MOVETO THEBEAT!

Understanding contemporary&classical musicintheUKthrough themediumofforeign musicalinfluence

Workshop PreparationBooklet March2012

Contents
Abouttheworkshop Yourtask Workshopclasses&visits Africanmusic Indianmusic Rockandroll UsefulWords UKmusicandlinks

 Abouttheworkshop
MovetotheBeat!willprovideafascinatinginsightintocontemporaryand classicalmusicintheUKandprovideanopportunityforyoutoexplorethe influencethatothercultureshavehaduponbothmodernandhistorical musicaltastes.CurrentmusicalpreferencesandpatternsintheUKhave beenwidelyinfluencedbyAfrican,AsianandAmericanmusic.Thisworkshop willlookatmusicalinfluencesthroughouttheagesandhowtraditional songanddancehasbecomeincreasinglymulticulturalduetothe globalisationofthemusicindustry.

Task
Beforeattendingtheworkshopwekindlyaskyoutoresearchthemusicofyourown country.DuringtheweekintheUKwewillaskyoutoshareexamplesofyour countrysmusicandtellushowthemusicyoulistento/hearontheradiohas changedovertheyears.YoucanbringCDs,orusetheinternet,orperhapsbringan instrument.Thechoiceisyours! Youwillonlyneedtoshareyourexampleswiththegroupfor510minutessoplease donotbenervous.

Workshopclasses&visits
Throughouttheweekyouwilltakepartinanumberofmusicbasedworkshopsonthefollowingtopics: Africandrummingtechniques Percussionfromacrosstheworld Stringedinstrumentsandtheiruseincontemporaryandclassicalmusic Postmodernmusicmakingtechniques Dance,rhythmandbeat(withanethnictwist) Youwillhavetheopportunitytoexperiencemusicalexamplesandinstrumentaltechniquestypicalofa rangeofcountries,bothfromthepastandthepresenttime.Youwillhavetheopportunitytoinvestigate, compareandcontrastthemusicofyourownnativecountrywiththatofothers. Theworkshopwillalsoprovideculturalvisitstoplacesofinterestandimportance,suchtheSymphonyHall inBirminghamandtheCivicHallinStratforduponAvon,allowingyoutheopportunitytoexplorethe musicalandculturalhistoryofthearea.

AfricanMusic
Themusicanddanceformsfoundonthe AfricancontinentincludeAfricanAmerican musicandmanyCaribbeangenreslikesoca, calypsoandzouk.LatinAmericanmusic genresliketheflamenco,samba,rumba, salsa;andotherrhythmbasedgenres,were foundedtovaryingdegreesonthemusicof Africanslaves,which,inturninfluenced Africanpopularmusic. Africantraditionalmusicoftenrelatesdirectlytonature.Performancesmaybelongandofteninvolvethe participationoftheaudience.Thereare,forexample,songstoaccompanychildbirth,marriage,hunting andpoliticalactivities,musictowardoffevilspiritsandtopayrespectstogoodspirits,thedeadandthe ancestors. Musicalinstruments Besidesusingthevoiceawidearrayofmusicalinstrumentsareused.Africanmusical instrumentsincludearangeofdrums,slitgongs,rattles,doublebellsaswellasmelodic instrumentslikestringinstruments,manykindsofxylophoneanddifferenttypesofwind instrumentslikeflutesandtrumpets. DrumsusedinAfricantraditionalmusicincludetalkingdrums,bougarabouanddjembe inWestAfrica,waterdrumsinCentralandWestAfrica,andthedifferenttypesofngoma drums(orengoma)inCentralandSouthernAfrica.Otherpercussioninstrumentsinclude manyrattlesandshakers,suchasthekosika,rainstick,bellsandwoodsticks. Image:Bougaraboudrum InfluenceonNorthAmericanmusic Africanmusichasbeenamajorfactorintheshapingofwhatweknowtodayasblues andjazz.ThesestyleshaveallborrowedfromAfricanrhythmsandsounds,brought overtheAtlanticOceanbyslaves.OnhisalbumGraceland,theAmericanfolk musicianPaulSimonemploysAfricanbands,rhythmsandmelodies,especially LadysmithBlackMambazo,asamusicalbackdropforhisownlyrics. Image:Africanrainsticks Intheearly1970s,RemiKabaka,anAfrorockmusician,laidtheinitialdrumpatternsthatcreatedtheAfro rocksoundsinbandssuchastheRollingStones,andSteveWinwood'sTraffic.Hecontinuedtoworkwith Winwood,PaulMcCartney,andMickJaggerthroughoutthedecade. 4

 Astheriseofrockandrollmusicisoftencreditedashavingbegunwith1940sAmericanblues,itcanbe arguedthatAfricanmusichasbeenattherootofaverysignificantportionofallrecentpopularor vernacularmusic. CertainSubSaharanAfricanmusicaltraditionsalsohadasignificant influenceonsuchwellknownworkssuchasDisney'sTheLionKing andTheLionKingII:Simba'sPride,whichblendtraditionaltribal musicwithmodernculture.SongssuchasCircleofLifeandHeLives inYoublendacombinationofZuluandEnglishlyrics,aswellas traditionalAfricanstylesofmusicwithmoremodernwestern styles. Additionally,theDisneyfilmincorporatesnumerouswordsfromtheBantuSwahililanguage.Thephrase "hakunamatata,"forexample,isanactualSwahiliphrasethatmeans"noworries."Characterssuchas Simba,Kovu,andZiraarealsoSwahiliwordswhichmean"Lion,""scar,"and"hate,"respectively.

Task
Lookatfilmsandcartoonsinyourcountryandseewheremusicfromotherculturesisused.Isthemusic traditionalormodern?Doesitemployaforeignlanguage? CanyouseeanywaysinwhichAfricanmusichasinfluencedthemusicthatyoulike?

IndianMusic
ThemusicofIndiaincludesmultiplevarietiesoffolk,pop,classical musicandR&B.India'sclassicalmusictraditionhasaverylong historyanddevelopedoverseveraleras.Itremainsfundamentalto thelivesofIndianstodayasasourceofspiritualinspiration,cultural expressionandpureentertainment. Indiaismadeupofseveraldozenethnicgroups,speakingtheirown languagesanddialects,havingdistinctculturaltraditions. Bhangra Bhangraisalivelyformofmusicanddancethatoriginatedinthe PunjabregiontocelebrateVaisakhi,thefestivaloftheSikhs.Bhangra beganasapartofharvestfestivalcelebrations,anditeventually becameapartofsuchdiverseoccasionsasweddingsandNewYear celebrations.Duringthelastthirtyyears,Bhangrahasenjoyedasurge inpopularityworldwide,bothintraditionalformandasafusionwith genressuchashiphop,house,andreggae,andinsuchformsithas becomeapopsensationintheUnitedKingdomandNorthAmerica. Dandiya Dandiyaisaformofdanceorientedfolkmusicthathasalsobeenadaptedforpopmusic.Thepresent musicalstylecomesfromthetraditionalmusicalaccompanimenttothefolkdance.Itispracticedmainlyin thestateofGujrat.Dandiyaitselfisakindofdanceratherthanmusic,themusiciscalledaGarbainlocal language. UttarakhandiMusic Uttarakhandifolkmusichasitsrootsinnature.Themusicisrelatedtothevarious festivals,religioustraditions,folkstoriesandlifeofthepeopleofUttarakhand. ThesongsofUttarakhandareareflectionoftheculturalheritageandtheway peopleliveintheHimalayas.MusicalinstrumentsusedinUttarakhandmusic includethedhol,turri,ransingha,dholki,daur,thali,bhankoraandmasakbhaja. Tablaandharmoniumarealsoused,buttoalesserextent. Image:ransingha Lavani LavanicomesfromthewordLavanyawhichmeansbeauty.Thisisoneofthemostpopularformsofdance andmusicthatispracticedalloverMaharashtra(secondmostpopulatedstateinIndia).Ithasbecomea necessarypartoftheMaharashtrianfolkdanceperformances. 6

 Traditionally,thesongsaresungbyfemaleartistes,butmaleartistesmay occasionallysingLavanis.ThedanceformatassociatedwithLavaniisknownas Tamasha.Lavaniisacombinationoftraditionalsonganddance,particularly performedtothebeatsof'Dholak',adrumlikeinstrument. Image:Dholak InteractionwithnonIndianmusic Inthelate1970sandearly1980s,rockandrollfusionswithIndianmusicwerewellknownthroughout EuropeandNorthAmerica.AliAkbarKhanwasakeyfigureinpopularisingIndianmusicintheWestduring thetwentiethcenturyandperformedataconcertin1971withseveralfamousBritishmusicianssuchas EricClapton,GeorgeHarrisonandRingoStarr. JazzpioneerssuchasJohnColtraneembracedthisfusion.GeorgeHarrison(oftheBeatles)playedthesitar onthesong"NorwegianWood(ThisBirdHasFlown)"in1965.JazzinnovatorMilesDavisrecordedand performedwithmusicianslikeKhalilBalakrishna,BihariSharma,andBadalRoy. OtherWesternartistssuchastheRollingStones,TheMove andTrafficincorporatedIndianinfluencesandinstruments, andaddedIndianperformers. Inthelate1980s,IndianBritishartistsfusedIndianand WesterntraditionstomaketheAsianUnderground.Sincethe 1990s,CanadianbornmusicianNadakawhohasspentmostof hislifeinIndiahasbeencreatingmusicthatisanacoustic fusionofIndianclassicalmusicwithwesternstyles. Inthenewmillennium,AmericanhiphophasfeaturedIndianmusic.Mainstreamhiphopartistshave sampledsongsfromBollywoodmoviesandhavecollaboratedwithIndianartists.Examplesinclude: Timbaland's"IndianFlute" ErickSermonandRedman's"React" SlumVillage's"Disco" TruthHurts'hitsong"Addictive" TheBlackEyedPeasalsosampledAshaBhosle'ssong"YehMeraDil"intheirhitsingle"Don'tPhunk WithMyHeart". In1997,theBritishbandCornershoppaidtributetoAshaBhoslewiththeirsongBrimfulofAsha,which becameaninternationalhit.BritishbornIndianartistPanjabiMCalsohadaBhangrahitintheU.S.with "MundianToBachKe"whichfeaturedrapperJayZ. 7

 Indianrock TherockmusicsceneinIndiaisextremelysmall,butithasitsoriginsin1960sand70swheninternational starssuchastheBeatlesvisitedIndiaandbroughttheirmusicwiththem.Theseartists'collaborationwith IndianmusicianssuchasRaviShankarandZakirHussainhaveledtothedevelopmentofRagaRock. InternationalradiostationssuchasTheVoiceofAmerica,BBC,andRadioCeylonplayedamajorpartin bringingWesternpop,folkandrockmusictoIndia.

Task
WhatisBollywood?FindoutaboutanIndianfilmandtrytoseewhereandwhymusicisused.

 RockandRoll
Theoriginsofrockandrollhavebeendebatedmanytimesbutthereisageneralagreementthatitarosein theSouthernUnitedStatesaregionwhichwouldproducemostofthemajorearlyrockandrollacts throughthemeetingofvariousinfluencesincludingtraditionalAfricanmusicandEuropean instrumentation. ThemigrationofmanyfreedslavesandtheirdescendantstomajorurbancenterslikeMemphis,NewYork City,Detroit,Chicago,ClevelandandBuffalomeantthatblackandwhite residentswerelivingincloseproximityinlargernumbersthaneverbefore, andasaresultheardeachother'smusicandevenbegantoemulateeach other'sfashions.Radiostationsmadebothwhiteandblackformsofmusic availableandAfricanAmericanmusicalstylessuchasjazzandswingwere takenupbywhitemusicians. Theimmediaterootsofrockandrolllayinrhythmandblues.Particularly significantinfluenceswerejazz,blues,gospel,country,andfolk. Inthe1930sjazz,andparticularlyswing,bothinurbanbaseddancebandsandbluesinfluencedcountry swing,wasamongthefirstmusictopresentAfricanAmericansoundsforapredominatelywhiteaudience. The1940ssawtheincreaseduseofblaringhorns(includingsaxophones),shoutedlyricsandboogie woogiebeatsinjazzbasedmusic.

UsefulWords
Bhangra Jazz Rhythmandblues Samba Rhumba Salsa Bass Tempo Calypso Bollywood Popmusic Swing

 UKMusic:wheredoesourmusiccomefrom?

TheUKhasborrowedheavilyfromtheworldsmanyvariedmusicalinfluences,buttheprocessreally gainedmomentumafterthe1940s.Priortothe2ndWorldWar,Britishhomegrownpopularmusicwas primarilymaledominatedandsemioperatic.Theexceptiontothiswasthemusichallcomedicsongs whichcanbetracedbacktoAmericanvaudevilleactsofthetime. The1940sboughttheBigBandsoundtoBritain,probablythemostfamousAmericanbandleaderbeing GlennMiller(link1).ThisstylewascopiedbyBritishbandssuchasthoseledbyJackParnell,TedHeathand BillyCotton(link3).ThiswasalsotheeraofthecroonerssingerswithadistinctivestyleAmericahad FrankSinatrabutBritaindidntstartproducingitsownbrandofcrooneruntiltheearly1950speople suchasDickieValentine,MattMunroandFrankieVaughan(link4). Duringthe1950sandearly60s,BillyCottonretainedthebigbandstyle butalsobegantoincorporateelementsofvaudevillewithhisBlackand Whiteminstrels.ThemusicwaspredominantlySouthernBlackAmerica withsuchdiversesongsasOldManRiverandMammy.Thestylecan bedirectlyattributedtotheAmericanartist,AlJolsonwhowasa vaudevilleperformer. Inthemid1950s,anewtypeofmusiccametothefore,primarilyaimed atayoungergenerationRockandRoll.IntheUSA,themainproponentswereElvisPresley,BillHaley, LittleRichardandBuddyHolly,tonamebutafew.BritaincounteredwithCliffRichard(link5),The Shadows(aquiteuniqueelectricguitarinstrumentalgroup),TommySteeleand,somewhatsurprisingly, LonnieDonegan(link6)whosestylewasprimarilyskifflewhich,inturnwasastyleborrowedfrom Americanjugbandsofthe1920sand1930s.Jugbandsweresocalledbecausemanyoftheinstruments werehomemade,i.e.teachestbass,washboards,and,ofcourse,emptywhiskyjugsorjars. Intheearly1960s,thebiggestmusicalinfluenceremainedAmerican,somuchsothattheRollingStones wereinitiallyidentifiedasanAmericangroup,despitetheleadvocalist,MickJaggerbeingborninKentin theUK(link7).TheRollingStonesmusicwasanamalgamofrockandroll,jazzandbluesandwas, perhaps,thestartoftheBritishpop(asinpopular)musicscene.Alsoatthistime,probablythemost influentialgroupofthe1960sand1970scameintobeingTheBeatles. InitiallyTheBeatlesperformedcoversofAmericanrockandrollsongsbut rapidlybeganwritingsongsintheirownstyle.Theyalsobecameinterested inEasternmusicalstylesfromtheIndiansubcontinent,withleadguitarist GeorgeHarrisontakingprobablymoreinterestthantheothergroupmembers. ThisstylecanbeheardonthetrackWithinyou,withoutyou,writtenin1967by Harrison.However,theinfluencecouldbemoresubtle,withthesitarbeing incorporatedintoanessentiallyBritishpopsongasinNorwegianWood(links8and9). Otherstylesbeganemerginginthe60sand70s,borrowingfromavarietyofprimarilyAmericanandBlack Americaninfluences.ThesewereasdiverseasGeorgeMellyandtheFeetwarmers(link10)withtheirown brandofTradJazz.ThistypeofjazzcantraceitsrootsbacktoNewOrleanswhereitisstillpopulartoday. 10

 OtherstylessuchastheblueswereperformedbysuchmusiciansasEricClapton,with,perhapsultimately morethananoddingreferencetoJamaicanreggaemusicfromnoneotherthantheiconicBritishheavy rockbandLedZeppelin,withtheircompositionDyerMaker(link12). RobertPlant,formerleadsingerwithLedZeppelinfurtherdiversifiedin2008withacollaborationwith AlisonKrauss,arespectedcountryandwestern/bluegrasssinger(link13). And,ofcourse,Britishbandssometimeshavebeenknowntounashamedlyborrownotonlyaparticular stylebutwholepiecesofmusicandadaptittotheirownparticular,individualstyleHoeDownby Emerson,LakeandPalmerisjustoneexample(link14).

Links
1) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPXwkWVEIIw 2) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pfCFU3Mqww&feature=related 3) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSlkI2KBg6c&feature=fvsr 4) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsMrJufcIc 5) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4IA7DR1jK0 6) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1sie9FHM9s&feature=related 7) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLnMFqItQXs 8) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljnv3KGtcyI 9) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lY5i4rWh44 10) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBFuzPl7UA 11) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eK9E6Eu3Y&feature=related 12) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5s9illHQlc 13) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acX_2zkA0KA 14) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nj2onxSQp9Q

(iftheselinksdonotoperateinyourcountry,pleaseusegoogleoryoutubetosearchsomeofthenamesandstyles mentionedabove)

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