Professional Documents
Culture Documents
22134-5019
Review Exam
Review Exam
Introduction The Basic Officer Course (BOC) program of instruction (POI) is based on Marine Corps Common Skills (MCCS). Some of these are identical to MCCS required at commissioning sources like Officer Candidate School (OCS) and the United States Naval Academy (USNA). To evaluate these skills, students will be required to take a 20 question review exam on the last day of zero week. This student handout is a resource to prepare for this exam. Students should also review the Standards of Conduct student handout and the USMC Uniform Regulations in preparation for the review exam. This handout will provide all the information required to successfully pass the review exam, which is graded, weighted, and therefore affects your final standing. You will review material already presented to you at your commissioning source. This lesson covers the following topics: Topic Page Marine Corps Mission Marine Corps Organization Customs and Courtesies Marine Corps Core Values Code of Conduct Preparing For Combat Fire Team Formations Squad Formations Hand and Arm Signals References Glossary of Terms and Acronyms Notes 4 6 15 23 25 26 27 29 30 31 32 33
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Headquarters
The distinct services within the Department of the Navy, responsible to the Secretary of the Navy, are the ! ! United States Navy, commanded by the Chief of Naval Operations. Operating Forces
United States Marine Corps, commanded by the Commandant of the Marine Corps. The Marine Corps is part of the Department of the Navy, but not part of the Navy. Secretary of the Navy The Secretary of the Navy is the civilian head of the Department of the Navy. This civilian is selected by the President and approved by Congress and is responsible for the policies and control of the Department of the Navy, to include its organization, operation, and efficiency. The CNO is the senior military officer of the Navy and, as such, commands the operating forces of the Navy. The CNO sits as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, whose main function is to train and equip the Navy and advise the President. The Commandant is responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for the administration, discipline, internal organization, unit training, efficiency, and overall readiness of the Corps. In addition, the Commandant is responsible to the CNO for the readiness of the Marine Corps' operating forces serving with the Navy's operating forces (i.e., the Fleet Marine Forces). Only for these reasons does the Commandant report to the CNO.
Supporting Establishment
The Supporting Establishment consists of those personnel, bases, and activities that support the Marine Corps Operating Forces.
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The Ready Reserve consists of those units and members of a reserve component who are liable for active duty in time of war or national emergency as proclaimed by the President or declared by Congress or when otherwise authorized by law. Included in the Ready Reserve are the ! Selected Marine Corps Reserve (SMCR) which includes units and individual members who participate in scheduled drills and two-week annual active duty period for training purposes (annual training duty). Individual Ready Reserve (IRR) which generally consists of Marines who have recently served in the active forces or SMCR and have a period of obligated service remaining on their contract. The majority of IRR members do not participate in reserve training and are not members of the SMCR. Members of the Delayed Entry Program also belong to the IRR. Marine Infantry Regiment
! 900 Sailors. Divisions are given numerical designators, such as "1st Marine Division," and consist of organizations designed to provide command and control, maneuver, fire support, and logistic capabilities. The primary subordinate units of a division are three infantry regiments, but it also contains ! ! ! ! ! An artillery regiment. A tank battalion. A headquarters battalion. An assault amphibian battalion. A light armored reconnaissance battalion.
! A combat engineer battalion. The four Marine divisions are located as follows: ! ! ! ! 1st Marine Division: Camp Pendleton, CA. 2d Marine Division: Camp Lejeune, NC. 3d Marine Division: Camp Butler, Okinawa, Japan. 4th Marine Division: New Orleans, LA.
Standby Reserve
The Standby Reserve is composed of Marines not in the Ready or Retired Reserve who are subject to recall to active duty in time of war or a national emergency as declared by Congress. The Retired Reserve includes reservists who are retired under various laws and regulations. Retired Reserves may be mobilized under conditions similar to those for Standby Reserve mobilization.
Retired Reserve
The Marine infantry regiment consists of approximately 3,000 Marines commanded by a colonel. Its mission is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy by fire and maneuver or to repel enemy assault by fire and close combat. Regiments receive a numerical designator, such as "7th Marine Regiment." The primary subordinate units in an infantry regiment are three infantry battalions, but it also contains a headquarters company.
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The infantry company, or rifle company, is commanded by a captain. Its mission is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy by fire and maneuver, or to repel enemy assault by fire and close combat. Companies are given letter designators, such as "Company B, 1st Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment." The primary subordinate units in an infantry company are three rifle platoons, but it also contains a weapons platoon. A lieutenant commands the infantry platoon, or rifle platoon. Its mission is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy by fire and maneuver, or to repel enemy assault by fire and close combat. Platoons are given number designators, such as "1st Platoon, Company B." The primary subordinate units in an infantry platoon are three rifle squads. The Marine Rifle Squads mission is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy by fire and maneuver, or to repel enemy assault by fire and close combat. Squads are given number designators, such as "1st Squad, 2nd Platoon." The primary subordinate units in an infantry squad are three fire teams. Each fire-team contains a Team Leader, Automatic Rifleman, Assistant Automatic Rifleman, and a Rifleman
! !
! Control of aircraft and missiles. The numerous units that make up the aviation community are each structured to conduct at least one of these six functions. A major general commands the MAW which is task organized to provide a flexible and balanced air combat organization capable of providing the full range of aviation functions. The primary subordinate units (two each) of a MAW are: ! Marine Air Group (Rotary). ! Marine Air Group (Fixed Wing). The MAWs are designated and located as follows: ! ! ! ! 1st MAW: Camp Butler, Okinawa, Japan. 2d MAW: MCAS Cherry Point, NC. 3d MAW: MCAS Miramar, CA. 4th MAW: New Orleans, LA.
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A brigadier general commands the MLG whose mission is to provide general and direct support and sustained combat service support above the organic capabilities of supported elements of MAGTFs in the functional areas of combat service support during deployment and employment of the Marine expeditionary force (MEF) and smaller, geographically separated MAGTFS in all levels of conflict. An MLG contains many different battalions in order to provide combat service support: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Headquarters and Service Battalion. Maintenance Battalion. Supply Battalion. Engineer Support Battalion. Landing Support Battalion. Motor Transport Battalion. Military Police Battalion. Medical Battalion.
! Dental Battalion. The MLGs are designated and located as follows: ! ! ! ! 1st MLG: Camp Pendleton, CA. 2d MLG: Camp Lejeune, NC. 3d MLG: Camp Butler, Okinawa, Japan. 4th MLG: New Orleans, LA.
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! !
The MEU (Special Operations Capable) is the standard forward-deployed Marine expeditionary organization. A MEU, capable of deploying with 15 days of sustainment, consists of the ! ! CE: colonel and his staff. GCE: battalion landing team (BLT), which is normally composed of an Infantry Battalion, reinforced with artillery, reconnaissance, armor, assault amphibious units, and other detachments as required. ACE: a medium helicopter/tiltrotor squadron reinforced with assault support, utility, and attack aircraft, a detachment of vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) fixed-wing attack aircraft, and other detachments as required. LCE: Marine expeditionary unit service support group (MSSG), a task organized LCE.
The MEF, the primary Marine Corps fighting organization, is capable of missions across the range of military operations through amphibious assault and sustained operations ashore in any environment. A MEF, capable of deploying with 60 days of sustainment, consists of the ! ! ! ! CE, normally commanded by a lieutenant general and his staff. GCE. A MEF rates one or more Marine divisions, reinforced. ACE. A MEF rates one or more MAWs, reinforced, organized, and equipped for establishment ashore. LCE. A MEF rates one or more Marine Logistics Group (MLG). Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force (SPMAGTF)
SPMAGTF is a MAGTF configured to accomplish the specific mission(s) for which one of the three MAGTF types would be inappropriate or too large to employ. SPMAGTFs can be organized, trained, and equipped to conduct a wide variety of expeditionary operations in response to a crisis or peacetime mission and consists of the ! ! ! ! CE, as required. GCE, as required. ACE, as required. LCE, as required.
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! While seated in a vehicle. The salute is rendered when the person or colors to be saluted is at a six-pace distance or at the nearest point of approach if it is apparent that the person or color is not going to approach within six paces. The salute will not be rendered if the person or colors to be saluted do not approach within 30 paces. Whom to Salute Individuals Entitled to a Salute. Salute all officers senior to you in rank in any of the Armed Forces of the US or of friendly foreign governments, officers of the Coast Guard, Geodetic Survey, and of the Public Health Service who are serving with the armed forces of the US. Appointed and Elected Officials. Individuals of the US customarily saluted are ! ! ! ! ! ! ! President of the US. Vice President of the US. State Governors. Secretary of Defense. Deputy Secretary of Defense. Senators and Congressmen. Secretaries of the Army, Navy and Air Force.
Special Situations
! ! ! !
! Assistant Secretaries of the Army, Navy Air Force. Foreign Governments. Among the members of the friendly foreign governments whom you salute are ! ! ! Heads of State. Ambassadors. Ministers of Defense or other civilian leaders of defense establishments and their assistants at or above the Assistant Secretary of the Army, Navy and Air Force.
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When not under arms, follow the same procedure except you will not salute.
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In written correspondence, both formal and social, full rank precedes the name and is written out. In conversation, all generals are General; all colonels are Colonel, etc.
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Commitment
The promise or pledge to complete a worthy goal by worthy means which requires identification with that goal and demonstrated actions to support that goal. ! ! ! Competence maintaining and improving ones skill level to support the team. Teamwork individual actions which support the accomplishment of the teams mission. Selflessness Marines take care of their subordinates, their families, and their fellow Marines before themselves. Concern for people Everyone is of value, regardless of race, nation of origin, religion, or gender. On the battlefield, a Marine is the fiercest of all warriors and the most benevolent of conquerors. Spiritual heritage Marines maintain spiritual health and growth to nurture enduring values and acquire a source of strength required for success in battle and the ability to endure hardship.
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Code of Conduct
Approximately 1.6 million Americans served during the Korean War. Of those, 4,428 service members were taken into captivity. The conditions of captivity were less than desirable. Some US service members lost faith and cooperated with the enemy. Of those held captive, 192 were found to have been guilty of chargeable offenses against the US. Put in perspective, approximately one in twenty three prisoners of war (POWs) committed serious misconduct, and eleven of those received courts-martial. In response to the concern for our service members in captivity, President Eisenhower and his staff developed the Code of Conduct in order to better prepare US service members for combat and the eventuality of captivity and to articulate an expected standard of conduct in those situations. He signed it into law as Executive Order 10631 in 1955. It was amended in 1988 to make the text of the articles gender neutral. The article was not designed as a regulation but rather as guidance for service members during times of distress during captivity. The Code of Conduct is composed of six articles, and it demands all service members uphold a standard of behavior. It applies to service member actions and conduct in combat, in captivity, and in other situations where the Geneva Convention applies. The articles are straightforward, but powerful. There is a logical progression throughout the Code of Conduct. The first two articles relate to actions in combat and the last four articles relate to actions in captivity. The Code of Conduct is not a punitive regulation, which means there are not legal penalties associated with breaking it. However, it is a moral code. As Marine officers, we are bound to uphold it by our sense of duty, integrity, and honor. As military professionals we hold ourselves to ethical standards that are more stringent than those of most civilians. Your sense of honor as a Marine officer should compel you to abide by the code more than any fear of legal repercussions associated with breaking a law. However, if you engage in an action that violates the Code of Conduct, that action may also be a violation of the Uniformed Code of Military Justice. The Code of Conduct is made up of six articles described below. Article I Article II Article III I am an American fighting in the forces which guard my country and our way of life. I am prepared to give my life in their defense. I will never surrender of my own free will. If in command, I will never surrender the members of my command while they still have the means to resist. If I am captured, I will continue to resist by all means available. I will make every attempt to escape and aid all others to escape. I will accept neither parole nor special favors from the enemy. If I become a prisoner of war, I will keep faith with my fellow prisoners. I will give no information nor take part in any action which might be harmful to my comrades. If I am senior, I will take command. If not, I will obey the lawful orders of those appointed over me and will back them up in every way.
Article VI
Article IV
Five Paragraph Order Situation (Enemy/Friendly/Attachments & Detachments) Mission Execution (COs Intent/ConOps/Tasks/Coord Instructions) Administration and Logistics Command and Signal
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Difficult to control. Movement is slow, especially under conditions of reduced visibility. Provides heavy firepower to the front and in the direction of the echelon.\ Used to protect an open or exposed flank.
A A
(Echelon Left)
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Difficult to control. Provides maximum firepower to the front. Used when the location and strength of the enemy is known, during the assault, and crossing short open areas.
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Squad Formations
Squad Column A column facilitates control and favors firepower and maneuver to the flanks. Firepower to the front is limited. Use this formation for speed and control.
Squad Wedge A wedge provides all around security and is a flexible formations, providing firepower in all directions. Use this formation when the enemy situation is uncertain.
Squad Vee A squad vee is a flexible formation providing excellent firepower to the front and flanks and provides all around security. Use this formation when the enemy is to the front and their strength and location are known.
Forward
Squad Echelon An echelon provides heavy firepower to the front and in the direction of the echelon. This formation is slow and difficult to control. Use this formation to protect an open or exposed flank.
(Sqd Echelon Left)
Squad Line
A squad line provides maximum firepower to the front. Use this formation in an assault when the enemys strengths and location are known.
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References
Reference MARINE CORPS MANUAL MCO 3120.8A MCO P1020.34G MCO P5060.20 MCRP 6-11B SECNAVINST 6222.1 Marine Corps Manual Policy for the Organization of the Fleet Marine Forces for Combat Marine Corps Uniform Regulations Marine Corps Drill and Ceremonies Manual Marine Corps Core Values: A Users Guide for Discussion Leaders General Military Training Program in the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Uniform Fitting and Alteration Title
TM 10120-15/1B
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UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS THE BASIC SCHOOL MARINE CORPS TRAINING COMMAND CAMP BARRETT, VIRGINIA 22134-5019
Importance
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Eligibility
Application
Requirement
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Preparatory School
The US Marine Corps solicits applications through MCO 1560.15L and annual Marine Corps bulletins. All Marines selected for participation in MECEP are assigned to attend a 9-week MECEP preparatory school prior to reporting to their college or university unless waived by Marine Corps Recruiting Command or the MECEP selection board.
Eligibility
Eligibility
The USMC solicits applications through MCO 1560.24D and annual Marine Corps bulletins.
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Eligibility
Eligibility
The USMC solicits applications per MCO 1560.21D and annual Marine Corps bulletins. Upon completion of degree requirements, a new primary or additional MOS is assigned that is commensurate with the participants field of study. Assignment to the payback tour is made based on the needs of the Marine Corps.
! ! ! ! Application
The Marine Corps conducts two selection boards per year. While attending a university as a scholarship student, active duty Marines who are selected as Marine Option NROTC scholarship recipients are released to the inactive ready reserve (IRR) and do not receive active duty pay and allowances. Midshipmen receive full tuition, books, and a monthly stipend.
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Tuition Assistance
$600 Buy-up Program Defense Activities for Non-Traditional Education Support (DANTES) United States Military Apprenticeship Program DANTES provides nationally recognized examination and certification programs and facilitates the availability of independent study courses, distance learning programs, external degree programs from civilian educational institutions, and contracts various examination programs. The United States Military Apprenticeship Program (USMAP) is a formal military training program that provides active duty Marines the opportunity to improve their job skills and to complete their civilian apprenticeship requirements while they are on active duty. The US Department of Labor (DOL) provides the nationally recognized Certificate of Completion upon program completion.
Summary
This lesson covered both degree seeking opportunities and the education benefits available to Marines. These programs allow officers to instill the lifelong learner concept in subordinates.
References
Reference Number or Author MCO 1530.11G MCO 1560.15L MCO1560.21D MCO 1560.24D MCO1560.25C MCO 1560.28B Reference Title Application for Nomination to the US Naval Academy and Naval Academy Preparatory School Marine Corps Enlisted Commissioning Education Program Staff Noncommissioned Officer Degree Completion Program Broadened Opportunity for Officer Selection and Training Marine Corps Lifelong Learning Program Veterans Education Assistance Benefits
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UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS THE BASIC SCHOOL MARINE CORPS TRAINING COMMAND CAMP BARRETT, VIRGINIA 22134-5019
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Uniforms
Uniforms
Introduction Wearing the uniform should be a matter of personal pride to all Marines. Marines are known not just for their battlefield prowess, but also for their unparalleled standards of professionalism and uncompromising personal conduct and appearance. A Marines duty and personal obligation is to maintain a professional and neat appearance. Marines maintain their uniforms and equipment in a neat and serviceable condition in order to maintain a professional appearance and set the example. This lesson discusses approved uniforms and accessories. More importantly, it looks at the proper wearing of these uniforms and accessories. Refer to FM 21-15, Care and Use of Individual Clothing and Equipment; MCO P1020.34G w/CH 1-4, Marine Corps Uniform Regulations; TM 10120-15/1B, Uniform Fitting and Alterations available at: http://www.usmc.mil/marinelink/ind.nsf/publications Topic Blue Dress A Blue Dress B & Service A C Uniform Shirts Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform (UCCUU) MCCUU Wear Uniform Restrictions Military/Civilian Equivalents Hair Styles Summary Page 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 9 10
Importance
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Learning Objectives
Terminal Learning Objectives MCCS-UNIF-1002 Given the required military clothing, marking equipment, and cleaning materials, maintain military clothing, per commanders guidance. MCCS-UNIF-1003 As a Marine officer, maintain personal appearance, per commanders guidance. MCCS-UNIF-1004 As a Marine officer, wear civilian attire in
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accordance with commanders guidance. MCCS-UNIF-1008 Given authorized uniforms, insignia, and awards, wear authorized uniforms, per commanders guidance. ________________________________________________ Enabling Learning Objectives MCCS-UNIF-1002 Without the aid of references, state the Marine Corps Order governing Uniform Regulations. MCCS-UNIF-1002 Without the aid of references, identify the placement of officer rank insignia on the Blue Dress coat epaulet. MCCS-UNIF-1002 Without the aid of references, identify the placement of medals, shooting badges, and ribbons on the mens Service A and Dress B uniforms. MCCS-UNIF-1002 Without the aid of references, identify the placement of officer rank insignia on the Service A coat. MCCS-UNIF-1002 Without the aid of references, identify the placement of officer rank insignia on the Service Bravos and Service Charlie Uniform shirts. MCCS-UNIF-1002 Without the aid of references, identify the placement of officer rank insignia on the MARPAT utility uniform. MCCS-UNIF-1002 Without the aid of references, identify the authorized MCCUU during summer and winter months. MCCS-UNIF-1002 Without the aid of references, identify the DOD Uniform Restrictions. MCCS-UNIF-1002 Without the aid of references, identify the Marine Corps Uniform Restrictions. MCCS-UNIF-1002 Without the aid of references, identify Marine Corps Uniforms not authorized during Leave and Liberty Periods. MCCS-UNIF-1002 Without the aid of references, identify the difference between each Civilian and Military Equivalents. MCCS-UNIF-1002 Without the aid of references, identify activities that are prohibited while walking in uniform or
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while in formation. MCCS-UNIF-1002 Without the aid of references, identify (4) prohibited male hair styles. MCCS-UNIF-1002 Without the aid of references, identify (4) authorized female hair lengths.
Blue Dress A
Placement Midpoint Center 3/4 Long Axis Perpendicular of Rank Insignia
Males
Placement of EGA Inboard & parallel to collar seam Medals - Centered between 1st and 2nd button above left pocket - 7 Medals Max Across (can not overlap 50%) Ribbons - 1/8 above right pocket
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Females
Placement of EGA Inboard & parallel to deck Medals Placed 1 above highest point of left pocket
Males
Placement of EGA Inboard & parallel to the deck Shooting Badges 1/8 above pocket Ribbons 1/8 above shooting pocket Badges 1/8 above breast insignia
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Ribbons 1/8
Badges 1/8
Females
Placement of EGA Inboard & parallel to deck Shooting Badges 1/8 above highest point of left pocket Ribbons 1/8 above shooting badges
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C Uniform Shirts
Placement of Rank Insignia Placed at appropriate center of the collar 1 from the front edge Parallel to the deck
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MCCUU Wear
ALMAR 035/07 Off-Base Stops - Summer Months = Desert MCCUU with sleeves up - Winter Months = Woodland MCCUU with sleeves down - No off-base stops are authorized except for true emergencies - Authorized to wear MCCUU at off base establishments when using drive-thru services and Marines does not leave vehicle Women are not authorized to wear earrings with utilities
Earrings
Uniform Restrictions
- Anti- Democratic DOD (11002.1.a.) - Political Sponsorship - Public Backing - Discredit MCO P1020.24G - Soliciting Funds - Advertising/Endorsing - Compromise Dignity All Uniforms are authorized EXCEPT: - Blue Dress A or Blue-White Dress A - MCCUU - PT Gear - Evening Dress
Military/Civilian Equivalents
Service C Casual Males Collared open-neck shirt & slacks Females Dressy slacks/skirt with blouse or business casual dress Informal Males Coat & Tie/Suit Females Cocktail Dress
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Hair Styles
Prohibited Male Hair Styles - Horseshoe - Tear Drop - Mohawk or Landing Strip - Low Reg
Horseshoe
Mohawk
Tear Drop
Low Reg
- Short Hair Length - Medium Hair Length - Long Hair Length - Bulk of Hair
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Short Hair
Long Hair
Bulk of Hair
Summary
The information in this lesson will enable you to properly wear and care for United States Marine Corps approved uniforms. As a Marine officer, you must maintain high standards of personal conduct and appearance.
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References
Reference Number or Author Reference Title www.marcorsyscom.usmc.mil/sites/mcub Marine Corps Uniform Board Website MCO P1020.34G Marine Corps Uniform Regulations The Basic School Policy Letter 3-08 Liberty & Civilian Attire
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UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS THE BASIC SCHOOL MARINE CORPS TRAINING COMMAND CAMP BARRETT, VIRGINIA 22134-5019
Importance
In This Lesson
Learning Objectives
Enabling Learning Objective: MCCS-LDR-1001a Without the aid of references, describe the role of the Chaplain, to support personal, family, and Marine problem solving.
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The right to free exercise of religion ensures that individuals belonging to a faith group with no chaplain present can worship according to their own tradition. Command endorsed lay leaders normally function in expeditionary settings; e.g., in the field, on board ship. However, lay leaders may function in garrison if their faith group is not represented in the base chapel or community.
Summary
This lesson has covered the role of the chaplain, the command religious program, and the religious ministry team. These are valuable resources for you at TBS and as future leaders of Marines.
References
Reference Number or Author MCO 3500.44B Reference Title Religious Ministry Team Training and Readiness Manual
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UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS THE BASIC SCHOOL MARINE CORPS TRAINING COMMAND CAMP BARRETT, VIRGINIA 22134-5019
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Importance
In This Lesson This lesson covers the following topics: Topic Risk Management Fundamentals Operational Risk Management (ORM) Principles ORM 5 Step Process/ BAMCIS/METT-T ORM Levels Summary/CMC Guidance References Glossary of Terms and Acronyms Notes Page 4 5 6 13 13 14 14 15
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Mission Receipt Begin Planning Arrange for Reconnaissance Make Reconnaissance Complete the Planning Issue the Order Supervise
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X X X X X
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Degree of Probability Likely (A) Probably (B) May (C) Unlikely (D) !
Substep B o Substep B addresses the severity of each hazard. It is expressed in terms of: " Degree of injury or illness. " Loss of or damage to equipment or property. " Environmental damage. " Other mission-impairing factors such as lost combat power. The degree of severity estimated for each hazard may be based on knowledge of the results of similar past events. The table provides a summary of the four degrees of hazard severity. Hazard severity categories are assigned Roman numerals to depict each degree of severity (I through IV) in descending order. For example, Category I represents the highest degree of severity and Category IV represents the lowest degree of severity. Hazard Severity
DEGREE OF SEVERITY The hazard may cause death, loss of facility/asset or result in grave damage to national interests. The hazard may cause severe injury, illness, property damage, damage to national or service interests, or degradation to efficient use of assets. The hazard may cause minor injury, illness, property damage, damage to national, service or command interests or degradation to efficient use of assets. The hazard presents a minimal threat to personnel safety or health, property, national, service or command interests, or efficient use of assets.
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D 3 4 5 5
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STEP 3 DEVELOP CONTROLS/ MAKE RISK DECISION Step 3 is accomplished in two substeps: develop controls and make risk decisions. This is done during arrange for reconnaissance, make reconnaissance, and complete the plan steps of the decision-making process. ! Substep A: Develop Controls After assessing each hazard, leaders develop one or more controls that either eliminate the hazard or reduce the risk (probability and/or severity) of a hazardous incident. When developing controls, they consider the reason for the hazard not just the hazard itself. o Types of Controls. Controls can take many forms, but they fall into three basic categories educational controls, physical controls, and avoidance. " Educational controls. These controls are based on the knowledge and skills of the unit and individuals. Effective control is implemented through individual and collective training that ensures performance to standard. " Physical controls. These controls may take the form of barriers, guards, or signs to warn individuals and units that a hazard exists. Additionally, special controller or oversight personnel responsible for locating specific hazards fall into this category. " Avoidance. These controls are applied when leaders take positive action to prevent contact with an identified hazard. o Criteria for Controls. To be effective, each control developed must meet the following criteria: " Suitability. It must remove the hazard or mitigate (reduce) the residual risk to an acceptable level. " Feasibility. The unit must have the capability to implement the control. " Acceptability. The benefit gained by implementing the control must justify the cost in resources and time. The assessment of acceptability is largely subjective.
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STEP 4. IMPLEMENT CONTROLS Leaders and staffs ensure that controls are integrated into SOPs, written and verbal orders, mission briefings, and staff estimates. The critical check for this step, with oversight, is to ensure that controls are converted into clear, simple execution orders understood at all levels. Implementing controls includes coordination and communication with: ! ! Appropriate superior, adjacent, and subordinate units and those executing the mission. Civilian agencies that are part of the force. The media, NGOs, and PVOs must be included in coordination when their presence impacts or is impacted by the force.
STEP 5. SUPERVISE AND EVALUATE Leaders supervise mission rehearsal and execution to ensure standards and controls are enforced. Techniques may include spot-checks, inspections, situation reports and brief-backs, buddy checks, and close supervision. During the mission, leaders continuously monitor controls to ensure they remain effective, and modify them as necessary. Leaders and individuals anticipate, identify, and assess new hazards to implement controls. They continually assess variable hazards such as fatigue, equipment serviceability, and the environment. Leaders modify controls to keep risks at an acceptable level.
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ORM Levels
! Time Critical. An on the run mental or oral review of the situation using the fivestep process without recording the information on paper is often all that time will allow. The time-critical level of ORM is employed by experienced personnel to consider risk while making decisions in a time-compressed situation. It is the normal level of ORM used during the execution phase of training or operations, as well as in planning during crisis response scenarios. It is particularly helpful in choosing the appropriate course of action when an unplanned event occurs during the execution of a planned operation or daily routine. Deliberate. Application of the complete five-step process will aid in planning an operation or evaluating procedures. This level uses primarily experience and brainstorming to identify hazards and develop controls; and is therefore, most effective when done in a group. Examples of deliberate applications include planning of upcoming operations, review of standard operating, maintenance or training procedures, damage control, and disaster response planning. In-depth. A process involving a very thorough risk assessment (first two of the five steps). Research of available data, use of diagram and analysis tools, formal testing, or long term tracking of the hazards associated with the operation (sometimes with assistance from technical experts) are used to identify and assess the hazards. The in-depth level of ORM is used to more thoroughly study the hazards and associated risk in a complex operation or system, or one in which the hazards are not well understood. Examples of in-depth applications include long-term planning of complex operations, introduction of new equipment, materials and missions, development of tactics and training curricula, and major system overhaul or repair.
Summary/CMC Guidance
As per MCO 3500.27B, the primary objective of ORM is to avoid unnecessary risk. Successful implementation of the ORM process will increase mission effectiveness while minimizing unnecessary loss of assets, both personnel and materiel. All Marine Corps activities shall apply the ORM process in planning, operations, training, and nonoperational activities to optimize operational capability and readiness. Individuals shall apply ORM concepts in operational and non-operational activities. The ORM process provides an additional tool for commanders to use in reducing risks inherent in military operations. It is not a complete change in the way we approach the operational risk management problem, but rather provides a specific methodology for personnel to anticipate hazards and evaluate risk. Just as we have trained our personnel to focus on the mission, we can train our personnel to evaluate risk as part of the decision making process. As personnel are trained in and use the process, ORM will become intuitive, and applied automatically as a means to aid in quickly developing an effective course of action to accomplish the mission. Remember, it is your responsibility and duty to apply the ORM fundamentals in order to optimize our operational capabilities and readiness.
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References
Reference Number or Author MCO 3500.27B ORM 1-0 Reference Title Operational Risk Management (ORM) Operational Risk Management (ORM)
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Notes
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS THE BASIC SCHOOL MARINE CORPS TRAINING COMMAND CAMP BARRETT, VIRGINIA 22134-5019
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Antiterrorism/Force Protection
In This Lesson
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Learning Objectives
Terminal Learning Objectives MCCS-ATFP-1004 Without the aid of references, describe the characteristics of terrorism without error. MCCS-ATFP-1005 Without the aid of references, execute measures of self-protection against terrorist attacks without error. MCCS-ATFP-1006 Without the aid of references, describe the "Guardian Angel" Concept without error. MCCS-ATFP-2101 Without the aid of references, employ measures to combat terrorism without error. MCCS-LDR-1014. Without the aid of reference, perform operational security (OPSEC) without error. Enabling Learning Objectives MCCS-ATFP-1004a Without the aid of reference, define terrorism without error. MCCS-ATFP-1004b Without the aid of reference, describe the goals of terrorism without omission. MCCS-ATFP-1004c Without the aid of reference, describe terrorist ideologies to minimize terrorist threat to personnel and equipment. MCCS-ATFP-1004d Without the aid of reference, describe terrorist operations to minimize terrorist threat to personnel and equipment. MCCS-ATFP-1005a Given a terrorist threat, during operations or daily routine, apply self protective measures to remain a hard target. MCCS-ATFP-1005b Given a terrorist threat, during operations or daily routine, safeguard personal property to prevent loss or damage due to terrorist acts. MCCS-ATFP-2101a Without the aid of references, define anti-terrorism, without error. MCCS-ATFP-2101b Without the aid of references, define counter-terrorism, without error.
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Enabling Learning Objectives MCCS-ATFP-2101c Without the aid of references, describe operational security, without omission. MCCS-ATFP-2101d Without the aid of references, describe physical security, without omission. MCCS-ATFP-2101e Without the aid of references, describe personal security, without omission. MCCS-ATFP-2101f Given a terrorist threat, identify physical security measures to protect an installation from terrorist attack. MCCS-LDR-1014a. Without the aid of reference, define operational security without error.
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Definition/Origins of Terrorism
Terrorism is the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. A terrorist group is any element regardless of size or espoused cause, which repeatedly commits acts of violence or threatens violence in pursuit of its political, religious, or ideological objectives. Terrorism has been a traditional tactic of the weak since the beginning of recorded history. In 50 B.C., Julius Caesar, who was himself held hostage as a young boy, practiced the taking of political prisoners to ensure obedience of conquered tribes. Other Roman emperors such as Tiberius (A.D. 14-37) and Caligula (A.D. 37-41) used banishment, expropriation of property, and execution as means to discourage opposition to their rule. History also shows that Americans have been subject to terrorist attacks since the birth of our nation. On 30 November 1782, a tentative peace treaty with the British was signed, and the new nation quickly disbanded its military establishments. In September 1783, the last Continental Marine officer was discharged. The United States soon learned, however, that a nation unable to defend itself fell prey to every bully on the globe. In July of 1785, 21 American sailors were taken hostage in the Middle East. After ten years of secret negotiations had failed, the United States Congress appropriated $10 million (20 percent of the government's total revenue) to ransom those who had not already perished. That same year, Congress authorized the construction of six naval frigates, reestablishing the United States Navy. The commissioning of these ships and a 1798 congressional act "establishing and organizing a Marine Corps" were accomplished to project U.S. power abroad in response to piracy and terrorism on the high seas. Modern terrorism has its roots in the French Revolution. The period from 5 September 1793 to 27 July 1794 is known as the "Reign of Terror." Terrorism was advocated as a method of encouraging revolutionary virtue. During this period, over 200,000 people were arbitrarily arrested; no fewer than 16,000 French men and women were executed by guillotine. This was the first time in history that the use of violence and fear to attain political goals was labeled as terrorism. Volumes could be written on the history of terrorism and its evolution toward the violent political tool it has become today. Four major events in post-World War II history have directly fueled present-day terrorism: ! The success of the communist insurgent movements in China, Cuba, Rhodesia, Angola, and Nicaragua, proving that relatively small, poorly equipped movements with proper leadership can defeat larger established powers. These countries now provide footholds in their respective regions for the spread of communism. Although the fall of the Soviet Union has lessened communist inspired terrorism, many movements worldwide are still seeking to create a "true" communist state.
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Examples are Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) in Peru, Asala in Armenia, and the Red Brigade of Italy. ! The disastrous consequences, from the Pan-Arab point of view, of the Zionist movement and the resulting Arab-Israeli wars. The Arab defeats of the 1960s and 1970s demonstrated the futility of attempts to remove Zionists through conventional tactics. Arab nations used terrorism to attempt to destroy Israel through surrogacy. The civil unrest that was so pervasive during the 1960s and 1970s attracted many young people to radical causes. Issues such as human rights, environmental concerns, political radicalism, and anti-Vietnam war fervor amplified this unrest. Organizations that formed as a result of this social turmoil included the Weather Underground, the Japanese Red Army, and Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA). The rise of ethnic nationalism following the fall of the Soviet Union spawned a multitude of terrorist acts and movements. Examples include Serb state-directed terrorism in Bosnia, numerous incidents in Somalia and Rwanda, and terrorist campaigns in the former Soviet states of Georgia and Azerbaijan.
In addition to these four events, the development of the terrorist's most powerful tool, modern electronic media, greatly enhanced the impact of terrorism. Any act of violence is sure to attract millions of television viewers. The terrorist is able to capitalize on this by gaining widespread recognition and intimidating large populations.
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Political. The beliefs of terrorist groups can range from the far left to the far right. The table below cites some examples of different political ideologies. Political Ideology Marxist Leninist Maoist Description Believe in a revolution of the urban workers led by a small group of revolutionary elite ! Similar to Marxist-Leninists ! Seek to foment revolution from the rural areas by rallying the peasants. The revolution will then encircle the urban areas Attempt to join all aspects of society under one supreme leader who is morally and legally authorized to make all decisions for the good of the state Typically believe in merging of state and business leadership
Fascist Dictatorships
Nationalist-Separatist. Nationalist-separatists are devoted to the interests or culture of a group of people or a nation. Typically, nationalists share a common ethnic background and wish to establish or regain a homeland. Religious. Throughout history, religion has provided the impetus for many violent excesses. Religious terrorist groups often view modernization efforts as corrupting influences on their society or traditional religious culture. Special Interest. Various other groups such as radical environmentalists, antiabortionists, and anti-vivisectionists (opposed to experimentation on live animals) resort to terrorism.
Support Mechanisms
Terrorist organizations can be labeled according to how they receive support. The three basic categories into which most terrorist organizations will fall are: State Directed This organization's activities are conducted primarily at the direction of a controlling state. The group may even be an element of the state's security organization. These groups often represent the "establishment" in their long-range objectives. This group receives substantial outside support, but its actions are autonomous. Its support may be conditional on certain political objectives, though the group has discretion on how these objectives will be achieved. Most terrorist organizations today are state supported.
State Supported
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Non-State Supported
This terrorist organization receives no external support and is the most dangerous type of terrorist organization. The group must justify its actions only to itself; it has no obligation to adhere to any standards of conduct. The nonstate supported terrorist organizations ability to sustain itself creates an extreme challenge to any attempt to eliminate the group. The New Peoples Army (NPA) of the Philippines and The Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) in Peru are examples of non-state supported terrorist groups.
Goals of Terrorism
The long-range goals of terrorism will generally fall into one of three broad categories: ! ! Revolutionary: Terrorism is used to force the complete overthrow of an existing government. Sub-revolutionary: Terrorism is used to influence the government against its will. Most nationalist terrorist movements around the world are this type. The changes sought are usually political, social, or economic in nature. Establishment: A regime directs terrorism against its enemies within its borders or abroad in order to protect the state from dissenting influence. Right-wing death squads in El Salvador prior to the Durate regime are considered establishment-type terrorists.
A terrorist group cannot expect to achieve its long-range goals by a single action. Terrorist groups, therefore, have typical immediate goals, which will support their longrange objectives. These typical immediate goals are to ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Obtain worldwide or local recognition for their cause Cause an overreaction by the government Harass, weaken, or embarrass government security forces Obtain money and/or equipment Destroy facilities and disrupt lines of communication Discourage foreign investment and assistance programs Influence government decisions Free prisoners Satisfy vengeance Turn the tide in a guerrilla war
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The types of cells found in a well-organized terrorist group will normally include the ! ! ! Operational cell: The action arm of the group; it conducts the operational activities for the organization. Intelligence cell: The most highly trained and valuable of the group's cells; it performs reconnaissance and surveillance. Auxiliary cell: Generally provides logistical support for the group; it is normally larger and less compartmentalized than the other cells and may consist entirely of terrorist sympathizers rather than active cadre.
A typical terrorist group is organized in a pyramid configuration, similar to most military organizations. At the top will be a command responsible for ideological and political direction as well as operational planning. Sub-commands are responsible for cells within their area of influence. At the base are the individual cells. Communication between cells is clandestine. Members of adjacent cells will not know one another or the members from whom they take orders to ensure operational security.
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We must respect the tactical and strategic capabilities of terrorists. Remember that as terrorists they do not differentiate between combatants and noncombatants. Their willingness to wage battle without regard for the lives or property of innocent individuals has made us all vulnerable to their violent, unlawful activity. Regardless of your job or place of work, you must understand how the terrorist operates in order to minimize the threat to you and your Marines. This class is designed to help you understand the planning and execution of a terrorist operation so you can determine defensive measures you and your unit might employ to minimize the threat of terrorist attacks. Although attacks carried out by terrorists cover a broad spectrum of acts, a few operational characteristics are common to virtually all terrorist attacks. Terrorist operations are Dynamic Terrorist operations are considered dynamic because of the instant, intense interaction with large populations that modern electronic media provides. Terrorist operations are, by definition, simple because they are relatively easy to command, control, and support. Imagine the difficulties a covert organization would have orchestrating and conducting a complex operation involving a large number of individuals in a hostile environment. Terrorists try to keep operations simple and limit the numbers involved to small groups of well-trained and dedicated individuals.
Relatively Simple
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By design, terrorist operations are always offensive. The terrorists have neither the manpower nor logistical support to stand toe-to-toe with government forces. By using hit and run tactics, the terrorist will use his smaller size and mobility to an advantage over larger, often cumbersome government forces. Terrorist operations are designed for maximum impact on the population; this impact goes beyond the immediate victims of the attack. Consider the difficulties and delays often experienced while traveling overseas by commercial aircraft because of increased security measures. Additionally, x-ray machines, metal detectors, other sophisticated detection equipment, and the personnel to operate them are costlyan economic impact.
Though simple by design, terrorist operations are planned to the finest detail. Extensive intelligence and sound operational considerations support this planning. The terrorists cannot afford failure. When they fail, they lose credibility and may suffer a loss in popular support. Small, specially trained elements that are task organized from the operations, intelligence, and auxiliary cells conduct terrorist operations. Normally, at least three units are involved in the actual execution of a terrorist act: command, assault, and security, in keeping with the principle of simplicity while providing an offensive capability. Terrorists employ strict security measures throughout the planning and conduct of the operation. Terrorists ! ! Use the principle of compartmentalization. Each element is isolated from the others during the planning and rehearsal stages to prevent information leaks and compromise. Consider multiple targets. The primary target is not confirmed until the last possible moment. Several teams train to attack various targets without individual teams knowing about the other operations. One attack group can act as a diversion for the others, increasing the likelihood of a successful attack.
The most important characteristic of a terrorist group's operation is that they target the weak and undefended. Terrorists will attack the easiest target that will make maximum impact.
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Common terrorist acts include: Bombings Bombings are the most common type of terrorist act. The purpose of a bombing is to gather headlines, create fear, and destroy personnel and property. Relatively low-risk and inexpensive, bombings provide an excellent way for a small, relatively weak organization to attack a stronger opponent. Bombs may range from small soap dish-type devices to vehicles carrying tons of explosives. From watching the media, we are all familiar with the variety of methods terrorist groups use to plant explosive devices. Terrorists use kidnappings and hostage takings to establish a bargaining position and elicit publicity. Although kidnapping is one of the most difficult acts for a terrorist group to accomplish, if it is successful, it can gain a terrorist group money, release of jailed comrades, and publicity for an extended period of time. Hostage-taking involves the seizure of a facility or location and the taking of hostages. Unlike kidnapping, hostage taking provokes a confrontation with the authorities. It forces authorities to either make dramatic decisions or comply with the terrorists demands. Hostage-taking is overt and designed to attract media attention. The terrorists intended target is the audience affected by the hostages confinement, not the hostage himself. Armed attacks include raids and ambushes. Assassinations are the killing of a selected victim, usually by bombings or small arms. Drive-by shootings are a common technique employed by loosely organized terrorist groups. Historically, terrorists have assassinated specific individuals for psychological effect. Incendiary devices are cheap and easy to hide. Arson and firebombings are easily conducted by terrorist groups that may not be as well organized, equipped or trained as major terrorist organizations. Arsons or firebombings against utilities, hotels, government buildings or industrial centers are common tactics used by terrorists to portray an image that the ruling government is incapable of maintaining order.
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Hijacking is the seizure by force of a surface vehicle, its passengers and/or cargo. Skyjacking is the taking of an aircraft, which creates a mobile, hostage barricade situation. It provides terrorists with hostages from many nations and draws heavy media attention. Skyjacking also provides mobility for the terrorists to relocate the aircraft to a country that supports their cause and provides them with a human shield, making retaliation difficult. On 11 September 2001, commercial airplanes were skyjacked, but only to gain control of the aircraft. The terrorists intent was not to create a hostage situation, but to ensure the passengers did not interfere with their desire to crash the aircraft into their intended targets. In addition to the acts of violence discussed, numerous other types of violence exist under the framework of terrorism. Terrorist groups conduct maimings against their own people as a form of punishment for security violations, defections, and informing. Terrorist organizations also conduct robberies and extortion when they need to finance their acts and are without sponsorship from sympathetic nations. Cyber terrorism is a new, increasing form of terrorism that targets computer networks. Cyber terrorism allows terrorists to conduct their operations with little or no risk to themselves. It also provides terrorists an opportunity to disrupt or destroy networks and computers. The result is interruption of key government or business-related activities. Although this type of terrorism lacks a high profile compared to other types of terrorist attacks, its impact is just as destructive. Historically, terrorist attacks using chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear devices have been rare. These devices are also referred to as weapons of mass destruction (WMD) due to their ability to produce a large number of casualties. It is believed that future terrorist groups will have greater access to WMD because unstable nations or states may fail to safeguard their stockpiles of WMD from accidental losses, illegal sales, or outright theft. Although an explosive nuclear device is believed to be beyond the scope of most terrorist groups, chemical, biological or radiological dispersion weapons that use nuclear contaminants are not.
Other
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Proactive steps are directed toward the planning and prevention of terrorist attacks. A study of terrorist operations shows that the best chance of success lies in the proactive phases; prevention is always the best posture. The reactive step involves your response once an attack has been initiated. Despite comprehensive preventative measures, a determined terrorist may attack a welldefended target if the end result can justify the risk. You must never become complacent. Some essential elements of the planning process are discussed in the following paragraphs. Threat Analysis Terrorism knows no rules or boundariesonly objectives. Effective counteraction requires knowledge of terrorist goals and capabilities. As with tactical planning, an effective counter-terrorism/anti-terrorism plan relies on a solid estimate of the situation. Various sources of information are available which can assist you in estimating the threat. Some of these sources are:
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! !
! ! ! !
The S-2 Open source publications--perhaps the most overlooked, yet valuable sources of reliable information. These sources include: o Newspapers/Magazines o Internet o Commercial reports on threats to overseas businesses Persons familiar with the area DOD anti-terrorism schools US embassy/military group Host country sources such as police, military, and government agencies
Specific information to consider when assessing vulnerability to a terrorist group is as follows: ! ! ! ! Operational capability: mass casualty, personnel attacks, groups potential for violence Intentions: recent substantial attacks, attack elsewhere, anti-US, anti-host nation, preferred tactics Activity: present, safe haven, credible specific targeting, methods of operation Operating environment: external influences, host nation security, popular support
Use Information Gained. The knowledge you gain about the enemy is of no value unless it directs your actions. Security Security is defined as "those measures taken by a military unit, activity, or installation to protect itself against all acts designed to, or that may, impair its effectiveness. Every commander is responsible for the protection of his installation/unit whether in garrison, forward deployed, or in combat. No unit is secure unless it is protected in all directions from which an attack may come, whether from the front, the flanks, the rear, or the air. Operational Security (OPSEC). Operational security is a process of identifying critical information and subsequently analyzing friendly actions attendant to military operations and other activities to identify those actions that adversary intelligence systems can observe. OPSEC identifies indicators that hostile intelligence systems might obtain that could be interpreted or pieced together to derive critical information in time to be useful to adversaries. OPSEC allows you to select and execute measures that eliminate or reduce to an acceptable level the vulnerabilities of friendly actions to adversary exploitation. OPSEC is probably the least expensive, but most overlooked, aspect of security. The foundations of a good operational security program are: ! ! ! ! Deny intelligence and information to terrorists Avoid rigid operational routines Be familiar with techniques the terrorists use to collect information Integrate operational security into physical security and personal security programs
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Develop essential elements of friendly information to facilitate and focus efforts to deny information to terrorists
The objective of OPSEC is to deny the enemy information. The most common sources of information are ! Signals intelligence. Signals intelligence is the acquisition of information through the interception of communication signals. Signals intelligence countermeasures include effective communication and information security. Image intelligence. Image intelligence can involve the photographing of activities from aircraft, high terrain, or automobiles. Counter-measures include counterintelligence, counter-surveillance, and access control. Human intelligence. Human intelligence most often provides information to the enemy through monitoring casual conversations and the planting of agents. Counter this by training personnel and generating awareness of the enemy intelligence threat, and through counter-surveillance and counterintelligence. Operational patterns. The enemy can gain information by observing operational patterns. Counter this by randomizing operations and employing deception.
Physical Security
Physical security is defined as "that part of security concerned with physical measures designed to safeguard personnel, to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, installations, material and documents, and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage, and theft" (JCS Pub 1-02). An effective physical security plan is designed to deny, delay, deter, and detect the enemy. Physical security consists of a defense in depth that involves both active and passive security measures. Passive Security Measures. Passive security measures may require considerable effort to establish, but once in place require few, if any, Marines for support. Several of these measures are obstacles; therefore, considerations taught during engineering and defensive classes regarding obstacle planning apply. ! ! Barriers are the most common passive security measure. They may be either natural or manmade. Fences are manmade barriers that can define a perimeter, canalize, and limit access points. To maximize the effectiveness of a fence, clear zones are generally established inside and outside the perimeter to deny the enemy cover and concealment while providing security forces with good fields of fire. Alarm systems can provide extensive surveillance while economizing manpower.
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Lighting can be employed to increase the risk to the intruder. Eliminating the cover of darkness will restrict the enemy's free movement. Effective lighting can also provide concealment for security forces.
Active Security Measures. Patrols can detect, deter, apprehend, and/or destroy the enemy. The considerations for employing a patrol in support of physical security differ little from those of patrols supporting tactical security. Depending on the environment, rules of engagement (ROE) are likely to be an overriding concern. Ensure that all members of your unit understand and adhere to ROE. Sentries typically provide access control, surveillance, and random searches. When an interior guard is established, attention must be paid to guard orders and passive measures which will support the sentry. Guardian Angels are another type of active security measure that utilizes armed personnel in positions of overwatch, providing the ability to identify and if need be, engage threats.
Personnel Security
Take personnel security measures to reduce an individual's vulnerability to terrorist attacks. These measures include self-protection measures, personal security, and protective services. What follows are personal security and self-protection measures: actions you and your Marines might take to protect yourselves. Identify the Threat. Every person has a natural instinct to survive. Quite often, through ignorance, we also imagine ourselves as indestructible. Recognizing that a legitimate threat to our well-being exists is the first step to ensuring that you and your Marines incorporate proper individual protective measures. Deterrents to Terrorism. The terrorist is success oriented; he will attack the easiest target that will contribute to his goals. This principle forms the basis for a personnel security plan: You must attempt to make yourself a "hard" target. Keeping this in mind, a few measures are obvious but extremely effective in deterring the terrorist: ! ! Apply alertness, common sense, and personal initiative in taking security measures. Vary your routine. A terrorist planning a deliberate attack will be forced to find a more predictable target.
Self-Protective Measures. Additional measures you can employ to be a "hard" target are to ! ! ! ! ! Establish points of contact Stay mentally prepared for an attack and know what to do in emergencies Carry identification documents that are bilingual, state blood type, and carry necessary medical alerts Avoid revealing plans and don't talk to strangers Keep a low profile and avoid wearing your uniform in public. A terrorist may perceive you as a potential target by identifying you as an American or a representative of the United States government
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! ! ! ! !
Don't flash around large sums of cash Avoid civil disturbances/riots Vary methods of transportation. Use what the locals use, generally a bus Avoid shortcuts and deserted streets when walking. Stay on established and secure routes Avoid going out alone. Ensure that both you and your Marines use the buddy system.
Personnel Security is covered in depth in the computer based training which accompanies this class.
Significant Incidents
The following is a selection of incidents of historical importance including important lessons learned: Brigadier General James Dozier In 1981 the Red Brigades began a new campaign of terror. They opposed Italian membership in NATO, so they targeted senior US military officers to embarrass and destabilize the Italian government. On December 17, 1981 terrorists of the Italian Red Brigades kidnapped US Army Brigadier General James Dozier from his residence in Verona, Italy. At that time, BG Dozier was a Deputy Chief of Staff in the NATO Southern Command. He was the first non-Italian kidnapped by the Red Brigades. The terrorists considered three other US generals, but chose Dozier because his personal security was less rigorous. After studying his routines for a month, they were confident they could successfully kidnap him. Several aspects of his personal security made BG Dozier a vulnerable target. Building security at his apartment had been weak for years and BG Dozier maintained very predictable routines. The Doziers lived in an apartment building in Verona used by senior US officers for seven years. The building had been inspected, but none of the security recommendations had been implemented. Its only security measure, other than individual apartment door locks, was a buzzer and intercom at the main entrance. An Italian policeman served as driver for BG Dozier, but no other security personnel were assigned. He might have deterred this attack by challenging assumptions about the risks he faced. The terrorists studied the residence for over 30 days. They viewed it with binoculars from across the street and posed as young picnickers, with no children, in a park near the apartment. This should have been suspicious since children accompanied most of the couples. They often stood at a bus stop, looking at the apartment while buses passed, or took a bus and returned a short time later. One of them approached Mrs. Dozier at the bus stop. The terrorists also visited the Dozier home. A pair posing as utility meter readers made two visits. This was unusual since meter readers normally worked alone. A female terrorist posed as an opinion poll taker. Mrs. Dozier accepted the unscheduled visit and allowed her into the apartment.
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One day, three men and a woman parked behind the building in a rented blue van. Two men in coveralls with tool bags rang the buzzer and BG Dozier asked who was there. They said they were plumbers and needed to check his apartment for a leak in the apartment below. Dozier ignored two warning signs. Visitors usually rang the outside bell before ringing the apartment bell. Also, his landlord had not scheduled the visit; but, the building was old and leaks were common so he let them in. They looked under a sink and saw no leak. They used an unfamiliar Italian word, so he turned his back to look in a dictionary. They grabbed him, put a gun in his face, and pushed him to the floor. Mrs. Dozier was pushed down and a pistol held to her head. General Dozier quit struggling when he saw his wife was threatened. The terrorists transported him in a large trunk to an apartment in Padua where they held him until his rescue by Italian police after 42 days. Key Lessons: ! ! ! You should be alert for unusual activities and individuals in your surroundings. You should also have preplanned rules for controlling access to your residence by strangers. Challenge assumptions about your personal security. Consider ways in which your habits might make you more vulnerable. Be aware of the normal routines in your environment. Small deviations from the norm might indicate suspicious activities. Frequently change your routines to be a more difficult target.
Beirut US forces were welcomed into Lebanon in September 1982 in a multinational force to establish conditions for withdrawal of foreign military forces and to assist the Lebanese government gain control of Beirut. As fighting among Lebanese factions intensified, US forces provided support to the Lebanese Armed Forces. Iran, Syria, and Lebanese dissident factions wanted to force the US Marines from Lebanon and this concentration of troops was a lucrative target. Although the security environment was permissive at the outset, it deteriorated over time. The situation worsened, and in April terrorists bombed the US Embassy. By August US forces were receiving hostile fire and car bomb and sniper attacks were increasing. As the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) fought to control the highlands near the airport, the National Security Council decided control of the highlands was essential for security of US forces, and in September US Naval guns fired in support of the LAF against dissident militias. US forces received over 100 intelligence warnings of terrorist car bomb attacks, however, the reports were not specific. On 23 October 1983, a large truck crashed the barricade of the US Marine compound at the Beirut International Airport and penetrated the entrance to the Marine Battalion Landing Team Headquarters (HQBLT) building. The truck penetrated the perimeter
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barbed wire and concertina obstacle at 35 miles per hour. It passed two guard posts without being fired upon, then entered an open gate, circled past one sewer pipe obstacle and between two others, flattened the Sergeant- of-the-Guard booth, entered the building, and exploded. A guard heard the truck as it ran over the wire and inserted a magazine into his M16, chambered a round, and took aim. He did not fire since it was by then in the building. The Sergeant of the Guard was alone at his post at the main building entrance when he heard an engine revving. He turned to see the truck and ran, repeatedly yelling to hit the deck. The truck ran over his post, stopped in the lobby, and detonated after a second or two. It exploded with the force of 12,000 pounds of TNT and destroyed the building, killing 244. Key Lessons: ! The Long Commission investigating the attack concluded the US chain of command did not adequately adapt to new threats and provided confusing guidance on rules of engagement for use of deadly force. Extended deployments require a sustained and adaptable defense posture. Individual service members can play a key role by staying personally alert and bringing security concerns to their chain of command. Following this attack, DoD placed greater emphasis on the use of vehicle barriers and reexamined the rules of engagement for use of deadly force. Many of the factors in this incident were beyond the control of individual Marines at Beirut Airport. However, consider what could have been done differently. You can contribute to a better defensive posture for your organization by recognizing problems, raising questions, and being a strong team player.
! !
TWA Flight 847 On June 14, 1985 two well-dressed terrorists smuggled two hand grenades and a 9-mm pistol on-board TWA flight 847. The flight departed Athens, Greece, enroute to Leonardo Da Vinci Airport in Rome, Italy with 153 passengers and crew on board, including 120 Americans. Twenty minutes after leaving Athens, the terrorists entered the cockpit and ordered the Captain to fly to Beirut. They moved male passengers to window seats and collected passports. Head flight attendant Uli Derickson, an ex-German national, was ordered to collect passports as one of the hijackers followed close behind. Onboard were four US Navy divers who had no passports but traveled on military ID cards. When Derickson translated sailor into German as kriegsmarina, the terrorists mistook the divers for US Marines and spoke of avenging the Marine role in Lebanon. Beirut Airport twice denied permission to land, so they seized 24-year old Robert Stethem and began to beat him with an armrest from a cockpit chair. When they saw the military ID of Robert Stethem, a US Navy diver, they beat him, shot him, and dumped his body on the tarmac in Beirut.
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Finally yielding to pleas of the Captain, Beirut allowed the plane to land. In exchange for fuel, the terrorists released 19 women and children. Over a 17-day span, the plane made several flights between Beirut and Algiers, releasing passengers at each stop. On 30 June the hostages were released to Syria for their trip back to the United States. In exchange the terrorists demanded release of Lebanese radicals held by Israel, withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon, and international condemnation of US and Israeli actions in the Middle East. Lessons Learned: ! ! ! An airport known for lax security was the start point for this tragedy. Consider this when you are making flight reservations. Terrorists attack US troops of all ranks and services. Generally, you should blend in and not be an obvious target. Try to avoid the most exposed locations in an aircraft, the aisle seats at the front and rear. Conceal your military ID and travel on a tourist passport.
Oklahoma City On 19 April 1995, Timothy McVeigh used a twenty-foot rental truck, loaded with approximately 5,000 pounds of explosives, to destroy the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. The attack was well planned and designed to maximize death and destruction. Ultimately, the blast from the vehicle-borne improvised explosive device killed 168 people, injured 853 others, destroyed the Murrah Federal building, damaged more than three hundred surrounding buildings, and blew out countless windows and doors within a fifty-block area. This tragic event demonstrates that the terrorist threat is multifaceted and can strike at anytime or any location. It also illustrates the role of terrorist planning and preparation, and the opportunity to recognize suspicious activity and potentially prevent an attack. You should always be vigilant and cognizant of activity occurring around you. Don't let your guard down just because you are in a CONUS location. Khobar Towers US troops at Khobar Towers operated the King Abdul Aziz Air Base, and enforced the no-fly zone in southern Iraq. Khobar Towers was a high-rise complex in a densely populated area. A vulnerability assessment after the OPM SANG bombing concluded a vehicle bomb posed a serious threat to the Towers. In response, Brigadier General Terryl Schwalier took steps to tighten security and counter the terrorist threat. Seven months before the attack on Khobar Towers, a 250 lb. car bomb exploded at the Office of the Program Manager, Saudi Arabia National Guard (OPM SANG) in Riyadh. The bomb killed 7, including 5 Americans, and injured 35. US intelligence indicated
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terrorists were targeting US forces in Saudi Arabia, so US Central Command declared a HIGH threat level in the entire country. Shortly before 10:00 PM on June 25, 1996, 3 roof guards saw 2 men park a fuel truck at the edge of a nearby parking lot, about 80 feet from their building, and then race away in a car. Seeing the possibility of a truck-bomb, they reported the threat to the Central Security Control and started an evacuation, knocking on doors and alerting personnel to the danger. In about four minutes, the sentries were able to alert the top three floors of the 8-story dormitory. Meanwhile, the CSC tried to contact the Wing Operations Center to activate Giant Voice, a base-wide loudspeaker and siren system. Before Giant Voice could be activated, however, the truck-bomb exploded, causing a partial collapse of the building and damage to nearby buildings. Hundreds of US service members and Saudis were injured, mostly by flying glass. 19 US service members were killed. Fortunately, many of the troops evacuating from the top floors were in the interior stairwells when the bomb went off, saving them from serious injury. Key Lessons: ! Terrorists can mount devastating attacks anywhere, so teamwork and vigilance are essential. Unfortunately, unit security measures did not prevent this attack; but alert guards saved many lives. DoD investigated the attack and implemented new programs to promote the safety of US forces worldwide. After Khobar Towers, DoD renewed efforts to improve force protection against terrorism while remaining engaged in the Middle East region. Your best defense is to cooperate with unit security procedures and maintain vigilance. Immediately report changes in the local area such as reduced traffic, closed shops, and the absence of vendors. Respond immediately to evacuation orders. Be alert to changes in the general security environment. Take emerging threats seriously.
Embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania On August 7, 1998, two almost simultaneous explosions nearly destroyed the US embassies 420 miles apart in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. The vehicle-borne explosives, detonated outside the embassies' perimeters, killed over 230 people, including 12 Americans, and wounded more than 5,000. These events demonstrated the ability of terrorists to execute carefully planned operations and strike at any time and place. Fortunately, embassy security personnel at both locations kept the terrorist vehicles from entering the perimeter. However, in Nairobi, the conflict between the terrorists and guards at the gate drew people to their windows out of curiosity. Moments later, when the car bomb exploded many of these people were killed or injured by flying glass and debris.
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Prior to the August 7 attacks, Nairobi had been designated as a "medium" threat post. There were no specific threats against the embassy in the days before the attack, but earlier reports cited threats against a number of US diplomatic missions to include the embassy in Nairobi. These threats were largely discounted because of their nonspecific nature. Overall, the embassy in Nairobi met most of the State Department's security standards. However, it did not have the required standoff distance of 100-feet from the street. The embassy had been in operation at one of the busiest intersections in Nairobi since the early 1980s, before the standoff requirement was developed. Over the years, embassy staff had unsuccessfully attempted to gain control over additional areas to increase standoff from public areas. Key Lessons: ! ! Be alert to general changes in the threat environment. Take threats seriously, even if they are not specific. Your best defense is to avoid unnecessary danger. If you believe a terrorist attack may be in progress, do not go towards the incident. Get yourself and others to safety.
USS Cole On October 12, 2000, terrorists attacked the Arleigh Burke Class Destroyer USS COLE (DDG 67) during refueling in Aden Harbor, Yemen. Two individuals maneuvered a 35foot craft laden with explosives to the port side of the COLE and detonated it. The blast ripped a 32 by 36 foot hole, killing 17 and injuring 39 crewmembers. Heroic efforts by the crew saved the ship. The attackers showed no sign of hostile intent before the explosion and crewmembers believed the craft was involved in routine harbor activities. In fact, the attackers smiled and waved in a friendly manner as they maneuvered their craft alongside the USS COLE. US intelligence assessed the threat in Aden threat as Significant, and the crew of the COLE implemented many measures to protect their ship. However, these measures were not sufficient. A commission investigating the attack concluded better planning, training, and coordination with host nation and US authorities were needed. The terrorists attacked the USS COLE as a symbol of US policy in the Middle East. In response, DoD has intensified efforts to enhance safety for ships in port activities. The attack illustrated the way terrorists observe the routine patterns of their targets and use simple but deadly tactics to exploit vulnerabilities. You can help your organization by remaining observant of possible vulnerabilities and bringing them to the attention of your leadership. Be alert to activities that could become a threat.
9-11
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On 11 September 2001, Middle-eastern extremists hijacked and destroyed four US commercial airliners in less than two hours. Three of the aircraft, used as guided missiles, collapsed both towers of the World Trade Center in New York City and extensively damaged the Pentagon in Washington, DC. The attacks cost the lives of approximately 3,000 innocent people and resulted in billions of dollars in damage and economic impact. The events of September 11 demonstrate the ability of terrorists to plan and execute complex operations at multiple locations within the US. However, the loss of life and destruction could have been much greater. The fourth hijacked aircraft, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed in an empty field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, well away from population centers and symbolic targets. The passengers learned the intentions of the terrorist hijackers and decided to attempt to retake control of the aircraft an action that may have saved countless additional lives. At 8:42 a.m., United Flight 93 took off from Newark Liberty International Airport to begin its transcontinental flight to San Francisco. None of the seven crew members or thirtytwo passengers had heard that commercial aircraft had been hijacked earlier in the morning. The flight progressed normally until four terrorists attacked the cockpit at 9:28 a.m., well after the attacks on the World Trade Center Towers and only minutes before the attack on the Pentagon. After securing the cockpit, the hijackers changed course and directed the aircraft east, towards Washington DC. Specific details of events on Fight 93 are limited, but it is known that after the hijackers assumed control of the plane, passengers used onboard phones and cell phones to contact family members, colleagues, and law enforcement officials on the ground. From these discussions, passengers were able to confirm from multiple sources that similar commercial aircraft had been used to strike the World Trade Center Towers and the Pentagon. The passengers concluded that the hijackers of their plane had similar intentions and chose to attack the hijackers when the aircraft was over a rural area. At 9:57 a.m., passengers rushed the cockpit in an attempt to gain control of the aircraft. Shortly afterwards, the airliner crashed into an empty field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania at 10:02 a.m. killing all on board. While their actions provided the only option to save their own lives, they may have saved the lives of hundreds that would have been killed if the hijackers had successfully struck an additional target. The courage and decisiveness of these passengers have been immortalized by the last words heard by phone from Scott Beamer, "Let's Roll!" Key Lessons: ! Prior to the events of 11 September 2001, airplane hijackings usually ended in a hostage standoff and negotiations between government representatives and the terrorists. To avoid situations as encountered on TWA Flight 847 in which US military personnel were singled out by terrorists, DoD Service Members on hijacked aircraft were encouraged to remain inconspicuous and hide their identity. However, the employment of suicide tactics designed to inflict mass casualties requires every passenger on a hijacked aircraft to make a personal decision remain calm and inconspicuous or undertake active resistance. Either
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option may be correct depending upon the circumstances, but should only be made after careful evaluation of developing events. ! ! Take time to decide how to react in a terrorist incident. At the first signs of trouble start evaluating available information. The decision to take action should be made on the best information possible. You should weigh your options and their potential consequences carefully.
Madrid On March 11, 2004, at 7:39 AM four bombs exploded in a passenger train as it approached a station during the morning rush hour in Madrid, Spain. Only seconds later, three more bombs exploded on another train already at the platform. In all, ten bombs detonated within three minutes at three busy commuting centers. A total of 191 persons were killed at the scene or later died of their wounds; 2,061 were injured. This attack reflected strategic goals of the terrorists coming only three days before Spanish national elections. The people of Spain voted out the government of Jose Maria Aznar and elected Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero, who soon fulfilled a campaign promise to withdraw Spanish troops from Iraq. Spain has long combated terrorist attacks. The Basque liberation organization ETA has detonated small bombs throughout the country for years. However, the magnitude of the March 11 train attacks shocked authorities and citizens. Like September 11, 2001, the attacks in Madrid demonstrate the terrorist desire to inflict mass casualties on civilian targets and that attacks can occur at any time and location. The attacks were linked to a Moroccan Islamic terrorist organization with ties to Al Qaida. Morning commuters were stunned and horrified as bombs detonated all around them. Most passengers fled the station, pushing and shoving their way to the street. Those too injured to flee waited for emergency crews to arrive on scene. Minutes after the first explosions, two more bombs exploded on a train at El Pozo del Tio Raimundo Station, two stops away from Atocha. One minute later, an additional bomb exploded on a train at Santa Eugenia Station, two stops further down the line. Though the ten bombs killed 191 and injured 2,061 commuters, the casualty rate could have been higher. Three bombs failed to detonate that were perhaps intended to explode as emergency personnel arrived on the scene. Following a forensic investigation, police raided an apartment in a Madrid suburb on April 3, 2004. The occupants detonated explosives killing seven suspects and one Spanish agent. Among the dead were Allekema Lamari of Algeria and Serkane Ben
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Abdelmajid of Tunisia, believed to have planned the attacks. One year later, 19 additional suspects were either on trial or awaiting prosecution. Prior to the attacks, Spanish authorities had discovered and removed a bomb from railroad tracks in the countryside. Based on this, the Spanish Government issued warnings of possible attacks against the rail system. Key Lessons: ! Investigations indicated the terrorists used backpacks filled with dynamite triggered by cell telephones. Witnesses identified after the attacks described three men carrying large backpacks made repeated trips from a van parked outside one of the stations to one of the trains. None of the witnesses notified authorities or took any action. Had witnesses reported these suspicious activities many lives may have been saved. While planning your travel, you should always be alert to government warnings and recent events. You should also be aware of the possibility of secondary explosions during an attack. While unsuccessful in Madrid, secondary explosions could have caused many more casualties. In the event of a terrorist attack, you should quickly and calmly evacuate the area while making mental notes of any details that might be useful to authorities.
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Summary
This class has covered quite a bit of information. Merely knowing this information will not deter a terrorist; however, knowing and applying it may. Whether or not your unit becomes the victim of a terrorist attack could largely depend on your action or inaction. Initiative is paramount. To acknowledge the threat only after an attack is to grant your enemy success.
References
Reference Number or Author MCRP 3-02E CJCS Guide 5260 Reference Title Individuals Guide for Understanding and Surviving Terrorism Anti-terrorism Personal Protection Guide DOD Level I Anti-terrorism Training Course
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Notes
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Notes
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS THE BASIC SCHOOL MARINE CORPS TRAINING COMMAND CAMP BARRETT, VIRGINIA 22134-5019
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In This Lesson
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MCCS-CORE-1011 Without the aid of references, describe the Marine Corps policy on hazing without error. MCCS-CORE-1012 Without the aid of references, describe the Marine Corps policy on fraternization without error. MCCS-CORE-1013 Without the aid of references, describe issues concerning pregnancy and parenthood without error. MCCS-CORE-1015 Without the aid of references, describe the Marine Corps Policy on homosexual conduct without error. Enabling Learning Objectives MCCS-CORE-1007a Without the aid of references, define illegal drugs without error. MCCS-CORE-1008a Without the aid of references, define substance abuse without error. MCCS-CORE-1009a Without the aid of references, define sexual harassment without error. MCCS-CORE-1010a Without the aid of references, define equal opportunity without error. MCCS-CORE-1011a Without the aid of references, define hazing without error. MCCS-CORE-1012a Without the aid of references, define fraternization without error. MCCS-CORE-1015a Without the aid of references, define homosexual conduct without error.
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Equal Opportunity
General The Marine Corps' fight to provide equal opportunity is not new. The Corps has always been comprised of persons drawn from varied backgrounds. An individual does not automatically set aside prejudices, bias, and perceptions upon joining our ranks. In the early 1970's, for example, the Marine Corps suffered from an outbreak of racially-related problems ranging from simple name calling to killings. Today's Marine Corps still faces potential problems with discrimination based on race, color, sex, religion, age, and national origin. Discriminatory behaviors directed at any one of these areas erode morale and discipline and have the potential to destroy unit readiness. In order to address such bias we must be pro-active; we must establish a command climate that allows every Marine to reach his or her potential without regard to race, color, religion, sex, age, or national origin. ! Minority. A group which differs from the predominant section of a larger group in one or more characteristics and as a result is often subject to differential treatment; for example, ethnic background, language, culture, or religion. Prejudice. The holding of a judgment or opinion without regard to pertinent facts; typically prejudice is expressed in suspicion, fear, hostility, or intolerance of certain people, customs, and ideas. Discrimination. An act, policy, or procedure that arbitrarily denies equal opportunity to an individual or group of individuals because of race, color, religion, sex, age, or national origin. Institutional discrimination. Policies, procedures, and practices that, intentionally or unintentionally, lead to differential treatment of selected identifiable groups and through usage and customs have attained official or semiofficial acceptance in the routine functioning of the organization/institution. Equal opportunity. A concept which requires that the objectives of fair and equal treatment and equality of opportunity for all be applied to all management functions and leadership actions.
Definitions
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Policy
The Marine Corps' policy (in fact, Department of Defense [DoD] Policy) is to provide equal opportunity for all military members without regard to race, color, religion, sex, or national origin consistent with the law and regulations and the requirements for physical and mental abilities. The achievement and maintenance of this goal is integral to the full development of esprit de corps, pride, and individual readiness, which are essential to combat readiness. Ensuring, to the fullest extent under the law and regulations, that fairness and equality of opportunity are extended to all personnel concerning every action which affects Marines, is an inherent function of leadership and will be given appropriate consideration in performance evaluation. Commanders are responsible for both military and civilian equal opportunity programs. Recently, the Quality Management Board formed by the Commandant to study minority issues released the following vision statement concerning cultural diversity. "Our cultural diversity programs will focus on understanding diversity, appreciating and respecting diversity, and recognizing and fostering (managing) diversity in keeping with organizational goals and Core Values. The Marine Corps as an institution, and Marines as individuals, must promote an atmosphere and manage programs which both welcome and capitalize upon cultural diversity. Such programs will serve to maximize our warfighting capability and promote individual career satisfaction."
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Sexual Harassment
Leadership: The Point of Departure ! The meaning of your commission/special trust and confidence o Fidelity. o Integrity. o Honor. o Respect. Moral high ground o America's expectation. o Moral compass. 200 years of tradition o Leadership from the front. o Challenges of the past (e.g., the race and drug issues of the 70's). Challenges of present o Societal problems ! HIV. ! Spouse and child abuse. ! Drug problems. ! Violence. ! Current media coverage.
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Definition
Who is involved?
This is not just a male to female oriented problem, it is also female to male, male to male, and female to female. Behavior can be classified through the use of a traffic light-from green, to yellow, to red. Most sexual harassment complaints originate from yellow zone behavior. ! Green zone behavior includes: Performance counseling, correcting appearance, showing concern, a sincere compliment, non-intimate touching, social interaction, encouragement, and friendly conversation. Yellow zone behavior includes: Violating space, questions about a Marine's personal life, off color jokes, leering, unwanted requests for dates from peers or subordinates, wearing sexually suggestive clothing in the workplace or during work-related activities, whistling, lewd comments, suggestive posters or calendars, staring, foul language, unwanted letters or poems, sexual gestures. Red zone behavior includes: Sexual assault -ranging from forcibly grabbing an arm to rape, sexually explicit pictures, sexist/racist remarks, obscene letters or comments, sexual favors in return for rewards, threats if sexual favors are not provided, using position to request dates.
Classification of Behavior
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Solutions
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Fraternization
Introduction Fraternization is the term used to describe improper personal and business relationships among Marines of different ranks or positions. Fraternization was not mentioned in the UCMJ when it was first enacted; improper relationships between seniors and subordinates were prosecuted as conduct unbecoming an officer. In 1984, however, fraternization was explicitly recognized as an offense under military law. Not all contact between superiors and subordinates is improper. The Marine Corps has always fostered the fraternal concept of the "Brotherhood of Marines." ! ! ! Teacher-Scholar. Comrades-in-Arms. Band of Brothers.
When contact and relationships exceed these standards and become those of "buddies" or peers, then fraternization exists. Look at the facts and circumstances of each case: ! ! ! Is there a compromise of the chain of command? Is there an appearance of partiality? (REMEMBER: when dealing with the subject of fraternization, perceptions are as deadly as reality.) Is there the potential for good order, discipline, morale, or authority to be undermined?
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Fraternization (Continued)
Background The Marine Corps policy regarding improper fraternization is the product of naval service customs. The Marine Corps specifically, and military society in general, has historically imposed social constraints on personal relationships between individuals of different rank, grade, or position. It is important to keep in mind that because customs vary between branches of the armed forces, the Marine Corps' view of fraternization can be expected to be different (stricter) than that of the Air Force or the Army. Fraternization rules date back to the time of the Roman army. The purpose of such constraints is to ! Maintain good order and discipline. ! Promote relationships of mutual respect and confidence between juniors and their seniors. ! Prevent adverse impact upon a junior's response to orders, the senior's exercise of command, or the perception of others regarding the senior's impartiality. ! Preserve the integrity of the chain of command. Definition Fraternization is a social or business relationship between Marines of different grades in violation of a custom of the naval service which, in the eyes of one experienced in military leadership, impacts adversely on good order and discipline, or degrades or at least threatens to degrade the character or status of the position that a Marine holds. "...a social or business relationship between Marines of different grades...." Some examples of activities encompassed by the term "fraternization" are ! Drinking alcoholic beverages together. ! Playing cards or gambling together. ! Going to private homes or clubs together. ! Dating or engaging in sexual activities. ! Engaging in commercial transactions, except for onetime sales or leases. ! Showing favoritism or partiality. ! Using one's authority for personal gain.
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Fraternization (Continued)
Definition (Continued) Military court decisions and the Manual for Courts-Martial make clear that fraternization can occur between enlisted Marines, between officers, or between officers and enlisted Marines. The classic case involves an officer-enlisted relationship, but it is not the only case. The key issue is whether a relationship has developed in which mutual respect of grade is ignored. The relationship need not be male-female. Though not a rigid test, normal social or business relationships between Marines within the following six divisions do not constitute fraternization. (However, under some circumstances, i.e., same chain of command, or an instructor-student relationship, even relationships within a particular group would be considered fraternization.) ! General officers. ! Field grade officers. ! Company grade officers (to include warrant officers). ! Staff noncommissioned officers (SNCO). ! Noncommissioned officers. ! Junior enlisted Marines. While improper relationships within the same chain of command are the most obvious, there is no blanket requirement under the UCMJ that the relationship be within the same chain of command to be improper. "...in violation of a custom of the naval service...." ! ! "Custom" is a long-established practice which, by common consent, has attained the force of law within the military. The relevant custom within the Marine Corps is that "duty, social, and business contacts among Marines of different grades will be consistent with traditional standards of good order and discipline and the mutual respect that has always existed between Marines of senior grade and those of lesser grade."
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Fraternization (Continued)
Definition (Continued) "...which, in the eyes of one experienced in military leadership, impacts adversely on good order and discipline or degrades or at least threatens to degrade the character or status of the position a Marine holds." ! ! Improper personal relationships between Marines occupying different positions may influence the senior's judgment as to mission accomplishment. The threat to discipline and order need not be perceived by the parties involved in the fraternization. It is enough that the ill effects could be perceived by a reasonably prudent Marine experienced in military leadership. Thus, each case must be scrutinized by applying this "hypothetical leader" test.
This final section of the definition not only defines, but also explains, the policy behind the rules prohibiting fraternization. The policy is further described in the Court of Military Appeals case of US v Free: ! The military services demand a regard for authority by juniors towards their seniors which experience has shown is enhanced by the observance of decorum, tradition, custom, usage, and conventions which are peculiar to the services alone. The regard and respect for authority upon which rests the unquestioned obedience of the serviceman which is mandatory in time of battle or stress (emphasis added) is lessened by the failure to observe niceties of military courtesy and other traditions and customs. Marriage: A Special Problem The Marine Corps cannot legally act to prevent marriages between servicemembers. A marriage between Marines of differing grades will constitute fraternization when the impact of the marriage detracts or tends to detract from the respect due a senior, or is perceived by others to do so. A marriage stemming from a previously existing improper relationship does not excuse those involved from responsibility for their activities prior to the marriage. The Marine Corps accepts officer/enlisted marriages which occur before the officer receives a commission or before the officer reverts to an enlisted grade.
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Fraternization (Continued)
Avenues for Prosecution ! Article 134, UCMJ o Fraternization has been a listed offense under the UCMJ since 1984. o Maximum punishment is dismissal, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for two years. Article 133, UCMJ o Whenever a commissioned officer, cadet, or midshipman engages in behavior which dishonors or disgraces the officer, such as dishonesty, unfair dealing, indecency, lawlessness, injustice, or cruelty, that officer may be prosecuted under Article 133. o Maximum punishment is dismissal, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for a period usually not longer than one year. Article 92, UCMJ o Whenever a local command has established regulations or orders as to the conduct of relationships or fraternization, a Marine may be subject to prosecution for fraternization as a violation of an order. o Published orders are often used by commands to define acceptable conduct in the context of officer-officer and enlistedenlisted relationships. o If the order is a general order or regulation, actual knowledge is not required (knowledge of the order is implied). o If the order does not constitute a general order or regulation, specific knowledge must be shown for a violation to occur. o Maximum punishment is a dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for two years.
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Fraternization (Continued)
Remedies ! Nonpunitive administrative remedies o Formal or informal counseling. o Transfer of one or both parties. o Fitness report comments. Nonjudicial punishment (often followed, in the case of officers, by processing for administrative separation). Court-martial.
! ! Solution
The responsibility for maintaining the customary and traditional standards of conduct lies with the senior. The line between acceptable conduct and fraternization will not be crossed unless the senior allows it to happen. The leader must be careful to avoid even the perception of fraternization without destroying the traditional fraternal bond between Marines of all grades. Educate your Marines about both the Marine Corps policy on fraternization and the reasons behind it. Talk examples.
Hazing
Background ! The individual Marine is the Corps. How we recruit, train, and instill in Marines our core values and a sense of integrity and accountability, equip them to do their jobs, and treat them with dignity, care and concern must be our principal emphasis. This is a leadership issue. This is a warfighting issue. Marines do not go into harms way, make the sacrifices they always have, or give up their precious lives because they have been hazed or initiated into some self-defined, "elite" sub-culture. They perform these heroic acts of selflessness because they are United States Marines and because they refuse to let their fellow Marines down. Marines are also our most precious asset. We will protect them through fair, scrupulous, and unbiased treatment as individuals-caring for them, teaching them, leading them. It is the obligation of each member of the chain of command, from top to bottom, to ensure that this sense of fairness is constant and genuine. Every Marine will treat every other Marine with dignity and respect.
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Hazing (Continued)
Definition ! Hazing is defined as any conduct whereby one military member, regardless of Service or rank, causes another military member, regardless of Service or rank, to suffer or be exposed to an activity which is cruel, abusive, humiliating, or oppressive. Hazing includes, but is not limited to, any form of initiation or congratulatory act that involves physically striking another to inflict pain, piercing anothers skin in any manner, verbally berating another, encouraging another to excessively consume alcohol, or encouraging another to engage in illegal, harmful, demeaning or dangerous acts. Soliciting or coercing another to participate in any such activity is also considered hazing. Hazing need not involve physical contact among or between military members; it can be verbal or psychological in nature.
Policy
Hazing does not include mission or operational activities; the requisite training to prepare for such missions or operations; administrative corrective measures; extra military instruction as defined in the reference; command authorized physical training; authorized incentive training permitted at the Marine Corps Recruit Depots; and other similar activities authorized by the chain of command. ______________________________________________________ Hazing is prohibited. No Marine, or service member attached to a Marine command, including Marine detachments, may engage in hazing or consent to acts of hazing being committed upon them. No one in a supervisory position may, by act, word, or omission, condone or ignore hazing if he or she knows or reasonably should have known that hazing may occur. Consent to hazing is not a defense to violating this Order. Any violation, attempted violation, or solicitation of another to violate this order, subjects involved members to disciplinary action under Article 92 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). This Order does not prevent charging those who have engaged in acts of hazing under other applicable UCMJ articles to include, but not limited to Article 80 (attempts), Article 81 (conspiracy), Article 93 (cruelty and maltreatment), Article 124 (maiming), Article 128 (assault), Article 133 (conduct unbecoming an officer and gentleman) and Article 134 (indecent assault, drunk and disorderly conduct, and/or solicitation). This Order is a lawful general order and is effective immediately without further implementation.
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Homosexual Conduct
Definitions ! Homosexual means a person, regardless of sex, who engages in, attempts to engage in, has a propensity to engage in, or intends to engage in homosexual acts, and includes the terms "gay" and "lesbian." Bisexual means a person who engages in, attempts to engage in, has a propensity to engage in, or intends to engage in homosexual and heterosexual acts. Homosexual conduct means a homosexual act, a statement by the service member that demonstrates a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts, or a homosexual marriage or attempted marriage. Homosexual act means any bodily contact, actively undertaken or passively permitted, between members of the same sex for the purposes of satisfying sexual desires; and any bodily contact which a reasonable person would understand to demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in an act (described above). Statement that a member is a homosexual or bisexual, or words to that effect. Language or behavior that a reasonable person would believe was intended to convey the statement that a person engages in, attempts to engage in, or has a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts. Propensity to engage in homosexual acts means more than an abstract preference or desire to engage in homosexual acts; it indicates a likelihood that a person engages in or will engage in homosexual acts.
Policy
Sexual orientation. An abstract sexual preference for persons of a particular sex, as distinct from a propensity or intent to engage in sexual acts. ____________________________________________________________ ! General. It is the policy of the DoD to judge the suitability of persons to serve in the armed forces on the basis of their conduct and their ability to meet required standards of duty performance and discipline. A person's sexual orientation is considered a personal and private matter and is not a bar to service entry or continued service unless manifested by homosexual conduct in the manner described below.
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Substance Abuse
"First to fight for right and freedom, And to keep our honor clean." --THE MARINES HYMN Since 1775, the United States Marine Corps has enjoyed the reputation of an elite, disciplined, well-trained fighting force. It is founded upon the unfailing trust of one Marine in another, unwavering confidence in teamwork, and the dogged determination of unit leaders to meet the challenges at hand. We are at war. The enemy is illegal drug use. It threatens both our Corps and our society and is more devastating than a holocaust, more debilitating than a disease. Marines must again rise to the challenge. They must be the driving force in the war to eliminate illegal drug use in our Corps. Marine leaders must "take the point" in this campaign. (NAVMC 2750)
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Education
Education must be continuous, comprehensive, and must actively involve all leaders within a unit. The information provided must be factual and informative; Marines have already received too much misinformation about drugs. Education begins for all Marines at the Recruit Depots or at Officer Candidate School. Marine Corps orders require all commands to continue to incorporate illegal drug use prevention education for all Marines and civilians. Additionally, the leadership role played by all officers and SNCOs has great impact upon the success of any substance abuse program. Leadership by example is perhaps the first and most significant step. The most difficult task of Marine leaders is one of creating or fostering negative peer pressure toward the use of drugs or the tolerance of your unit towards policy violators. This one aspect of leadership can have the greatest impact upon the decision of individual Marines to use illegal substances. Recognize the fact that you cannot observe or control an individual Marine's actions at all times. Despite this limitation, what our Marines do off duty is our business. Marines are responsible for adhering to the set of values and rules we live by 24 hours a day.
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NIS and law enforcement agencies. Urinalysis testing. Use of dogs. Health and welfare inspections. Random vehicle searches.
All personnel upon accession into the Marine Corps will be advised of the Marine Corps policy of zero tolerance to drugs and then urinalysis tested for the presence of any illegal substances. Those who show the presence of an illegal drug will be processed for separation. The Urinalysis Program was established to provide a systematic screening of all Marines for the presence of drugs as prescribed by the Department of Defense and SECNAVINST 5300.28.
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Deterrence for Marines disposed to the use of illegal drugs. Early identification of Marines involved with the use of illegal drugs. Confirmation of drug presence necessary for administrative and/or disciplinary action.
Urinalysis is a means to identify the presence of drugs. A subsequent command evaluation is necessary to determine if a legal reason exists to seek prosecution under the UCMJ. Stringent collection requirements have been established to ensure a high level of program reliability and to ensure fairness to all personnel; observers during collection, stringent chain-of-custody requirements, and strict testing procedures at a DOD certified laboratory. Screening requirements include an aggressive periodic screening program including
! ! !
Results may be used as evidence in disciplinary proceedings under the UCMJ and/or administrative separations. Upon detection of an illegal substance, the following disciplinary measures may be enforced
!
Officer o appropriate discipline. o processed for separation. NCO and above o appropriate discipline. o processed for separation. All other Marines o appropriate discipline. o processed for separation.
Note: No disciplinary or adverse administrative action may be taken until appropriate confirmation/verification of drug use is obtained.
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Ineligibility for reenlistment. Not eligible for promotion within six months of confirmation. Security clearances revoked. Service record book (SRB) documentation/ adverse Fitness Report (FITREP).
Commanders also have the ability to impose immediate disciplinary actions through
! ! ! !
Denial of on-base driving privileges for drug offenders when drug use is confirmed. Withdrawal of authorization to live off-base to unmarried Marines. Eviction from government quarters (if drugs were maintained, used, or sold there). Administrative reduction.
Past policy ordered that drug dependent Marines attend Level III treatment at the Navy Drug Rehabilitation Center (NDRC), Miramar, California. Present policy pursues the separation of Marines under the provisions of paragraph 2204. Marines will be provided the opportunity to receive treatment at a Veterans Administration medical facility nearest their place of residence in conjunction with their separation. The Marine may refuse this treatment and merely be separated. Alcohol abuse is contrary to the effective performance of Marines and the Marine Corps mission, and will not be tolerated in the US Marine Corps. The Marine Corps objective is to identify, treat, and return alcoholics to full duty and to eliminate alcohol abuse, wherever possible.
Alcohol Abuse
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Proactive phase. This phase consists of various measures used to preclude the abuse of alcohol. This phase is preventative in nature and has both education and deterrent measures. It is obvious that the consumption of alcohol is not essential to unit deployment capabilities and the fostering of Marine Corps pride. Activities that encourage drinking should be avoided. Official functions and activities must offer nonalcoholic beverages when alcoholic beverages are served.
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Offering nonalcoholic beverages. Ensuring that food is readily available. Discouraging drinking contests. Not offering alcohol as a prize. Not offering alcohol to those Marines underage unless authorized by SECNAV or CMC directives.
Unit commanders should also cooperate fully with civilian programs to enhance the educational aspect of prevention. Alcoholics Anonymous and other programs aimed at reducing alcohol related incidents can be very supportive and assist in developing individual awareness. Leaders should consider providing alternative leisure activities to promote an active life-style that will not revolve around bars and drinking. This is especially important during deployments overseas where Marines are limited in their ability to pursue normal off duty activities. o Education. Units are directed to provide preventative education on a regular basis that informs Marines of the health risks as well as the disciplinary actions that can be enforced due to alcohol related incidents. The goal is to educate Marines so that they may make responsible decisions regarding their own personal use of alcohol. Officers, SNCOs, and NCOs will receive supervisor level training in alcohol abuse/alcoholism within 60 days of joining a unit. All Marines must receive a class on alcohol abuse/alcoholism within a similar time period. o Deterrent measures. The most common deterrent measures that may be utilized in the fight against alcohol abuse are o Health and Welfare inspections. o Random vehicle checkpoints for Driving while intoxicated (DWI)/Driving under the influence (DUI).
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Reactive Phase Objectives. The objectives of the reactive phase are to confirm that an alcohol related incident has occurred; take appropriate disciplinary, judicial, or administrative action; and evaluate the individual. Individuals are screened to determine the level of alcohol abuse involvement and, if necessary, the appropriate level of treatment. Once a Marine has been evaluated the following may occur
! !
Those who do not successfully complete treatment programs may be separated. o Identification. The prompt and accurate identification of potential alcoholics allows for the single best method of preventing a potential problem. By diagnosing or recognizing alcohol abuse in its early stages, treatment often times can be conducted at the unit/local level allowing for minimal impact upon the individual and the unit. Commanders must establish programs that allow for the early identification of alcohol abuse. Possible methods of building these programs include health and welfare inspections of billet and work areas. - random vehicle checks. - daily review of incident reporting systems. - daily review of medical treatment facility records.
Disciplinary measures. Any alcohol related act of misconduct, incident or unsatisfactory performance will be the subject of prompt and appropriate disciplinary action. In any case, formal command counseling will be conducted as indicated below: o Officer Qualification Record (OQR)/SRB entry after first incident
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Level I (Unit Programs). These are somewhat informal and are conducted at regiment, group, battalion, squadron, separate battalion, or barracks level to provide command counseling, basic preventative education, discipline, and rudimentary screening for a nondependent, first-time alcohol abuser. Unit commanders are responsible for the conduct of Level I programs and will be assisted by Substance Abuse Control Officers and other personnel within the unit. These programs are designed to deal with minor alcohol abuse such as the first alcohol related incident. Level II (Major Command Programs). These are conducted at division, wing, Force Service Support Group (FSSG), base, station, or depot level to provide in-depth screening and evaluation for possible alcohol dependency and outpatient and/or short-term residential care for the nondependent alcohol abuser who failed to benefit from Level I treatment programs.
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Level III (Navy Residential Treatment Programs). These programs are conducted at established Naval Medical facilities and provide residential treatment for Marines diagnosed as alcohol dependent. Marines are admitted and receive appropriate treatment based upon their individual needs and degree of dependency.
A Marine who undergoes either Level II or Level III treatment and is returned to duty will undergo a 360-day aftercare rehabilitation period which is tailored to meet individual needs of the Marine. The command should be active in assisting the Marine through this difficult adjustment period by supporting the Marine and tracking his or her progress. Failure of the Marine to adhere to the rehabilitation program may be grounds for separation, and any misconduct should be handled accordingly. Furthermore, Marines in Level III aftercare will not be transferred/Permanent change of station (PCS) overseas or to a deployable unit.
Summary
A major function of a leader is to mold Marines into a team. In order to do this all members, regardless of race, gender, or background, must trust and believe in each other. They need to know their leaders are making an honest attempt to solve complaints of discrimination in a fair and reasonable manner. When they perceive that their leaders are fair and that the leaders' decisions are based on what is best for their unit and the Marine Corps, they will respond positively. Our equal opportunity, cultural diversity, and affirmative action programs can help achieve this end. As you can readily see, the Marine Corps Substance Abuse Program is one that requires active participation and vigilant efforts on the part of leaders at all levels. As you assume responsibility for Marines in the fleet, you will be at the forefront of the Marine Corps fight against drug and alcohol abuse. Although we pride ourselves on being premier fighting forces, rest assured that these problems exist now and will continue to exist throughout your career. As long as society continues to promote and tolerate drug and alcohol abuse, the Marine Corps will experience some aspects of these negative influences. Our efforts must be directed at minimizing and ultimately stamping out the adverse effects that substance abuse has on our Marines, their lives, and ultimately the Corps itself.
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References
Reference Number or Author Public Law 92-129 SECNAVINST 5300.28 SECNAVINST 5370.2H NAVMC 2750 NAVMC 2767 ALMAR 288/91 MARADMIN 259/02 MCO 1000.9 MCO P1020.34G MCO 1700.25 MCO 5000.12E MCO P5300.12 MCO P5354.1D MCO 6100.12 UCMJ Reference Title Identification and Treatment of Drug and Alcohol Dependent Persons in the Armed Forces Military Substance Abuse Prevention and Control Standards of Conduct Marines War on Drugs User's Guide to Marine Corps Leadership Training Standards of Personal Conduct Homosexual Conduct Policy Sexual Harassment Marine Corps Uniform Regulations Marine Corps Hazing Policy Marine Corps Policy Concerning Pregnancy & Parenthood The Marine Corps Substance Abuse Program Marine Corps Equal Opportunity Manual Marine Corps Physical Fitness Test and Body Composition Program Manual Uniform Code of Military Justice
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UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS THE BASIC SCHOOL MARINE CORPS TRAINING COMMAND CAMP BARRETT, VIRGINIA 22134-5019
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Military Correspondence
Military Correspondence Introduction Effective writing is essential for successful communication. As platoon commanders or staff officers, written communication must be clear, concise, thorough and correct. This lesson will discuss several different writing responsibilities you will have as a Marine officer and familiarize you with types of military correspondence. Written communication is an effective way to disseminate information and often vital to ensure mission accomplishment. The intent of this lesson is to familiarize you with military correspondence, especially the importance of proper correspondence format, and provide examples of various types of correspondence. This lesson will give you an understanding of basic military correspondence and familiarize you with using the Correspondence Manual to prepare correspondence correctly the first time, every time. This lesson covers the following topics: Topic Types of Correspondence Directives Marine Corps Order Summary References Additional Readings Page 4 9 11 12 13 Error! Bookmark not defined. 13 13
Importance
In This Lesson
Glossary of Terms and Acronyms Notes Learning Objectives Terminal Learning Objectives
MCCS-LDR-2205 Given materials and references, process administrative correspondence, to support the unit's mission.
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Military Correspondence
Military Correspondence (Continued) Learning Objectives Enabling Learning Objectives MCCS-LDR-2205a Without the aid of references, define types of military correspondence, without omission. MCCS-LDR-2205b Without the aid of references, identify types of directives, without omission. MCCS-LDR-2205c Given materials and references, draft administrative correspondence to support the unit's mission. MCCS-LDR-2205d Given materials and references, edit administrative correspondence to support the unit's mission. MCCS-LDR-2205e Given materials and references, produce administrative correspondence to support the unit's mission.
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Military Correspondence
Types of Correspondence Several formats are associated with military correspondence. The styles you will be frequently required to use are: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Standard letter. Endorsements. Memorandums. Point papers. Business letters. Email. Administrative action (AA) forms. The standard letter is the militarys version of a business letter. Use it to correspond officially within the Department of Defense (DOD). Margin Settings. 1-inch margin on the bottom and sides of the page. Letterhead starts on the fourth line from the top of the page. Style of Type. The standard letter is left justified. This means that in the text there is no indenting except for the first line of every subparagraph and every line of long quotations. Size 10-12 point of a block style font (Courier New). Letterhead. The first thing on a standard letter is letterhead, and identifies the unit that originates correspondence. Standard Subject Identification Code Block Standard Subject Identification Code (SSIC). An SSIC is a four or five digit number that identifies the subject of a document. They are required on all Naval and Marine Corps correspondence. The use of SSICs provides a tested method for filing documents consistently and quickly. The SSIC you choose should be the one that best suits the subject of your letter. Found in the Navy SSIC Manual (SECNAV M-5210.2) and included in this handout.
Standard Letter
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Military Correspondence
Types of Correspondence (Continued) Standard Letter (Continued) Standard Subject Identification Code Block (Continued) Originator's Code. The next line in the sender's symbol block is the originator's code. It is typed on the next line below the first number in the SSIC and is the symbol for the office preparing the letter. Each command creates its own originator's codes Date. The last item in the sender's symbols is the date. It is typed on the next line below the originator code. The date is typed in what is called "standard letter format." Follow a day-month-year order without punctuation. Type the day, abbreviated month (first letter capitalized only) and the abbreviated year. From Block. The "from" block, which is required on every standard letter, is typed on the second line below the date line. To Block. This block is for the action addressee (who you want your letter to go to) and is typed on the next line below the "From" line. Via Block. The "Via" block is directly related to your chain of command. Via format, whether sending correspondence up or down the chain of command, send correspondence to each unit between the sender and recipient. These units are to be named as vias. No Vias. If there are no units between the sender and recipient then skip the "Via" block. One Via. When there is only one via then simply state the unit in the same format as the "To" or "From" block. Do not number only one "Via". Place the "Via:" on the first line below the "To:" block on the left margin. Place the unit name blocked under the "To:" block. Two or more Vias. When two or more vias are used, number them. The first command in the chain of command to receive the correspondence will be numbered "(1)". The rest will be numbered in succession. Subject Block. The subject block is typed in all caps on the second line below the last line of the previous heading. The subject block is a sentence fragment, or phrase that will give the reader a good idea of what the letter is about.
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Military Correspondence
Types of Correspondence (Continued) Standard Letter (Continued) Reference Block. This block is typed on the second line below the subject line. Use a lower case letter in parenthesis before every reference. Use references to keep your letter from becoming too detailed. Enclosure Block. This block is typed on the second line below the reference line. Like references, enclosures are used to help keep letters from being too cluttered with details. Enclosures are identified with numbers in parentheses. Paragraph. The paragraph format for a standard letter is a lot like an outline: simple paragraph/subparagraph format. The paragraphs/subparagraphs are identified in the following sequence: 1., a., (l), (a), ~., ~., (~), (~). Start all continuation lines at the left margin. All paragraphs are single spaced, with double spacing between paragraphs and subparagraphs. Dont begin a paragraph at the bottom of a page unless there is enough space for at least two lines of text on the page and at least two lines are carried over to the next page. A signature page must have at least two lines of text. (See figure 2-7, page 56 of Naval Correspondence Manual). Signature Block. A letter can be from the Commanding Officer (CO) and signed by the CO or signed by another person with delegated signature authority. All signature blocks have the same basic format: name in all capital letters on the fourth line below the text, starting at the center of the page. Signature Format. There are three signature blocks that are used. (1) When the Commanding Officer (CO) Signs. When the CO is signing the letter, you simply type the name (in all caps). The CO decides if you type a first name and initial or just initials. (2) When the CO is Not Present for Signature. If the CO is on leave, TAD, or otherwise unable to sign a document, the Executive Officer assumes the duties of the CO and is empowered to sign as Acting. All correspondence signed as the Acting Commanding Officer shows the Acting Commanders name in all caps and the word "Acting" directly beneath his name. Notice Acting is in natural capitalization. Use Acting when the CO is gone and the Executive Officer is taking the place of the Commander temporarily. The Executive Officer must be designated in writing as the Acting Commanding Officer.
6 Basic Officer Course
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Military Correspondence
Types of Correspondence (Continued) Standard Letter (Continued) (3) When Others Sign for the CO. Commanding Officers don't sign most routine correspondence. Rather, others have the authority to sign correspondence for them. This is called "By direction" authority and is the most common of all of the signature blocks. Whenever someone other than the CO is signing for the CO, By direction is typed below their name to indicate that someone is signing for the Commander. Copy To Block. An optional block used to send an information copy of your letter to someone outside your own command that is not already listed in the Via line. Second and Subsequent Pages. The subject line will start on the sixth line of the paper and will be the same as the subject line on the first page. Left and right margins are set at one inch with a .5 inch bottom margin. Second and subsequent pages will be numbered, with the number centered on the page .5 inches from the bottom without punctuation. See SECNAVINST 5216.5D (Naval Correspondence Manual), pages 33-48. Endorsements When a letter is transmitted Via your activity, use an endorsement to forward comments, recommendations, or information. Endorsements normally transmit correspondence through the chain of command but can also redirect a letter. See SECNAVINST 5216.5D, pages 65-67. Memorandum The memorandum provides an informal way to correspond within an activity or between Department of the Navy (DON) activities. Subordinate units use memorandums for routine business. See SECNAVINST 5216.5D, pages 71-74. Point/Position/Talking Paper Point, position, and talking papers are staff action documents that an action officer prepares. They are used to develop and recommend an official position; present key points, facts or positions; advance a point of view; or summarize action. See SECNAVINST 5216.5D, page 83.
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Military Correspondence
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Military Correspondence
Directives
What Directives Are A directive is a formal written communication that accomplishes at least one of the following: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Where Directive are Located Establishes or revises policy. Delegates authority or assigns responsibility. Assigns a mission, function, or task. Issues plans or programs. Directs courses of action or conduct or regulates administrative practices. Establishes a procedure, standard, or method of performing a duty, function, or task. Modifies, changes, or cancels another directive.
Most directives are maintained on-line. A library of mission essential directives that are commonly used will be maintained in the directives control point (DCP) or S-1 of your unit. An order is first distinguished by an appropriate abbreviation for the command issuing the directive. For example, HQMC is MC; a battalion is Bn. The Basic School is BS. The letter O will follow to distinguish an order from a bulletin. For example, BSO indicates that the directive is a Basic School Order. A P may follow next to indicate that the directive is a manual type order vice a letter type order. If the directive is classified CONFIDENTIAL, a zero, 0, will precede the standard subject identification code (SSIC), a four or five digit number. A double zero, 00, preceding the SSIC indicates that the directive is classified SECRET. For example, BSO P00 indicates a manual type order issued by The Basic School that is classified SECRET. Every order and bulletin receives an SSIC. This code identifies the primary focus of the directive. SSICs are also used to identify and file other naval correspondence.
Order Identification
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Military Correspondence
Directives (Continued) Order Identification (Continued) The code system is divided into fourteen major subject groups. The Marine Corps routinely uses only twelve of these: 1000-1999 2000-2999 3000-3999 4000-4999 5000-5999 6000-6999 7000-7999 8000-8999 10000-10999 11000-11999 12000-12999 13000-13999 Military Personnel Telecommunications Operations and Readiness Logistics General Administration and Management Medicine and Dentistry Financial Management Ordnance Material General Material Facilities and Activities Ashore Civilian Personnel Aeronautical and Astronautical Material
An R following the SSIC indicates that the directive is applicable only to the Marine Corps Reserve establishment (MCO P1070R.2). Each order must also be assigned a consecutive point number. The consecutive point number follows the SSIC or the Reserve designation. Its purpose is to distinguish between orders issued by the same echelon of command with the same SSIC. For example, MCO 1560.7 would identify a letter type order issued by HQMC. When an order is substantially changed or revised, a new one is distributed and a revision letter is placed after the consecutive point number. A indicates the first revision, B the second, and so forth (BnO 3570.4C). To save money, minor changes may be made with a black ink pen or by inserting a whole new page. Such changes will be recorded on the first page of a letter type order and on the record of changes page issued with every manual type order. This is important because you should never use a directive for guidance which is not current in both revision and change.
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Military Correspondence
Directives (Continued) Message Identification Messages are identified by serial numbers assigned throughout the year by HQMC.
Marine Corps Order The Marine Corps order is the only written communication for establishing or changing Marine Corps policy. An order is a directive of continuing authority or information and/or a permanent reference. It generally requires continuous action. It is directed at overall functions and remains in effect for nine years unless canceled or otherwise altered. An order is distinguished in the filing system by the assignment of a consecutive point number that follows the SSIC. The two types of orders are: ! ! A letter type order, which contains less than thirty pages and is referred to less frequently than a manual type order. It may contain a cancellation date in order to reduce the effective period to less than nine years. A manual type order is referred to frequently, has a promulgation page, a change page, a locator page, and is maintained in a separate binder.
A bulletin is a directive that is not of continuing authority because it must have a cancellation date not in excess of 12 months from the date of issue. A NAVMC prescribes a method or a specific plan of action for carrying out policy, provides directions or details for operating a program or activity, and assigns responsibilities when there is no implementing MCO. (A NAVMC is the how to of policy.) An ALMAR is only released from the Commandant and serves as the CMCs personal communication to all Marines. A MarAdmin is released from HQMC to disseminate all routine (not just administrative) message traffic to all Marines.
NAVMC
ALMAR
MarAdmin
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Military Correspondence
Marine Corps Order (Continued) Other Directives Not all important directives are issued through the Marine Corps directives system. Nevertheless, you must be familiar with the contents of the following publications, which are maintained in the master directives file of your unit: ! ! ! ! ! DOD Pay and Entitlements Manual. Joint Federal Travel Regulations. Manual for Courts-Martial. SECNAVINSTs: Secretary of the Navy issued instructions on various topics including the Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual. OPNAVINSTs: Chief of Naval Operations issued instructions on various subjects.
The following are not issued nor maintained in your units master file: ! ! ! ! ! ! Marine Corps technical publications. Marine Corps stocklist publications. Doctrinal publications such as FMFMs. Combat plans and orders. Special orders detailing individuals to specific duties or assignments. CMC White Letters: Personal messages from the Commandant to his commanders and officers in charge (OICs).
Summary Todays Marine Corps needs effective writing more than ever before. Our complexity is growing and with it grows the need for writing that helps us cope with that complexity. Writing well can do no harm. Writing well can increase productivity, raise your credibility, and improve overall efficiency.
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Military Correspondence
References Reference Number or Author MCO 5215.1K MCO 5216.19 MCO 5216.20 SECNAVINST 1650.16 w/Ch 1 SECNAVINST 5216.5D w/Ch 1 SECNAV M5210.2 Reference Title The Marine Corps Directives Management System Administrative Action (AA) Form HQMC Supplement to the Department of the Navy Correspondence Manual Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual Naval Correspondence Manual Standard Subject Identification Code Manual
Glossary of Terms and Acronyms Term or Acronym AA CMC CO DCP DOD HQMC OIC SSIC Notes Definition or Identification Administrative Action Commandant of the Marine Corps Commanding Officer Directives control point Department of Defense Headquarters Marine Corps Officer in charge Standard subject identification code
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Notes
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS THE BASIC SCHOOL MARINE CORPS TRAINING COMMAND CAMP BARRETT, VIRGINIA 22134-5019
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Importance
In This Lesson
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Question 2
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Answer 2
Answer 3
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The composition of these divisions, except 3d Marine Division, is relatively stable. Thus, a Marine regiment need only be identified by its numerical designation, without mentioning the division designation or whether the regiment is infantry or artillery. For example, the 6th Regiment (infantry, 2d Marine Division) is simply called or written 6th Marines; the11th Regiment (artillery, 1st Division) is simply called the 11th Marines, and so on. The 4th Marines, headquartered in Camp Schwab, Okinawa, have only a permanent headquarters staff. The battalions rotate through on a six-month basis on the Unit Deployment Program (UDP).
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12th Marines is comprised of the following batteries: ! ! Batteries A, B, and C are found in 1st Battalion. Batteries K, L, and I are found in 3d Battalion.
Each battalion also has a headquarters battery. Combat Support and Combat Service Support Units In addition to the three infantry regiments and one artillery regiment in each Marine division, several support units are within each division (see diagram on page 9). These support units take on the numerical designator of the division they support. That is, 2d Reconnaissance Battalion supports 2d Marine Division; 1st Tank Battalion supports 1st Marine Division, etc.
XX MAR DIV
Recon Bn
Infantry Regiment
Artillery Regiment
Tank Bn
AAV Bn
Combat Engr Bn
LAR Bn
Headquarters Battalion
SVC Co
Truck Co
MP Co
Comm Co
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Operational Symbols
Definition Operational symbols are graphic representations of units, equipment, installations, control measures, and other elements relevant to military operations. An operational symbol can be considered a form of military shorthand, which is used in the context of a map, such as a situation map, to describe the disposition of units on that map. Standardization of operational symbols is essential if operational information is to be passed among military units without misunderstanding. Certain geometric figures are used as foundations for the construction of military symbols. The following figures are those used most frequently: ! A rectangle is used to represent units and command posts.
For a command post, a staff is extended from the lower left corner of the rectangle, at a right angle to the base.
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Symbol
Platoon or detachment
This symbol will not be used in construction of unit symbols but will be used on overlays and fire plan sketches at the small unit level. The table below shows symbols used to represent the size of units from company to regimental or group level: Unit Size Company or battery Battalion (or squadron in aviation) Regiment (or group in aviation) Symbol
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8. Dots are used to indicate the size of units below company level. Represents a __________________. Represents a __________________.
Represents a __________________. 9. Identify the size of the units depicted below. Symbol Identification ________ or _______ ________ or _______ ________ or _______ X XX _______________ _________ or _______
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______
______
______
______
8. Dots are used to indicate the size of units below company level. Represents a _squad . Represents a _section .
Represents a _platoon .
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_section_
_platoon_
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Airborne, mountain, and light modifiers are placed below the basic function/role indicator symbol. In addition to the modifier symbols, text may be used inside the symbol frame to further clarify the symbol. Examples: Mechanized/ Armored (tracked) Mechanized/Armored (Wheeled, crosscountry ) Amphibious Gun system equipped (w/30mm Bushmaster, Vulcan, ZSU, etc.) Motorized (truck or HMMWV mounted, etc.) Ski-mobile
Missile
Riverine
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Infantry
Tank
Reconnaissance
Engineer
Supply
Air Defense
Communication
Maintenance
Motor Transport
Medical
Anti-Armor
Helicopter Unit
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The symbol with the appropriate size and unit designators depict Marine expeditionary units, which combine ground, aviation, and combat service support units. Marine Expeditionary Units Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF)
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_________
__________
_________
__________
_________
__________
_________
__________
_________
__________
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Artillery battery
LAR company
Engineer section
Maintenance battalion
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For example: Rifle Company (Rein) LAR Company (Reduced) Infantry Battalion (Rein) (Reduced)
(+)
(-)
($)
If a unit is temporarily organized or "task-organized" for a specific operation, into a task force or company team, a "hood" is placed over the size indicator. If a hood example: is used, () symbols are not used. For Battalion Task Force: Commanded by the infantry battalions command element
NOTE: At a minimum, a battalion task force must include the battalion headquarters, one organic element, and one attached unit of comparable size of an unlike combat or combat support. An example would be an infantry battalion with at least its headquarters elements and one rifle company and one tank company.
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(+)
($)
(+)
(+)
(+)
Co-level MAGTF
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Since it is an infantry unit, add the crossed rifles inside the basic symbol to identify the unit's role indicator. The size indicator for this unit is that of a squad, and is placed above the basic symbol. The squad to be designated is the 2d squad. This unique designation for the unit to be represented is placed to the immediate left of the basic symbol. The next higher unit of which the 2d squad is a component is the lst platoon. The designation for the 1st platoon is placed to the immediate right of the basic symbol. The 1st platoon is part of company "C". Therefore, the designator for company "C" is placed to the right of the unit symbol after the 1st platoon designation. The next stop in the hierarchy of units is the regimental level. Since all infantry regiments have a first battalion and therefore a Company "C", the numerical designator of the regiment must be placed to the right of the symbol. Since this squad is part of 1st Platoon, Company "C", 1st Battalion, 3d Marines, then the number 3 will be placed to the immediate right of the last subordinate unit.
1/C
1/C/3
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________________
2/C/7
________________
11
________________
G/1
12
________________
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1st Sqd, 2d Plt, Company C, 1st Bn, 7th Mar, 1st 2/C/7 MARDIV 3d Plt, Company G, 2d Bn, 1st Mar, 1st MARDIV
11
G/1
12
G
Enemy Units
Enemy units and equipment are denoted as diamonds; for example: Basic Enemy Unit
Construct the unit symbols for the following units: Enemy Rifle Squad
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of weapons or groups of weapons. NOTE: Unlike unit symbols, weapons symbols are oriented on a map or overlay in the same direction they are actually oriented on the ground, with the base of the symbol shaft indicating the location of the weapon. To indicate the size of the weapon, add horizontal bars to the shaft of the basic weapon symbol: Basic weapon symbol (light) Basic weapon symbol (medium) Basic weapon symbol (heavy)
"
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Many other modifiers are used in conjunction with the basic weapon symbol (above) and size indicators to indicate the weapons ! ! ! Role Capabilities Functions
Anti-air/air defense
Surface-to-surface missile
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Track self-propelled
Amphibious
Over-snow
The following types of equipment have their own unique symbol: Tank Infantry fighting vehicle Limited cross-country cargo/personnel carrier (e.g. 5-ton; HMMWV)
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M249
SAW
M2
.50
Quantity. The quantities of weapons or pieces of equipment at a given location are enumerated at the top of the symbol. Three M249 SAWs 3 SAW 7.62 Two M240G machine guns 2
The following symbols identify weapon systems common to the Marine Corps. 60mm mortar 81mm mortar 120mm mortar
83mm SMAW
83
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S Fixed-wing attack aircraft Attack helicopter (Cobra) Heavy-lift assault helicopter (CH-53)
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If it is necessary to identify the unit to which a given weapon belongs, the weapon symbol is labeled similar to a unit symbol. The unit to be represented is placed at the bottom left of the basic symbol, and the higher unit information is placed at the bottom right of the basic symbol. Two M240G machine guns belonging to Weapons Plt, Kilo Co, 3d Bn, 6th Mar 2 84 Wpns K/6 1 1/K/8 One AT-4 rocket belonging to 1st Sqd, 1st Plt, Kilo Co, 3d Bn, 8th Mar
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Quantity of weapons at this location Weapon caliber or model Unit to which weapon belongs
Three AAVs
Two TOW missiles mounted on HMMWVs, from Wpns Co, 1st Bn, 5th Mar
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Three AAVs
3 2
C
Stinger-variant of the LAV from 2d LAR Bn Six SMAWs from Wpns Plt, B Co, 1st Bn 8th Mar
10
Two TOW missiles mounted on HMMWVs, from Wpns Co, 1st Bn, 5th Mar
1/5
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Strong point
Roadblock, completed
ROAD
Antitank minefield
Booby trap
17. What are the complete written descriptions of the following mobility and survivability symbols? b. __________________
a. __________________
c. __________________
d. __________________
e. __________________
f. __________________
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a. Antipersonnel minefield
c. Strongpoint
e. Booby trap
f. Antitank ditch
Colors
A situation map is a map upon which the tactical intelligence and/or logistical situation is represented graphically. Colors are sometimes used on situation maps to allow them to be read more quickly and easily. The following colors are standard: ! ! ! ! ! Blue for friendly units and/or equipment. Red for enemy units and/or equipment (diamond shape or ENY if only one color is used). Yellow for unknown or pending identification. Green for neutral forces and all obstacles whether friendly, enemy, or neutral. Black for all friendly control measures; used as the single color for all graphics if colors above are not available.
Color Question
18. What color is used to describe each of the following on a situation map: a. Friendly units: ____________________ b. Neutral forces: ____________________ c. Enemy obstacles: ____________________ d. Enemy units: ____________________
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Headquarters unit
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19. A units present location is identified either from its __________________ __________________ or by a __________________ extending from the bottom center of the unit symbol. A broken line around the symbol identifies a units __________________ or __________________ location.
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Overlays
An overlay is a transparent or translucent medium upon which special military information has been plotted at the same scale of a map, photograph, or other graphic. An overlay can be used to make changes in unit ! ! ! Positions. Weapons. Movements. First an overlay must be oriented to the map. Register marks are drawn to align with grid square corner and are labeled. New details or changes in the map are then plotted on the overly. Finally, marginal information is added. Marginal information includes: ! ! ! Title Time and date of information Map reference to include o o o o ! Sheet name Sheet number Map series number Scale
Using Overlays
! ! !
The classification is also placed on the top and bottom of the overlay. A legend must only be added when nonstandard symbols are used.
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Overlays (Continued)
Overlay Question 20. What is the marginal information that must be included on an overlay? ! ! ! __________________ __________________ __________________ o __________________ o __________________ o __________________ o __________________ ! __________________ o __________________ o __________________ o __________________ ! ! __________________ __________________
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Overlays (Continued)
Overlay Answer 20. Marginal information that must be included on an overlay is ! ! ! Title Time and date of information Map reference to include o o o o ! Sheet name Sheet number Map series number Scale
Prepared by, to include o Name and rank o Organization o Date and time of preparation
! !
Legend Classification
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Overlays (Continued)
Overlay Example The following is an example of an overlay. Note the labeled grid register marks and the locations of the enemy strongpoint, rifle platoon, and rifle company CP. If this were an actual overlay, it would be on transparent or translucent paper.
UNCLASSIFIED 88 71
EN Y
D/6
Enemy strong point
68 85 UNCLASSIFIED
200800ZAPR06 AN LOU 405 III E731 1:25,000 CAPT L.M. ROCK D/2/6 201000ZAPR06 UNCLASSIFIED
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a units movement or responsibilities. Assembly Area An assembly area is the area where a unit assembles to prepare for further action. Assembly areas are enclosed with a solid line and the unit symbol is placed inside the circle. The CP symbol may be used if the CP location is known. A future or proposed assembly area is shown with a broken line. For example, here is the representation for an assembly area occupied by 2d Bn, 9th Marines:
AA 2 9
Assault Position
This is the last covered and concealed position short of the objective and is occupied by elements to allow final coordination and to deploy in the final attack formation. A unit designation, number, or code name may be used for identification. Assault position: Co K, 3d Bn, 6th Mar (planned)
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OBJ A
Co OBJ B
ATF OBJ 2
NOTE: When numbers are used to identify objectives, the numbers do not necessarily establish importance, priority, or sequence of seizing objectives. Battle Position A battle position (BP) is a defensive location normally established relative to an avenue of approach or enemy route of advance. Battle positions are enclosed by a solid black line broken by a unit size symbol on the side of the blocking position opposite the enemy or suspected enemy advance. Examples are Battle position, Company K Battle position, 3d Platoon
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22. Using Co A, 1st Bn, 4th Mar and Company Objective B as a tactical control measure, graphically portray and correctly label the following control measures Assembly area Assault position Objective
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BLT OBJ 1
22. Using Co A, 1st Bn, 4th Mar and Company Objective B as a tactical control measure, the graphic portrayal and correctly label of the control measures are Assembly area Assault position Objective
Miscellaneous Areas
In addition to the symbols you have seen represented with a solid closed line, miscellaneous areas are also enclosed with a line. These areas are identified by the purpose placed within the symbol. For example, Landing zone (LZ) LZ Crow
LZ
LZ CROW
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Boundaries are normally drawn along easily recognizable terrain features and are situated so key terrain features and avenues of approach are inclusive to one unit. For example, the boundary separating 1st Marine Division from 2d Marines would look like this:
1 MAR
2 MAR
NOTE: The size symbol of the larger unit is always indicated on the boundary. Any supplemental information to clarify the arm, branch, or national designation of the units involved may be included.
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LD
LD
200630RJUL06
Axis of Advance
200630RJUL06
The axis of advance indicates a general direction of movement for a unit. A commander assigned an axis of advance may deviate from the axis; however, a major deviation must be reported. It is labeled with a code name, letter, or unit designation.
DODGE
The airborne axis of advance is the same as a ground axis of advance except it has a twist in the shaft of the open arrow.
WREN
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LD 200630RJUL06 Checkpoint
LD 200630RJUL06
A checkpoint is an easily identifiable location on the map and on the ground designated as a reference point for reporting the locations of friendly units. A checkpoint is depicted with the symbol shown and a number, letter, or code name placed inside the symbol. For security, random numbering of checkpoints is essential. 9
Passage Point
A passage point is a location in which one unit passes through another unit that is in contact with the enemy or a location where a unit withdraws through another unit occupying rearward positions. It will be labeled with a number or letter for identification. PP 9
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Contact Point
A contact point is a location where two or more units are required to make physical contact. It is a square with a number placed inside. 2
Phase Line
A phase line is used for the control of forward movement and coordination of units. It should be extended across the entire zone or sector, preferably along an easily identifiable terrain feature or man-made object. It is labeled with a code name, letter, or number for identification. PL GREEN PL GREEN
Coordinating Point
A coordinating point is a designated point at which, in all types of combat, adjacent units/formations must make contact for purposes of control and coordination.
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A restrictive fire line is a line established between converging friendly forces (one or both may be moving) that prohibits fires or the effect of fires across the line without coordination with the affected force.
A coordinated fire line is a line beyond which conventional surface fire support means (mortars, artillery, naval gunfire) may fire at any time within the zone of the establishing headquarters without additional coordination.
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A final coordination line is a line close to the enemy position used to coordinate the lifting and shifting of supporting fires with the final deployment of maneuver elements.
A zone of action is a tactical subdivision of a larger area, the responsibility of which is assigned to a tactical unit, generally applied to offensive combat. Zones of action assigned to subordinate units prevent interference among units operating in adjacent areas. At platoon and squad levels, the zone of action is frequently expressed as a frontage. At company level and above, zone of action is normally defined by a line of departure, an objective (or objectives), and a boundary on one or both flanks. A battalion zone of action is shown graphically as:
The example on the next page portrays a zone of action for the 6th Marines conducting a combination helicopter borne and surface assault. PL GREEN and the proposed boundaries give the 2d Battalion CO the means to control the forward rate of advance of his companies and provides inherent flexibility in changing the plan should circumstance beyond PHASE LINE GREEN warrant.
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RLT OBJ A
BULLS
LZ DOVE
1
P LG REE N
BN OBJ 1
I
RLT OBJ D
I L
LD 120500ZJUN98
BN OBJ 2
PL N EE GR
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SECURITY AREA
FEBA
FEBA
NOTE:
FM 101-5-1 (MCRP5-12A) and OH 6-1 contain additional tactical control measures and military symbols. Those publications should be used as the standard reference documents for graphic portrayal of military units and activities.
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Tactical Tasks
Definition A tactical task is the specific activity performed by a unit while executing a form of tactical operation or form of maneuver. It may be expressed as enemy-, terrain-, or friendly-oriented tasks. Tactical tasks describe the results or effects the commander wants to achieve: the what and why of a mission statement. The following is a list of commonly used tactical mission tasks; this list is not all allinclusive. Terrain-Oriented Tactical Tasks Clear Control Occupy Reconnoiter Retain Secure Seize Friendly-Oriented Tactical Tasks Breach Cover Disengage Displace Exfiltrate Follow and Assume Follow and Support Guard Protect Screen
Enemy-Oriented Tactical Tasks Ambush Attack by Fire Block Breach Bypass Canalize Contain Destroy Disrupt Exploit Feint Fix Interdict Neutralize Penetrate Reconnoiter Rupture Support by Fire Suppress
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Attack By Fire
A tactical mission task in which a commander uses direct fires, supported by indirect fires, to engage an enemy without closing with him to destroy, suppress, fix, or deceive him
Block
A tactical mission task that denies the enemy access to an area or prevents his advance in a direction or along an avenue of approach.
Breach
The employment of any means available to break through or secure a passage through an obstacle.
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Canalize
A tactical mission task in which the commander restricts enemy movement to a narrow zone by exploiting terrain coupled with the use of obstacles, fires, or friendly maneuver.
Contain
To stop, hold, or surround the forces of the enemy or to cause the enemy to center activity on a given front and to prevent the withdrawal of any part of the enemys force for use elsewhere.
Destroy
A tactical mission task that physically renders an enemy force combat-ineffective until it is reconstituted.
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Exploitation
Taking full advantage of success in military operations, following up initial gains, and making permanent the temporary effects already achieved. Taking full advantage of any information that has come to hand for tactical, operational, or strategic purposes. An offensive operation that usually follows a successful attack and is designed to disorganize the enemy in depth. A limited objective attack involving contact with the enemy, varying in size from a raid to a supporting attack. Feints are used to cause the enemy to react in three predictable ways: ! ! ! To employ reserves improperly. To shift supporting fires. To reveal defensive fires.
Feint
Fix
A tactical mission task where a commander prevents the enemy from moving any part of his force from a specific location for a specific period of time.
Interdict
A tactical mission task where the commander prevents, disrupts, or delays the enemys use of an area or route.
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Penetration
To break through the enemys defense and disrupt his defensive system.
Reconnoiter
A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other detection methods, information about the activities and resources of an enemy or potential enemy. To create a gap in enemy defensive positions quickly. A tactical mission task in which a maneuver force moves to a position where it can engage the enemy by direct fire in support of another maneuvering force.
Suppress
A tactical mission task that results in temporary degradation of the performance of a force or weapons system below the level needed to accomplish the mission.
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Control
A tactical mission task that requires the commander to maintain physical influence over a specified area to prevent its use by an enemy. A tactical mission task that involves a force moving into an area so that it can control the entire area. Both the forces movement to and occupation of the area occur without enemy opposition.
Occupy
Reconnoiter Retain
To secure data about the meteorological, hydrographic or geographic characteristics of a particular area. A tactical task to occupy and hold a terrain feature to ensure that it is free of enemy occupation or use.
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Seize
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Disengage
A tactical mission task where a commander has his unit break contact with the enemy to allow the conduct of another mission or to avoid decisive engagement. To leave one position and take another. Forces may be displaced laterally to concentrate combat power in threatened areas. The removal of personnel or units from areas under enemy control. A tactical mission task in which a second committed force follows a force conducting an offensive operation and is prepared to continue the mission if the lead force is fixed, attrited, or unable to continue.
Displace
A tactical mission task in which a committed force follows and supports a lead force conducting an offensive operation
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Protect Screen
To prevent observation, engagement or interference with a force or location. A form of security operation whose primary task is to observe, identify, and report information, and which only fights in self-protection.
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Point Target
Linear Target
A linear target is a target whose length is ! ! More than 200 meters. Less the 600 meters.
Targets longer than 600 meters will require fire support other than indirect fire or may be subdivided into multiple targets for attack with indirect fire. A linear target is designated on the target list or list of targets by ! ! Two grids. A center grid, length, and attitude. AB 1002
Rectangular Target
A rectangular target is a target wider and longer than 200 meters. It is designated on the target list or list of targets by ! ! Four grids. A center grid, length, width, and attitude. AB 1003
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AB 1004
Group of Targets
A group is two or more targets that are attacked simultaneously. Groups give the maneuver commander the ability to hit different enemy positions at the same time without having to request individual targets. A group of targets is designated by an alpha/numeric combination. It is depicted on a map as in the example below.
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BOB Final Protective Fire (FPF) The FPF is normally drawn to scale as a linear target. The symbol used includes the ! ! ! Target number. Designator of FPF. System/unit to deliver the fires.
AC1015
FPF C/1/10
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NOTES: 1. The difference in rectangular symbol for a barrage and an area target is the numbering. That is, an area target will have a regular target designation, and a barrage will show the unit designated to fire that particular barrage. 2. Mortar concentrations and barrages are numbered clockwise, regardless of size.
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Summary
The purpose of this programmed text has been to teach you to graphically portray units, installations, and activities on situation maps and overlays. The basic symbol diagram distinguishes the type of unit. The specific type is designated within the unit symbol. The unit size is shown above the unit symbol, and the weapons are diagrammed below. The unit designator (letter or number) is placed to the left of the unit symbol. The designators of senior units, up to the parent unit, are placed to the right. Most symbols for non-division units and for fortifications and obstacles are selfexplanatory. A situation map graphically represents the tactical, intelligence, and/or logistical situation as it exists at a particular time. The map employs all the unit and activity symbols as well as colors to distinguish friendly, enemy, contaminated, and obstacle areas. Present and proposed unit locations and various tactical control measures are all symbolized on the situation map. An overlay is a transparent or translucent medium upon which special military information has been plotted at the same scale of a map, photograph, or other graphic. Now proceed to the self-test. The answers are provided at the end of the programmed text. You should not refer to the answer key before you have attempted to solve the problems.
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Self-Test
Self-Test Question 1 How many divisions are presently in the Marine Corps? Answer: ________________________________________ Self-Test Question 2 The 2d Marine Division is composed of the ___________________, __________________, and __________________ Marines (infantry regiments) and the __________________ Marines (artillery regiment). Self-Test Question 3 Company I is always in the __________________ Battalion. Self-Test Question 4 The 2d Battalion, 5th Marines contains the following companies: __________________, __________________, __________________, __________________, and __________________. Self-Test Question 5 Battery G is always in the __________________ Battalion. Self-Test Question 6 The 3d Battalion, 12th Marines is in support of the __________________ Marine Division. Self-Test Question 7 What are the complete written descriptions of the following units? a. ___________________
1/E/8 b. ___________________
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Self-Test (Continued)
Self-Test Question 7 (Continued) c. ___________________
d. ___________________
Self Test Question 8 a. 2d Section, (Motorized) Antiarmor Platoon, Wpns Co, 3d Bn, 8th Mar, 2d Mar Div b. Btry A 1st Bn, 11 Mar, 1st Mar Div
Construct the unit symbols for the following units. c. Company B, 1st Bn, 8th Marines
d. 60mm Mortar Sect, Wpns Plt, Co G, 2d Bn, 7th Mar, 1st Mar Div e. Command Post, Co F, 2d Bn, 3d Mar, 3d Mar Div
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Self-Test (Continued)
Self Test Question 9 a. _____________ What are the complete written descriptions of the following weapons? 2 c. _____________
b. _____________
d. _____________
e. _____________
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Self-Test (Continued)
Self Test Question 11 What are the complete written descriptions of the following symbols? a. ____________ ____________ b. ____________ ____________
EN Y
What color is used on a situation map to show enemy units, installations, or equipment? Answer: ______________________________________
A transparent or translucent medium upon which special military information has been plotted at the same scale of a map is a/an _____________________________________.
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Self Test Answer 8 a. 2d Section, (Motorized) Anti-armor Platoon, Wpns Co, 3d Bn, 8th Mar, 2d Mar Div b. Btry A 1st Bn, 11 Mar, 1st Mar Div
Construct the unit symbols for the following units. c. Company B, 1st Bn, 8th Marines
2 Wpns/3/8
11
d. 60mm Mortar Sect, Wpns Plt, Co G, 2d Bn, 7th Mar, 1st Mar Div
60mm
G/7
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e. 81mm mortar
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d. Antitank ditch
EN Y
e. Enemy strongpoint
What color is used on a situation map to show enemy units, installations, or equipment? Answer: Red is used on a situation map to show enemy units, installations, or equipment
A transparent or translucent medium upon which special military information has been plotted at the same scale of a map is a/an overlay.
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References
Reference Number or Author MCWP 3-1, MCRP 5-12 A MCRP 5-12 C MCDP 1-0 Reference Title Ground Combat Operations Operational Terms and Graphics Marine Corps Supplement To The Department Of Defense Dictionary Of Military And Associated Terms Marine Corps Operations
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Notes
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Notes