AMITY SCHOOL OF DISTANCE LEARNING Post Box No. 503, Sector 44, Noida 201 303 ASSIGNMENT No.

ADL07

Subject Name & Code : Study Centre : Enroll No. Date Course : :

QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
NOIDA 17070105327 MBA (EFT) IV Semester

ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTION (a) (b) (c) Total weightage given to these assignments is 30%. All assignments are to be completed in your own hand writing. All questions are required to be attempted. carry Five subjective questions (10 marks). Assignment B will carry three subjective questions with a (10 marks) and Assignment C will carry Forty objective type questions (10 marks) (e) All the three assignments are to be completed by due dates (specified from time to time) and mailed / given by hand for evaluation at the ASODL office Noida / your Study Centre. (f) The evaluated assignments can be collected from your study center / ASODL Office after Six week. Thereafter these will be destroyed at the end of each semester. Signature :

(d) Three assignments i.e A, B & C are to be answered. Assignments A will

Name

NIMIT GUPTA

Date

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() Tick mark in front of the assignments submitted Assignment A Assignment B Assignment C

ASSIGNMENT A
Q. 1 Define quantitative technique. Name the two major divisions in which you can divide these techniques. Explain the modus of operandi of each and give names of a few technique under each category.

Ans. Quantitative techniques attempts to provide a systematic & rational approach to the fundamental problems involved in the control of system by making decisions, a sense achieve the best results considering all the information that can be profitably used. Thus it is scientific method employed for problem solving & decision making by the management. Quantitative analysis is now extended & several alias of business operation & responsibilities probably the most effective approach to handling of some types of decision problems. A significant benefit of attaining some degree of profiency with quantitative methods is exhibited in the way problems are formulated. A problem has to well defined before it can be formulated in a well structure framework for solution. The 2 different divisions of quantitative techniques are:1) Business statistics 2) Operative Research BUSINESS STATISTICS Statistical data & statistical method are of immense helping the proper understanding of the economic problem & in the formulations of economic policies as well as evaluating of their effect for example in order to check the overgrowing population, if emphasis has been placed on family planning methods one can ascertain statistically the efficiency of such methods in attaining the desired goals. OPERATION RESEARCH It is the application of scientific methods, technique & tools to problems involving the operation of system. So as to provide these in control of operation & optimum solution to the problem.

The modus of operandi of each are:37.formulate the problem 38.analyse the data & collection of data 39.analyse the data a. central tendency i) mean ii) median iii) mode b. Dispersion i) Standard deviation ii) Mean deviation iii) Skewness CORRELATION, REGRESSION ANALYSIS ETC. Testing Hypothesis be it data & accurate to what extent Interpret the result Complement the result Q. 2 State and illustrate Addition and Multiplication Theorem of probability.

Ans. Addition Theorem---A compound event is any event combining two or more simple events. The notation for addition rule is: P(A or B) = P(event A occurs or event B occurs or they both occur). When finding the probability that event A occurs or event B occurs, find the total numbers of ways A can occurs and the number of ways B can occurs, but find the total in such a way that no outcome is counted more than once. General addition rule is : P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B), where P(A and B) denotes that A and B both occur at the same time as an outcome in a trial procedure. It is a special addition rule that shows that A and B cannot both occur together, so P(A and B) becomes 0: If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(A) or P(B)= P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)

Addition Rule The addition rule is a result used to determine the probability that event A or event B occurs or both occur.

The result is often written as follows, using set notation:

where: P(A) = probability that event A occurs P(B) = probability that event B occurs

= probability that event A or event B occurs

= probability that event A and event B both occur For mutually exclusive events, that is events which cannot occur together:

=0 The addition rule therefore reduces to

= P(A) + P(B) For independent events, that is events which have no influence on each other:

The addition rule therefore reduces to

Example Suppose we wish to find the probability of drawing either a king or a spade in a single draw from a pack of 52 playing cards. We define the events A = 'draw a king' and B = 'draw a spade' Since there are 4 kings in the pack and 13 spades, but 1 card is both a king and a spade, we have:

= 4/52 + 13/52 - 1/52 = 16/52 So, the probability of drawing either a king or a spade is 16/52 (= 4/13). See also multiplication rule.

Multiplication Rule The multiplication rule is a result used to determine the probability that two events, A and B, both occur. The multiplication rule follows from the definition of conditional probability. The result is often written as follows, using set notation:

where: P(A) = probability that event A occurs P(B) = probability that event B occurs

= probability that event A and event B occur P(A | B) = the conditional probability that event A occurs given that event B has occurred already P(B | A) = the conditional probability that event B occurs given that event A has occurred already For independent events, that is events which have no influence on one another, the rule simplifies to:

That is, the probability of the joint events A and B is equal to the product of the individual probabilities for the two events.

Q. 3A Calculate the mean, median & standard deviation of the following data: Ans. Wages 0 15 15 30 No. of workers 12 18 Mid values 7.5 22.5 Fx 90 405

30 45 45 60 60 75 75 90 90 105 105 120

35 42 50 45 20 08

37.5 52.5 67.5 82.5 97.5 112.5

1312.5 2205 3375 3712.5 1950 900

fx 13950 = = 60.65 230 Mean = N 230 107 15 = 62.4 50 Median = 60 + X 7.5 22.5 37.5 52.5 67.5 82.5 97.5 112.5 F 12 18 35 42 50 45 20 08 76.5 12 Fu 48 54 70 42 0 45 40 24 Fu= 105 fx 2 fx 15 n n
2 2

u = x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3

U2 16 09 4 1 0 1 4 9

Fu2 192 162 140 42 0 45 80 72 fu2=733

C=

733 105 15 x 230 230 = = 15 1.72 = 25.9

Also calculate (a) Coefficient of correlation (b) Interquartile Range (Q3 Q1)

A)

Coefficient of correlation X 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 x=540 y 12 30 65 107 157 202 222 230 y=1025 xy 180 900 2925 6420 11775 18180 23310 27600 xy=9120 x2 225 900 2025 3600 5625 8100 11025 14400 x2=45900 y2 144 900 4225 11449 24649 40804 49284 52900 y2=185399

Coefficient of correlation x y N R = xy x x N
2 2

y y N
2

( 540 ) 1025
= 91290 8
2

= B.

540 45900 8

1025 185399 8 (Q3 Q1)

= 0.978 Interquartile Range

A.

N Quartile = < + j 4 Pef ilf For Q1, j = 1 N N = 230 , 4 = 57.5 This falls in the range of 30 45. 30 15 < 30 + 57.5 35 = 4178 for Q3, j = 3 N = 230, 3N = 172.5 4

Range 75 < = 75, Pef = 157, j 45 90, 15 Q3 = 75 + 1725 157 45 = 80.166 Interquartile Range = Q3 Q1 = 80.166 4178 = 38.386

Q.4A There are three companies A,B and C manufacturing 40%, 35%, 25 % bolts respectively. All these companies are manufacturing 3%, 5% and 8% defective bolts respectively. If one bolt is selected find the probability that this bolt is taken from company B. Ans.

B.

Answer the following questions:

1. The income of a person in a particular week is Rs.50 per day, find mean deviation of his income for the week. Ans. Income Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 I = 350 Mean deviation = I = 350 N 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

2) The median & variance of a distribution are35 2.56 respectively. Find median &variance of each observation is multiplied by 3. Median = 35 3 = 105 New 6 = 1.6 3 = 4.8 Variance= (4.8) 2 = 23.04 3) The mode & standard deviation of a distribution are 55 &4.33 respectively. Find mode & std. deviation of 8 is added to each observation. Mode = 55 + 8 = 63 Standard Deviation= 4.33 (no change)

4) The mean & std. deviation of a distribution are 15 2 respectively. Find std. distribution of each observation & multiplied by 5. Mean = 15 5 = 75 Std. Deviation = 2 5 = 10 Q. 5(A) A random sampling of 200 tins of oil gave an average weight of 4.95 kgs with a SD of 21 kg . Do we accept the hypothesis of weight of 5 kg per tin at 1% level(The value of Z at 1% level is 2.58). (B) Find minimized cost for following matrix using VAM method.

ASSIGNMENT B
Q. 1 Ans. Juices A B C D E F G Manu (x) 2 1 4 3 5 7 6 Sonu (y) 1 3 2 4 5 6 7 D = x y 1 2 2 1 0 1 1 D2 1 4 4 1 0 1 1 D2 = 12 Rank Correlation D2 2 Coefficient = 1 6 n(n 1) Where D = R1 R2 Ranks of x & y Calculate the Rank correlation & coefficient.

r= =

1 1

6(12) 7(49 1) 6(12) = 0.785 7(48)

Yes the relationship is significant as r is a +ve value (+ 0.785) Q. 2 Fit a straight line trend by the method of least square to the following data: Taking u = x 1993 v = y 255 Ans. u 2 1 0 1 2 0 v = na + bu = 5(a) + 0 15 a= 3 Multiplying (1) both sides by u v u = 4 a + bu2 = 8.5 = 0 + b(10) b = 8.5 Hence equation u = a + bu v = + 8.5u 3 Substituting back the value of u & v (y 255) = + 8.5 (x 1993) 3 y 255 = + 8.5 16940.4 3 v 1.5 0 30 5 25 15 uv 30 0 0 5 50 85 u2 4 1 0 1 4 10

[y = 8.5 16688.5] b. Likely production for the year 2000 y = 8.5 (2000) 16688.5 = 311.5 c. Double production that of year 1993 2(225) = 8.5x 16688.5 year 2016 Q. 3 a) The income of a group of 10,000 persons was found to be normally distributed with mean Rs.750 PM & standard deviation = Rs.50. Show that of this group 95% had income exceeding Rs.668 & only 5% had income exceeding Rs.832.

Ans. Standard Normal Price xx 6 2= Here x = 668, x = 750, 6 = 50 750 2 = 668 50 = 1.64 Area to the right of the ordinate at 1.64 is (0.4495 + 0.5000) = 0.9495 = 95%. The member of persons getting above Rs.832 750 = 832 50 = 1.64 Area to the right of ordinate at 1.64 is (0.5000) 0.4495 = 0.0505 = 5.70 Approx.

Q.3

b) In a locality, out of 5000 people residing 1200 are above 30 years of age & 3000 are females out of the 1200 who are above 30,200 are females . Suppose after a person is chosen you are told that the person is a female. Whats the possibility that she is above 30 years of age.

Ans. 5000 people 3000 females above 30 years, 1200 people : 200 females choose one : female Probability that shes above 30 eyars (s) = 3000 (f) = 200 200 So, the required probability is 300 1 = 15

ASSIGNMENT 2 CASE STUDY Q. 1 Arrange in ascending order 01 04 05 10 11 Q. 2 112 116 117 125 125 127 128 129 130 131 133 134 138 139 140 141 141 145 146 150

Grouped frequency distribution Class Intervals 100 110 110 120 120 130 130 140 140 150 f = 25 Frequency 3 5 5 6 6

Q. 3

(a) Relative Frequency 12 20 20 24 24 (b) Cumulative frequency (<) & cumulative relative frequency (<) Class Interval More than 0 Cum. Freq. 25 Cum rel. freq. 100

More than 110 More than 120 More than 130 More than 140 Q. 4 (a) Class Interval 100 110 110 120 120 130 130 140 140 150 A) HISTOGRAM

22 17 12 06

88 68 48 24

Frequency 3 5 5 6 6

6543210
100 110 120 130 140 150

40. Frequency Polygon

6543210 100 110 120 130 140 150

Assignment 3 1. 2. Quantitative Techniques facilitate classification and comparison of data True / False If the data is written down as collected it is called a. Ordered Data b. Raw Data c. An Array Any characteristic which can assume different values can be called a variable True / False A discrete variable can take a. Only whole number values b. An infinite number of values

3.

4. 5. 6. 7.

Number of children in a family is an example of a. Continuous variable b. Discrete variable Heights of Models in a beauty contest is an example of a. Continuous variable b. Discrete variable Rule determining the area is written as A=X2 where A is a function of Variable X, then A is called a. Independent Variable b. Dependent Variable The Absolute Value of a real number is O if X = 0 [X] = X if X > 0 if X < 0 X

8.

True / False

9.

If the revenue function is TR = 50 Q Q2 0.5 Then Marginal Function MR = 50 Q

True / False

10. If the Total cost function TC = 500+300 Q 2 Then Marginal Cost Function 5Q MC = 500 10Q True / False 11. Conditions for Local Maxima are First order Function dy/dx=0 Second Order Function d2y/dx2>0 True / False 12. Conditions for local Maxima are First order Function dy/dx=0 Second Order Function d2y/dx2<0 True / False 13. Derivative of product of two functions d/dx (u v) = u d/dx (v) + v d/dx 14. Derivative of loge u d/dx(loge u) = 1/u loge du/dx True / False

True / False

15. A matrix is an array of m x n numbers arranged in m columns & n rows True / False 16. A square matrix is one where number of rows = (number of columns)2 True /False 17. [4 1 2 7] is a a. 4 1 matrix b. 1 4matrix

18. if A = [2 3 4] A2 = [21 6] [1 4 5] [3 4 7] [6 7 8] [4 5 8] 2 is called the TRANSPOSE OF A Then A

True / False

19. The INVERSE of the INVERSE MATRIX is the original matrix. True / False 20. Measure of Central Tendency is a data set refers to the extent to which the observations are scattered. True / False 21. The value of all observations in the data set is taken into account when we calculate its mean. True / False 41. If the curve of a certain distribution tails off towards the right end of the measuring scale on the horizontal axis the distribution is said to be positively skewed. True / False

42. Extreme values in a data having a strong effect upon the Mode True False

24. If the value of mean = 35.4 and value of media = 35 the shape of the curve skewed is right. True / False 25. If gives equal weightage to all previous months a. Exponential Smoothing b. Moving Average c. Weighted Average 26. The value most often repeated in a series of observations is called a. Median b. Mode c. Mean 27. The difference between the largest and the smallest observation is called a. Geometric Mean b. The Range c. The Mode

28. The middle most value in a series of observations arranged in an array is called a. Mode of the series b. Median of the series 29. When the value of two variables move in the same direction, the correlation is said to be positive. True / False 30. Value of correlation lies between a. 0 to 1
Cov(X,Y) xy

b.

to 1 1

31. Kari Parsons coefficient of correlation is given by r =

32. Line of best fit is determined by Method of Lease Squares a. True b. False 33. A decision tree is a graphic model of a decision process a. True b. False 34. A time series is a set of observations taken at a. Specified Intervals b. Not intervals necessary at equal

35. Quartiles are those which divide the total data into a. Four Equal Parts b. Ten Equal Parts c. Hundred equal parts 36. Regular variation include only seasonal variations True / False

43. Yearly data are independent of the effects of seasonal variations True / False 38. For index numbers, base year should be a year of normalcy True / False 39. GM = SQ ROOT OF (AM * HM) 40. Variances are additive True / False True / False