4.

Type of modem

1. Optical Modem

Fiber Optic Modems The Fiber Optic Modem (FOM) provides electrical to optical conversion of electronic communication and data signals for transmission using tactical fiber optic cable assemblies. The FOM simultaneously receives incoming optical signals and converts them back to the original electronic signal allowing for full duplex transmission. Together with the tactical fiber optic cables, the FOM provides a rugged, secure, and easy deployable optical link. The FOM is available in both single and multi-channel configurations and can be mounted on the signal entry panel (SEP) of tactical shelters, in 19 racks or placed on the ground (multichannel versions only).

The FOM allows users to replace existing coaxial cable communication links with lightweight fiber optic cable. The advantages of using fiber optic cable are as follows:

Lighter weight and smaller size for much quicker deployment Higher bandwidth for increased throughput Lower loss for long distance repeater less communication up to 16 kilometers

Better quality-safe from electromagnetic interference from any source More secure - no electromagnetic signature Less expensive

All of the above impact defense mobility and rapid deployment requirements.

Applications

Interconnect Tactical Communication Assemblages including:

Radio Terminals Radio Repeaters Tactical Switches Circuit Switches Tactical Multiplexers Satellite Support Radios TACC Shelters Tactical Communication Systems Down the Hill Links Intra-Node Cabling Dispersed Command Post Digital Orderwire Equipment

Benefits of Optical Fiber Over Coax Implementation

2. Short Haul Modem Short Haul Short haul modems are cheap solutions to systems of short ranges (up to 15 km), which use private lines and are not part of a public system. Short haul modems can also be used, even if the end-to-end length of the direct connection is longer than 15 km, when both ends of the line are served by the same central office in the telephone system. These lines are called "local loops". Short haul modems are distancesensitive, because signal attenuation occurs as the signal travels through the line. The transmission rate must be lowered to ensure consistent and error-free transmission on longer distances. Short haul modems tend to be cheaper than other modems for two reasons: No circuitry is included in them to correct for differences between the carrier frequency of the demodulator and the frequency of the modulator. Generally no circuitry is included to reduce/correct for noise rejection, which is less of a problem over short distances than over long distances. There are two main types of short haul modems: Analog modems, using a simple modulation method, without sophisticated devices for error control or equalizers. These modems usually operates at a maximum rate of 9600 bps, but there are some which supports higher rates (up to 64,000 bps). Line drivers increase the digital signal, which transmit to the communication channel and do not transmit the carrier signal, as conventional modems. Line drivers are very cheap and tiny and connect to the RS232 connector of the terminal (since they lack a power supply, they use the signal voltage of the DTE-DCE interface for DC power supply).

* Voice Grade (VG) Voice-grade modems are used for unlimited destination, using a moderate to high data rate. These modems are expensive and their maintenance and tuning are sophisticated. Communication channels are leased lines and dial-up. Voice-band telephone network is used for data transmission. A user-to-user connection may be either dedicated or dialed. The links in the connection are the same in the two cases, and the only difference for the user is that for some impairments (particularly attenuation and delay distortion), a dedicated (private or leased) line is guaranteed to meet certain specifications, whereas a dialed connection can only be described statistically. * Wideband Wideband modems are used in large-volume telephone-line multiplexing, dedicated computer-to-computer links. These modems exceed high data rates.

Short Haul Modem Line Driver

3. Smart Modem A family of modems developed by Hayes, which was the industry leader for many years (see Hayes). Hayes developed the "intelligent modem" for the first personal computers in 1978, and its command language became the de facto standard for modem control (Hayes Standard AT Command Set). Two States of Operation An intelligent modem has a command state and an online state. In the command state, it accepts instructions. In the online state, it dials, answers, transmits and receives. Handshaking Once connected, the modem performs the handshaking with the remote modem, which are the whistles and tones you hear from the speaker. This is similar to the opening exchange of a human telephone call: called party says "hello;" calling party says "hello, this is..."; after that, the conversation begins. After the handshake is completed, you are online with the other computer, and data can be transmitted back and forth. Escape Sequence The escape sequence tells the modem to switch from online to command state. It consists of three plus signs in sequence (+++) with a Hayes-patented, one-second guard time interval before and after, which prevents the modem from mistaking a random occurrence of plus signs for an escape sequence. The escape sequence and guard time interval can be programmed in the modem's status registers. To issue an escape sequence, hold down the shift key and press + three times with a pause of at least one second before and after the sequence. The modem will return the OK result code, indicating it is ready to accept commands.

Smart Modem

4. ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line The most promising of the DSL technologies is ADSL or Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line. ADSL looks to make the most impact in residential access and the SOHO (Small Office Home Office) market. Just like the name implies ADSL is asymmetric, meaning that the downstream bandwidth is higher than the upstream bandwidth. Downstream refers to traffic in the direction towards the subscriber, and upstream refers to data sent from the subscriber back to the network. This is done because of the kinds traffic that ADSL is designed to carry. Asymmetry is used to increase the downstream bandwidth. This works because all of the downstream signals can be of the same amplitude thus eliminating crosstalk between downstream channels. Upstream signals would have to put up with more interference because the amplitude of the upstream signals would be of smaller amplitude because they are originating from different distances. The asymmetric nature of ADSL lends itself well to applications like the web and client server applications. To achieve the asymmetry ADSL divides its bandwidth into four classes of transport. higher bandwidth simplex channel lower bandwidth duplex channel duplex control channel POTS channel

Transmission on the high bandwidth simplex channel and the lower bandwidth duplex channel do not interfere in any way with the POTS channel. So ADSL can carry both data a POTS on the same medium, which makes it ideal for residential and small office use.

Figure 1: Basic ADSL system The basic ADSL model is given in figure 1 . The -C and -R designations are given to the terminal equipment on the Central Office and the remote end respectively. The S-C and the S-R units split the POTS signal in and out of the ADSL signal.

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)