t < 3,
1
6
t
3
+
1
6
(t 3)
3
if t 3.
41.
1
{
c
ts
2: + 1
:
2
+ 6: + 13
}
= (t )
1
{
2: + 1
:
2
+ 6: + 13
}
||t
= (t )
1
{
2(: + 3) 5
(: + 3)
2
+ 2
2
}
||t
= (t )
1
{
2(: + 3)
(: + 3)
2
+ 2
2
}
||t
+(t )
1
{
5
(: + 3)
2
+ 2
2
}
||t
= (t ) (2c
3|
cos 2t
5
2
c
3|
sin 2t)
||t
= (t )c
3(|t)
(
2 cos 2(t )
5
2
sin 2(t )
)
=
{
0 if 0 t < ,
c
3(|t)
(
2 cos 2t
5
2
sin 2t
)
if t .
42. This is the same calculation as the previous exercise with the additional
term added:
1
{
2: + 1
:
2
+ 6: + 13
}
= 2c
3|
cos 2t
5
2
c
3|
sin 2t.
Combining this with the previous calculation gives
1
{
(1 c
ts
)
2: + 1
:
2
+ 6: + 13
}
=
1
{
2: + 1
:
2
+ 6: + 13
}
1
{
c
ts
2: + 1
:
2
+ 6: + 13
}
= c
3|
(
2 cos 2t
5
2
sin2t
)
(t )c
3(|t)
(
2 cos 2(t )
5
2
sin 2(t )
)
Section 5.3
1. j =
3
2
(t 1)
(
1 c
2(|1)
)
2. j = c
2|
1 + 2(t 1)
(
1 c
2(|1)
)
3. j = (t 1)
(
1 c
2(|1)
)
(t 3)
(
1 c
2(|3)
)
4. j =
1
4
c
2|
1
4
+
1
2
t + (t 1)
(
1
4
c
2(|1)
1
4
+
1
2
(t 1)
)

1
2
(t
1)
(
1 c
2(|1)
)
122 1 Solutions
5.
1
9
(t 3) (1 + cos 3(t 3))
6. j =
2
3
c
|
+
5
12
c
4|
+
1
4
+
1
12
(t 5)
(
3 + 4c
|5
c
4(|5)
)
7. j =
1
3
(t 1)
(
1 3c
2(|1)
+ 2c
3(|1)
)
+
1
3
(t 3)
(
1 + 3c
3(|3)
2c
3(|3)
)
8. j = cos 3t +
1
24
(t 2) (3 sin t sin 3t)
9. j = tc
|
+(t 3)
(
1 (t 2)c
(|3)
)
10. j = tc
|
1
4
(t 3)
(
c
|
5c
|+6
+ 2tc
|+6
)
11. j =
1
20
c
5|
1
4
c
|
+
1
5
+
1
20
(t 2)
(
4 +c
5(|2)
5c
(|2)
)
+
1
20
(t
4)
(
4 +c
5(|4)
5c
(|4)
)
+
1
20
(t 6)
(
4 +c
5(|6)
5c
(|6)
)
Section 5.4
1. j = (t 1)c
2(|1)
2. j = (1 +(t 1))c
2(|1)
3. j = (t 1)c
2(|1)
(t 3)c
2(|3)
4. j =
1
2
(1 +(t )) sin 2t =
{
1
2
sin2t if 0 t < ,
sin 2t if t .
5. j =
1
2
[t, 2t)
sin 2t =
{
1
2
sin 2t if t < 2,
0 otherwise.
6. j = cos 2t +
1
2
[t, 2t)
sin 2t
7. j = (t 1)c
2(|1)
(t 1)
8. j = (t 1)
(
c
2|
+c
2(|1)
(t 1)
)
9. j = 3(t 1)c
2(|1)
sin(t 1)
10. j = c
2|
(sin t cos t) + 3(t 1)c
2(|1)
sin(t 1)
11. j = c
2|
(
cos 4t +
1
2
sin 4t
)
+
1
4
sin 4t
(
(t )c
2(|t)
(t 2)c
2(|2t)
)
12. j =
1
18
(
c
5|
c
|
6tc
|
)
+
1
6
(t 3)
(
c
5(|3)
c
(|3)
)
1 Solutions 123
Section 6.1
2. 1 =
[
3 1
3 5
]
, C =
[
6 3
4 6
]
, 1 =
1 1 1
5 2 18
0 1 5
, C =
2 0 8
2 3 7
3 1 7
3. (1 +C) = 1 +C =
[
3 4
1 13
]
, (1 +C) =
3 1 7
3 1 25
5 0 12
4. C =
2 5
13 8
7 0
5. 1 =
6 4 1 8
0 2 8 2
2 1 9 5
6. 1C =
[
2 3 8
2 0 24
]
7. C =
8 0
4 5
8 14
10 11
8. 1
|
|
=
6 0 2
4 2 1
1 8 9
8 2 5
9. 1C =
8 9 48
4 0 48
2 3 40
.
10. 1 = 4 and 1 =
1 4 3 1
0 0 0 0
1 4 3 1
2 8 6 2
14.
[
1 0
1 1
]
15.
0 0 1
3 5 1
0 0 5
124 1 Solutions
16. 1 1 =
[
o/ 0
0 o/
]
. It is not possible to have o/ = 1 and o/ = 1
since 1 = 1.
17. (a) Choose, for example, =
[
0 1
0 0
]
and 1 =
[
0 0
1 0
]
.
(b) (+1)
2
=
2
+ 21 +1
2
precisely when 1 = 1.
18.
2
=
[
1 1
1 2
]
,
3
=
[
1 2
2 3
]
19. 1
n
=
[
1 n
0 1
]
20.
n
=
[
o
n
0
0 /
n
]
21. (a)
[
0 1
1 0
]
=
[
1
]
; the two rows of are switched. (b)
[
1 c
0 1
]
=
[
1
+c
2
2
]
; to the rst row is added c times the second row while the
second row is unchanged, (c) to the second row is added c times the rst
row while the rst row is unchanged. (d) the rst row is multiplied by o
while the second row is unchanged, (e) the second row is multiplied by o
while the rst row is unchanged.
Section 6.2
1. (a) =
1 4 3
1 1 1
2 0 1
0 1 1
, x =
r
j
.
, b =
2
4
1
6
, and [b] =
1 4 3 2
1 1 1 4
2 0 1 1
0 1 1 6
.
(b) =
[
2 3 4 1
3 8 3 6
]
, x =
r
1
r
2
r
3
r
4
, b =
[
0
1
]
, and [b] =
[
2 3 4 1 0
3 8 3 6 1
]
.
2.
r
1
r
3
+ 4r
4
+ 3r
5
= 2
5r
1
+ 3r
2
3r
3
r
4
3r
5
= 1
3r
1
2r
2
+ 8r
3
+ 4r
4
3r
5
= 3
8r
1
+ 2r
2
+ 2r
4
+ r
5
= 4
3. j
2,3
() =
1 0 1
0 1 4
0 0 0
1 Solutions 125
4. RREF
5. t
2,1
(2)() =
[
1 0 5 2 1
0 1 3 1 1
]
6. :
2
(1,2)() =
0 1 0 3
0 0 1 3
0 0 0 0
7. RREF
8. t
1,3
(3)() =
1 0 1 0 3
0 1 3 4 1
0 0 0 0 0
9.
1 0 0 2
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
10.
1 0 0 11 8
0 1 0 4 2
0 0 1 9 6
11.
0 1 0
7
2
1
4
0 0 1 3
1
2
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
12.
1 2 0 0 3
0 0 1 0 2
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
13.
1 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 3 1
0 0 1 2 1 1
14.
1 0 2
0 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
15.
1 0 1 0
0 1 3 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
126 1 Solutions
16.
1 4 0 0 3
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 3
17.
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
18.
r
j
.
1
1
0
+c
3
1
5
19.
r
1
r
2
r
3
r
4
4
1
0
0
+ c
1
3
1
0
+a
2
1
0
1
20.
[
r
j
]
= c
[
2
1
]
21.
r
1
r
2
r
3
r
4
3
0
2
5
+ c
4
1
0
0
22.
r
j
.
14,3
1,3
2,3
23. no solution
24.
0
3
4
+c
1
0
0
25. The equation
5
1
4
= o
1
1
2
+/
1
1
0
has solution o = 2 and / = 3. By

Proposition 6
5
1
4
is a solution.
26. / = 2
27. / = 2
1 Solutions 127
28. (a) If x
.
is the solution set for x = b
.
then x
1
=
7,2
7,2
3,2
, x
2
=
3,2
3,2
1,2
, and x
3
=
7
6
3
.
(b) The augmented matrix [/
1
/
2
/
3
] reduces to
1 0 0 7,2 3,2 7
0 1 0 7,2 3,2 6
0 0 1 3,2 1,2 3
.
The last three columns correspond in order to the solutions.
Section 6.3
1.
[
4 1
3 1
]
2.
[
3 2
4 3
]
3. not invertible
4.
[
2 1
3,2 1,2
]
5. not invertible
6.
1 1 1
0 1 2
0 0 1
7.
6 5 13
5 4 11
1 1 3
8.
1,5 2,5 2,5

1,5 1,10 2,5
3,5 1,5 1,5
9.
29 39,2 22 13
7 9,2 5 3
22 29,2 17 10
9 6 7 4
128 1 Solutions
10.
1
2
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1
11.
0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1
12. not invertible

13. b =
[
5
3
]
14. b =
2
6
3
15. b =
1
10
16
11
18
16. b =
1
1
1
17. b =
19
4
15
6
18. b =
3
1
4
1
.
19. (
|
)
1
= (
1
)
|
20. (1(0))
1
= 1(0)
21. 1(0)
1
= 1(0)
22. Example. =
[
1 0
0 0
]
, 1 =
[
1 2
3 4
]
, C =
[
1 2
5 6
]
.
1 Solutions 129
Section 6.4
1. 1
2. 0
3. 10
4. 8
5. 21
6. 6
7. 2
8. 15
9. 0
10.
1
s
2
3s
[
2 +: 2
1 1 +:
]
: = 0, 3
11.
1
s
2
6s+8
[
: 3 1
1 : 3
]
: = 2, 4
12.
1
s
2
2s+s
[
: 1 1
1 : 1
]
: = 1 i
13.
1
(s1)
3
(: 1)
2
3 : 1
0 (: 1)
2
0
0 3(: 1) (: 1)
2
: = 1
14.
1
s
3
3s
2
6s+8
:
2
2: + 10 3: 6 3: 12
3: + 12 :
2
2: 8 3: 12
3: + 6 3: 6 :
2
2: 8
: = 2, 1, 4
15.
1
s
3
+s
2
+4s+4
:
2
+: 4: + 4 0
: 1 :
2
+: 0
: 4 4: + 4 :
2
+ 4
: = 1, 2i
16.
[
9 4
2 1
]
17. no inverse
18.
1
10
[
6 4
2 3
]
130 1 Solutions
19.
1
8
4 4 4
1 3 1
5 1 3
20.
1
21
27 12 3
13 5 4
29 16 4
21.
1
6
2 98 9502
0 3 297
0 0 6
22.
1
2
13 76 80 35
14 76 80 36
6 34 36 16
7 36 38 17
23.
1
15
55 95 44 171
50 85 40 150
70 125 59 216
65 115 52 198
24. no inverse
Section 7.1
1. nonlinear
2. linear, constant coecient, non homogeneous
y
=
(
1 1
1 1
)
y +
(
t
2
1
)
3. linear, homogeneous, but not constant coecient
y
=
(
sin t 1
1 cos t
)
y
4. nonlinear, because of the presence of sinj
1
or cos j
2
.
5. linear, constant coecient, homogeneous
y
1 0 0 0
2 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 1 2 0
y
6. linear, constant coecient, nonhomogeneous
y
=
(
1
2
1
1
1
2
)
y +
(
5
5
)
1 Solutions 131
7. First note that j
1
(0) = 0 and j
2
(0) = 1, so the initial condition is
satised. Then
(t) =
[
j
1
(t)
j
2
(t)
]
=
[
c
|
3c
3|
2c
|
3c
3|
]
while
[
5 2
4 1
]
(t) =
[
5(c
|
c
3|
) 2(2c
|
c
3|
)
4(c
|
c
3|
) (2c
|
c
3|
)
]
=
[
c
|
3c
3|
2c
|
3c
3|
]
. Thus
(t) =
[
5 2
4 1
]
, as
required.
In solutions, 1116, =
[
j
1
j
2
]
=
[
j
j
]
.
11. Let j
1
= j and j
2
= j
. Then j
1
= j
= j
2
and j
2
= j
= 5j
6j+c
2|
=
6j
1
5j
2
+ c
2|
. Letting =
[
j
1
j
2
]
, this can be expressed in vector form
as
=
[
0 1
6 5
]
+
[
0
c
2|
]
(0) =
[
1
2
]
.
12. y
=
(
0 1
/
2
0
)
y
y(0) =
(
1
0
)
13. y
=
(
0 1
/
2
0
)
y
y(0) =
(
1
0
)
14. y
=
(
0 1
/
2
0
)
y +
(
0
cos .t
)
y(0) =
(
0
0
)
15.
=
[
0 1
c
o

/
o
]
, (0) =
[
c
a
]
16.
=
[
0 1
1
t
2

2
t
]
, (1) =
[
2
3
]
17.
=
[
0 1
c
o

/
o
]
+
[
0
sin .t
]
, (0) =
[
c
a
]
18.
(t) =
[
2 sin2t 2 cos 2t
2 cos 2t 2 sin2t
]
132 1 Solutions
19.
(t) =
[
3c
3|
1
2t 2c
2|
]
20.
(t) =
c
|
(1 t)c
|
(2t t
2
)c
|
0 c
|
(1 t)c
|
0 0 c
|
21.
(t) =
1
2t
t
1
22.
(t) =
[
0 0
0 0
]
23.
(t) =
[
2c
2| 2|
|
2
+1
3 sin3t
]
24.
[
0 1
1 0
]
25.
1
4
[
c
2
c
2
c
2
+c
2
1
1 c
2
c
2
c
2
c
2
]
26.
3,2
7,3
ln 4 1
27.
[
4 8
12 16
]
28. Continuous on 1
1
, 1
4
, and 1
5
29.
[
1
s
1
s
2
2
s
3
1
s2
]
30.
[
s
s
2
+1
1
s
2
+1
1
s
2
+1
s
s
2
+1
]
31.
[
3!
s
4
2s
(s
2
+1)
2
1
(s+1)
2
2s
s
3
s3
s
2
6s+13
3
s
]
32.
1
s
2
2
s
3
6
s
4
33.
2
s
2
1
[
1 1
1 1
]
1 Solutions 133
34.
1
s
1
s2+1
1
s(s
2
+1)
0
s
s
2
+1
1
s
2
+1
0
1
s
+
1
s
s
2
+1
35.
[
1 2t 3t
2
]
36.
[
1 t
c
+c
2
cos t
]
37.
[
c
|
+c
|
c
|
c
|
c
|
c
|
c
|
+c
|
]
38.
c
|
tc
|
4
3
+
c
3
3
+c
|
sint
3 cos 3t c
3|
Section 7.2
1. (:1 )
1
=
[
1
s1
0
0
1
s2
]
and
1
(:1 )
1
=
[
c
|
0
0 c
2
t
]
2. (:1 )
1
=
[
s2
s(s3)
1
s(s3)
2
s(s3)
s1
s(s3)
]
and
1
(:1 )
1
=
[
2
3
+
1
3
c
3| 1
3

1
3
c
3|
2
3

2
3
c
3| 1
3
+
2
3
c
3|
]
3. (:1 )
1
=
1
s
1
s
2
s+1
s
3
0
1
s
1
s
2
0 0
1
s
and
1
(:1 )
1
=
1 t t +
|
2
2
0 1 t
0 0 1
4. (:1 )
1
=
[
s
s
2
+1
1
s
2
+1
1
s
2
+1
s
s
2
+1
]
and
1
(:1 )
1
=
[
cos t sin t
sint cos t
]
5.
[
c
|
0
0 c
3|
]
; (t) =
[
c
|
2c
3|
]
6.
[
cos 2t sin 2t
sin2t cos 2t
]
;
[
cos 2t sin 2t
1 sin2t + cos 2t
]
7.
[
c
2|
tc
2|
0 c
2|
]
; y(t) =
[
c
2|
+ 2tc
2|
2c
2|
]
8.
[
c
|
cos 2t c
|
sin2t
c
|
sin 2t c
|
cos 2t
]
; y(t) =
[
c
|
cos 2t
c
|
sin 2t
]
134 1 Solutions
9.
1
2
[
3c
|
c
|
c
|
+c
|
3c
|
3c
|
c
|
+ 3c
|
]
; y(t) =
[
c
|
3c
|
]
10.
[
c
|
+ 2tc
|
4tc
|
tc
|
c
|
2tc
|
]
; y(t) =
[
c
|
2tc
|
c
|
tc
|
]
11.
[
cos t + 2 sint 5 sint
sin t cos t 2 sint
]
; y(t) =
[
cos t + 7 sint
3 sint cos t
]
12.
[
c
|
cos 2t 2c
|
sin 2t
1
2
c
|
sin2t c
|
cos 2t
]
; y(t) =
[
2c
|
(cos 2t + sin 2t)
c
|
(sin 2t 2 cos 2t)
]
13.
1
2
[
c
|
+c
3|
c
3|
c
|
c
3|
c
|
c
|
+c
3|
]
; y(t) =
[
c
3|
c
3|
]
14.
[
c
|
+ 4tc
|
2tc
|
8tc
|
c
|
4tc
|
]
; y(t) =
[
3c
|
+ 10tc
|
c
|
20tc
|
]
15.
c
|
0
3
2
(c
|
c
|
)
0 c
2|
0
0 0 c
|
; y(t) =
2c
|
+ 3c
|
c
2|
2c
|
16.
cos 2t 2 sin2t 0
1
2
sin 2t cos 2t 0
c
|
+ cos 2t 2 sin2t c
|
; y(t) =
2 cos 2t + 2 sin2t
cos 2t sin 2t
2 cos 2t + 2 sin2t
17.
1
3
2c
3|
+ 1 3c
|
3c
3|
1 c
3|
0 3c
|
0
2 2c
3|
3c
|
+ 3c
3|
c
3|
+ 2
; y(t) =
2 +c
|
c
|
4 c
|
18.
tc
|
+c
|
tc
|
tc
|
c
2|
c
|
c
|
c
2|
+c
|
tc
|
c
2|
+c
|
tc
|
c
2|
+tc
|
; y(t) =
3c
|
+tc
|
c
|
3c
|
+tc
|
19.
c
3|
tc
3|
1
2
t
2
c
3|
tc
3|
0 c
3|
tc
3|
0 0 c
3|
; y(t) =
c
3|
tc
3|
c
3|
0
20. y(t) =
[
c
|
+tc
|
3c
|
+tc
|
]
21. y(t) =
[
1 + 2c
|
sin 2t
2 + 2c
|
cos 2t
]
22. y(t) =
1
2
[
2 cos t + 16 sint + 2t cos t t sint
2 cos t + 7 sint +t cos t
]
1 Solutions 135

Ordinary Differential Equations Solution Manual: William A. Adkins, Mark G. Davidson

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William A. Adkins, Mark G.

(t) = /1(t), where / is the proportionality

(t). Thus the Logistic Growth Law is

(t) = /(t) d(t)

(t), where ` is the

so the order is 1 and the standard form

so the order is 2. The standard form is

so the order is 1 and the standard form

so the order is 2. The standard form is

so the order is 2 and the standard form

so the order is 1 and the standard form

so the order is 3. Solving for j

= j t to get o = (o 1)t +/. Equality

= cos(t +j) to get o = cos((o +1)t +/).

= (1 j),j. This is separable; (t) = 1 and

= j(j t). We cannot write j(j t) as a

= (j 2jt),j. Here we can write (j

= (1 j) tant so j = 1 is a solution. Sepa-

= j(j+1) from which we see j = 0 and j = 1

= 2tj so j = 0 is a solution. Separating vari-

F, the temperature of the ice water.

. Equation (12) gives T(t) =

. Equation (12) gives T(t) = 65 +

. Equation (12) gives T(t) = 70 +

. Equation (12) gives T(t) = 70 +

39. The ambient temperature is T

. Equation (12) gives T(t) = 40 +

. To determine : we use 1(10) = 370 to get 370 =

. Since 1(2) = 3000 we get 3000 =

3 dt = 3t so the integrating factor is j(t) = c

+ (tan t)j = sec t.

+ (sec t tan t)j = sec

= 1 and taking antiderivatives of

(tan t)j = sec t. In this case j(t) =

(sin t)j = 1, the left hand side of which is a perfect deriva-

. Thus ((cos t)j)

= 1 and taking antiderivatives of both

+2tj = 1, the left hand side of which is a perfect derivative (t

= 1 and taking antiderivatives of both sides gives t

= input rate output rate

j(t) dt = t,25, and the integrating

= 0. Integrating and simplifying gives

j(t) dt = t,10, and the integrating factor

j(t) dt = ln(5+t), and the

= 80(5 + t). Integrating and

j(t) dt = ln(5+t), and the

= 2(5 +t). Integrating

. Integrating and simplifying

, where / is the constant of integration. The initial

. This will reduce by 1,2 when 1(t) =

for t and get t

= ln t +c. Exponentiating gives

1 +/t. Now = j,t so j = t

1 + /t. The equilibrium

and the given

2 lnt + 2c. Since = j,t we get

= ln t + c. (To integrate the left hand side use

and substituting gives .

. The general solution

2t. = 2t. An integrating

+2t. = 2t. An integrating factor is c

and substituting gives