"To Study The Prevalance of Homicide in Peshawar": One Year

To Study The Prevalance Of Homicide In Peshawar
SUMMARY
This project is based on the title to study the prevalence of homicide in Peshawar in the last one year
First we emphasize on formulating our aims and objectives to help us focus on our study.The principal objectives of our project are: 1. 2. 3. 4. To review the rate of homicidal deaths ocurring in Peshawar in the last one year (2010). To find out the relationship of gender with rate of homicidal deaths. To find out relationship of age with homicidal deaths. To find out the most common causative agent.
Before collecting data related to our project,we did the necessary literature review,to basically get an idea about our project,from previous researches related to our topic.The literature review is collected mainly from the internet,medical journals and the latest ,most authentic books.It includes a full explanation of violent deaths,causes and modes of such deaths,high risk groups and various factors related to homicidal deaths.the review covered both national anmd international studies i.e. those done in karachi,faisalabad,abbotabad.it thus gave us convincing reasons to why our research should be done.the fact that homicides are so large in number,nearly in every city of the country and worldwide,made us want to know the trends in Peshawar too.
Keeping our aim and objectives in mind,we collected data that helped us to find out rates of homicidal deaths in Peshawar in the last one year and also the factors influencing these rates.For this we made a proforma which included the factors that appeared to be involved in homicidal deaths.This was compared with the proforma used by the Forensic Medicine and Toxicology department,K.M.C. and the necessary changes were made.
Our research project was based on retrospective studies of autopsy records.An application was written to the head of Department Forensic medicine and Toxicology,K.M.C. to allow us to use the autopsy records from 1st january 2010 to 31st December 2010.we then collected data from autopsy register .we made the necessary exclusion by not counting the deaths occuring due to accidents e.g. R.T.As and homicides.Our study design did not require any intervention measures or blinding because the out come had occurred before the start of the study.
________________________________________________________________ Community Medicine Department 1 Khyber Medical College,Peshawar

The results obtained are demonstrated in form of tables and graphs.in discussion,each objective has been analyzed with reference to results.A total of 825 cases of homicide occurred during the study period.This formed 81.85% of the total 1008 autopsies conducted during this period.the remaining percentage involved accidental and suicidal deaths. Males were the predominant victims of homicide with a male to female ratio of 7.41:1
The homicidal victims mainly belonged to the middle age group (i.e. 26 year to 45 year) followed by young age group (i.e.13 year to 25 year) where 45.8% and 33.5% of the homicidal death occurred respectively.The least number of homicidal deaths occurred in childhood group (i.e. 0 to 12 year).
Fire arm was the major causative agent for the homicidal deaths followed by bomb blast injuries which were 85.9% and 4.6% respctively.
Both the literature review and our results shows that homicidal deaths are not only a great problem all over the world but also in Peshawar.the main reason for this in Peshawar is illetracy,social,religious conflict,love affairs,revenges etc.The government.teachers,doctors and all members of the society in general should participate in overcoming this problem.many people loss their dear ones,sometimes the only supporters of their family and those left behind often undergo serious mental problems as a result of which the whole family or even the whole community suffers.With proper education and grooming the homicidal deaths can be prevented or at least reduced to a significant extent.Usage of unlicensed weapons should be banned and legislation should be made strict.
INTRODUCTION
Homicide is one of the oldest crimes in human civilization. For every person who dies as a result of homicide, many more are injured. A study of the patterns of homicide in a society is one of the first steps in developing strategies to prevent it. This study was conducted at the department of Forensic Medicine Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, to know the patterns of homicide, taking it as the first step in the prevention of this crime. This study includes 825 cases of homicide out of the total of 1008 medico-legal autopsies conducted at Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, during the year 2010. The cases have been labeled as homicide on the basis of autopsy and police inquest. The homicide rate for Peshawar during the period under study was 22.9/100,000. Males constituted 86.15% of the victims. 32% of the victims were in their third decade of life. Firearms were the causative agent in 86% of the cases. Chest was the primarily targeted area of the body. The highest number of homicides occurred in the month of August. The homicide rate is alarmingly high in Peshawar as is the use of firearms. This is something that should be seriously looked at by the policy makers. The title of our project is: Incidence of homicidal deaths in Peshawar in the year (2010). Death can be mainly due to two different means as follows: Natural Unnatural Unnatural death can be further classified into: Suicidal Homicidal Accidental Our area of concern over here is Homicide. Homicide is the death of one human being as a result of the conduct of another 1.There has been a global increase in homicide and it causes over 500,000 deaths per year worldwide 2. Included in homicide are cases of premeditated murder, intentional killing,and aggravated assaults resulting in death 3.Homicide is a common endpoint of many different behavioral pathways 4.It may be a result of arguments between acquaintances, domestic violence, robberies, drug addiction and terrorism 5.For every person who dies as a result of violence, many more are

injured and suffer from a range of physical, sexual, reproductive and mental health problems. This places a massive burden on national economies, costing countries billions of US dollars each year in health care, law enforcement and lost productivity. In addition homicide, results in significant personal, social and economic cost. Data on homicidal patterns from a few cities of Pakistan has started to appear in medical journals. Medicolegal autopsies not only give the cause and manner of death but also give important statistical data related to legal incidents in the cities and regions where the autopsies are conducted 14.According to the law in Pakistan, medicolegal autopsy is performed after police / magisterial inquest.It generally includes deaths due to violent crime including mechanical interference with the bodily respiratory passages, physical assaults and poisoning. All deaths occurring suddenly and under suspicious circumstances are subjected to an autopsy.Conduction of medico-legal autopsy is a statutory duty performed by an authorized medical officer,designated by the provincial government 13.As homicides comprise a major portion of medico-legal autopsies, therefore, they get special importance in general criminal profile of the society15,16.The religion of Islam also takes strong notice regarding homicide, and is condemned as a heinous crime against humanity in the following words in the Holy Quran, Whoever kills another person is as if he killed the whole humanity (human race). This project was initiated to study the pattern and characteristics of homicide in Peshawar.Our type of study was cohort study. Initially, plain observation of the raw figures of total number of homicidal deaths in the past two years gives us an idea about the level of crime and psychological status of most of the people in the community.Formulating objectives,primarily concentrating on further research in this area will allow us to thoroughly investigate the causes leading to unnatural deaths. Determining the frequency of different age groups involved in homicidal deaths can further elaborate the number of causes; for instance young age,illiteracy,access to arms,influenceof drugs or abuse.Similarly,finding out the concentration of deaths in different areas will give us a picture of the literacy,political climate,police controlobedience to the law and many other factors.This project can thus form a basis for further research into finding out specific causes of homicidal deaths.We will mainly be concentrating on the rate,prevalent age groups and the geographical area most notorious for these deaths and compare our results with other past researches to evaluate the change as well as compare and contrast the rates with different present regions.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To Review the Prevalence of Homicidal deaths occurring in Peshawar in last one Year (2010) To find out the Relationship of Gender with Prevalence of Homicidal deaths in Peshawar. To find out Relationship of Age with Prevalence of death in Peshawar. To find out the most important Causative Agent.
Literature Review
Definition Why it happens ? Who is at risk ? On Basis of sex Age Weapons Used On Cause On Place Homicides worldwide Homicides in Pakistan Big cities Peshawar Lahore Karachi Quetta Faisalabad

Definition : (Latin: homicidium, Latin: homo human being + Latin: caedere to cut, kill) refers to the act of a human killing another human.[1] Murder, for example, is a type of homicide. It can also describe a person who has committed such an act, though this use is rare in modern English. Homicide is not always a punishable act under the criminal law, and is different than a murder from such formal legal. Homicide is killing of a person by another person deliberately with strong feelings of hatred and revenge. Homicide is the death of one human being as a result of the conduct of another .There has been a global increase in homicide and it causes over 500,000 deaths per year worldwide.The religion of Islam also takes strong notice regarding homicide, and is condemned as a heinous crime against humanity in the following words in the Holy Quran, Whoever kills another person is as if he killed the whole humanity (human race)
HOMICIDE (QATL)
Causing death of a human being by other human being. Homicide is of two types: A. Culpable
1. Qatl-i-Amd (Section 300):

Killing with intentions and knowledge of causing death of specific person / any person (preplanned death).
2. Qatl-Shibh-i-Amd (Section 313):

Killing with intention only to harm, but death occurs which is unlikely.
3. Qatl-i-Khata (Section 318):

Killing without intention to cause death or harm but death occurs by mistake of act or fact.
4. Qatl-i-Bis Sabab (Section 321):

Killing without intention to cause death or harm but death occurs during the course of an unlawful act. B. Non Culpable
a. Justifiable Homicide:
Causing death in pursuance of orders of the law of courts and also killing by police during law enforcement such as during suppression of riots.
b. Excusable Homicide:
It is infact causing death in excusable circumstances like the one which occurs in self defense.
To Study The Prevalance Of Homicide In Peshawar Non-criminal homicide: Justifiable homicide:

Homicide is the killing of one human by another. The killing of another, homicide, is not a crime unless the circumstances of a particular homicide fall within outlawed behavior. If a homicide is justified or excused, it is not a crime. One of the most recognized justifications is self defense, which provides, in part, that in certain circumstances a person is justified in killing another to protect his own life from a deadly attack. At various places and times the following may have been considered justifications or excuses for homicide:
AutomatismThe defense of automatism holds that one who is unconscious or unaware of their behavior, for instance, someone walking in their sleep, does not have the capacity to commit a crime. Self-defense and defense of othersComplete defenses. For example of a very popular case on the subject read People v. Goetz. Defense of dwelling/habitationLimited to an invader attempting to commit a felony or otherwise hurt someone inside the home, but in some jurisdictions applies to a person's car. Prevention of a crimePermitted for "dangerous" felonies.[2] Privilege of public authority A person who has public authority to commit an act is not criminally liable.[3] Insanity defense There are several tests for legal insanity used in various U.S. states, the two most popular being the M'Naghten Rule and the Model Penal Code test.[4] Defense of infancy[7] In some jurisdictions children under the age of 7 are conclusively presumed to be not guilty of criminal homicide, as are children under the age of 14 - but reputably so. Mistake of factThis defense asserts that a mistake of fact will excuse a criminal charge if it is honestly entertained, based upon reasonable grounds and is of such a nature that the conduct would have been lawful had the facts been as they were supposed to be. Involuntary intoxicationIf a person is drugged, and cannot control their behavior due to the properties of the drugging agent, this operates as a defense for the same reason as automatism. WarState v. Gut, 13 Minn. 341 (1868), a soldier killing an enemy in battle is usually not criminal, but in some circumstances may be. E.g., a soldier killing a non-combative prisoner of war.
Criminal homicide:
Criminal homicide takes several forms and includes certain unintentional killings. The crime committed in a criminal homicide is determined by the state of mind of the defendant and statutes defining the crime. Murder, for example, is usually an intentional crime. In some jurisdictions, certain types of murders automatically qualify for capital punishment,[8] but if the defendant in a capital case is sufficiently mentally retarded in the United States he may not be executed, for reasons described in Atkins v. Virginia, similar to those utilizing an insanity defense. Varying by jurisdiction, a homicide that occurs during the commission of a felony may constitute

murder regardless the felon's mental state with regard to the killing. This is known as the felony murder rule. Much abbreviated and incomplete, the felony murder rule says that one committing a felony may be guilty of murder if someone, including the felony victim, a bystander or a cofelon, dies as a result of his acts, regardless his intent - or lack thereof - to kill Criminal homicides also include voluntary and involuntary manslaughter. The mental state of the perpetrator of these crimes differs from that of one who commits murder. Although suicide is not a form of homicide, assisting in another's suicide may constitute criminal homicide, as codified, for instance, in California Penal Code Sec. 401.[9]
State-sanctioned homicide:
Homicides may also be non-criminal when conducted with the sanction of the state. The most obvious examples are capital punishment, in which the state determines that a person should die. Some argue that abortion is the "killing" of unborn humans and thus qualifies as a form of legal homicide. Homicides committed in action during war are usually not subject to criminal prosecution either. In addition, members of law enforcement entities are also allowed to commit justified homicides within certain parameters which, when met, do not usually result in prosecution; see deadly force.
Why it happens :
Included in homicide are cases of premeditated murder, intentional killing, and aggravated assaults resulting in death. Homicide is a common endpoint of many different behavioral pathways .It may be a result of arguments between acquaintances, domestic Violence , robberies, drug addiction and terrorism. For every person who dies as a result of Violence , many more are injured and suffer from a range of physical, sexual, reproductive and mental health problems. This places a massive burden on national economies, costing countries billions of US dollars each year in health care, law enforcement and lost productivity. In addition homicide, results in significant personal, social and economic cost .Studies on patterns of homicide are fairly well documented in USA and other western countries. Data on homicidal patterns from a few cities of Pakistan has started to appear in medical journals. Medico legal autopsies not only give the cause and manner of death but also give important statistical data related to legal incidents in the cities and regions where the autopsies are conducted. According to the law in Pakistan, medicolegal autopsy is performed after police / magisterial inquest. It generally includes deaths due to violent crime including mechanical interference with the bodily respiratory passages, physical assaults and poisoning. All deaths occurring suddenly and under suspicious circumstances are subjected to an autopsy. Conduction of medico-legal autopsy is a statutory duty performed by an authorized medical officer, designated by the provincial government.As homicides comprise a major portion of medico-legal autopsies, therefore, they get special importance in general criminal profile of the society.
To Study The Prevalance Of Homicide In Peshawar who is at risk :

Classification of homicidal cases on basis of :
SEX: Male : males are more oriented and involved in homicidal cases. we will discuss it under different headings as the causes are different:
Land Disputes behind most murders: Land and property disputes leave all other motives for murder far behind in the federal capital. In the past, such disputes used to be prevalent in rural areas but the growing trend of urbanisation has brought it to the peripheries of big cities where price of real estate has been rising fast. Since Islamabad is the choicest place for many, particularly the moneyed class, to live in or invest, land here fetches the highest price. Market sources say price of land in Islamabad is 100 per cent higher than in other big cities of Pakistan. In such a situation, forays by the mafia and disputes over land in the city`s rural areas are inevitable. Such disputes have risen mostly in those areas of the city which are developing as satellite towns. Many of the cases have been reported from localities like Alipur Farash, Phulgaran, Bhara Kahu, Sihala and those falling in the northern and western parts of the capital. Majority of the disputes have led to target and revenge killings between the contending family members. FEMALES : Honor killings a major portion of homicides : Human Rights Watch defines Honor Killings as follows: "Honor crimes are acts of violence, usually murder, committed by male family members against female family members, who are held to have brought dishonor upon the family. A woman can be targeted by (individuals within) her family for a variety of reasons, including: refusing to enter into an arranged marriage, being the victim of a sexual assault, seeking a divorce-even from an abusive husband-or (allegedly) committing adultery. The mere perception that a woman has behaved in a way that dishonors her family is sufficient to trigger an attack on her life." It should be noted that the loose term honor killing applies to killing of both males and females in cultures that practice it. For example , during the year 2002 in Pakistan, it is estimated that 245 women and 137 men were killed in the name of Karo-Kari in Sindh. These killings target women and men who choose to have relationships outside of their family's tribal affiliation and/or religious community.According to a new epidemiological study published in the European Journal of Public Health, One in every five homicides in Pakistan is a so-called honor killing. Other sources of data, such as death certificates, often do not include specific enough information on the circumstances of the death, While honor killings are illegal and considered murder in Pakistan, there are loopholes that often prevent full punishment for the crime. Its a very unique kind of violence, because usually domestic violence is caused by husbands or partners, but this is often conducted by brothers or fathers, said Dr. Muazzam Nasrullah, who ran the study while at the Aga Khan University in Pakistan.
The Baby Murders involved females most :

They kill out of wedlock babies in Pakistan; for some reason when they find the little corpses, most of them are girls.They drown some of the tiny babies in the sewers; some others are abandoned in garbage dumps, where it usually takes a couple of days for the innocents alone and unattended with no food or water to pass.An Imam actually issued a fatwa against one tiny newborn recently. He said the baby had to be stoned; and of course, since Islam is basically a cult of brainwashed /persecuted followers, it was the final experience the tiny infant encountered during its short life. KARACHI (AFP) The lifeless bodies of two tiny babies are being given their final bath before burial in Karachi, after they were left to die in the southern Pakistani city's garbage dumps. In the conservative Muslim nation, where the birth of children outside of marriage is condemned and adultery is a crime punishable by death under strict interpretations of Islamic law, infanticide is a crime on the rise.More than 1,000 infants -- most of them girls -- were killed or abandoned to die in Pakistan last year according to conservative estimates by the Edhi Foundation, a charity working to reverse the grim trend.The infanticide figures are collected only from Pakistan's main cities, leaving out huge swathes of the largely rural nation, and the charity says that in December alone it found 40 dead babies left in garbage dumps and sewers.The number of dead infants found last year -- 1,210 -- was up from 890 in 2008 and 999 in 2009, says the Edhi Foundation."People leave these children mostly because they think they are illegitimate, but they are as innocent and loveable as all human beings," says the charity's founder, well-known humanitarian Abdul Sattar Edhi.Most children found are less than a week old.Girls are seen by many Pakistanis as a greater economic burden as most women are not permitted to work and are considered to be the financial responsibilty of their fathers, and later their husbands.A Pakistani family can be forced to raise more than one million rupees (11,700 dollars) to marry their daughter off.Edhi says that up to 200 babies are left in its 400 cradles nationwide each year and that it handles thousands of requests for adoption by childless couples.Abortion is prohibited in Pakistan, except when the mother's life is at risk from her pregnancy, but advocates say that legalization would reduce infanticide and save mothers from potentially fatal back-street terminations.According to Pakistani law, anyone found to have abandoned an infant can be jailed for seven years, while anyone guilty of secretly burying a child can be imprisoned for two years. Murder is punishable with life imprisonment. Figure # 1
To Study The Prevalance Of Homicide In Peshawar Killing of females during sexual harassment: ( rape victims )
Most of the females are victims of men disguise and they are murdered during sexual abusement either by their mentally ill husbands and other men who commit rape on them and after making their use kill them .Armed sexual violence is horrifically widespread in heavily armed environments.Weapons can be used to facilitate systematic rape a war crime, used to hasten the expulsion of national groups by degrading women and spreading terror, fear, and humiliation. Sexual violence against men may also be significant, but few data on this type of abuse have so far been collated, and it is believed that most cases are not reported.Women and girls are raped at gunpoint while away from home collecting firewood and water, or undertaking other daily tasks; they are also vulnerable in jail or refugee camps, with no place to hide. At least 15,700 women and girls in Rwanda and 25,000 in Croatia and Bosnia are reported to have been raped at times of armed conflict; the actual figures may be much higher.83 This can have implications for HIV/AIDS infection: soldiers often have a much higher infection rate than the civilian population, and forced sex is more likely to lead to transmission.
Place involved :
Females are mostly murdered in kitchen through burning them with sui gas and oil . 2 nd most often place is bedroom . very rarely in bathroom and garage and roof areas.Males are murdered at places quite far from their residential area . mostly at their working places , in offices . Elderly man are murdered at homes mostly .
Weapons used :
Sharp weapons : knife , axe .pieces of glass .dagger Blunt weapons : stick ,sports goods like bat and hockey Most important of them are FIRE ARMS including shot guns , rifles, pistols . Poisons used rarely
Pakistan Perspective :
Small arms have always been a part of life in Pakistan, especially in the KPK, Balochistan provinces and the Tribal belt near the borders. But prior to the advent of war in Afghanistan, arms were used for hunting and protection proposes and during festivals celebrations only. Few people possessed arms, usually semi-automatic weapons, and that too in limited quantities. Arms could only be purchased through proper licenses and from licensed shop and dealers. Dara Adam Khel in KPK province produced illicite arms, but only in small quantities and getting arms from that place was not easy for the common person. The rise of ethnic problems in Karachi and the widening of sectarian divisions mostly in Punjab, made the smuggling of sophisticated weapons to down country, a very lucrative business. Karachi and most of Punjab, where weapons were only possessed by the very rich people, and that too mostly for hunting and personal security purposes, became big markets for these weapons.
Peshawar District, Pakistan involved in firearm cases :

Special report Arms and Crimes, of Small Arms Survey 2004, report on small arms and crime in Peshawar District, Pakistan, as following: The number of criminal cases increased by 23 per cent from 1998 to 2001 in Pakistans Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), home to some 15 million people and located on the border with Afghanistan (Aziz Khan, 2003). Statistics obtained from the Police Department of Peshawar suggest that the Peshawar District, one of the KPKs 22 districts, experiences high levels of violent crime: homicide rates range from 8 per 100,000 in urban areas to 12 per 100,000 in rural areas. The police believe that around 90 per cent of these homicides are committed with small arms. Small arms are also used in robberies, sectarian violence, terrorist acts, and other personal and tribal disputes.Illicitly manufactured small arms are cheap and widely available in the district, with an estimated 200 illicit workshops and 1,900 illegal arms shops located in the Bara, Darra Adam Khel, and Jamrud black markets. Between USD 10 and USD 70 can buy anything from revolvers to shotguns, USD 6 is enough for a grenade or a landmine, while rocket launchers and heavy machine guns cost, respectively, USD 500 and USD 1,000. AK-47s are also easily accessible and are reportedly smuggled in from Afghanistan or manufactured locally in Darra Adam Khel. The types of weapons seized by the police confirm the availability of all these types of weapons (see Pie Chart).Rising crime rates and small arms availability are overwhelming the police force, which can only count on one police officer per 28,000 people. Residents and businesses in Peshawar are responding by relying increasingly on private security means: out of the 35 private security companies registered with the local government, 28 were created between 1997 and 2002, in the heat of the crime wave. This privatization is partly formal, with banks and upper-class residents resorting to the services of private security guards armed with pistols or shotguns. On the other hand, residents with more limited means appear to turn to gun ownership for protection.
Small Arms seized by the Peshawar District Police, by category Figure # 2
Pistols
6% 8%
Shotguns
AK-47
12%
Rifles
Grenades
13%
61%
List Of Countries By Intentional Homicide Rate :

List of countries by intentional homicide rate per year per 100,000 inhabitants for the years from 2000 onwards. The reliability of underlying national murder rate data may vary.[1] The legal definition of "intentional homicide" differs among countries. Intentional homicide may or may not include infanticide, assisted suicide or euthanasia. Intentional homicide demographics are affected by changes in trauma care, leading to changed lethality of violent assaults, so the intentional homicide rate may not necessarily indicate the overall level of societal violence.[2] They may also be underreported for political reasons.[3][4] Another problem for the comparability of the following figures is that some data includes attempts and other doesn't. This values may differ highly in some countries. For example, in Germany about 3 of 4 homicides are attempts.[5] A recent study undertaken by the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development estimated that there were approximately 490,000 intentional homicides in 2004. The study estimated that the global rate was 7.6 intentional homicides per 100,000 inhabitants for 2004.
MURDERS:
Murders (per 100,000 people per annum) (1998-2000) by country An estimated 520,000 people were murdered in 2000 around the globe. Two-fifths of them were young people between the ages of 10 and 29 who were killed by other young people.[36] Because murder is the least likely crime to go unreported, statistics of murder are seen as a bellwether of overall crime rates.[37] Murder rates vary greatly among countries and societies around the world. In the Western world, murder rates in most countries have declined significantly during the 20th century and are now between 1-4 cases per 100,000 people per year. Murder rates in Japan, Ireland and Iceland are among the lowest in the world, around 0.5 cases per 100,000 people per year; the rate of the United States is among the highest of developed countries, around 5.5 in 2004,[38] with rates in larger cities sometimes over 40 per 100,000.[39] 666,160 people have been killed in the United States between 1960 and 1996.[40] Within the Western world, nearly 90% of all murders are committed by males, with males also being the victims of 74.6% of murders (according the United States Department of Justice).[citation needed] There is a sharp peak in the age distribution of murderers between the ages of 18 and 30.[citation needed] People become less likely to commit a murder as they age. Incidents of children and adolescents committing murders are extremely rare.[citation needed]

The following absolute murder counts per-country are not comparable because they are not adjusted by each country's total population. Nonetheless, they are included here for reference. There were an estimated 43,016 murders in Brazil in 2010, down from 51,043 in 2003.[41][42] 32,719 murder cases were registered across India in 2007, about 30,000 murders committed annually in the early 2000s (down to 17000 in 2009) in Russia, approximately 16,000[43] murders in Colombia in 2009 (the murder rate was 36 per 100,000 people, in 2005 murders went down to 15,000[44]), approximately 20,000 murders each year in South Africa, approximately 17,000 murders in the United States, approximately 15,000 murders in Mexico, approximately 16,000 murders in Venezuela,[45] approximately 6,000 murders in El Salvador, approximately 1,600 murders in Jamaica,[46] approximately 1,000 murders in France, approximately 580 murders per year in Canada,[47] approximately 560 murders in Trinidad and Tobago [48] and approximately 200 murders in Chile.[49] The murder rate in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea is 23 times that of London.[50] Pakistan reported 9,631 murders.[51]
Graph # 1
Murder in Rio de Janeiro. More than 500,000 people died from gun violence in Brazil between 1979 and 2003.[52] Murder is the leading cause of death for African American males aged 15 to 34. In 2006, Federal Bureau of Investigation's Supplementary Homicide Report indicated that most of the 14,990 murder victims were Black (7421).[53] In the year 2007 non-negligent homicides, there were 3,221 black victims and 3,587 white victims. While 2,905 of the black victims were killed by a black offender, 2,918 of the white victims were killed by white offenders. There were 566 white victims of black offenders and 245 black victims of white offenders.[54] It should be noted that the "white" category in the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) includes non-black Hispanics.[55] In London in 2006, 75% of the victims of gun crime and 79% of the suspects were "from the African/Caribbean community."[56] Murder demographics are affected by the improvement of

trauma care, which has resulted in reduced lethality of violent assaultsthus the murder rate may not necessarily indicate the overall level of social violence.[57] Development of murder rates over time in different countries is often used by both supporters and opponents of capital punishment and gun control. Using properly filtered data, it is possible to make the case for or against either of these issues. For example, one could look at murder rates in the United States from 1950 to 2000,[58] and notice that those rates went up sharply shortly after a moratorium on death sentences was effectively imposed in the late 1960s. This fact has been used to argue that capital punishment serves as a deterrent and, as such, it is morally justified. Capital punishment opponents frequently counter that the United States has much higher murder rates than Canada and most European Union countries, although all those countries have abolished the death penalty. Overall, the global pattern is too complex, and on average, the influence of both these factors may not be significant and could be more social, economic, and cultural. Despite the immense improvements in forensics in the past few decades, the fraction of murders solved has decreased in the United States, from 90% in 1960 to 61% in 2007.[59] Solved murder rates in major U.S. cities varied in 2007 from 36% in Boston, Massachusetts to 76% in San Jose, California.[60] Major factors affecting the arrest rate include witness cooperation[59] and the number of people assigned to investigate the case.[60]
History:
The murder of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria triggered the start of World War I.According to scholar Pieter Spierenburg murder rates per 100,000 in Europe have fallen over the centuries, from 35 per 100,000 in medieval times, to 20 in 1500 AD, 5 in 1700, to below two per 100,000 in 1900.[61]In the United States, murder rates have been higher and have fluctuated. They fell below 2 per 100,000 by 1900, rose during the first half of the century, dropped in the years following World War II, bottomed out at 4.0 in 1957 before rising again.[62] The rate stayed in 9 to 10 range most of the period from 1972 to 1994, before falling to 5 in present times.[61] The increase since 1957 would have been even greater if not for the significant improvements in medical techniques and emergency response times, which mean that more and more attempted homicide victims survive. According to one estimate, if the lethality levels of criminal assaults of 1964 still applied in 1993, the country would have seen the murder rate of around 26 per 100,000, almost triple the actually observed rate of 9.5 per 100,000.[63]A similar, but less pronounced pattern has been seen in major European countries as well. The murder rate in the United Kingdom fell to 1 per 100,000 by the beginning of the 20th century and as low as 0.62 per 100,000 in 1960, and was at 1.28 per 100,000 as of 2009. The murder rate in France (excluding Corsica) bottomed out after the World War II at less than 0.4 per 100,000, quadrupling to 1.6 per 100,000 since then.[64]The specific factors driving this dynamics in murder rates are complex and not universally agreed upon. Much of the raise in the U.S. murder rate during the first half of the 20th century is generally thought to be attributed to gang violence associated with the Prohibition. Since most murders are committed by young males, the near simultaneous low in the murder rates of major developed countries circa 1960 can be attributed to low birth rates during the Great Depression and the World War II. Causes of further moves are

more controversial. Some of the more exotic factors claimed to affect murder rates include the availability of abortion[65] and the likelihood of chronic exposure to lead during childhood (due to the use of leaded paint in houses and tetraethyllead as a gasoline additive in internal combustion engines).In Corsica, vendetta was a social code that required Corsicans to kill anyone who wronged the family honor. It has been estimated that between 1683 and 1715, nearly 30,000 out of 120,000 Corsicans lost their lives to vendetta,[66] and between 1821 and 1852, no less than 4,300 murders were perpetrated in Corsica.[67]According to Georg Oesterdiekhoff, "Homicides rise to incredible numbers among headhunter cultures such as the Papua. When a boy is born, the father has to kill a man. ... When a man wants to marry, he must kill a man. When a man dies, his family again has to kill a man."[68]
British Crime Survey:

The British Crime Survey (2005) is an annual survey based on interviews with a randomly selected population in England and Wales, and the most recent study estimates that there were 2,412,000 violent incidents experienced by adults in 2004/5. There were 1,184,702 incidents of violent crime recorded by the police during the same period. Of these, 19,425 were 'serious wounding' (including 'threat or conspiracy to murder' and 'wounding or other act endangering life' as well as grevious bodily harm (GBH)). 'Less serious wounding' incidents include 'common assaults' recorded by the police, and account for 62% of BCS violence. In accordance with guidance on charging individuals, assaults resulting in abrasions, minor bruising, swellings, reddening of the skin, superficial cuts or black eyes are classified as 'common assaults'. In 46% of the 'violent incidents', there was no injury, and incidents of wounding have been decreasing over the last decade. Trend in deaths from homicide and suicide from 1993-2000: Table # 1 Year 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Homicides 649 671 686 631 610 649 653 764 Suicides 5277 5173 5185 4925 5018 5184 5218 4968
Homicide trends in England and Wales:

The Office for National Statistics (as they were then known) produced an analysis of homicide data for England and Wales in 2000, which drew on data from a variety of sources. It noted that the number of homicides had steadily increased in these countries between 1950 and 1980, and had then begun to level off.Homicide in England and Wales remains a relatively rare event about 1 in 800 deaths and approximately 4.5% of all death due to injury or poisoning.The highest rates of homicide are found in infants of both sexes, with the most frequent cause of death being skull fractures or intracranial injury (including haemorrhage), followed by suffocation/ strangulation.A subsequent homicide peak is seen in young adults, particularly men in their 20s, where those aged 20-24 represented 5.2% of homicide victims (1991-1995). Methods of homicide most commonly encountered in England and Wales: Table # 2 Method Sharp instrument Hitting/ kicking Shooting Blunt instruments Asphyxia/ strangulation Other Male (%) 38 19 12 11 ** 20 Female (%) 28 11 ** 11 27 23
The average number of homicides by sharp instrument, blunt instrument, hitting or kicking and shooting had all increased during the period 1993-1997, compared with 1979-1983, whilst the numbers of homicidal strangulation and burning had decreased. The largest absolute rise in homicides was attributed to sharp instrument use 175 p.a. between 1979 and 1983, to 211 p.a. between 1993 and 1997. Homicide by firearm had also increased dramatically by 66% over the same period, but the absolute numbers per year are still relatively low (61 deaths p.a. between 1993 and 1997).An interesting finding is that of the effect of social class on homicide data. Deaths from homicide, accidents, suicide and undetermined injury are all inversely related to social class, and men of social class V (unskilled) between the ages of 20-64 are more than 12 times as likely to be killed than their counterparts in social class I.The ONS also looked at the data produced by other countries, and found that the homicide rates are lower in Denmark, Netherlands, Norway and France, whilst the rates in England and Wales compare more favourably with those of the USA, Scotland, New Zealand, Israel, Australia and Canada.The homicide rate in the USA is 6.5 times that of England and Wales, and the use of firearms accounts for 75% of the difference. This clearly reflects the ease of availability of firearms in that country.
Homicides in Scotland:
The Scottish Executive Justice Department has recently produced homicide data for 2001 (2002 Scottish Executive National Statistics), and they have identified 104 homicides the same number as in 2000.77% of victims were men (the majority being in the 16-29 and 30-39 years age groups).Just under half of all homicides involved the use of a sharp instrument (46%).
Method Sharp instrument Hitting/ kicking Blunt instrument Strangulation/ asphyxiation Shooting Fire Poisoning Other/ unknown
Percentage 46 14 9 9 6 6 5 5
75% of victims knew their assailant (23% killed by a relative, 56% killed by an acquaintance), and 89% of assailants were male. 56% of assailants were reported to have been either drunk or under the influence of drugs at the time of the assault, whilst 10% of victims were similarly under the influence.
Intentional homicide rates per 100,000 population for 198 countries/territories calculated by UNODC are presented alphabetically in five regional groups: Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania. These regions are further divided into fifteen geographically-defined sub-regions. The geographically-defined regions and sub-regions used in this dataset correspond to those in the UNODC drugs and crime database used for analysis in UNODC studies and the World Drug Report.
10 Most Dangerous Cities in the World in 2010 !!!

1. Baghdad, Iraq:
As this horrifying image depicts, a river of blood coupled with bombed out vehicles is nothing new to the locals of Baghdad. The war-torn capital of Iraq was declared the least safest city in the world, according to Mercers 2008 quality of living global index. With a history of violence, war, bombings and bloodshed todays Baghdad has seen little change despite the execution of their ruler Saddam Hussein. Since the U.S. invasion in 2003 more than 650,000 civilians have lost their lives and thousands of others have fled the danger. 2. Detroit, USA: The American city known as Motor City was the top of Forbes list of the ten most dangerous cities around American in 2009. The magazine based its finding on violent crime statistics, which they obtained from the FBIs crime reports. In case you were wondering there was a reported 1,220 violent crimes committed per 100,000 people in the city. 3. Karachi, Pakistan: Ranked as one of Asias lowest-scoring destinations for personal safety according to Mercers study. In recent years Karachi has seen repeated terror attacks and suicide bombings. In February this year more than 30 people were killed in a dual bomb attack, while in December 2009 another blast saw the death toll reach over 40 (pictured). 4. Chechnya, Russia: It is said that the Russian Mafia runs the city with more gangsters than police, while a Russian is assassinated every 18 minutes averaging 84 murders per day in a nation of 143 million. The city has also been accused of extremism, racism, prostitution, drug trafficking and kidnappings, not to mention the untold violence dished out by the Chechen rebels. 5. Mogadishu, Somalia: Somalias capital has been devastated by the ongoing civil war. In 2008 statistics showed that half of the citys population (0.5 million) had fled the war-torn area. Dozens of people are injured every day by the conflict while frequent bombings kill many civilians. Since President Siad Barre was usurped from power in 1991 over one million Somalians have lost their lives due to the civil war or famine. 6. Ciudad Jurez, Mexico: Home to 1.5 million people the city lies on the border with the U.S. In recent times it has seen a rapid increase in shocking violent crimes, mainly due to the feuding drug cartels. Their violence has put an increased risk on the safety of locals. Since January 2007 theres been 8,330 drug-

related murders in Mexico, 50% of which came from Ciudad Jurez. The city has 130 murders reported per 100,000 inhabitants. 7. Caracas, Venezuela: The Foreign Policy magazine dubbed Caracas as the murder capital of the world at the end of 2008. In December of that year alone there were 510 people murdered. Like Ciudad Jurez the majority of the violence comes from gangs and drug wars. There has also been an increase in poverty in Venezuelas capital; between the 1970s and 1990s the poverty rate increased by 300% to 65%. Its also been reported that the murder rate has increased by 67% since President Chavez took over.
8. New Orleans, USA:

The murder capital of the USA sees an average 95 murders per 100,000 residents, which is shockingly high when you consider the fact that there are only 300,000 residents in the city overall. Even scarier when you think that Time magazine reported that Baghdad has a murder rate of 48 per 100,000 residents. Violence in the area is rife because it is one of the poorest in the U.S. Hurricane Katrina did little to help that problem either.
9. Cape Town, South Africa:

South Africa has been riddled with crime for years now and Cape Town is the most dangerous city in the country. Murder and robbery, rape and kidnappings are the biggest problems in the area, and tourists are notable targets. It has a murder rate of 62 to every 100,000 residents. Travelling alone at night and even using an ATM alone is strongly advised against. Sexual offenses, robberies and burglaries have all increased in the last two years; 71,500 sexual offenses (10% rise), 13,900 robberies (41% rise) and 18,400 burglaries (27% rise).
10. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil:

Despite being home to the worlds biggest carnival Rio de Janeiro is also one of the most dangerous places on Earth. As soon as travelers get off the plane they are handed leaflets of dos and donts. Not wearing jewelery and not carrying your wallet (take as little money out with you as you can) are some of the things visitors are told. In the last two years crime rates have risen, especially violent crimes. A local drug cartel known as the Pirahnas are largely responsible for the increased violence and are notorious for abductions too. Last year there were 8,000 murders in the city, which is close to 20 a day!
HOMICIDE:
Homicide is a long-standing threat to a community's health, although it began to be widely recognized as a public health issue only in the 1990s. Homicide has traditionally been viewed through the lens of crime, though both criminal justice and public health approaches can be useful in efforts to reduce homicide.Public health descriptions of homicide are based largely upon information provided on death certificates. In the United States, death certificate information is reported to each county by funeral directors, physicians, and coroners. Each county reports the information to the state, which, in turn, reports it to the National Center for Health Statistics. These data cover every death (regardless of cause of death) for which there is a body. In vital statistics data, and for public health purposes, a homicide is defined as the death of a person at the hands of another.Law enforcement data about crime are gathered by police and sheriff's officers at the local level, reported to a central agency at each state, and then forwarded on to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Participating in The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) is a voluntary process, and about 85 percent of police departmentscovering 96 percent of the U.S. populationparticipated in UCR as of 1991. The data about homicides are reported in the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Supplementary Homicide Report. The FBI defines a homicide as murderthe willful (nonnegligent) killing of one human being by another.In addition to murders, the public health definition of homicide includes legally sanctioned killings (e.g., executions or homicides in self-defense). The law enforcement definition, however, is limited to criminal homicides. Because thedefinitions differ, the numbers of homicides reported by each system also differ. The overall patterns of risk, however, are the same. EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM: Homicide rates in the United States peaked in 1993, dropped substantially, and the homicide rate in 1998 was the same as that in 1968 (see Figure 1). Although people were alarmed at the high homicide rates in the early 1990s, these rates have vacillated throughout the twentieth century. Historians believe that homicide rates were probably even higher in the Middle Ages in Europe.The United States has a much higher homicide rate than other industrialized countries (see Figure 2). Although not included in the chart, it many be useful to note that among those countries reporting rates to the World Health Organization, Colombia actually has the highest rate by far146.5 homicides per 100,000 males. The discrepancy appears to be largely due to the much higher number of deaths due to firearms in the United States. Even when compared to other countries where firearms are relatively common, homicide rates in the United States are higher, possibly because firearms in the United States are much more likely to be handguns, whereas in other countries the guns are most likely to be rifles and shotguns. Handguns are the leading method of homicide in the United States. HOMICIDE RISK:

Some people are at higher risk than others of becoming a homicide victim. Homicide victimization rates are highest for adolescents and young adults. Although the number of young people who are homicide victims has dropped since 1993, as it has for all age groups, adolescents and young adults continue to be the age group at highest risk of homicide. As shown in Figure 3, risk is higher for young men than young women, and risk is highest for young minority men, especially young African-American men.Homicide is a major cause of mortality among infants and toddlers. In fact, homicide is the third leading cause of death of persons under five years or age. In most of these deaths, the assailant is the primary caretaker of the child either a parent, stepparent, or partner of one of the parents. The most common method of death is by beating with personal weapons (i.e., hands, fists, or feet).Although homicide rates are much higher among men than women, the rank of homicide as a cause of death is similar for men and women at all age groups. Firearms are the most common method of homicide for both male and female victims. The assailant and the location of the homicide differ by gender, however. Men are most likely to be killed by a friend or an acquaintance in a public place such as the street or a bar. Despite a general concern about "stranger danger," women are most likely to be killed by a current or former male intimate (i.e., a husband, boyfriend, exhusband, or former boyfriend) in the home. Research using data from the mid-1970s through the mid-1980s found that a woman is more than two and one-half times as likely to be shot by her male intimate as to be shot, stabbed, strangled, bludgeoned, or killed in any other way by a stranger.Research indicates that having a gun in the home increases the chances that a person will become a victim of a homicide in the home and that a person will become a perpetrator of homicide, though more scientific research is needed before such risks can be assessed with confidence. HOMICIDE AND PUBLIC HEALTH: Public health approaches to homicide are based largely in one of two frameworks: injury prevention and, for lack of a more specific descriptor, social change. Injury prevention traces its roots to Hugh De Haven, a World War I pilot who, after surviving an airplane crash, spent many years studying the dynamics of traumatic force upon the body. Subsequent work focused on motor vehicle crashes. Researchers found that trying to change human behavior (e.g., trying to get drivers to "drive defensively") did not work very well. In fact, some efforts, such as drivers' training, did not reduce crash or injury rates at all. Strategies that focused on the environment and the vehicle itself proved to be more successful. Roads were designed not just to get from point A to point B, but with injury prevention in mind. For example, rigid signposts and bridge abutments have been modified so that even if a vehicle veers off the roadway, an injury is not inevitable. Vehicles are now equipped with collapsible steering wheels, reinforced side doors, seat belts and airbags, and antilock brakes. In other words, efforts switched from preventing a crash from occurring to preventing an injury if a crash occurred.Injury prevention practitioners and researchers took this same model from unintentional injury (i.e., car crashes, drownings, and other "accidents") into their work with homicide. They set their sights clearly and specifically on one question: If the violence cannot be stopped, how can the violence be made less lethal? Given that guns (handguns in particular) are used in most homicides, it is not surprising that injury prevention efforts related to homicide focus mainly on handguns. Public health efforts to reduce gun fatalities have focused largely on the manufacture of guns (e.g., "smart guns" that are personalized so that only an authorized user can shoot the weapon). Policies related to the marketing and advertising, sale, possession, and use of guns also are points of intervention.The

social change, or social justice, approach emphasizes the inequalities that might give rise to lethal violence. The epidemiological data presented in the figures document how risk differs across nations and across groups in the United States. The social justice approach tries to understand why these differences might exist, and to identify ways to remedy the situation. For example, why do minorities have a much greater risk than white people of dying of homicide? Areas of investigation include differences in socioeconomic status(e.g., income and education), limited opportunities (e.g., inner-city schools that are more likely to be attended by minorities generally are less well funded than suburban schools), and the effects of institutional racism (e.g., racial profiling by law enforcement).Social change approaches seek to expand educational, recreational, and employment opportunities, especially for young people. Related approaches have attempted to increase adolescents' problem-solving and anger-management skills so that violence becomes an option, not an inevitability. Evaluations of such programs have produced inconsistent results. Some, such as W. R. Hammond and B. R. Yung, say certain programs are effective, whereas others, including D. W. Webster, find few positive effects.The injury prevention and social change approaches need not be in competition, although they are sometimes cast that way. Efforts to reduce homicide will likely be more successful if a multifaceted approach, rather than one single strategy, is taken.
Homicidal Deaths by Firearms in Dera Ismail Khan: An Autopsy Study

Mian Mujahid, Qudsia Hassan, Muhammad Arif, Jahanzeb Gandapur, Humayun Shah Departments of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Women Medical College, Abbottabad, DHQ Hospital and Gomal Medical College, D. I. Khan. RESULTS: A total of 97 unnatural deaths were reported and subjected to autopsy examination in 2004. There were 63 (64.9%) cases of homicidal deaths and all were caused by firearm injuries. DISCUSSION: Most forensic reports show that firearms are mainly used in homicidal deaths10. This study shows that firearm injuries were the leading cause of homicidal deaths in D I Khan district. Similar data are reported from other parts of Pakistan where firearms victims were a leading cause of death11-16. However, a study from Karachi conducted in 2002 showed that Road Traffic Accidents equaled the number of homicides by firearm injuries17.Almost all age groups are affected in firearm injuries and deaths but younger age is mostly affected as seen in the present study and other studies from Pakistan11, 12, 14-16.There is strong male gender affliction in firearm homicidal cases seen in the present study and the earlier studies7,11,15,17. Studies from Sindh province conducted in 200212, 17 and from North Carolina, USA conducted in 1970-71 reported male to female ratio of 4.8:118. Females are generally spared due to their household abodes, loyalty to the family and because they hold an honorable position even in disputes and enmities. A total of 77 firearm injuries were recorded in 63 cases giving an average of 1.2 wounds per body. This shows that highly sophisticated weapons were used with a

determination to kill the victim.The pattern of injuries seen in the present study are similar to those reported from other parts of Pakistan7,15,19. Notable concern is the increased use of firearms in Lahore20. It is obvious that there is a strong correlation between possession of firearms to violent deaths. Strict regulatory laws must be enforced with full authority to reduce firearms fatalities. In Australia, Canada and other countries the firearm fatalities dramatically increased3,21-26 once strict laws and rules were implemented. In Washington, D.C. firearms homicidal deaths decreased dramatically in 1976 by just passing the regulatory firearm law and before recovering even a single gun26 . The firearm ownership increases the likelihood that a violent death will occur by gunshot and firearms; therefore ways and means need to be devised to prevent these deaths.
HOMICIDAL DEATHS BY FIREARMS IN PESHAWAR: AN AUTOPSY STUDY Zahid Hussain, Mian Mujahid Shah,* Hakim Khan Afridi, Muhammad Arif** Departments of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Khyber Medical College Peshawar, *Ayub Medical College Abbottabad and ** Women Medical College Abbottabad
RESULTS: A total number to the Department and subjected to autopsy examination during 2004. There were 492 (77.7%) cases of homicidal deaths, out of which 452 (91.87%) were due to firearm injuries frequent affected age group was between 16-30 years, while the age group from 16-45 years together comprised 64.3% of cases. The male to female ratio was 5.75:1, while the rural to urban ratio was 1.7:1. The total number of injuries sustained and distribution in various body regions involved.
DISCUSSION
Similar to reports from the United States,1 our study shows that firearm injury is the leading cause of homicidal deaths in the district of Peshawar, accounting for about 92% of such deaths. In the United States, firearms are used in more than 60% of all homicides, over 25% of all assaults, more than 35% of all robberies and in almost half of all suicides. 7 Our data also agrees with several other studies from various cities of Pakistan, where firearm victims were the leading cause of homicidal deaths.8-13 However a study from Karachi conducted in the year 2002 indicates that firearm injuries and road traffic accidents together form the common causes of medico legal autopsies;14 this may merely indicate the pattern of a busy city faced with an increasing traffic load. Almost all age groups were represented with the majority being in the young adult and middle aged persons (16-45 years, 54.3%). Other studies from Pakistan also agree that the most common victims of firearm related homicides are young and middle aged adults.8,9,15,16 The high male to female ratio of 5.75:1 in our study compares well with an earlier

study conducted in 1999 in Peshawar;6 a study for the year 1998 from Larkana10 gives a male to female ratio of 4:1, and another study from North Carolina USA, conducted in 1970-71 gives a male to female ratio of 4.8:1.17 Females appear to be spared due to their household abodes, loyalty to husbands and families and because they hold an honored place even in disputes and enmities. There is a general increased predilection for males to be victims of firearm injuries throughout the country.8,14-16 The number of autopsies of firearm victims reported from rural areas was more compared to the urban areas. This may be attributed to better policing, higher literacy and employments with satisfactory incomes in urban areas. Other studies from Pakistan have not addressed this issue. A total of 956 firearm injuries were recorded in 452 autopsies, giving an average of about 2 injuries per person. It is obvious that at least one of these injuries was a lethal injury resulting in the death of the victim. Upper regions of the body comprising of the area including the thorax and above were the most common sites of firearm injuries accounting for 52.8% of the total injuries ; these were probably the more lethal ones. The remaining injuries were of the abdomen and extremities (including the buttocks and external genitalia). Similar reports have been obtained from other places in the country.6,13,18 Of notable concern is the reported alarming increasing trend of firearm use in a major city such as Lahore. 16 The authors noted in their study of a twelve year period from 1984 to 1995 that there was a doubling of the incidence of firearm related homicidal deaths during this period. They also noted a change in the type of firearm from shotguns in the early years to high velocity rifled weapons towards the latter part of the study period. Considering the data from the present study, there is a need for strict control over possession of firearms in Peshawar, as well as educating both elders and young adults about the hazards posed by possession and irrational use of firearms, either for offense or defense. Use can be made of existing jirga systems for preaching human and ethical value systems to replace the feudal value systems. Additional controls are required over the tribal areas adjacent to Peshawar (Dara Adam Khel) where firearm manufacture should be discouraged by law or only licensed firearms should be allowed for sale. Additional measures to provide early and effective emergency medical treatment to firearm victims may help to reduce the number of fatalities related to firearm injuries.18In view of the need to control and decrease illegal trafficking of firearms, the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Commission recently passed a resolution encouraging all countries to strengthen their domestic gun control, since weak control in one country can affect the security in others.19
ANALYSIS OF HOMICIDAL DEATHS IN PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN IN YEAR 2006.

(Published in Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad 2006)
. RESULTS During the period of our study a total of 520 deaths were confirmed as homicidal out of 662 autopsies conducted in the department, thus constituting 78.55% of all deaths reported for autopsy. The district of Peshawar was having a population of 2.26million during the study period. Thus the rate of homicide comes out to be 22.99 per 100,000 populations. The males (86.15%) outnumbered the females (13.85% ) with a ratio of 6.2:1

between the ages of 20 and 39 years of age. The extremes of ages were the least vulnerable to homicide with 2.3% up to 9 years of age and 2.1% above the age of 70. Firearms were responsible for 86% of the homicides followed by asphyxiation and sharp weapons. Other means to cause homicide.
Most of the cases had more then one injury involving multiple sites of the body. The maximum numbers of injuries were inflicted on the chest followed by the head. The upper limbs and lower limbs sustained minimum number of fatal injuries. 51.15% of the victims died during the night time i.e. 6 pm to 6 am, and 48.85% during the day time. The highest number of homicides occurred in the month of November followed July and April. DISCUSSION: During the period understudy, 78.55% of all deaths reporting for autopsy at the department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Khyber Medical College Peshawar were determined to be homicidal in manner. These results are similar to the figures of cities like Bahawalpur and Faisalabad, where 80% of all cases autopsied were homicides.18,19 However lower figures have been reported for Nawab shah (62%) 20.This may be because of the low level of urbanization and industrialization in Nawab shah with the relative intactness of the usual institutional methods of social control. The homicide rate of 22.99 per 100,000 population per year is one of the highest reported in the world with only South Africa, Columbia and Estonia reporting higher rates.21 This could be because of the high rate of gun possession in the area under study especially automatic weapons. Another reason could be a lack of confidence in the judicial system with people tending to take the law into their own hands for settling differences and disputes. In our study of 520 homicidal deaths, 448 (86.15%) were male and 72 (13.85%) were female, forming a male to female ratio of 6.22:1. It is similar to that reported in Bahawalpur (6.82:1)11 and Abbottabad (6.8:1) 5, but is much higher than that in Faisalabad (3.47:1) 22.This may be explained by the structure of society in Peshawar and other areas with high male to female ratio where females are primarily confined to their homes and are therefore protected from being involved in violence. This is in contrast to the more industrialized places like Faisalabad where females are more actively involved in workplaces and play a relatively proactive role thereby exposing them to a pattern of violence and homicide similar to that in males. Our study showed 62.11% of all homicides occurred in age groups between 20-39 years of age, with 32.3% in the third decade of life. Other studies in Pakistan also give the highest occurrence of homicide in the same age group, with 28-40% of all homicides being in the age bracket of 20-29 years 5,10,11,12,13,22. Studies in India and Turkey have also reported this age group to be the most vulnerable 14,23,24, while studies in U.S.A indicate the highest rates at an earlier age (10-25 years) 7,25,26. This difference could be because individuals start a more independent life at an earlier age in U.S.A thus exposing them to all sorts of violence, something also reflected by the increasing incidence of juvenile offenders and school violence. The weapon most often used to inflict homicide was a firearm (85.96%). This is the highest use of firearms reported in Pakistan. Other studies have reported the use of firearms in 41-58% cases of homicide. Other countries also report a lower use of firearms for homicide. This could be

explained by the free availability of firearms in Peshawar where virtually every household keeps a firearm weapon. Thus whenever a dispute of any sort takes place, the use of a gun is inevitable. This is in keeping with other studies in countries where gun control laws are lax or non existent . The area of the body targeted in case of firearms was the chest followed by the abdomen and head while in case of sharp weapons it was the head and neck region and exclusively the head for homicide by blunt means. This is consistent with the area of the various regions of the body and the general concept of the lethality of various regions by a particular means. Other studies also show a similar pattern of involvement of the various parts of the body 5, 21,29. CONCLUSION: The homicide rate in Peshawar is alarmingly high as is the percentage of homicides being caused by firearms. This should act as an eye opener for all actors in civil society. It is time we start acting in the direction of controlling the possession of firearms as similar patterns are emerging in other parts of the country though they are at present a step behind in terms of the figures for Peshawar.
PATTERN OF HOMICIDAL DEATHS IN FAISALABAD

Muhammad Wahid Basher, Ahmad Saeed, Dilawar Khan*, Muhammad Aslam**, Javed Iqbal, Mumtaz Ahmed Departments of Forensic Medicine, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, *Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad and **Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad RESULTS: During the period under study a total of 188 homicidal deaths were reported out of a total of 236 autopsies conducted in the department, thus being 79.66% of all deaths reporting for autopsy. Faisalabad was having a population of 2.272 million during the study period, the rate of homicide comes out to 8.3 per 100,000 population per year. The victims were mainly between 20-39 years of age with 53 cases (28.2%) in the third decade of life and 48 (25.5%) in the fourth decade. Males outnumbered females by a ratio of 3.47:1. The primary method for committing homicide was by a firearm weapon (49.4%) followed by sharp force in 25.5% of the cases. In three cases both a sharp weapon and blunt force collectively were responsible for the death of the person. Firearms were primarily targeted at the chest (34.1%) and head (31.7%). Sharp weapons injured the chest (33.3%) and neck (27.5%) whereas death in case of blunt trauma was predominantly due to head injury (64.2%).

DISCUSSION: During the period under study, 188 deaths were labeled as homicide out of a total of 236 autopsies conducted at the department. This comes out to be 79.66% of the total. This is a higher percentage than reported in other cities of Pakistan like Lahore4 and Bahawalpur5 but is less than the percentage in Peshawar where 82.67% of the total autopsies were homicides.19 The rate of homicide (8.3/100,000 population per year) is rather high when compared to countries like Egypt, England and Greece but is lower than Mexico and Columbia.2 The reason for this high rate of homicide in Faisalabad could be the industrial character of the city with its inherent socio economic implications like societal disorganiza-tion,20,21 the high population density22 and the free availability of weapons, three factors described as increasing the vulnerability to homicide coming together in the city of Faisalabad. However rates of 31 to 124/100,000 population have been reported in other metropolitan cities.8, 10, 15 The male to female ratio was 3.47:1, which is consistent with other studies in Pakistan4-7 and other countries.9 This is because of the extrovert nature of males and a male dominant society where they handle most of the disputes and are more exposed to the extraneous world.The age of predilection in our study is consistent with other studies in our country4-7 and the increasing trend of violence in the younger age groups world wide.8-10,20,23The preference for using a firearm for committing a homicide in our study (49.4%) is consistent with other studies in Pakistan4-7 and other countries with a high level of firearm possession813,24 and contrasts to countries with low level of firearm possession where means other than firearm are the primary mode of committing a homicide.14,15,17,25The head and chest as primary target areas for homicide is also reported by other authors7,19 and is consistent with the knowledge that vital organs (brain, heart and lungs) are situated here.We also noted a peak incidence during the summer months. This has also been reported previously4,19 and is due to the fact that the contact time between people increases due to the longer day times, increasing with it the risk of exchanging the heat of tempers.This is an alarming situation in a society that is said to have faith in the Quranic injunctions, which clearly prohibit the killing of another Muslim.
HOMICIDE IN ABBOTTABAD
Qudsia Hassan, Mian Mujahid Shah*, M. Wahid Basher Women Medical College, Abbottabad, *Ayub Medical College Abbottabad RESULTS There were a total of 40 cases consisting of 35 males and 5 females. The male to female ratio was 7:1. The victims belonging to commonest age group fell under 20-29 years (40%) followed by 30-39 years (22.5%).
Firearms (62.5%) were the most common method of offence, with rifles on the top of list (57.5%) followed by use of blunt methods (22.5%),

Table-4 gives the part of body involved commonly. Commonest was head (42.5%) followed by chest (42.5%). Two or more parts were involved in a few cases Out of 40 cases 22.5% of cases were hospitalized only, rest of 77.5 % died without hospitalization The maximum number of victims died during the day time (60%) table 6 and in months of May (17.5%) followed by September (15%). DISCUSSION: With a population of 9,46164 in the year 2002, the homicide rate for Abbottabad is 4.22/100,000. This is higher as compared to countries like Egypt, Greece, Japan and England16, but lower as compared to USA Mexico and Columbia where rates up to more than 15/100,000 have been reported.2 Rates between 31-124/100,000 have been reported in metropolitan cities.8,10,17 The reason for this low incidence could be the low level of urbanization and industrialization and a rather high literacy rate (75% in males) in this city. A male preponderance of victims is in accordance with other studies in Pakistan4-7 and other parts of world9,18-21 this is because of the extrovert nature of males and males dominating nature of society in Abbottabad. The age of predilection of the victims in our study is in accordance with that reported in other studies in Pakistan.4-7,14 Firearms were the major weapon of offence (62.5%) consistent with other studies in Pakistan4-7,14 and in countries with a high level of firearms possession.8-13,22 The head and chest as the primary targets is in accordance with other studies7,15 and these areas are targeted due to knowledge that vital areas are situated here. In addition victims hit in these areas are most likely to succumb to such injuries and therefore become a part of study such as the present one. 60% of homicides occurred during the daytime as also reported from Lahore.4 This is the time when contact and quarrels more often take place. The same reason could be forwarded for the increased occurrence of homicide between May and September as these are months having highest temperatures in Abbottabad with a resultant heat in the emotions of people. About 80% of victims died before hospitalization. This is because of the increasing use of firearms in which multiple injuries usually occur. In addition the emergency services in Abbottabad as in most places of the country are very poor thereby losing valuable minutes which become of prime importance in critically injured victim especially from a weapon such as a firearm.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The project allotted to us is To study the prevalence of homicide in Peshawar.In order to carry out the project,we first conducted the literature review which was a comprehensive assessment of the current status of knowledge on the rate of homicidal deaths in the past years and various associated factors such as effect of age,sex,rural/urban location etc.The information was collected from the internet,journals and different books. The literature review enabled us to formulate our aims and objectives and have a clear picture of how to go ahead with our research.We could not prepare a questionnaire because our study population was the people who had been killed and information from relatives could not fulfill our requirements, neither were the available. However , keeping our aims and objectives in mind, we made a proforma which included the factors that appeared to be involved in homicidal deaths. This proforma was compared with the proforma used by the Forensic Medicine And Toxicology Department, K.M.C and the necessary changes were made. The proforma included the following variables for which data had to be extracted from autopsy registers: Name Age Sex Address Date of Death Police Station Causative Agent Manner Of Death Autopsy Number
A copy of the proforma is given in the annexure section. Our research was based on retrospective studies of autopsy records. So an application was written to the Head of Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, K.M.C to allow us to use the autopsy records from 1st January, 2010 to 31st December, 2011. Since the records are made by doctors at the Forensic Department, it made the data reliable. Then we paired up and went through all the autopsy registers, collecting data from each first investigation report (FIR) and filling out the proformas. We made the necessary exclusions by not counting the deaths occurring due to accident e.g R.T.As. Our study desigh did not require any intervention measures or binding because the outcome had occurred before the start of the study. This task too around two weeks. Once all the proformas were filled, we divided our batch

into four groups and each group was responsible for extracting data for one objective from all proformas. 1. One group simply counted the total number of homicidal deaths in the past one year. This will give us the rate of homicidal deaths occurring in Peshawar in the last one year. 2. Another group had to find out in which gender homicidal cases are common. This group had to count how many cases of homicide occurred in males and females. 3. To find out the relationship of age with homicidal deaths we counted the number of homicidal deaths occurring with different age groups: 0 10 years 10 25 years 25 45 years > 45 years
4. Lastly we worked out the most common causative agent. This was done by dividing the causative agent in to the following groups: Firearm Sharp Weapon Strangulation Miscellaneous
Then we counted the number of homicidal deaths occurring in each group.
Result:
After we extracted the data from the autopsy registers, we summed up the cases for each objective to make it easy for us to draw graphs and charts. These were made using SPSS 16 which helped us to present our data in organized, creative and presentable form.
TABLES AND GRAPHS

Prevalance of homicide on basis of gender in 2010 Table # (3)
Males were the predominant vicitims of homicide with a male to female ratio of 7.42 : 1
Gender
Cumulative Frequency Valid Male Female Total 727 98 825 Percent 88.1 11.9 100.0 Valid Percent 88.1 11.9 100.0 Percent 88.1 100.0
Prevalance of homicide on basis of gender in 2010 Graph # (2)
Prevalance of homicide on basis of gender in 2010
To Study The Prevalance Of Homicide In Peshawar Prevalance of homicide on basis of Most Common Agent used for Homicide in 2010 Table # (4)
Firearm was the major causative agent for homicide.85.93% of the homicides occurred through firearm.
CAUSATIVE AGENT
Cumulative Frequency Valid BLAST INJURY BLUNT WEAPON BOMB BLAST FAI POISONING SHARP + BLUNT WEAPON SHARP WEAPON STRANGULATION Total 1 20 37 709 4 1 24 29 825 Percent .1 2.4 4.5 85.9 .5 .1 2.9 3.5 100.0 Valid Percent .1 2.4 4.5 85.9 .5 .1 2.9 3.5 100.0 Percent .1 2.5 7.0 93.0 93.5 93.6 96.5 100.0
Prevalance of homicide on basis of Most Common Agent used for Homicide in 2010 Graph # (3)
Prevalance of homicide on basis of Most Common Agent used for Homicide in 2010
To Study The Prevalance Of Homicide In Peshawar Prevalance of homicide on Monthly Basis in 2010 Table # (5)
Homicides mainly took place in August followed by April in the year 2010 with 10.06% and 9.82% homicides respectively.
Frequency Valid January 65 56 72 81 74 68 54 83 63 75 66 68 825
Percent 7.9 6.8 8.7 9.8 9.0 8.2 6.5 10.1 7.6 9.1 8.0 8.2 100.0
Valid Percent 7.9 6.8 8.7 9.8 9.0 8.2 6.5 10.1 7.6 9.1 8.0 8.2 100.0
Cumulative Percent 7.9 14.7 23.4 33.2 42.2 50.4 57.0 67.0 74.7 83.8 91.8 100.0
February March April May June July August September October November December Total
Prevalance of homicide on Monthly Basis in 2010 Graph # (4)
Prevalance of homicide on Monthly Basis in 2010
Prevalance of homicide on basis of Age in 2010 Table # (6)

The homicidal victims mainly belonged to the age group (26 45 years) followed by (11 -25 years) where 45.81% and 33.45% of the homicides occurred respectively.
AGE Cumulative Frequency Valid 0 10 years 10 25 years 25 45 years >45 years Total 27 276 378 144 825 33.5 45.8 17.5 100.0 Percent 3.3 Valid Percent 3.3 33.5 45.8 17.5 100.0 Percent 3.3 36.7 82.5 100.0
Prevalance of homicide on basis of Age in 2010 Graph # (5)
Prevalance of homicide on basis of Age in 2010
Pie Chart Presentation

Homicide Deaths in 2010
A total of 825 cases of homicide occurred during the study period 2010.This formed 81.85% of the total 1008 autopsies conducted during this period.

Cumulative Frequency Valid Homicide Others Total 825 183 1008 Percent 81.85 18.15 100.0 Valid Percent 81.85 18.15 100.0 Percent 81.85 18.15
Deaths
Homicides Others
Bar Chart Presentation

A total of 825 cases of homicide occurred during the study period 2010.This formed 81.85% of the total 1008 autopsies conducted during this period.

Cumulative Frequency Valid Homicide Others Total 825 183 1008 Percent 81.85 18.15 100.0 Valid Percent 81.85 18.15 100.0 Percent 81.85 18.15
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Deaths Others Homicides
DISCUSSION
Homicide is a reflection of extreme aggression and one of the oldest crime in human history.Although a large mumber of dimensions have been added to this crime ,the age-old factors like revenge,rage,jealousy and honour persist even today.killing of human being is a major crime.Since very long time laws were framed by different judicial authorities in a bit to prevent its further occrrence.Inspite all of these,there has been a phenonmenal rise in the incidence of homicide all over the world.Homicide demographics are affected by the improvement of trauma cxare,leading to reduced lethality of violent assaults,thus the homicide rate may also not necessarily reflect the overall level of societal violence.
According to our data ,we found that majority of deaths are due to homicide in the deaths caused in unnatural way.within the duration of our study period,a total of 1008 cases were brought for medicolegal investigation to the department of Forencsic Medicine and Toxicology K.M.C. Peshawar,out of which 825 cases were that of homicide.It makes about 81.84% of the autopsies conducted during this period.the remaining percentage involved accidental and suicidal deaths.
The gender ratio in our study is similar to the accepted view of male predominance.Males were the predominant victims of homicidal death making 727 male homicide cases making 88.1%.There werefound to be 98 female homicide cases making 11.9% of total homicidal deaths.Male to female ratio was 7.40:1.
The high mortality ratio among males is probably due to the fact that they frequently have occupational exposure as they are the earning members of the family and are thus more involved in outdoor activities.and also they have low tolerance as compared to females so are frequently involved in fights and violence.Most importantly the females of our society stay back at their homes.So the mortality ratio is lower than that of the males.
If we analyze the homicide cases in different age group,it reveals that about 45.8% of homicidal deaths in our study occurred in the middle age group(i.e 26 year to 45 year),followed by young age group(i.e 13 year to 25 year)making 33.5%.The lowest rate was

among the childhoo age group (i.e 0 to 12 year) which makes only 3.3%.The old age group(i.e 46 year and above)contributes to about 17.5% of total homicidal deaths.The greater involvement of young age and middle age group in homicides is because these age group is more active with unstable emotions and lack of rational thinking.With increasing maturity,responsibilty is realized and there is general tendency for mature people to be at back rather planners.The reason for lower homicidal deaths in childhood age group is due to the fact that they are less exposed to the outside world and are always looked after by their parents.
The methods of killing have changed over time.with recent advances,weapons like knives and daggers are becoming outdated and are being repleced by firearm as the most commonly used weapon.according to the data collected,the most common causative agent was firearm. 709 cases of total 825 homicidal deaths making 85.9% occurred through firearm.followed by bomb blast injuries which makes 4.6%(38 cases),strangulation 3.5%(29 cases),sharp weapon 2.9%(24 cases),blunt weapon 2.4%(20 cases),poisoning 0.5%(4 cases) in decreasing frequency.
The reason for firearm being the major causative agent is their easy availability,use of unregistered weapons lack of education and lack of policies by the law enforcement agencies for the valid use of these weapons.Among all the cases sharped edged weapons are umostly used unplanned deaths which usually occur in rural areas.Females aresubjected to strangulation because they are physically weak and thus in the rural areas it becomes one of the major causes of homicidal deaths.
According to our study,the time trend shows that homicidal deaths are more in summer season.he possible cause for this may be that outdoor exposure is longer in summer due to longer days as compared to winter and perhaps the tolerance is lower due to hot climate and provocation on trivial matters become more common.
As far as the data given above is concerned, it is far less than the actual rate of homicide in Peshawar. Although this data is the record of the cases brought for autopsies by the police but they are still very less than the actual values as there are certain limitations in this regard .Many cases cannot be brought on the record due to cultural and religious reasons. It is believed in our society, especially among the illiterate, that organs are taken from dead bodies during autopsy. Thus people think that autopsy is a dishonor for the dead body. The cases of

the sexual defenses are mostly off the record as it is thought to be disgraceful to the families in the society.
Despite all of these factors, the recorded values are not so significant / representative so as to catch the attention of the people associated with law enforcing duties in the region.
It is recorded that after Afghan war, the resulting increase in influx of the Afghan refugees in and around Peshawar, has increased the availability of the rifled weapons very much. Due to easy availability, the injuries caused by the rifled automatic guns have increased many folds. The use of short guns is very much decreased. However, small automatic weapons like pistols are also easily available.
CONCLUSION
1.PREVALENCE OF HOMICDE:
Homicidal deaths are more common than other types of unnatural deaths.
2.MALE TO FEMALE RATIO:

The number of male victims is greater than the female victims in homicidal cases.this may be because males are more exposed to the outside world as compared to the females.And also the males are the earning hands for the family in this part of the country.
3.CAUSATIVE AGENT:
Homicidal deaths are more frequently committed by firearm,followed by bomb blasts and sharp and blunt weapons.However,strangulation and poisoning also contribute in homicidal deaths.The reason for greater homicidal death due to firearm may be due to easy availability and its greater use among the paople of this part of the country.
4.AGE-GROUP:
Homicidal death are common in age group(26 year to 45 year).it may be because of the rushing adrenaline, emotional state and lack of rational thinking during these years of life and this was more precise for the males of this age group (0 to 12 year)has the least number of deaths.May be because they are confined to their homes with their parents.
5.Time related:
Homicidal deaths are more in summer season.the possible cause for this may be that outdoor exposure is longer in summer due to longer days as compared to winter and perhaps the tolerance is lower due to hot climate and provocation on trivial matters become more common.
RECOMMENDATIONS Restricting Access to Means of Suicides And Homicides:

Firearms are most common methods of homicides and guns are particular are used in most homicides.Public health efforts to reduce gun facilities have focused largely on the manufacture of guns.Example smart guns that are personalized so that only one authorized user can shoot the weapon.Policies related to marketing and advertising sale possession and use of guns are points of intervention.
Religious Teachings:
According to Islamic law; if anyone kills person unless it would be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land. It would be as if he killed all upland if anyone save a life, it would be as if he saved the life of all pal. (Quran 5:32) In Christianity, there is also discouragement of homicide and suicide; As u do least of my brothers, you do me(Mathew 25:40) Buddhism forbids the destruction of life; Everyone fear punishment; everyone fear death just as you do.Therefore,do not kill or cause to kill.Everyone fears punishment,everyone loves life as u do.Therefore do not kill or cause to kill. Life is sacred according to Islam and other world faith if one follows this fact, rate of homicide and suicides will definitely decrease.
Crackdown on the cause of homicides:

Some are simply as unavoidable acts of violence by bad people, but others are caused through desperation from unemployment, dependency on drug or fear of gang violence. It is vital to stop the causes in order to stop the homicides from happening in first place.
Protection Of Weak:

It must be noted that homicide will be caused through domestic violence or elderly being or other examples of the weak being targeted. It is vital social services and police are on their guard for the escalation of issues such as this.
Acknowledge and treat the social issues:

Which may exacerbate violence these could include racial tension, in culture mixed cities or perhaps homophobic violence or other hate crimes. It is important to identify where homicides could stem from and pre emotively address the issue with social initiative in link groups. So social changes for justice approach seek to expand education, recreational and employment opportunities especially for particularly youth people. Problem solving and anger management skills are increased so that violence becomes an option.
Provison of Economic Opportunities:

To people particularly young people so they are not seduced by violence and crime. Aspect of this should be include job skills, training, public transportation system that links jobs and also provide access to jobs that pay a living wage regardless of your colour, gender and political persuasion.
Rehabilitate Previous Violent Offenders:

Their next crime in some cases could be homicide so take the opportunity to help offenders deal with problem which existed before offender committed a crime. This can include lack of education, job skills, training and drug problems.
Mental Disorder Treatment:

There are many mental disorder that can lead to serious complications like schizophrenia,psychosis,depression etc. Depression one of common and serious mental disorder leading cause of suicide.So promotion of good health, preventive measures and early recognition and adequate treatment of people with mental disorders are the key measures of avoiding mental disorders and their complications.
Supporting A Healthy Life Style:

Can assist in improving or maintain gud mental health to significant predictors of

alcohol use and physical activity.Both evidence of socioeconomic gradient.A healthy life style is often associated with better income and education.Promotion of healthy life style and avoidance of harmful events are corner stone in promotion of mental health and prevention of homicide.
Responsible Media Coverage Of Suicides And Homicides:

Reduce their rates.Glamorizing or sensionalizing suicide methods can provoke copycat suicides and homicides. On other levels, responsible reporting on suicides reduces copycat suicide especially among adolescents.
The Web Offers Possibilities For Prevention, Benefits and

Harm:
Internet may constitute cost effective mean of reducing rates of homicides and suicide by reaching people suffering from other kind of mental disorder that cause them to commit suicide and homicide based on forms of psychotherapy.The benefits of internet are that it reaches a wide clients at low costs.Is accessible 24/7 anywhere and does not require a face to face contact and can be used anonymous which may encourage health surface uptake by those who have difficulty in travelling to health services.
Childhood Negative Events Must Be Avoided:

Negative life events in childhood and adolescence can lead to severe long lasting mental and social problems in adulthood. Poor parenting that is, low level of care and increase level of increases the risk that man will be depressed and will commit suicide and homicide.Childhood abuse and physical abuse is linked with two fold risk of adult depression. The more severe the abuse, the higher is the risk for major depression and suicide and homicide.
Education:
with proper education and grooming people can be given oppurtunities to lead a respectable and peaceful life, free of violence.
Law Enforcement:
those carrying unlicensed, guilty of murder or participation in murder should be punished severly and not let free in exchange for a handsome amount of money to the police or other law enforcing agencies.
Love And Friendship:

People in a community should have good relations with each other, have social gatherings, have mutual trust, love and affection. They should all try to solve disputes in a peaceful manner.
Confidence And Hopefulness:

One should have full confidence in him and not give up easily on various obstacles in life or stress out on trivial matters.
Optimism:
People should have a positive attitude towards life, they should be optimistic that everything will be alright in the end because life is not easy as it seems. Every one has problems, but they overcome them with patience and hard work. Some people control lose control of their lives just by being pessimistic and this contributes to one of the many factors responsible for homicidal deaths.
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"To Study The Prevalance of Homicide in Peshawar": One Year

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To Study The Prevalance Of Homicide In Peshawar

________________________________________________________________ Community Medicine Department 1 Khyber Medical College,Peshawar