A FIRST COURSE IN FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

S. DAVID PROMISLOW Department of Mathematics and Statistics York University Toronto, Ontario, Canada

CONTENTS

Preface 1. Linear Spaces and Operators 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Linear Spaces 1.3 Linear Operators 1.4 Passage from Finite- to Infinite-Dimensional Spaces Exercises 2. Normed Linear Spaces: The Basics 2.1 Metric Spaces 2.2 Norms 2.3 Space of Bounded Functions 2.4 Bounded Linear Operators 2.5 Completeness 2.6 Comparison of Norms 2.7 Quotient Spaces 2.8 Finite-Dimensional Normed Linear Spaces 2.9 Lp Spaces 2.10 Direct Products and Sums 2.11 Schauder Bases 2.12 Fixed Points and Contraction Mappings Exercises 3. Major Banach Space Theorems 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Introduction Baire Category Theorem Open Mappings Bounded Inverses

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3.5 Closed Linear Operators 3.6 Uniform Boundedness Principle Exercises 4. Hilbert Spaces 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Semi-Inner Products 4.3 Nearest Points and Convexity 4.4 Orthogonality 4.5 Linear Functionals on Hilbert Spaces 4.6 Linear Operators on Hilbert Spaces 4.7 Order Relation on Self-Adjoint Operators Exercises _ 5. Hahn-Banach Theorem 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Basic Version of Hahn-Banach Theorem 5.3 Complex Version of Hahn-Banach Theorem 5.4 Application to Normed Linear Spaces 5.5 Geometric Versions of Hahn-Banach Theorem Exercises 6. Duality 6.1 Examples of Dual Spaces 6.2 Adjoints 6.3 Double Duals and Reflexivity 6.4 Weak and Weak Convergence Exercises 7. Topological Linear Spaces 7.1 Review of General Topology 7.2 Topologies on Linear Spaces 7.3 Linear Functionals on Topological Linear Spaces 7.4 Weak Topology 7.5 Weak* Topology 7.6 Extreme Points and Krein-Milman Theorem 7.7 Operator Topologies Exercises 8. The Spectrum 8.1 8.2 Introduction Banach Algebras

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8.3 General Properties of the Spectrum 8.4 Numerical Range 8.5 Spectrum of a Normal Operator 8.6 Functions of Operators 8.7 Brief Introduction to C*-Algebras Exercises 9. Compact Operators 9.1 Introduction and Basic Definitions 9.2 Compactness Criteria in Metric Spaces 9.3 New Compact Operators from Old 9.4 Spectrum of a Compact Operator 9.5 Compact Self-Adjoint Operators on Hilbert Spaces 9.6 Invariant Subspaces Exercises 10. Application to Integral and Differential Equations 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Integral Operators 10.3 Integral Equations 10.4 Second-Order Linear Differential Equations 10.5 Sturm-Liouville Problems 10.6 First-Order Differential Equations Exercises 11. Spectral Theorem for Bounded, Self-Adjoint Operators 11.1 Introduction and Motivation 11.2 Spectral Decomposition 11.3 Extension of Functional Calculus 11.4 Multiplication Operators Exercises Appendix A Appendix B B.I B.2 B.3 Zorn's Lemma Stone-Weierstrass Theorem

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Basic Theorem Nonunital Algebras Complex Algebras Extended Real Numbers and Limit Points of Sequences

Appendix C C.I C.2

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Extended Reals Limit Points of Sequences

CONTENTS

Appendix D D.I D.2 D.3 D.4 D.5 D.6 D.7 D.8 D.9 D.10 D.11 D.I2

Measure and Integration

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Introduction and Notation Basic Properties of Measures Properties of Measurable Functions Integral of a Nonnegative Function Integral of an Extended Real-Valued Function Integral of a Complex-Valued Function Construction of Lebesgue Measure on 7c Completeness of Measures Signed and Complex Measures Radon-Nikodym Derivatives Product Measures Riesz Representation Theorem Tychonoff's Theorem

Appendix E Symbols References Index