Mussolinis political philosophy why fascism came to power Europe in the 1920s 1930s foreign policy Darkness at noon

themes marx theory of history (dialetical history, etc) pre wwI national objectives ways in which WWI, treaty, etc led to rise of Bolshevism/totalitarian government Stalins policy 1928-1939 Marxism Das Kapital The Communist Manifesto workers are deprived of wealth they create state=agency of bourgeosie for exploitation of the people religion=drug [to keep workers thoughts on heaveny rewards] family life disintegrated----alll working workers should only be loyal to their class transcend national boundaries overthrow of bourgeosie-->emergence of classless society no more private property no religion/state need period of dictatorship of proletariat (until all counterrevolutions prevented) workers need to be conscious of class interest & aggression of bourgeosie disciplined solidarity: individual must lose himself in whole/class shouldnt focus on short term goals---ends up diverting interest from real issues should never trust promises of state state=instrument of repression forces working against Marxism in the 19th century working class didnt see themselves as just members of economic class too loyal to nation govt admitted workers to fuller membership in society better health care etc less reason to fight dialectic thesis antithesis thesis+antithesis=synthesis ------------------------------------agrarian v merchant interests results in industrial economy industrial v proletariat results in socialism-->communism surplus value pay worker less than what it costs to make the product ^use this extra money to build more factories, which creates more proletariats--->essentially digging your own grave worker becomes poorer the more wealth he produces worker becomes cheaper commodity the more commodities he creates capitalism=necessary stage in evolution toward true freedom ^exploit labor for profit alienation humans shouldnt be burdened by monotonous work should get some kind of satisfaction/pride philosopher in morning, gardener in afternoon, poet in evenings materialist conception of history humans always enter into productive relations (hunting & gathering, lord & serf) these relations-->social consciousness false consciousness men are conditioned by material world in which theyre born end up misinterpreting nature of world dominant ideology ruling class creates moral, religious, politcal, economic assumptions to trick

proletariats Tension Points France v. Germany [Germany took French territory after winning Franco Prussian War] Britain v. Germany [naval race] Long Term Causes of World War I Franco Prussian War (see above) Germany needed more resources German/Britain naval race weakening of Ottoman empire (everyone wants to carve out portion) Weltpolitik (under William II, world policy---expand & construct empire) Russia wants warm port no wars for 100 years Austria-Hungary unstable (conflict b/w ethnic groups) Short Term Causes of World War I France surrounded Germany with ring of states dependent on Frances financial support France/Russian alliance (makes Germany nervous as it becomes surrounded) trans-siberian railroad (prepares Russia for war, allows for mobilization of troops) Russo Japanese War A-H takes Bosnia (which Serbia wanted to create Greater Serbia) Immediate Causes assassination of Archduke at Sarajevo [see below] 1900 1904 Stalin joins Bolsheviks new troubles: Russo-Japanese war o Russia lost which led to loss of faith/confidence in tzarist govnt most of Russian ppl engaged in farming peasants made up most of population trends: high taxes, not much land, sparse diet, prices high, in debt industry mostly owned by foreigners (foreign investment- France) profit leaves Russia Tzar Alexander III was repressive and forced opposition underground program of Russification

1905 Jan demonstrations by discontented workers in front of the Winter Palace o Bloody Sunday: Tzar troops open fired on them Oct General strike throughout Russia (October Revolution) o Tzar issues October Manifesto- increase civil rights and est. Duma (representative legislature) o middle class happy movement dies down

1907- 1914 some reforms o peasants receive more land, but landlords keep best land o leading reformer- Stolypin (assassinated in 1911)

1914 June 28 Franz Ferdinand, heir to A-H throne assassinated in Sarajevo July 5 A-H seeks German support for war against Serbia in case Russia mobilizes; Germany gives support July 23 A-H sends ultimatum to Serbia July 28 A-H declares war on Serbia; Russia mobilzes (peasants conscripted into army)

 1915

Aug 1 Germany declares war on Russia and allies with Ottoman Empire Aug 3 Germany declares war on France and Belgium Aug 4 Germans in Belgium border, root into France to sweep; Britain and Belgium have a treaty so UK declares war on Germany Aug 5 Ottoman closes Dardandelles Aug 16 Germans get through Belgium;German right wing weakened (Moltke held back troops to defend) Aug 17 Russia enters East Prussia; Russia mounted army in 3 weeks instead of expected 6; invade Eastern Germany; Moltke rushes western front troops to defend East o Battle of Tannenberg- Germans push back Russian advance by end of Aug Aug 25 French in retreat Sept 5- 11 Battle of the Marne; Germans bring troops to Marne instead of Paris (advance to Paris halted); First major Battle of western front; German retreat (failure of Schlieffen Plan Sept 1914- Spring 1918 Trench Warfare: lines dont move much

Spring British navy drove German warships from high seas Feb - Jan 1916 Battle for Gallipoli: British tried to relieve Turkish threat on Russia; end in failure on British side, only diverge Turks; Asquiths replacement as PM of Br by David Lloyd George Dec 1916

1916 Russias problems: conscription, profits leave Russia, lose confidence due to losing battles, lack of food, refugee problems, prices up, wages down, repressive govnt Feb German govnt issued definition of a war zone around British Isles, w/in which all enemy ships liable to destruction w/o warning Feb 21- Dec Battle of Verdun: Germans vs. French; Verdun fortress; great casualties on both sides; afterwards, Falkenhayn replaced by Hindenburg as Chief of General Staff an Petain became hero May 7 British passanger ship Lusitania sunk by submarine; Americans died--> protests moderation of unrestricted sub warfare May modification of ^ extended to merchant ships if America persuades Britain to relax starvation blockade on Germany June Paris Economic Conference (Pact)- American govnt expected European nations to rely on own resources to finance economic recovery July 1- Nov 13 Battle of the Somme British attack German lines to ease pressure off Verdun; allies didnt gain much land

1917

Jan Germans resume unrestricted submarine warfare b.c. of unequal treatment and American inability to persuade British to relax blockade Feb even moderates in Duma think Tzar needs to be overthrown March food riots: workers council established March Russian Revolution; Czar Nicholas II abdicates (Romanov dynasty); provisional gov set up headed by Kerensky April U.S. declares war on Germany April 9 British attack North, French attack South; joint breakthrough to Germany June YPRES- tunnel under German lines; plant explosives under Germans July the Great offensive: Haig, Douglass (General)- Passchendale Ridge Battle July public shift to Bolsheviks b.c. Kerensky still in war Nov 6&7 Bolsheviks seize key areas- railway station, telephone, electricity plants, winter palace Nov Battle of Cambrai: first major use of tanks invented by Ernest Swinton o overthrow of provisional gov by Bolsheviks Nov British Gov Issues Balfour Declaration o letter to Rothschild promising support of Jewish national home in Palestine after war o promised Arbas independence if help overthrow Ottoman Empire Dec - communist party establishes Cheka (secret police) against counterrevolution

1918-1920 period of Civil War in Russia 1918-1921 France making alliances with Euro countries such as Poland, Belgium, Czech, Romania, and Yugoslavia 1918-1933 period in b/w WWII & rise of Hitler==Weimar Germany Germany censored any news about losing WWI no allied soldier ever set foot in Germany so govt asking for armistice came as huge shock thought social democrats had betrayed German army Weimar govt didnt represent the people German economy devastated resources gone inflation many had purchased war bonds that were now useless starvation as a result of allied blockade navy & army mutiny unemployment 3 phases of Weimar: 1918-1923 end of war, inflation, German resistance to treaty 1924-1929 attempt to reintegrate Germany into Europe 1929-1933 depression & rise of Nazis 1918-1921 value of mark dropped confidence in market dropped got paid every day b/c value kept decreasing hits middle class the most a lot of radical political parties spring up 1918 Jan Constituent assembly tries to meet; Lenin breaks it up o establish Red Army with Trotsky as Commissar First period of Weimar Germany begins (1918-1923) o end of war o resistance to treaty o inflation from 4 marks = 1$ to 1 billion = 1$ o Germany stalls on reperations payments French troops invade Ruhr valley (industrial heartland of Germany), seize resources, mark declines o gov prints money to pay its debts, makes mark decline further Wilsons 14 Pts Speech: encourage both sides to negotiate settlement March - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk o o o Bolshevik peace negotiations w/ Central Powers Bolshevik had to cede entire non-Russian territories in Europe In return got economic and military support from Germany

March - Bolsheviks become Communist party Spring Original German plans attained in East; make final push but do not succeeds Summer America began fighting a July - Soviet constitution proclaimed Oct 27 Ludenoff resigned Nov 9 Kaiser abdicated o Social Democratic leader Scheidmann proclaimed a German Dem-Rep Nov 11 Armistice takes effect Winter of 1918 [GERMANY] very harsh, a lot of suffering armistice signed but blockade still in effect to keep Germany vulnerable--make them agree to any peace negotiations influenza epidemic In Berlin, spirit of escapism: i dont want to be here want to escape thru drugs, movies, etc 1919

Jan communist revolts in Germany o ^known as Spartakists because fighting for power after being enslaved o led by Liebkecht & Luxemburg o put down by government=the Freikorps Nazi Party established o conservative and nationalistic o Hitler sent to spy on them Jan Peace Conference takes place in Paris: 70 delegates representing 27 victorious nations (Germany, Hapsburg, A-H, Romanov Russia, & Ottoman Turk disappeared); create Inter-Allied economic block linked by tariffs, pooling raw materials, joint management of financial and currency affairs Secretary of Treasury announced intention to terminate U.S. govnt loans to war time partners Clemenceau=France, Wilson=US, David Lloyd George=Britain France: wants Alace Lorraine reparation colonies between France & Russia-->cordon sanitaire (keep plague on other side) friendly eastern European countries in case Germany revies German colonies to reduce territory to give to other countries weaken Germanys industrial power by taking Saar Valley (b/w Germany & France, has a lot of coal)--^ military occupation of the Rhineland (destroy German forts) limit size of German army & navy financial aid from US to rebuild France Britain: wants to limit the size of German navy (b/c of naval race) take German colonies in other areas such as Africa, Asia ^need friendly places on route to India a balance of power on European continent keep France from taking over everywhere protect Germany (need to sell goods to them) reparation America: wants free trade (no tariffs) League of Nations freedom of the seas self-determination to prevent future wars to spread democracy

June 28th Versailles Treaty Alsace Lorraine given back to France Parts of Germany given to Poland & Czechslovakia Saar and Danzig put under control of League of Nations League of Nations also took control of Germanys oversea colonies Germany had to return land they took in Treaty of Brest Litovsk some of this land made into new states (included disgruntled Germans) some of this land given to Poland German army/navy reduced Rhineland to be demilitarized Allied occupation for next 15 years Germany forced to pay indefinite amount of reparation increases with state of economy

creation of National Socialist German Workers Party---Nazi govt hires Stalin to spy on party by joining Stalin ends up falling in love with their philosophy

1920s Fascism (fascio = unbreakable bundle of sticks) o Characteristics: hostile to Marxisim, liberal democracy o Nationalsitic, law & order (force if necessary) o Capatalism replaced by National Socialism, openly revolutionary o Unified society through powerful state, use whatever force necessary to enforce will o often wore uniforms to identify, all alike, solidarity o Conditions in Italy leading to this: Poverty Increased cost of living everyone given ability to vote, 2 equally strong parties: Catholics and Socialists paralysis, nothing gets done Workers taking over factories Unemployment Public Debt Not getting enough from Treaty of Versailles Cabinet constantly changes o Social and economic (e.g. transportation) changes makes it difficult for artisans, famers, small businesses to compete with big business from the U.S. o Younger generation (older one too soft, confined) sought to prove their worth through war, desire to being strong heroic men o Policies: Public works, population growth, censorship, agricultural sufficiency (have overpopulation on farms), increased bureaucracy and expansion of gov, real wages down,

1920 peasants alienated stop growing food famine economy in ruins due to war disillusioned socialists

1921 New Economic Policy (1921-1927) - (spokesperson = Bukharin)state still has some control but also allows for private trade and profits, some peasants use surplus profits to buy manufactured goods, some peasants get richer, others get poorer development of merchant class Bolsheviks in control o Red Terror- shoot anyone who opposes govnt

1922 formal establishment of USSR Stalin appointed Party Secretariat: power to appoint officials; appoints people loyal to him economic conference in Genoa- German PM and Soviet Foreign Commissar sign Treaty of Rapallo: both wont pay back debts

1923 Germany stalls reparations French invade Ruhr valley, area of steel/ coal mines in Germany and seize the factories; Germany lost resources so faced decline and middle class suffers) radical parties spring up

currency reforms in Germany

creation of new marks that are connected to the value of land more stable foreign investment in 1924 1924 Lenin dies o battle for power between Stalin and Trotsky Second period of Wiemar Germany (1924-1929) - attempt to reintegrate Germany into Europe, want to come to some accommodation w/ western powers Dawes Plan o revision of peace treaty o reduce German debt o abolish coercive power of Reparations Commission

1925 Locarno Agreement

-miraculous resolution of Rhineland conflict -assurance from Britain that Franco German frontier would be safe pointless tho b/c Britain refused to prepare militarily with France -German demilitarization of Rhineland -in return, Germany would get eventual liberation of Rhineland & assurance that French troops would never return to Germany -Germany didnt recognize Eastern European borders -thus Briand (french foreign minister) goes around trying to reaffirm eastern europe alliances) -Poland, Czech, Russia didnt participate in drafting 1926 Stalin alliance with Vinoviev and Kamenev to get rid of Trotsky Stalin alliance with Bukharin to get rid of the two ^ Germany became part of League of Nations

1927 Stalin gets Trotsky exiled to Siberia (assassinated 1940 in Mexico)

1928 First five-year plan - increased industrial development, need more secure supply of food to feed the workers, collectivization thought to be most efficient way lofty Utopian that cant be met Comintern (Communist International) met at Moscow- decide main focus in Germany to oppose Social Dem (Stalin wants to keep Communist Part in Germany dependent on Moscow)

1929 Stalin firmly (lol firm) in power starts collectivization establish Gulags- labor camps in Siberia where opposition was sent from 1929 to 1953 Stock market crash in U.S.

Germany doesnt get foreign investment from U.S. anymore unemployment rises

1930 Chancellor Heinrich Bruning of Germany dissolved Reichstag

1932 famine from collectivization and slaughter of livestock/crops opposition against Stalin (esp . Bukharin) central Committee wanted something other than Revolution generation o need more people educated in econ o liberalize--> more rights o threatens Stalins power Sept Stalin wants Committee to execute some of his opponents rejected Nazi seats in Reichstag at a peak

1933 Hitler assumes power in Germany

becomes chancellor (January) the already-established-conservative parties only allowed for this b/c there were socialist policies in the Nazi platform and thought they could control Hitler just for show though: industrialists get out the best Nazis come to power, Hitler suspends civil liberties and does away with labor unions o supporters = middle class, those who cant compete w/ big business, farmers o Hitler gives bread to farmers Reichstag gives up own power Hitler rounds up political opponents--->concentration camps o didnt start out with Jews German culture purged---burning of books scientists/writers/directors went west to America mass support for Hitler among unemployed Hitler granted unions May Day before getting rid of them Supporters largely middle class

1934 Germany makes non-aggression pact with Poland Hitler wants more room for living space, looking to Ukraine but doesnt want Poland to worry about him awakens Stalin to the threat of Germany June Hitler purges opponents in his party, Stalin likes this idea Stalin makes first purge of party leadership in 1935 June - Night of Long Knives o Hitler feared conservative army and old leaders, wanted to clear his path o murders SA commanders (storm troopers/bullies who had helped Nazis gain power and still had old revolutionary aims), had to get rid of them to put the conservatives in power behind him Hitler establishes SS (personal bodyguard) August 2 - Hindenburg dies, German officers take oath to Hitler Hitler proclaims that there could no longer be any more revolutions o folk community: take care of one another

o solidarity o pubic works programs people get back to work revive German economy o army doubled in size Foreign Policy- reestablish contact with West (becuz Germany now a threat) joins league of nations Popular front: reverse policy of hostility against Western Democracy cooperation among comms, socials, liberals Party Congress elects central committee of people not entirely loyal to Stalin, want to bring Kirov to Moscow, Stalin kills Kirov, accuses others of the murder as excuse to get rid of his opponents, i.e. show trials

mid 1930s Maginot Line completed

^fortification between Germany and France creates a feeling of ease/safety Eastern European states kinda peeved b/c France is taking more of a defensive approach to Germany now that theyre less of a threat to them therefore they took matters into own hands Czech made own Maginot Line Poland signed nonaggression pacts with Russia & Germany 1935 Stalins first major purge of Party Leadership o Zinoviev and Kamenev (accused of murdering Kirov) o new law that authorizes reprisals of children and family of charged politicians (to get confessions) Hitler reinstitutes draft o new tanks, new navy, rearmament program picks up steam Saar Valley goes back to Germany Italian invasion of Ethiopia

restore glory of Rome League of Nations disapproved but did nothing 1936 Hitler marches troops into Rhineland (wins battle) Aug show trials September - more purges of party leadership, 100,000 executions, governing class killed in 2 yrs

1937 Jan Second Show Trials o Radek accused of collaborating with Trotsky

1938 Germany annexes Austria (Anschluss) March Thrid Show Trials: Bukharin and Yagoda o mass execution of anti-Soviet elements o anyone older than 35 is vulnerable for purge o Red Army also purged

o ends with Yezhov (head of NKVD) Munich Conference o Hitler just wanSudetenland Britain and France ok w/ that o that was their chance to stop German aggression, Czechs could have only stood up to Germany w/ aid from France and Britain, but they sign anyway Germany gets Sudetenland

1939 Mussolini signed pact of steel with Hitler March 15 - Hitler takes rest of Czech, wipes out last democracy in central Europe west no longer trusts Hitler, nothing can stop him o could have defend Czech but dont, instead decide to defend Poland who they arent actually able to defend Nov 30 - Crystal Night / kristallnacht o cause: Jew shot German o thousands of Jews put into concentration camps and beaten by SA stormtroopers o synagogues burned MAP: Germany | Corridor (Poland) | Danzig (Free port City which Poland had special rights to use) Germany wants Danzig---in order to get also needs to take over Danzig Britain and France say no August - Nazi-Soviet Pact pledging to not attack each other September - Germany invades Poland - France and GB declare war on Germany

6 months of Phony war ensue, in winter time because France and GB not ready to attack, Germany just rolls over Poland IRELAND 20th c. 1910 Parliament seems to get ready for homerule Liberal power- Asquith (Prime Minister) Lloyd George (sound familiar? Paris Peace Con. dude)- Chancelor of Exchequer proposed peoples Budget 1909: increase taxes on the rich to pay for working class welfare (aww, he cares), to build larger battle ships passes House of Commons but not House of Lords (which isnt supposed to be able to veto money bills anyways =-=wmf... thats my new thing wmf, you know, wag my finga) liberal party calls election to limit power of House of Lords needs help from Irish party (homerulers) make a deal limiting power bill passes 1912 Home-rule Bill passes will go into effect 1914 what happens to Ulster region? formation of protestant volunteer militia in Ulster Irish nationalists form own volunteer militia 1914 King George invites the leaders ^ to Buckingham to talk things out (lulz disillusioned king wmf) DOESNT WORK (duh =-=) cant invade Ulster region cuz the milia is made from former army vets british army cant be trusts to deal with their former friends Summer 1914 WWI (blessing lulz so ironic wmf) home-rule delayed anti-war feelings among Irish nationalists who have to fight in war Easter Rising of 1916 3 main groups 1. Irish Republican Brotherhood- plan rising dont wanna settle for home-rule (wmf, they need to stop and chilllll) want to strengthen Irish nationalism

tried to get help from Germany, but failed... German help stopped by British 2. Irish Volunteers- anti-war led by Padaric Pearse: mystic- willing to die (lol should have tested that out see if he really willing to die or if hed scream for his mommy, wmf) 3. Irish Citizen Army- socialists (lulz DOC) led by James Connolly wanted working class revolution throughout Europe 1600 rebels go to Dublin and occupy buildings set up shop (lulz dr.K nice phrases) in post office hold Dublin for 6 days (sounds like an accomplishment, but not really lulz, British too busy with the war to care lulzlulz wmf) British arrive, shell rebels, destroy city rebels surrender on Sat (more than 450 killed soo many more injured) The rebels cause wasnt supported by Irish popular opinion, but British had a severe reaction executed 15 leaders, shot a crippled Connolly in chair (wmf, no morals) Eamon de Valera- only one who escapes because he is an American citizen British dont want to upset Americans arrest 3500 more civilians and enforce martial law creates sympathy for Rebels BUT WAIT THERES MORE .. lol dinner brb to finish AIGHT SOOO BUT WAIT THERES MORE 1918 General Election Sinn Fein- dedicated to Irish Independence group wins majority of elections for Parliment positions start own parliament in Ireland: Dail Erann declare Irish independence and makes Eamon de Valera President War between Irish Republican Army and British forces (Anglo- Irish war) IRA uses gorilla warfare since dont have many soldiers want to provoke British overreaction to gain popular support 1921 Michael Collins doesnt think they will get Independence wants to negotiate British losing popular support, willing to negotiate Anglo-Irish Treaty dec 1921 gives Irish ability to govn self (unless war breaks out) swear oath of allegence to King Kept within British common wealth Ulster can opt out (lol like surveys hahahhahahahha) some dont like treaty (well you cant pleasr everyone.. im 17 and I know that =-=wmf high school) Irish civil war: de Valera v. Collins Collins assasinated 1923 war ends, de valera et. al. accept treaty 1948 Republic of Ireland formed (gain real independence, but Ulster region still with GB)