DULICH

n "Xy dng Nng lc Qun l Mi trng Vit Nam" do U ban Chu u ti tr
s s t ta ay y h h n ng g d d n n
n nh h g gi i t t c c n ng g m m i i t tr r n ng g
c ch ho o p ph h t t t tr ri i n n d du u l l c ch h
T TH H N NG G 5 5, , 2 20 00 00 0
Bin tp:
L c An
L Thc Cn
Luc Hens
Nguyn Ngc Sinh
Vin Nghin cu
Pht trin Du lch
Tng Cc Du Lch
Vit Nam
Vin a l
Trung Tm Khoa
Hc T Nhin v
Cng Ngh Quc Gia
Department of
Human Ecology
Free University of
Brussels(VUB)
Cc Mi trng
B Khoa hc Cng
ngh v Mi trng
nh gi tc ng mi trng cho pht trin du lch
TRUNG TM KHTN & CNQG - TNG CUC DU LICH - B KHCN&MT - AI HOC TU DO BRUXEL
n "Xy dng nng lc qun l mi trng Vit Nam" VNM/B7-6200/IB/96/05
mc lc
Li ni u............................................................................................................................................... i
Danh sch tc gi v ban bin tp............................................................................................ iii
Danh sch tc gi: .............................................................................................................. iii
Danh sch cn b khoa hc c gp kin bng vn bn cho cc bn d tho......................... iv
Danh mc cc t v cm t vit tt............................................................................................ v
Li gii thiu ........................................................................................................................................... 1
Chng I: cc vn chung v du lch v mi trng .................................................................. 2
1. Cc khi nim chung v du lch ............................................................................................ 2
1.1. c trng ca ngnh du lch.......................................................................................... 2
1.2. Phn loi cc loi hnh du lch ...................................................................................... 3
1.3. Cc yu t cu thnh ca mt d n pht trin du lch.................................................. 7
2. Cc vn lin quan gia mi trng v pht trin du lch.................................................. 7
2.1. Cc mi lin quan........................................................................................................... 7
2.2. Cc ngun tc ng v cc mi trng chu tc ng ................................................... 9
2.3. Cc tc ng tim nng ca d n pht trin du lch................................................... 10
2.4. Khi nim v nhng nguyn tc pht trin bn vng du lch Vit Nam....................... 13
Chng II: Th tc nh gi tc ng mi trng d n pht trin du lch............................... 16
1. H thng vn bn php lut v mi trng v du lch......................................................... 16
1.1. Cc vn bn php lut v mi trng .......................................................................... 16
1.2. Cc vn bn php lut v du lch................................................................................. 16
2. Th tc nh gi tc ng mi trng Vit Nam v cc bc thc hin d n pht trin du
lch 17
2.1. Khi qut chung v th tc nh gi tc ng mi trng Vit Nam...................... 17
2.2. ngh chi tit v th tc cho nh gi tc ng mi trng...................................... 18
2.3. Cc bc tin hnh ca mt d n pht trin du lch .................................................. 18
Chng III: Tin hnh nh gi tc ng mi trng cho d n pht trin du lch.................. 21
1. Bc 1: Sng lc d n........................................................................................................ 21
1.1. Sng lc d n v tc ng mi trng Vit Nam..................................................... 21
1.2. Tham kho phn loi ca Cng ng Chu u............................................................ 21
2. Bc 2: Xc nh phm vi ................................................................................................... 22
2.1. Khi nim v mc tiu.................................................................................................. 22
2.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng s b............................................................................ 22
2.3. Xy dng k hoch chi tit cho nghin cu nh gi tc ng mi trng .................. 23
3. Bc 3: Phn tch nh gi cc tc ng mi trng.......................................................... 24
3.1. Nhn dng cc tc ng mi trng ........................................................................... 24
3.2. Phn tch d bo cc tc ng mi trng ca d n pht trin du lch..................... 26
3.3. Xc nh ngha ca tc ng mi trng................................................................... 28
4. Bc 4: La chn phng n v xut cc bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng... 29
4.1. La chn phng n thay th ....................................................................................... 29
4.2. Cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng .................................................... 29
5. Bc 5: nh gi chi ph - li ch ....................................................................................... 32
5.1. Mt s khi nim trong nh gi chi ph - li ch ........................................................ 32
5.2. Nhng phng php nh gi chi ph li ch hin thng c dng trong nh gi tc
ng mi trng cho d n pht trin du lch..................................................................... 32
Chng IV: Xy dng bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng cho d n pht trin du lch 36
1. Cc c s xy dng bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ........................................... 36
1.1. C s lut php............................................................................................................ 36
1.2. Yu cu v ni dung ..................................................................................................... 36
2. Cc ni dung ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng cho d n pht trin du lch....... 36
3. Bo co tm tt.................................................................................................................... 43
Chng V: Thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n pht trin du lch v
Gim st cc tc ng mi trng.................................................................................................. 44
1. Thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng............................................................. 44
1.1. Cc cp thm nh ....................................................................................................... 44
1.2. Nguyn tc thm nh .................................................................................................. 44
1.3. Cc ch tiu thm nh................................................................................................. 44
2. Gim st (monitoring) tc ng mi trng ....................................................................... 44
2.1. Khi nim..................................................................................................................... 45
2.2. Mc tiu ....................................................................................................................... 45
2.3. Xy dng k hoch gim st ......................................................................................... 45
2.4. Xc nh trch nhim gim st ..................................................................................... 45
2.5. Thc hin gim st tc ng ........................................................................................ 46
2.6. Lp bo co v gim st cc tc ng mi trng bao gm cc ni dung .................. 46
2.7. Nhng yu t ngng gim st....................................................................................... 46
Chng VI: nh gi mi trng chin lc cho pht trin du lch............................................ 47
1. Khi nim chung................................................................................................................. 47
2. Cc mc tiu ca nh gi mi trng chin lc cho pht trin du lch ........................... 48
3. Phng php lun nh gi mi trng chin lc...................................................................48
3.1. Quan im nh gi mi trng chin lc................................................................. 48
3.2. Phng php nh gi mi trng chin lc ............................................................. 48
4. Phng hng trin khai nh gi mi trng chin lc cho pht trin du lch vit nam....49
4.1. Phng hng pht trin.............................................................................................. 49
4.2. Phng hng trin khai nh gi mi trng chin lc cho pht trin du lch Vit Nam
................................................................................................................................ 50
Kt lun................................................................................................................................................. 53
Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................................................... 54
A. Ting Vit ........................................................................................................................... 54
B. Ting Anh............................................................................................................................ 54
i
Li ni u
Bi cnh son tho S tay hng dn. Cun s tay hng dn c son trong khun kh
n "Xy dng nng lc qun l mi trng Vit Nam" (VNM/B7-6200/IB/96/05) do Uy ban
Chu u ti tr. n hp tc quc t ny do Vin a l (Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v
Cng ngh Quc gia), Khoa Mi trng (i hc Khoa hc T nhin H ni) v B mn Sinh
thi Nhn vn (i hc T do Bruxel (VUB), B) cng thc hin.
Lut bo v mi trng (LBVMT) ca nc ta quy nh cc d n pht trin quan trng phi
tin hnh nh gi tc ng mi trng (GTMT). Sau khi LBVMT c ph chun, nhiu
vn bn php l c ban hnh nhm hng dn thc hin cng tc GTMT. thc hin
tt hn cng tc GTMT, cng vi nhng vn bn php l cn c thm nhng hng dn
k thut. Hn na, cc hng dn GTMT chuyn ngnh nc ta cn thiu. V vy, vic
xut bn cun S tay hng dn GTMT cho pht trin du lch nhm thng nht cc yu
cu php l v GTMT vi vic trin khai chi tit cc bc ca quy trnh GTMT i vi
cc d n pht trin du lch l rt cn thit.
Mc ch ca S tay hng dn. Vic son tho cun: S tay hng dn nh gi tc ng
mi trng cho pht trin du lch nhm cc mc ch sau:
1. Cung cp cc kin thc c bn cho nhng ngi lm cng tc GTMT cc d n pht
trin du lch;
2. Gip la chn v p dng cc phng php GTMT ph hp vi thc tin pht trin du
lch Vit Nam;
3. Cung cp cng c tr gip qu trnh thm nh bo co GTM ca pht trin du lch,
nhm nng cao hiu qu vic a ra quyt nh ca cc nh hoch nh chnh sch trong
lnh vc bo v mi trng;
4. Gp phn vo s pht trin du lch bn vng Vit Nam.
Qu trnh bin son S tay hng dn. S tay hng dn c son trn c s nghin cu
thc tin GTMT Vit Nam kt hp vi tham kho cc kinh nghim v GTMT cc d
n pht trin du lch ca cc T chc Quc t v cc nc trong khu vc ng Nam v Th
gii. Mt cuc Hi tho khoa hc c t chc (9/1998) c s phi hp ca Cc Mi
trng xin kin gp cho bn d tho ln th nht vi s tham gia ca trn 80 nh khoa
hc quan tm n GTMT t cc Vin Nghin cu, cc trng i hc v cc nh qun l
t cc c quan qun l mi trng trung ng v a phng. Bn cnh cc gp trc tip ti
Hi tho, 11 bn gp bng vn bn c gi cho cc tc gi trc khi hi tho c t
chc. Trn c s nhng gp bng vn bn v nhng gp ti Hi tho, bn tho ln th hai
ca S tay c hon thnh. Bn tho ln th hai c tho lun ti Hi tho do Tng cc
Du lch (TCDL) t chc vo thng 5 nm 1999 vi s tham gia ca 35 i biu i din cho
Lnh o TCDL, cc V qun l chc nng, Vin Nghin cu Pht trin Du lch v cc
Doanh nghip du lch. Tip theo, Hi ng C vn ca n t chc ch o vic sa cha
nhiu ln c th xut bn v ph bin cun S tay hng dn GTMT cho pht trin du
lch.
ii
Gii hn ca S tay hng dn. cng c nh gi tc ng mi trng c th gp phn
c lc vo vic phng nga v gim thiu cc tc ng bt li, pht huy cc tc ng tch
cc ca cc hot ng pht trin cn thit phi c nhng ti liu: 1/ cc vn bn php l (Lut,
Ngh nh, Thng t...); 2/ cc hng dn (Hng dn chung, Hng dn chuyn ngnh,...) v
3/ ti liu khoa hc chuyn su. S tay hng dn GTMT cho pht trin du lch ch l mt
trong tng th nhiu ti liu v GTMT, v vy c th xy dng c mt bo co
GTMT cho cc d n pht trin du lch c cht lng cao th ngoi vic tham kho S tay
hng dn GTMT cho pht trin du lch, cn thit phi tham kho thm nhiu ti liu
chuyn su khc.
Do cng tc GTMT ca nc ta cn mi, nhiu vn cn c b sung v hon thin k
c cc vn bn php l, v vy c thng tin cho cc nh hoch nh chnh sch tham
kho tin ti hon thin cng c GTMT cho cc d n pht trin du lch trong tng lai,
S tay hng dn a vo phn ph lc cc vn bn do Nh nc ban hnh v nhiu vn
liu khc ca cc T chc Quc t v cc nc trong Khu vc ng Nam .
Li cm n. Trc ht, thay mt Hi ng C vn n, ti xin chn thnh cm n v chc
mng tp th tc gi, Ban bin tp hon thnh vic son tho, bin tp v a vo xut bn
cun S tay hng dn GTMT cho pht trin du lch v gp phn khim tn ca n
"Xy dng Nng lc Qun l Mi trng Vit Nam" vo s nghip bo v mi trng
Vit Nam.
Cht lng ca cun S tay hng dn GTMT cho pht trin du lch c nng ln
nh kin ng gp qy bu ca nhiu nh khoa hc, qun l mi trng v du lch t trung
ng n a phng thng qua cc Hi tho khoa hc do n v Tng cc Du lch t chc.
Nhn dp ny ti rt vinh d c by t li cm n n cc nh khoa hc, cc nh qun l
mi trng v du lch v s quan tm v gip .
Uy ban Chu u ti tr n c th hon thnh cc nhim v ra. Thay mt, Hi
ng C vn n ti xin chn thnh cm n s gip qy bu v c hiu qu ca Uy ban
Chu u v Phi on Chu u ti H Ni.
Cui cng, mc du n c rt nhiu c gng song cng khng th no trnh khi nhng
sai st cn phi sa cha v b sung, ti xin cm n trc cc kin ng gp ca bn c
cho cun S tay hng dn GTMT cho d n pht trin du lch.
PGS. TS. Phm Huy Tin,
Ph gim c Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia,
Ch tch Hi ng C vn n
iii
Danh sch tc gi v ban bin tp
Danh sch tc gi:
1. TS. Trn T, Vin a l, Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia (Ch bin);
2. Th.S. Lu Th Thao, Vin a l, Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia;
3. TS. Phm Trung Lng, Vin Nghin cu Pht trin Du lch;
4. ng Eddy Nierynck, B mn Sinh thi Nhn vn, i hc T do Bruxel, B;
5. Th.S. L Thu Hin, Vin a L, Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia;
6. Th.S. Hong Hoa Qun, Vin Nghin cu Pht trin Du lch, Tng cc Du lch;
7. Th.S. Nguyn Hnh Quyn, Vin a L, Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia;
8. Th.S. Chu Th Sng, Cc Mi trng, B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng;
9. TS. Trn Vn , Vin a l, Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia.
Vi s tham gia ca cc cn b khoa hc:
1. CN. L Trnh Hi, Vin a l, Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia;
2. CN. Nguyn c Hin, Vin a L, Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia;
3. CN. Ung nh Khanh, Vin a l, Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia;
4. TS. H Duy Ng, Vin Sinh thi v Ti nguyn Sinh vt, Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng
ngh Quc gia;
5. ng Paul Insua-Cao, B mn Sinh thi v Nhn vn, i hc T do Bruxel, B;
6. KS. Hong Danh Sn, S Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng tnh Qung Ninh;
7. Th.S. Nguyn Th Bng Thanh, Vin a l, Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc
gia;
8. CN. Cao Hi Thanh, Vin a L, Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia.
Ban bin tp:
1. GS. TS. L c An, Vin a l, Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia;
2. GS. TS. L Thc Cn, Trung tm Mi trng v Pht trin Bn vng;
3. GS. TS. Luc Hens, B mn Sinh thi Nhn vn, i hc T do Bruxel, Vng quc B;
4. TS. Nguyn Ngc Sinh, Cc Mi trng, B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng.
iv
Danh sch cn b khoa hc c gp kin bng vn bn cho cc bn d tho
1. GS. L Qu An, Ch tch Hi Bo v Thin nhin v Mi trng Vit Nam.
2. PGS. TS. V Tun Cnh, Ph Tng cc trng, Tng cc Du lch.
3. ng Nguyn Huy Cng, Gim c Cng ty Du lch Tre Xanh.
4. Th.S. V Tr Chung, Vin iu tra Quy hoch Rng, B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn.
5. TS. Nguyn Ph c, Ph Tng cc trng, Tng cc Du lch.
6. KS. Nguyn Vinh H, V trng V Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, Vn phng Quc Hi.
7. TS. Nguyn nh He, Khoa Mi trng, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin i hc Quc gia
H Ni.
8. TS. Dng Xun Hi, Ph V trng V Du lch - Tng cc Du lch.
9. TS. L Minh Hng, V Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, Vn phng Quc Hi.
10. GS. TS. Nguyn Thng Hng, Vin a l, Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc
gia.
11. PGS. TS. Phan Thu Hng, V trng V Khoa hc Gio dc Mi trng - B K hoch v u
t.
12. TS. Nguyn Ngc Khnh, Vin a l, Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia.
13. ng Ng Huy Phng, Gim c Cng ty Du lch Vit Nam ti H Ni.
14. GS. TS. Cao Vn Sung, Vin Sinh thi v Ti nguyn sinh vt, Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v
Cng ngh Quc gia.
15. TS. Nguyn Xun Tng, Vin Vt liu, Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia.
16. PGS. TS. L Thng, Ch nhim Khoa a l, Trng i hc S phm - i hc Quc gia H
Ni.
17. TS. Nguyn B Th, Cc trng Cc Kim lm, B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn.
18. PGS. TS. Nguyn Minh Tu, Khoa a l, Trng i hc S phm - i hc Quc gia H Ni.
19. Annalisa Koeman, C vn d n Du lch Bn vng, T chc Bo tn Thin nhin Th gii.
v
Danh mc cc t v cm t vit tt
CP Chi ph
EC European Commission
U ban Chu u
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
nh gi tc ng mi trng
EU European Union
Lin hip Chu u, Cng ng Chu u
GTMT nh gi tc ng mi trng
GMTCL nh gi mi trng chin lc
GIS Geographical Infomation System
H thng tin a l
HBT Hi ng B trng
KHCN&MT Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng
LBVMT Lut bo v mi trng
LI Li ch
NPV Gi tr hin ti
Q Quyt nh
R H s trit gim
TCMT Tiu chun mi trng
TCDL Tng cc Du lch
TCVN Tiu chun Vit Nam
T Thi gian
TT Thng t
V
tb
Gi tr trung bnh
WTO World Tourism Organization
T chc Du lch th gii
1
Li gii thiu
Du lch c xc nh l mt ngnh kinh t tng hp quan trng, mang ni dung vn ho su sc, c
tnh lin ngnh, lin vng v x hi ho cao. 40 nm hnh thnh v pht trin, du lch Vit Nam vi
nhng bc tin vng chc, c bit l t nhng nm 90 tr li y, gp phn tch cc vo s
nghip pht trin kinh t - x hi ca t nc. ng v Nh nc Vit Nam khng nh "Pht
trin du lch l mt hng chin lc quan trng trong ng li pht trin kinh t - x hi ca
ng v Nh nc nhm gp phn thc hin cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc...". (Ch th S
46-CT/TW, ngy 14 thng 10 nm 1994 ca Ban B th Trung ng ng Cng sn Vit Nam).
S pht trin cc ngnh kinh t, ko theo s ph hu mi trng nh hng su rng n i sng
kinh t - x hi. iu ny c bit c ngha i vi ngnh du lch bi mi trng lun l yu t
quan trng, tc ng trc tip ti s pht trin tn ti ca hot ng du lch. Pht trin du lch bn
vng trc ht phi bo v mi trng v duy tr tnh ton vn ca ti nguyn du lch.
Hin nay, sch hng dn nh gi tc ng mi trng (GTMT) cho pht trin du lch cha
nhiu. Vic bin son cun S tay hng dn nh gi tc ng mi trng cho pht trin du lch
l rt cn thit, c ngha c v l lun v thc tin cho cng tc GTMT cc d n pht trin du
lch nc ta.
Ni dung ca cun S tay hng dn p ng c ba yu cu c bn: mt l, ph hp vi h thng
lut php v th ch, vi trnh khoa hc v cng ngh v GTMT hin nay nc ta; hai l, chi
tit ha ni dung cun S tay hng dn GTMT chung cc d n pht trin do n "Xy
dng nng lc qun l mi trng Vit Nam" bin son; ba l, gp phn nng cao cht lng v
hiu qu cc d n pht trin du lch ca Vit Nam, tng bc hi nhp vi xu th ca khu vc v
th gii v GTMT.
Cu trc ca cun S tay hng dn bao gm hai phn chnh. Phn th nht trnh by v khi nim
cc hot ng du lch, tp trung vo cc vn mi trng v pht trin du lch. Phn th hai hm
cha cc hng dn xy dng bo co, thm nh GTMT v gim st cc tc ng ca pht trin
du lch. Ngoi nhng ni dung chnh trn, phn ph lc cung cp nhng thng tin, t liu chuyn
su hn bn c d tham kho. S tay hng dn c bin son phc v rng ri cho tt c cc
c quan v c nhn tham gia vo qu trnh GTMT cc d n pht trin du lch.
S tay hng dn GTMT cho pht trin du lch l cun sch u tin nc ta chuyn v
GTMT cho cc d n pht trin du lch. y l kt qu ca qu trnh nghin cu nghim tc v
ton din, c tham kho kin rng ri ca cc chuyn gia v GTMT, cc nh qun l v hot
ng du lch Vit Nam.
Tt nhin trong cun s tay ny, u cn mt s iu c th trao i thm, nhng u cng l
iu d thng cm khi phi cp n mt vn mi m v y phc tp.
Ti hn hnh gii thiu vi bn c mt lnh vc hot ng mi ca du lch m kt qu ca n s
gp phn tch cc vo s nghip pht trin du lch bn vng Vit Nam. Ti cng hy vng rng vi
s tch lu v vn hiu bit su rng ca mnh, cc tc gi s tip tc cung cp cho chng ta mt ci
nhn y hn v h thng GTMT cho pht trin du lch.
TS. Nguyn Ph c
Ph Tng cc trng, Tng cc Du lch
2
Chng I: cc vn chung v du lch v mi trng
1. Cc khi nim chung v du lch
"Du lch l hot ng ca con ngi ngoi ni c tr thng xuyn ca mnh nhm tho mn nhu
cu tham quan, gii tr, ngh dng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh". (Php lnh Du lch,
2/1999).
Cc hot ng du lch lin quan mt cch cht ch vi mi trng (bao gm c mi trng t nhin
v mi trng nhn vn) nh khi nim c nu: "Mi trng bao gm cc yu t t nhin v
yu t vt cht nhn to quan h mt thit vi nhau, bao quanh con ngi, c nh hng n i
sng, sn xut, s tn ti, pht trin ca con ngi v thin nhin". (iu 1, Lut bo v mi trng
Vit Nam, 1994).
Tuy nhin, trong thc t hot ng du lch cn tn ti nhng mi lin quan phi vt cht nh cc tp
tc, truyn thng vn ho, tn ngng, tm l... khng nm trong nh ngha trn. Bi vy, khi nh
gi tc ng mi trng cho pht trin du lch, cn m rng khi nim mi trng c th bao
qut c y cc mi quan h: "Mi trng bao gm cc thnh phn vt l, sinh hc, x hi,
tinh thn v vn ho; chng c mi quan h qua li vi nhau, tc ng ln s sinh trng v pht
trin ca cc c th sng". (M. Husain Sadar, EIA,1996).
Nhng lnh vc c cp n trong cun sch ny c hiu theo ngha m rng ny, v y
cng l nt khc bit gia khi nim v mi trng chung theo Lut mi trng Vit Nam v mi
trng trong pht trin du lch.
1.1. c trng ca ngnh du lch
Mi d n pht trin du lch c thc hin trn c s khai thc nhng gi tr ca ti nguyn du lch
t nhin, vn ha, lch s cng vi cc c s h tng v nhng dch v km theo. Kt qu ca qu
trnh khai thc l vic hnh thnh nhng sn phm du lch t cc tim nng v ti nguyn, em li
nhiu li ch cho x hi.
Trc tin l nhng li ch v kinh t - x hi, to ra nhiu c hi tm kim vic lm, nng cao
i sng kinh t cho cng ng a phng thng qua cc dch v du lch, to iu kin cho vic bo
tn cc gi tr vn ho, lch s v s a dng ca thin nhin ni c nhng hot ng pht trin du
lch. Sau na l nhng li ch em li cho khch du lch trong vic hng th cc cnh quan thin
nhin l, cc truyn thng vn ho lch s, nhng c th dn tc m trc h cha bit ti v t
xc lp mt thc mi v trch nhim bo tn s ton vn ca cc gi tr thin nhin, vn ho
lch s ca ni h n ni ring v ca hnh tinh ni chung.
Nhng c trng c bn ca ngnh du lch bao gm:
1.1.1. Tnh a ngnh
Tnh a ngnh th hin i tng c khai thc phc v du lch (s hp dn v cnh quan t
nhin, cc gi tr lch s, vn ho, c s h tng v cc dch v km theo...).
Thu nhp x hi t du lch cng mang li ngun thu cho nhiu ngnh kinh t khc nhau thng qua
cc sn phm dch v cung cp cho khch du lch (in, nc, nng sn, hng ho...).
1.1.2. Tnh a thnh phn
Biu hin tnh a dng trong thnh phn khch du lch, nhng ngi phc v du lch, cc cng
ng nhn dn trong khu du lch, cc t chc chnh ph v phi chnh ph tham gia vo cc hot
ng du lch.
3
1.1.3. Tnh a mc tiu
Biu hin nhng li ch a dng v bo tn thin nhin, cnh quan lch s vn ho, nng cao cht
lng cuc sng ca khch du lch v ngi tham gia hot ng dch v du lch, m rng s giao lu
vn ho, kinh t v nng cao thc tt p ca mi thnh vin trong x hi.
1.1.4. Tnh lin vng
Biu hin thng qua cc tuyn du lch vi mt qun th cc im du lch trong mt khu vc, trong
mt quc gia hay gia cc quc gia vi nhau.
1.1.5. Tnh ma v
Biu hin thi gian din ra hot ng du lch tp trung vi cng cao trong nm. Tnh ma v
th hin r nht cc loi hnh du lch ngh bin,h thao theo ma... (theo tnh cht ca kh hu)
hoc loi hnh du lch ngh cui tun, vui chi gii tr... (theo tnh cht cng vic ca nhng ngi
hng th sn phm du lch).
1.1.6. Tnh chi ph
Biu hin ch mc ch i du lch ca cc khch du lch l hng th cc sn phm du lch ch
khng phi vi mc tiu kim tin.
1.2. Phn loi cc loi hnh du lch
1.2.1.Phn loi da vo c im ca khch du lch, v tr a l, phng tin v mc ch du lch
Theo Nguyn Minh Tu v cc cng s (1997) c th phn loi nh sau:
Theo mc ch du lch
Du lch cha bnh;
Du lch ngh dng;
Du lch th thao;
Du lch vn ho;
Du lch cng v;
Du lch tn gio;
Du lch thm thn;
Du lch tham quan, nghin cu;
Du lch mo him.
Theo phm vi lnh th
Du lch trong nc (ni a);
Du lch quc t.
Theo v tr a l
Du lch ngh bin;
Du lch ngh ni;
Du lch ng bng.
Theo vic s dng cc phng tin giao thng
Du lch i b;
Du lch xe p;
Du lch m t;
Du lch t;
Du lch khinh kh cu;
Du lch my bay;
Du lch tu ho;
Du lch tu thu.
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Theo thi gian ca cuc hnh trnh
Du lch ngn ngy;
Du lch di ngy.
Theo la tui
Du lch thanh nin;
Du lch thiu nin;
Du lch ngi cao tui.
Theo hnh thc t chc
Du lch c t chc;
Du lch c nhn.
Ngy nay, trn th gii c rt nhiu cch phn loi du lch da theo nhng tiu ch khc nhau, c
bit cc nc pht trin do nhu cu ca khch du lch rt a dng nn cc loi hnh du lch cng
rt phong ph v mi nc, mi khu vc li c nhng loi hnh c trng ring vi nhng sn
phm du lch c trng.
1.2.2. Phn loi du lch Vit Nam da trn quan im khai thc ti nguyn du lch
Da vo thc trng tim nng ti nguyn du lch, bao gm ti nguyn du lch t nhin v ti nguyn
du lch nhn vn, iu kin v nh hng pht trin du lch Vit Nam, cc loi hnh du lch c th
c phn loi nh sau:
Du lch bin
Bao gm cc hot ng du lch vng t ven bin, trn bi bin, trn mt nc v di mt nc
bin.
Bin Vit Nam l ngun ti nguyn to ln, c vai tr quan trng i vi s pht trin kinh t - x hi
ni chung v pht trin du lch bin ni ring. B bin Vit Nam di hn 3200 km, c hn 125 bi
tm ln nh, trong c nhng bi ln c chiu di ti 15-18 km v nhiu bi nh c chiu di t 1-
2 km. Hin c ti 70% tng s cc im du lch ca Vit Nam nm vng ven bin, hng nm thu
ht ti khong 80% lng khch du lch ca c nc.
Hot ng pht trin du lch bin thng rt si ng vi lng khch ln v tp trung, bi vy c
nhng tc ng ng k n mi trng v cc h sinh thi vng ven bin vn rt nhy cm. Cc
khu vc ven bin Vit Nam hin nay ang chu nhng tc ng ca hot ng du lch l vnh H
Long, Sn, Sm Sn, Ca L, Nng, Nha Trang, B Ra-Vng Tu...
Du lch o
Vi gn 3000 hn o, Vit Nam c xem l quc gia c tim nng du lch o ln khu vc. Tuy
nhin cho n nay, nhng tim nng ny vn cha c iu tra mt cch y .
H sinh thi o c bit rt nhy cm vi nhng tc ng ca hot ng pht trin kinh t - x hi
ni chung v du lch ni ring. y l vn cn lu i vi cc d n pht trin du lch o v
nu khng cc gi tr ti nguyn du lch v mi trng s rt nhanh chng b suy thoi, nh hng
tiu cc n hot ng du lch.
Hin nay, mt s o ven b Vit Nam v ang c khai thc phc v du lch nh h thng o
vnh H Long, o Ct B, C Lao Chm, Cn o, Ph Quc... Tuy nhin, ngay c trong giai
on u ca hot ng du lch o ny sinh nhng vn v mi trng do hot ng du lch
nh Ct B, Tun Chu...
Du lch sng nc
H thng sng ngi Vit Nam kh pht trin vi mt trung bnh l 0,8km/km
2
, trong c
bit phi k n vng ng bng sng Cu Long vi mt cao nht ln ti 4km/km
2
. y khng
5
ch l yu t thun li cho pht trin giao thng thu, thu li m cn l kh nng to ln pht
trin du lch sng nc. Nhiu con sng (on sng) Vit Nam hin nay v ang c khai thc
phc v du lch nh du lch trn sng Hng (on thnh ph H Ni v ph cn), trn sng Hng
(thnh ph Hu), trn sng Si Gn... v c bit l trn h thng sng Tin, sng Hu (ng bng
sng Cu Long). C nhng d n lin quc gia nhm khai thc tim nng to ln ca sng Cu Long
ni thnh ph H Ch Minh vi thnh ph Phnm Pnh v cc nc trong khu vc Tiu vng sng
M Kng m rng.
Hot ng du lch sng nc i hi c s t chc chu o, hp l vi cc dch v ng b, m bo
an ton cho khch v phng tin, ng thi cng c nhng tc ng trc tip n mi trng v cc
h sinh thi ven sng. c bit nhng tc ng do s c ng thu s to ra nhng hu qu rt ln
i vi mi trng khu vc.
Du lch h
L loi hnh du lch kh ph bin hin nay nc ta trn c s khai thc nhng tim nng du lch h
(bao gm h t nhin v h nhn to) nh: h Thc B (tnh Yn Bi), Ba B (tnh Bc Kn), Ni
Cc (thnh ph Thi Nguyn), i Li (tnh Vnh Phc), ng M (tnh H Ty), Du Ting (tnh
Ty Ninh), h Ho Bnh (tnh Ho Bnh)...
Hot ng du lch h khng ch c nhng tc ng n mi trng v cc h sinh thi h, c bit
nhng h t c s lu thng nc, m cn c nhng tc ng n cc h sinh thi v cng ng dn
c vng quanh h.
Du lch hang ng
Vit Nam c khong 50.000km
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a hnh Karst, c xem l quc gia c tim nng to ln v du
lch ni v hang ng vi hn 200 hang ng c pht hin, trong in hnh l ng Phong
Nha (tnh Qung Bnh) c chiu di gn 8 km ang c ngh UNESCO cng nhn l Di sn
thin nhin th gii.
Mt c im quan trng ca a hnh Karst l cnh quan ht sc hp dn, hn th na thng l ni
xy ct cc cng trnh nh n, cha c gi tr v lch s, vn ho v kin trc. Chnh v vy, hot
ng du lch nhiu ni vi rt pht trin Vit Nam nh: Nht-Nh-Tam Thanh (tnh Lng
Sn), H Long (tnh Qung Ninh), Ct B (thnh ph Hi Phng), Hng Sn, Cha Thy (tnh H
Ty), Hoa L, Tam Cc-Bch ng (tnh Ninh Bnh), Ng Hnh Sn (thnh ph Nng), Phong
Nha (tnh Qung Bnh), Cha Hang (tnh Kin Giang)...
Du lch trn ni vi v hang ng thng to nn nhng tc ng n cnh quan v mi trng
do lng khch tp trung ln, gp nhiu ln sc cha ca khu vc du lch. Bn cnh s pht trin
h thng h tng khng m bo k thut v kin trc cnh quan (ch yu l ng giao thng ni
b) p ng nhu cu du lch thng l nguyn nhn ph v cnh quan v nguy c trt l.
Du lch ni
Du lch ni Vit Nam hin nay cha gi mt vai tr quan trng, tuy vy tim nng v du lch ni
nc ta l kh ln. Du lch ni thng c t chc trn cc vng ni cao c kh hu mt m, cnh
quan p ni cc dn tc a phng cn bo tn c nn vn ho c o; rng nhit i trn ni
c nhiu gi tr nguyn sinh cn t b tc ng; tt c u rt hp dn i vi khch du lch trong v
ngoi nc. Du lch ni thng l du lch ngh dng t ngi, mc di ngy hoc ngn ngy ph
thuc vo iu kin cc c s vt cht k thut, dch v v ph thuc vo tim nng ti nguyn du
lch ca vng. C nhiu vng du lch trn ni tp trung trn mt din tch nh hp nn d b tc
ng bi s qu ti so vi sc cha thc t ca vng. Mi trng mt s vng du lch ni c din
tch rng ln vi cnh quan thin nhin a dng thng chu nhng tc ng tng hp t nhiu kha
cnh nh hot ng pht trin cc c s h tng v cng trnh dch v du lch. Cc tc ng ca thi
k hot ng d n thng nh hng n h sinh thi t nhin, n mi trng t, nc, khng
kh, n nn vn ho bn a, n i sng kinh t x hi ca cng ng a phng... Hot ng du
lch trn cc vng ni thng l kt hp ca nhiu loi hnh (nh du lch sinh thi, vui chi, dng
6
bnh, du lch mo him, du lch vn ho...). Nhng v d in hnh v du lch ni Vit Nam nh:
Sapa (tnh Lo Cai), Tam o (tnh Vnh Phc), Ba V (tnh H Ty), Yn T (tnh Qung Ninh),
Lt, Lang Biang (tnh Lm ng), Bch M (tnh Tha Thin - Hu), B N (thnh ph Nng)...
Du lch sinh thi
L loi hnh du lch rt hp dn v c iu kin pht trin Vit Nam ni c cc h sinh thi t
nhin in hnh cho vng nhit i gi ma ca th gii. Tuy nhin hin nay s pht trin ca loi
hnh du lch ny cn hn ch vi s lng nh khch du lch vi mc ch nghin cu khoa hc v
o to. Trong danh sch h thng rng c dng ca Vit Nam hin c 11 vn quc gia, 52 khu
d tr t nhin, 18 khu bo tn loi hoc sinh cnh, 22 khu bo v cnh quan v d kin thnh lp
16 khu bo tn bin. Du lch sinh thi thng c tc ng nh hng n cc h sinh thi ng thc
vt ca cc vng du lich. Cc vng du lch c tnh a dng sinh hc cao ng quan tm Vit Nam
hin nay nh vn quc gia Cc Phng, Ba V, Ct B, Bch M, Nam Ct Tin, Jok Don, Ba B...
v cc khu bo tn thin nhin Mng Nh, Hu Lin, Hong Lin Sn, Kon Ka Kinh, Ph Quc,
V Quang, Phong Nha... Trong h thng rng c dng c 8 khu c nh gi l c tim nng du
lch cao, 3 khu c tim nng du lch trung bnh v 3 khu c tim nng du lch nghin cu khoa hc.
Du lch vn ha, lch s v l hi
y l loi hnh du lch pht trin trn c s khai thc cc gi tr di sn kin trc, lch s, vn ha
ca t nc. Vit Nam hin c khong 40.000 di tch lch s vn ho, trong s hn 2.250 di tch
c xp hng. y l tim nng du lch v cng to ln, bn cnh nhng chng tch v kin trc
vn ho lch s c o giu bn sc. Ngoi ra cc l hi, cc lng ngh truyn thng v cc ln iu
dn ca tiu biu cho cc min, cc dn tc t ngi cng vi cc sinh hot, t chc lng bn... cng
l nhng ti nguyn du lch nhn vn c gi tr hp dn i vi khch du lch trong v ngoi nc.
Cng vi loi hnh du lch vn ho, lch s v l hi, nhng cuc du lch mang tnh tn gio bao
gm cuc hnh hng nh k hay khng nh k n n cc "thnh a" tn gio khc nhau trn
t nc Vit Nam cng thu ht mt lng ln khch ng k trong nc. Cc ti nguyn du lch
ny cng rt nhy cm i vi cc tc ng ca khch du lch theo nhiu kha cnh trong ng
lu l s xung cp v cc cng trnh di tch cng nh s xi mn cc gi tr vn ha truyn thng
do b tc ng thng mi ho v nh hng ca cc lung vn ha ngoi lai.
Nhng v d ca loi hnh du lch ny Vit Nam l tham quan nghin cu cc di sn vn ha-kin
trc c Hu, ph c Hi An, di tch M Sn; cc di tch lch s cch mng nh Pc B, a o
C Chi, thnh c Qung tr, in Bin Ph, Sn M...; tham quan tm hiu vn ho, sinh hot truyn
thng cc bun lng dn tc Ty Bc, Ty Nguyn...; cc lng ngh truyn thng nh Bt Trng,
Vn Phc, lng H nh Bng; cc vng dn ca quan h, sng M, Ngh Tnh, Hu, Nam Trung B,
Ty Nguyn, Ty Bc, Nam B...; tham gia cc l hi tiu biu l l hi n Hng, Cha Hng,
n B en, Ni Sam, hi chi tru Sn...
Du lch vui chi gii tr cc khu th
y l loi hnh du lch c pht trin nhm phc v nhu cu du lch vui chi gii tr cho ngi dn
th vo thi gian rnh ri hoc du khch t ni khc n thm thnh ph. Thng thng, cc tc
ng ca hot ng ny c tnh n v gii quyt gim thiu tc ng mi trng ngay t khi
thit k, xy dng. Cc tc ng cn li tp trung ch yu trong qu trnh xy dng v cng ph
thuc vo cng tc t chc v qun l sau xy dng. V d v loi hnh du lch ny Vit Nam tiu
biu nh cng vin Th L (thnh ph H Ni), Tho cm vin, cng vin m Sen, Sui Tin,
cng vin nc... thnh ph H Ch Minh, v.v..
Du lch th thao
Loi hnh du lch cha pht trin mnh Vit Nam ngoi mt s sn gn phc v cho mt tng lp
nh trong x hi. Trong tng lai gn, loi hnh du lch ny cng s c pht trin a dng v
7
mnh hn ti cc trung tm du lch. Thuc loi hnh ny c cc trung tm th thao nh: ua nga,
bi thuyn, lt vn, m t nc; cc tua xe p, xe my cho cc c gi v thanh thiu nin.
Nhng loi hnh du lch trn y i hi thit k xy dng cc c s h tng, cc tin nghi du lch,
cc dch v phc v cho khch du lch v cc h thng cung cp km theo cho du lch. l lot
cc ngun tc ng mi trng tim nng ca pht trin du lch.
1.3. Cc yu t cu thnh ca mt d n pht trin du lch
Mt d n pht trin du lch thng c cu thnh bi 2 nhm yu t khc nhau v bn cht: nhm
cc yu t sn c v nhm cc yu t t chc. Mi nhm yu t ny bao gm nhiu hp phn v cc
hp phn ny c th thay i ph thuc vo tng giai on thc hin d n (t vn thc hin d
n, lp d n, t chc thc hin v qun l d n.
Theo T chc Du lch Th gii (WTO), cc hp phn c bn ca mt d n pht trin du lch bao
gm:
Nhm yu t sn c
Cc yu t to sc thu ht, hp dn khch du lch bao gm c cc thnh phn t nhin (cnh quan,
iu kin kh hu, cc di sn thin nhin, cc h sinh thi...) v nhn vn (cc di tch lch s-vn ho,
cng trnh kin trc c sc, cc l hi, lng ngh ;
Cc iu kin c s h tng, bao gm ng giao thng, c s lu tr, bu chnh vin thng, y t;
Cc c s vt cht k thut du lch, bao gm cc c s dch v n ung, thng tin du lch, nh hng,
ca hng bn lu nim v ngh thut, cc tin nghi km theo .
Nhm yu t t chc, qun l
Bao gm cc k hoch v hot ng tip th, cc chng trnh hot ng du lch, cc quy nh php
l c lin quan n du lch, cc chng trnh o to nghip v cho nhng ngi lm du lch, cc
chng trnh ph cp gio dc kin thc v mi trng, v du lch, v vn ho, kinh t - x hi v
nhn vn.
i vi nhng d n pht trin du lch mang tnh cht tng hp v chin lc nh loi d n Quy
hoch pht trin du lch, ni dung c bn ca d n bao gm 2 phn: nh gi tim nng pht trin
du lch v nh hng pht trin du lch. Cc hp phn ca loi d n ny v c bn cng bao gm
cc yu t nh trn.
Cc ni dung ca hp phn trong mt d n pht trin du lch cung cp cho ngi lm thc tin
GTMT c th xem xt mc tim nng ca cc tc ng v l nhng ti liu c s cn thit
cho khu sng lc GTMT v xc nh phm vi GTMT.
2. Cc vn lin quan gia mi trng v pht trin du lch
Ni dung mi trng y ch bao gm cc yu t c lin quan, chu tc ng tim nng ca hot
ng pht trin du lch.
2.1. Cc mi lin quan
Tch cc
* Mi trng t nhin
Tng hiu qu s dng t nh nhng d n ni cc hot ng pht trin du lch cn n cc qu t
cn b hoc s dng khng t hiu qu;
Gim sc p do khai thc ti nguyn qu mc t cc hot ng dn sinh kinh t trong nhng d n
pht trin du lch ti cc khu vc nhy cm (Vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin...) vi cc ranh
gii c xc nh c th v quy m khai thc hp l;
8
Gp phn m bo cht lng nc trong v ngoi khu vc pht trin du lch nu nh cc gii php
k thut trong cp thot nc c p dng. Vic thit k hp l h thng cp thot nc ca cc khu
du lch s lm gim sc p gy nhim ngun nc nh vic cng c v mt h tng. c bit trong
nhng trng hp cc khu vc pht trin du lch nm thng ngun cc lu vc sng, vn gn
gi ngun nc s t hiu qu tt hn nu nh cc hot ng pht trin ti y c quy hoch v
x l k thut hp l;
Gp phn ci thin cc iu kin vi kh hu nh cc d n thng c yu cu to thm cc vn cy,
cng vin cnh quan, h nc, thc nc nhn to...;
Gp phn lm tng thm mc a dng sinh hc ti nhng im du lch nh nhng d n c pht
trin cc cng vin cy xanh cnh quan, khu nui chim th... hoc bo tn a dng sinh hc thng
qua cc hot ng nui trng nhn to phc v du lch;
B sung v p cnh quan cho khu vc pht trin du lch nu nh cc cng trnh c phi hp hi
ho;
Hn ch cc lan truyn nhim cc b trong khu vc nu nh cc gii php k thut ng b c
p dng hp l (v d nh i vi cc lng chi ven bin trong khu vc c xc nh pht trin thnh
khu du lch bin...).
* Mi trng nhn vn-x hi
Gp phn tng trng kinh t khu vc;
To thm cng n vic lm, tng thu nhp cho mt b phn cng ng dn c a phng (tham gia
trc tip hoc gin tip vo cc hot ng du lch);
Gp phn ci thin iu kin v h tng v dch v x hi cho a phng (y t, vui chi gii tr...)
km theo cc hot ng pht trin du lch;
Gp phn thc y pht trin lng ngh truyn thng;
Bo tn v pht trin vn ho truyn thng (dn ca, nhc c dn tc, truyn thng tp qun...);
To iu kin thun li cho qu trnh giao lu vn ho gia cc dn tc v cng ng.
Tiu cc
* Mi trng t nhin
Kh nng cung cp nc sch cho sinh hot, x l nc thi khng tng xng vi kh nng ng
ha nhim ca mi trng nc ti ch, cc vn ny sinh trong vic gii quyt loi tr cht thi
rn. Trong mi trng hp cn nhn thy rng khch du lch, c bit khch t cc nc pht trin
thng s dng nhiu nc v nhng ti nguyn khc, ng thi lng cht thi tnh theo u ngi
thng ln hn i vi ngi dn a phng;
Tng thm sc p ln qu t ti cc vng ven bin vn rt hn ch do b khai thc s dng cho
mc ch xy dng cc bn bi, hi cng, nui trng thu sn v pht trin th. Cc nh hng ca
vic tng dn s c hc theo ma du lch c th c nhng tc ng nh hng xu ti mi trng ven
bin;
Cc h sinh thi v mi trng o rt nhy cm v d b tn thng do sc p ca pht trin du lch.
y thng c h thc vt v ng vt c sc c th b thay th bi cc loi mi t ni khc n
trong qu trnh pht trin, to mi. Ti nguyn thin nhin nh cc rn san h, cc vng rong bin,
cc khu rng ngp mn; ngh c v cc ngh sinh sng khc trn cc o c th b bin i theo
chiu hng xu i do pht trin du lch khng hp l;
Cc khu vc c tnh a dng sinh hc cao nh cc khu rng nhit i vi nhiu loi ng vt qu
him, cc thc nc, cc hang ng, cnh quan v cc vng a nhit thng rt hp dn i vi du
khch, nhng cng d b tn thng do pht trin du lch, c bit khi pht trin du lch n mc qu
ti;
Cuc sng v cc tp qun qun c ca cc ng vt hoang d c th b nh hng do lng ln
khch du lch n vo cc thi im quan trng trong chu trnh sng (di tr, kim n, sinh sn, lm
t...).
* Mi trng nhn vn - x hi
Cc gi tr vn ho truyn thng ca nhiu cng ng dn c trn cc vng ni cao thng kh c
sc nhng rt d b bin i do tip xc vi cc nn vn ha xa l, do xu hng th trng ha cc
hot ng vn ha, do mu thun ny sinh khi pht trin du lch hoc do tng phn v li sng;
9
Cc di sn vn ha, lch s, kho c thng c xy dng bng cc vt liu d b hy hoi do tc
ng ca kh hu nhit i gi ma Vit Nam. Cc di sn ny thng phn b trn din tch hp,
rt d b xung cp khi chu tc ng thm ca khch du lch ti thm nu khng c cc bin php
bo v;
Do tnh cht ma v ca hot ng du lch, cc nhu cu ti cc thi k cao im c th vt qu kh
nng p ng v dch v cng cng v c s h tng ca a phng; tiu biu l ch tc giao thng,
cc nhu cu v cung cp nc, nng lng, kh nng ca h thng x l nc thi, x l cht thi rn
vt qu kh nng ca a phng;
Cc hot ng du lch chuyn nh kho c hc c th ny sinh mu thun vi cc hoat ng tn
ngng truyn thng a phng;
Vic xy dng cc khch sn c th l nguyn nhn ca vic di chuyn ch v ti nh c ngoi
mun ca ngi dn a phng. Cc dch v i km c th xut hin ti cc vng ven cc im du
lch;
Cc tc ng do thit k, xy dng cc c s phc v du lch c th lm ny sinh do s thiu hi ha
v cnh quan v v vn ha x hi. Cc tc ng tiu cc ca vic pht trin c s vt cht k thut
du lch ln cc ti nguyn c gi tr thm m cng d ny sinh. Vic xc nh mc ng gp ca cc
c s hot ng du lch cho vic s dng nc, cho dch v thot nc, v sinh mi trng..., cng d
to nn nhng mu thun i vi ngi dn a phng;
Lan truyn cc tiu cc x hi, bnh tt mt cch ngoi mun i vi nhng nh qun l v kinh
doanh;
Mu thun d ny sinh gia nhng ngi lm du lch vi dn a phng do vic phn b li ch v
chi ph ca du lch trong nhiu trng hp cha c cng bng;
Ny sinh nhng nhu cu mi trong m bo an ninh quc gia v an ton x hi.
Trn y l nhng kha cnh c bn nht v mi trng c lin quan n pht trin du lch mt a
phng, mt vng hay trn phm vi ton quc.
2.2. Cc ngun tc ng v cc mi trng chu tc ng
2.2.1. Cc ngun tc ng
Ngun tc ng n mi trng gm ton b cc s vic, hin tng, hot ng trong d n v
nhng hot ng khc lin quan n d n. Chng c kh nng to nn nhng tc ng n mi
trng, v thng bao gm 4 nhm yu t sau:
Cc ngun tc ng ca d kin b tr cc cng trnh xy dng trong d n pht trin du lch:
Xy dng khch sn;
Xy dng cc c s vt cht k thut du lch (trung tm th thao, bn tu thuyn, cng vin gii
tr...);
Cc cng trnh c th ring cho mi ni dung d n pht trin du lch c th (th thao, tm bin,
ngh dng, nghin cu khoa hc, sinh thi, mo him...).
Cc ngun tc ng u vo ca d n pht trin du lch:
Hot ng ci to v nng cp hoc xy mi cc c s h tng, c s vt cht k thut phc v du
lch (ng giao thng, h thng cung cp nc v nng lng, h thng thu gom v x l cht
thi...);
Cc hot ng khai thc vt liu v hot ng xy dng ca cng nhn;
Cc hot ng dch v (vn chuyn, bu chnh vin thng, y t, bo him...).
Ngun tc ng trong cc giai on pht trin ca d n:
Lp quy hoch v chun b mt bng (di dn, san i...);
Thc hin quy hoch: u t xy dng, xy lp...;
Cc hot ng du lch sau xy dng: th thao, tm bin, thm cc vn quc gia, khu bo tn, cc
hot ng dch v du lch, cc hot ng qun l, cc chng trnh hot ng khc...
10
Cc tc ng u ra ca d n:
Ti lng nhim t cc c s dch v du lch;
Cc ngun nc b nhim (nc thi, nc bin, nc h);
Cht thi t cc phng tin vui chi gii tr, dch v vn ti b, thu, hng khng... lm nh hng
n mi trng khng kh v mi trng nc, t v cc h sinh thi.
2.2.2. Cc mi trng chu tc ng
Cc mi trng trong d n du lch b tc ng rt a dng, bao gm mi trng t nhin v mi
trng nhn vn.
Mi trng t nhin
Mi trng t nhin l s phi hp ton b cc iu kin bn ngoi, cc yu t sng v khng sng,
m chng nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca nhng c th hoc qun th no trong
thi gian sng (K.P. Varcoe, 1995).
Trong nhy cm nht vi hot ng pht trin du lch gm nhng iu kin v yu t sau:
1. Rng (rng ngp mn, rng nhit i, rng trn ni cao, rng phng h...). Cc khu vc cn c ch
bao gm:
Cc khu bo v (vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin, cc khu di tch lch s, vn ho, cc vng
nhy cm v sinh thi di nc hoc trn cn, (xem Ph lc 1);
Cc khu vc c ngha cao v a dng sinh hc, ni c tr ca nhiu loi sinh vt ang b e do
(rng nhit i, rng ngp mn, cc khu t ngp nc, cc m ph, h...);
Cc im c cc loi ng thc vt qu him (cc loi thuc Sch hoc Cng c Quc t CITES,
cc loi thuc danh mc km theo Ngh nh 18/HBT);
Cc im sinh thi quan trng (rn san h, rng ngp mn, thm thc vt ven sng cc im thuc
cng c Ramsar...);
Cc loi ng vt c ngha kinh t cao hoc cc loi c hu (c hoc cc loi ng vt hoang d
ang l i tng b sn bn ro rit).
2. Lu vc sng v cc c trng ch thu vn (sng chnh v cc ph lu, lu lng dng chy ma l,
ma kit), cc din tch nc mt (m h), kh nng t lm sch ca nc v.v...;
3. Cht lng cc ngun nc (nc mt, nc ngm);
4. Cc vng t ven bin;
5. Cc vng t thoi ho (t hoang mc ho, t b xi mn mnh, t phn ho, m ly...);
6. Cht lng khng kh a phng.
Mi trng nhn vn
1. Nhng im dn c trong v gn khu vc thc hin d n;
2. Nhng ngnh kinh t hin ti trong khu vc d n phi thay i c cu hoc mc hot ng (nng
nghip, ng nghip, lm nghip...);
3. Kh nng p ng cc nhu cu dch v hin ti cng nh mc d tr cc sn phm ti ch (bo v sc
kho, giao thng, cp nc, cp in, v sinh cng cng, nng sn, thc phm...);
4. Dn c a phng;
5. H thng s hu hin ti v t ai;
6. Th trng lao ng v lao ng;
7. H thng m bo cuc sng v cc ngun thu nhp khc ca dn a phng;
8. S phn phi cc ngun thu nhp a phng (do nhng yu t mi ny sinh c nguyn nhn t pht
trin du lch);
9. Li sng truyn thng ca dn a phng v nn vn ho ca h;
10. V sinh mi trng v y t cng ng.
2.3. Cc tc ng tim nng ca d n pht trin du lch
Nhng tc ng mi trng ca d n du lch c xem xt qua hai giai on, giai on quy hoch,
chun b a im v giai on hot ng ca d n. Giai on u dng li sau khi xy dng xong
11
cc hng mc cng trnh theo quy hoch trong khun kh d n, giai on sau bt u t khu khai
thc qun l d n.
Theo EIA Source book - EU (1997), cc tc ng tim nng ca mt d n pht trin du lch gm:
Nhng tc ng trong qu trnh chun b cho hot ng ca d n (c coi nh nhng tc ng tm
thi) nh:
Anh hng n c cu s dng t v cnh quan ca khu vc do cc hot ng chun b mt bng
cho d n, c bit l cc khu vc t ngp nc (rng ngp mn), rng nhit i;
Lm tng mc nhim khng kh (ting n, bi do cc hot ng chun b mt bng...) nhim
nc (nc mt b nhim do cc cht thi v ph liu xy dng...) v nhim t (b xi mn v
thay i cu trc do o bi chun b xy dng...);
Hu hoi cc bi ct ven bin do khai thc cho cc mc ch xy dng;
Ph hu cc rn san h do khai thc lm vt liu xy dng hoc do tc ng ca cc hot ng vn
ti thu;
Ph hu cc h sinh thi thc vt do cc hot ng chun b mt bng xy dng, nh hng n cc
h ng vt do b mt ni c tr hoc ting n nh hng n cc tp qun sinh sng.
Kinh t x hi b xo trn (di dn t do, lao ng nhp c, c cu kinh t thay i, mc tiu dng
thay i...);
Vn ho truyn thng b nh hng (do xut hin cng ng dn nhp c);
V sinh y t cng ng b nh hng (cc dch bnh mi theo xut hin theo dng dn di c...).
i vi mi loi d n pht trin du lch, tnh cht v mc ca cc tc ng l khc nhau v cc
hu qu gy ra i vi mi trng cng cc mc khc nhau, do vy cn c nhng phn tch k
lng c th nh gi chi tit cc tc ng ca mi loi d n.
Nhng tc ng do qu trnh hot ng ca d n: (c xem nh nhng tc ng lu di)
1. Tc ng ti mi trng t nhin
Lu lng nc mt v dung lng nc ngm b thay i;
nhim nc do cht thi;
nhim do cht thi vo cc dng nc;
Tng lng ph sa trong nc mt do t b xi mn;
nhim do cht thi, xng du t cc phng tin c gii;
nhim lan truyn ti nc ngm do cht thi rn hay nc thi.
Thay i iu kin vi kh hu v nhng nhim khng kh km theo (ting n, bi do cc phng
tin c gii vn hnh phc v vui chi, th thao v hot ng ca du khch...);
Thay i cu trc a tng ca khu vc;
Thay i thnh phn cc h sinh thi t nhin (mt s loi bn a mt i v thay th bng nhng loi
khc);
Lm mt i ni sng v nhng iu kin duy tr s sng ca cc h sinh thi do cc hot ng th
thao, sn bt, cu c, bi ln;
Lm tn hi n a dng sinh hc do khai thc qu mc phc v nhu cu thc phm c sn cho
khch du lch;
Lm mt s yn tnh ca cc vng sinh sn v sinh sng ca cc chim non thuc cc loi chim qu
him, n lnh th ca cc loi vt hoang d, do mt khch du lch cao hoc do tng cng
hot ng giao thng.
2. Cc tc ng ti mi trng nhn vn;
Tng thu nhp cho mt b phn dn a phng;
Pht trin khu vc thng qua s giao lu kinh t v vn ho;
Li do gi tr s dng t tng;
To thm cng vic cho cng ng dn c a phng, a dng ho c cu ngnh ngh lao ng;
Gim bt lao ng n gin, to c hi hc ngh cho lao ng a phng;
Tng cng tim nng du lch trn c s phi hp kinh t-vn ho;
Bo tn v pht huy cc vn ho truyn thng, lng ngh v ngh th cng;
Tng cng nhn thc v v sinh cng cng v y t cng ng;
12
a dng ho nn kinh t trn c s pht trin cc ngnh kinh t p ng nhu cu pht trin ca du
lch (chn nui, nui trng thu sn, trng hoa, sn xut tiu th cng nghip...);
Thu hp din tch sinh sng ca cng ng dn a phng;
Tng cng s phn ho x hi trong cng ng khi c s khng cn xng trong ngun thu nhp;
Cc gi tr ti sn v cc gi c khc tng ln nhanh chng trong phm vi a phng;
Mt mt s c hi thu nhp do cc ngun thu nhp truyn thng khng cn na. Ny sinh mu thun
x hi khi c tng lp thu nhp cao di c n;
Gim kh nng sn xut lng thc ca a phng;
Gy sc p ln cc tp qun truyn thng v lm nh hng n cc gi tr vn ho ca a phng
do qu trnh thng mi ho v li sng ngoi nhp;
Cc t nn x hi du nhp vo a phng theo dng khch du lch (bnh truyn nhim, h tc m tn
d oan...);
To mu thun trong khai thc ti nguyn gia cc ngnh kinh t trn a bn;
V d: Mt s tc ng trc mt ca d n xy dng khu du lch bin
Hot
ng
Hu qu mi trng
(trc mt)
Tc ng ti ti nguyn
t nhin
Tc ng ti ti nguyn
nhn vn
No vt
y bin
Lm c nc bin
Rc t xc thu sinh vt
v cc vt tn ng di
y bin.
Cht lng nc bin v h
sinh thi bin (c bit l
san h) b xung cp .
Mi trng sng ca nhiu
loi ng vt b nh hng.
Kinh t bin b nh hng (do
gim sn lng nh bt).
Cht lng y t cng ng b
gim.
iu kin sinh sng ca ng
dn b nh hng.
San lp
t,
chun b
mt bng
xy dng
a hnh thay i.
C cu s dng t thay
i.
Cu trc tng th nhng
thay i.
Cnh quan thay i.
t b xi mn (c bit l
b bin).
Cht lng nc bin ven
b v nc ngm thay i.
Mi trng sng ca mt
s h sinh thi b thay i
(c bit l rng ngp mn
v cc loi chim di c).
Mt s loi sinh vt b dit
vong.
Cc di tch vn ho c th b
nh hng.
t sn xut b thu hp.
C cu kinh t khu vc b thay
i.
Cht lng cuc sng ca dn
a phng b gim.
iu kin v sinh y t cng
ng b nh hng.
Hot
ng
xy dng
Ting n, bi
Kh thi t cc phng
tin c gii, ph liu xy
dng d tha khng c
thu gom.
n tc giao thng
Cnh quan thay i
Mi trng sng ca nhiu
loi ng vt b nh hng
(ting n, bi...).
Mt s loi sinh vt b tiu
dit hoc khng c kh
nng thch nghi s phi di
c.
V sinh y t cng ng b
xung cp.
iu kin sng v c cu lao
ng, ngnh ngh thay i.
Trt t, an ton x hi b nh
hng.
Nhp c
lao ng
Cht thi tng t cc lao
ng nhp c
Cnh quan thay i do
nh ca xy dng thm,
cht thi khng c x
l.
C th gy ra hin tng
ph dng nc bin.
Cht lng cc mi trng
thnh phn b nh hng.
Cc ti nguyn thin nhin
b khai thc mnh do chu
thm sc p t lng dn
nhp c (thc phm, ci,
vt liu xy dng...).
V sinh xung cp
Mu thun gia dn nhp c v
dn a phng.
C cu dn s, lao ng thay
i.
Thnh phn kinh t x hi thay
i.
Mu thun gia cc truyn
thng vn ho ca cc cng
ng dn tc khc nhau.
Truyn thng vn ho b nh
hng.
Trt t, an ton x h b xo
trn.
13
B sung
cnh
quan
Du nhp cc loi ng
thc vt l.
S dng cc ho cht,
thc n l.
Thay i cnh quan
truyn thng.
Mt s loi ng vt qu
him phi thay i ni c
tr (c bit l cc loi
chim di c).
Ny sinh s cnh tranh gia
cc loi sinh vt ti ch v
du nhp.
Cht lng mi trng t
nhin v vi kh hu b thay
i.
Cc gi tr cnh quan v vn
ho truyn thng b nh hng.
Ngnh ngh truyn thng b
nh hng
(trng cy, nui ng vt l),
dn n thay i trong thu
nhp lao ng v ny sinh mu
thun x hi.
Ny sinh mu thun trong bo
tn vn ho truyn thng v li
sng mi.
Nhng tr ngi do thiu ng b gia nng lc qun l v chnh sch pht trin du lch to ra, trong
c:
Thiu s ng b gia thit ch (cc c quan qun l mi trng) v th ch (cc quy nh php
l mi trng);
Thiu kinh ph v cn b cho cng tc gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca d n du lch.
o to cha hon thin trong qun l mi trng.
Cc tc ng do nh hng nhiu mt ln cc ngnh cng nghip v dch v khc (th trng th
cng nghip, dch v taxi, nhng ngi sn xut v dch v n ung...), hoc tng sc p ln ti
nguyn thin nhin;
S pht trin ch gii hn trong phm vi khng gian hp ven cc trc ng giao thng, cc im
dch v, bn tu xe;
Gp phn lm tng kh khn v giao thng, ting n, nhim khng kh cc b, qu ti trong dch
v;
Mu thun trong vic s dng ngun nc vi cc c s khc;
Mu thun trong s dng c s h tng v dch v (h thng cng, cc ni cha cht thi, giao thng,
trung tm y t) vi cc c s khc;
Anh hng n sc kho ca cng ng (do mi t ni cha cht thi rn v lng, ni x l cht thi,
bi, ting n, bnh truyn nhim...).
2.4. Khi nim v nhng nguyn tc pht trin bn vng du lch Vit Nam
2.4.1. Khi nim
Trn quan im bo v ti nguyn, mi trng, s pht trin bn vng ca du lch ni ring v s
pht trin bn vng hiu theo ngha rng ni chung c th c nh ngha nh sau: "Pht trin bn
vng l s pht trin p ng cc nhu cu hin ti m khng lm tn hi n kh nng p ng nhu
cu ca cc th h tng lai".
Trn c s ny c th hiu du lch bn vng l "p ng cc nhu cu v du lch hin ti m khng
lm tn hi n kh nng p ng nhu cu ca cc th h tng lai. iu ny c thc hin bng
cch iu chnh mc s dng ti nguyn du lch, trong gii hn ca kh nng ti sinh v tng
trng t nhin ca chng. (Bramwell, 1991).
2.4.2. Nhng nguyn tc pht trin bn vng du lch Vit Nam
Nh vy, m bo tnh bn vng trong pht trin, ngnh Du lch Vit Nam cn tun th mt s
nguyn tc c bn sau:
* Khai thc s dng hp l ti nguyn, gn gi ton vn sinh thi
Phn ln cc ti nguyn du lch c xem l nhng ti nguyn ti to, do vy vic khai thc cc ti
nguyn phc v pht trin du lch cn m bo trong mc cn bng vi tc t ti to, b sung
mt cch t nhin ca h thng ti nguyn (y cng l h thng cc iu kin m bo s sng:
t, nc, khng kh...), ngoi ra cng cn lu n kha cnh bo tn a dng sinh hc, gn gi lu
14
di cc loi v cc h sinh thi. Nh vy s m bo tho mn lu di cc nhu cu ca du khch,
tng tnh hp dn v phong ph ca cc sn phm du lch, thm hp dn khch du lch v to nhiu
c hi cho cng ng c ngun thu m bo trong cc hot ng pht trin du lch. Nhng hot
ng khai thc v s dng qu mc ti nguyn cho pht trin du lch s dn ti suy thoi mi
trng, suy gim tnh hp dn v a dng ca ti nguyn du lch, dn ti hu qu ngnh du lch kh
c th tip tc pht trin.
* Pht trin du lch ph hp vi quy hoch kinh t - x hi
Du lch l mt ngnh kinh t tng hp c tnh lin ngnh, lin vng v x hi ho cao, v vy mi
hot ng pht trin du lch phi m bo Bnh ng-Cng bng-Hi ho gia cc ngnh kinh t v
mi trng, gia cc lnh vc b tr du lch nh giao thng vn chuyn khch, xy dng, bu chnh
vin thng, v sinh mi trng... v gia cc tng lp dn c a phng.
* Pht trin cng ng
nng cao kh nng tham gia ca cng ng a phng vo cc hot ng pht trin du lch,
nguyn tc ny c th thc hin bng cch:
Chia s li ch vi cng ng a phng trong hot ng kinh doanh du lch;
Khuyn khch s tham gia ca cng ng a phng vo cc hot ng du lch (u t, tham gia
trc tip lm du lch, to cc sn phm phc v du lch);
Thng xuyn trao i vi cng ng a phng v cc i tng lin quan v cc ch trng, k
hoch lin quan n pht trin du lch. Mi i din cng ng a phng tham gia cc qu trnh
thm nh, xt duyt cc bo co GTMT;
S dng cc phng tin thng tin i chng cng b cc ch trng, k hoch, chng trnh, d
n... lin quan n pht trin du lch.
* Bo v bn sc vn ho
Pht trin du lch Vit Nam ngoi vic da vo vic khai thc cc ti nguyn t nhin cn khai
thc cc gi tr vn ho truyn thng bao gm cc tp tc sn xut, sinh hot, cc l hi, kho tng
vn ho ngh thut dn gian, cc di tch lch s, kho c... Nhng gi tr vn ho v gi ny cn
c bo tn khng thng mi ho, lm xi mn, trnh nhng tc ng tiu cc ca cc lung
vn ho ngoi lai... Mt khc, cc di tch vn ho, lch s, kho c phi c thng xuyn bo tn,
tn to, m bo gi gn lu bn cc di sn dn tc, tn trng i sng tm linh ca cng ng.
* Hiu qu
Du lch l mt ngnh kinh t tng hp hot ng vi a mc tiu, trong mi mc tiu u phi
cp ti tnh hiu qu ca n (bao gm cc hiu qu v kinh t, v mi trng, v nng cao dn tr...).
Trong pht trin du lch cn phi cn nhc la chn phng n chi ph v ti chnh, v thi gian, v
u t... mt cch hp l nhm t c hiu qu cao nht trong mi quan h hi ho v cc mt
kinh t, mi trng v x hi.
* Hp l
Pht trin du lch cn xem xt n s cn bng v nhu cu s dng ti nguyn, nhu cu p ng hot
ng, nhu cu tham gia du lch, nhu cu bo v mi trng...; gia cc c th, cc cng ng, gia
cc gii, gia cc ngun lc ti nguyn, lao ng hin ti v tng lai; gia con ngi v cc qun
th sinh vt t nhin.
* Nng cao nhn thc
Nguyn tc ny bao gm nng cao nhn thc ca du khch, ca cng ng a phng, ca nhng
ngi tham gia du lch v cc mt bo v mi trng t nhin v bo v cc gi tr vn ho truyn
thng, lch s, tn gio ca dn tc cng nh hiu bit v thin nhin, vn ho lch s ca khu vc
ni din ra hot ng du lch.
15
Vic nng cao nhn thc ny c th thc hin bng cc hot ng sau:
o to cn b lm cng tc du lch: bao gm nng cao trnh ca cn b v gi tr t nhin, nhn
vn ca vng du lch, v s cn thit ca vic bo tn cc gi tr , v nghip v hng dn khch
du lch v tuyn truyn cho cng ng a phng.Qua s nng cao c tnh hp dn ca sn
phm du lch v m bo cho vic bo v ti nguyn du lch;
Gio dc thc bo v ti nguyn du lch v mi trng su rng trong cc tng lp nhn dn ca
cng ng a phng, trong tng lp ng lu nht l cc gi lng, trng bn, thy c gio v
thanh thiu nin;
Tng cng tip th mt cch c trch nhim: cng tc tip th khng nhng cung cp cho khch du
lch nhng thng tin hp dn v sn phm du lch ca a phng m cn phi gp phn nng cao
thc bo v mi trng ca khch du lch;
Thng xuyn tin hnh cng tc nghin cu: i vi nhng vn lin quan nhm m bo cho s
pht trin bn vng da trn cc cn c khoa hc. Hn th na trong qu trnh pht trin nhiu yu t
ch quan v khch quan ny sinh s c nhng tc ng cn phi nghin cu c nhng gii php
ph hp iu chnh s pht trin. Mt khc Vit Nam, cng tc iu tra c bn ni chung v trong
pht trin du lch ni ring cn cha hon thin, nhiu ti nguyn mi c gi tr c pht hin trong
qu trnh nghin cu gn y, cng nh nhiu tc ng ca kh hu nhit i gi ma i vi cc
cng trnh di tch vn ho, kin trc cn tip tc lm r... Nhng nghin cu ny s gp phn cung
cp cc c s khoa hc cn thit cho pht trin du lch bn vng, nng cao hiu bit v cc lnh vc
c lin quan n du lch c c nhng xut ng n.
* m bo an ninh quc phng v an ton x hi
Phi hp cht vi cc c quan chc nng xem xt nh gi i vi vic t a im du lch, t chc
v qun l cc im hoc tuyn du lch c phng n hp l m bo v an ninh quc phng v an
ton x hi.
Nhng nguyn tc c bn trn y nu c thc hin y s l m bo chc chn cho s pht
trin bn vng ca hot ng du lch, c bit trong mi quan h vi ti nguyn mi trng.
16
Chng II: Th tc nh gi tc ng mi trng d n pht
trin du lch
1. H thng vn bn php lut v mi trng v du lch
H thng php l v mi trng v du lch l nhng lut nh, nhng chnh sch c s dng lm
c s cho nh gi tc ng mi trng cc d n pht trin du lch.
Nhng trnh by chi tit v vn ny c th tham kho trong ti liu: "S tay hng dn nh gi
tc ng mi trng chung", di y ch cp n cc vn chnh lin quan n du lch Vit
Nam.
1.1. Cc vn bn php lut v mi trng
Ngoi h thng chnh sch ca Nh nc quy nh chung v bo v mi trng m cc hot ng du
lch phi tun th, cn c mt s quy nh c th ca mt s ngnh lin quan i hi phi c xem
xt trong cc hot ng pht trin du lch.
Bn vn bn chung nht nu sau y l tiu biu ca h thng lut php v mi trng:
1. Lut bo v mi trng Vit Nam, ban hnh thng 1/1994;
2. Ngh nh 175/CP ca Chnh ph, ban hnh 18/10/1994 hng dn thi hnh lut bo v mi trng;
3. Quyt nh s 2920-Q/MTG ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, ban hnh thng 12/1996 v
vic p dng tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng;
4. Cc th tc nh gi tc ng mi trng, ni dung bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng, thm nh bo
co nh gi tc ng mi trng, kim sot nhim mi trng, cc biu mu da vo cc vn bn ngh
nh 175/CP, Thng t 1420/MTg ra ngy 26/11/1994, Thng t s 715/MTg ca b KHCNMT ra ngy
3/4/1995, Quyt nh 1806/MTg v quy ch 1807/MT ca B KHCNMT, ban hnh ngy 31/12/1994.
Cng vn 812/MTg ngy 17/4/1996, Thng t s 490 ca B KHCN&MT ngy 29/4/1998 v hng dn
v thm nh bo co GTMT i vi cc d n u t.
1.2. Cc vn bn php lut v du lch
1. Php lnh du lch c U ban Thng v Quc hi thng qua ngy 8/2/1999 v Ch tch nc k lnh
cng b ngy 20/2/1999;
2. Quy hoch tng th pht trin du lch Vit Nam 1995-2010 c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt ti
quyt nh s 307/TTg, ngy 24/5/1995;
Bn cnh cn phi k n mt s Ngh nh, Ngh quyt v Thng t sau y ca Nh nc v
vn du lch.
3. Ngh quyt 45/CP ca Chnh ph ngy 22/6/1993 v i mi qun l v pht trin ngnh du lch, theo
quan im v phng hng mc tiu pht trin du lch: "Vic pht trin du lch phi ly hiu qu kinh t
x hi lm mc tiu chnh. ng thi, m bo an ninh chnh tr, trt t an ton x hi, bo v mi
trng sinh thi, gi gn v pht huy truyn thng vn ho, bn sc dn tc v nhn phm ca con ngi
Vit Nam" (trch Ngh quyt 45/CP);
4. Ngh nh s 37/HBT do Ch tch HBT k ngy 28/1/1992 ban hnh quy ch qun l kinh doanh du
lch v km theo l quy ch qun l kinh doanh du lch ca Hi ng B trng v Thng t hng dn
thi hnh quy ch trn ca TCDL k ngy 23/4/1992. Trong c quy nh 6 loi hnh hot ng kinh
doanh du lch;
5. Quyt nh s 636/Q/QC ngy 21/5/1994 ca B trng B Vn ho-Thng tin v ban hnh quy ch l
hi. Trong nu r "cc di tch, danh lam trong khng ch c gi tr kin trc, iu khc, hi ho m
cn c cnh quan v gi. V vy gy thc bo v tn to di tch v cnh quan mi trng lu gi
c lu di l trch nhim ca bt c cng dn no trong vng v trong nc" (trch hng dn thc
hin quy ch l hi-B Vn ho Thng tin 12/6/1984).
17
Ni chung cc vn bn php l v du lch Vit Nam cha c nhng quy nh chi tit cho vn
bo v mi trng t nhin cng nh gi gn tn to cc di sn vn ho, lch s ca t nc. Cn c
vo Ngh quyt 45/CP ca Chnh ph, ngnh du lch c th b sung nhng hng dn chi tit trong
thng t c lin quan n vn bo v mi trng t nhin, lch s, vn ho ca t nc.
2. Th tc nh gi tc ng mi trng Vit Nam v cc bc thc hin d n pht
trin du lch
2.1. Khi qut chung v th tc nh gi tc ng mi trng Vit Nam
Theo cc vn bn php quy nu, th tc GTMT Vit Nam hin nay gm cc bc sau:
Sng lc GTMT
Trong bc ny, cc d n u t pht trin c phn thnh 2 loi:
Loi I
Cc d n phi lp v trnh thm nh bo co GTMT c gi l d n loi I: bao gm cc d
n c tim nng gy nhim mi trng trn din rng, d gy ra s c mi trng, kh khng ch
v kh xc nh tiu chun mi trng. Danh mc cc d n ny c lit k trong Ph lc I ca
Thng t 490 ca B KHCN&MT v hng dn v thm nh bo co GTMT i vi cc d n
u t. Trong ph lc ny, c hai loi d n nm trong lnh vc pht trin du lch l:
Cng trnh nm trong hoc k cn cc khu vc nhy cm v mi trng, cc khu bo tn thin nhin,
khu du lch, di tch vn ho, lch s c tm c quc gia v quc t;
Khu du lch gii tr (din tch t 100ha tr ln). Trong giai on xin cp giy php u t, h s ca
cc d n loi ny phi c mt phn hoc mt chng nu s lc v cc tc ng tim tng ca d
n n mi trng.
Trong giai on thit k xy dng, cc d n loi ny phi lp bo co GTMT theo ni dung
c quy nh ti Ph lc I.2, Ngh nh 175/CP.
Loi 2
Tt c cc d n cn li l d n loi II cn c ng k t tiu chun mi trng trn c s t xc
lp v phn tch bo co GTMT.
Cc d n loi ny s c ng k t tiu chun mi trng nu u t vo cc khu cng nghip,
khu ch xut, m cc khu c cp quyt nh ph chun bo co GTMT.
p dng vo cc d n du lch, lu n qui m v v tr ca d n trong nhng tc ng n
mi trng t nhin c nhn mnh. Tuy nhin trong thc t, mt s d n ca pht trin du lch v
tnh cht ca n, c th to nn cc tc ng v x hi, vn ha, lch s... cn nht thit phi d bo,
m chng cha c lu trong Ngh nh 175/CP hoc Thng t 490. Bi vy, trong k thut nh
gi cn c nhng suy xt chi tit hn trong bc sng lc GTMT.
Xc nh phm vi
Thng thng, khu xc nh phm vi bao gm nh gi mi trng s b v trn c s son ra
mt k hoch GTMT chi tit, hoc trong mt s trng hp c tch ra thnh 2 phn.
Thm nh s b
Cc d n phi lp v trnh bo co GTMT c gi l d n loi I;
Cc d n loi ny trong giai on thm nh s b, trong h s phi c mt phn hoc mt chng
nu s lc v tc ng mi trng tim tng ca d n (Cc mc c lin quan gm: 1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3,
14, 15, 16, 17)
18
Cc d n cn li l d n loi II.
Trong h s cn c bn "ng k t tiu chun mi trng"
(xem chi tit theo thng t 490/1998/TT BKHCNMT ngy 29/4/1998.)
Lp v np bo co GTMT
Sau khi c cp giy php u t v xc nh a im thc hin, cc d n loi I phi lp bo
co GTMT.
Ch d n c trch nhim lp bo co GTMT v np cho B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng
hoc S Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng. Ni dung ca bo co GTMT chi tit c nu ra
trong Ph lc I.2 ca Ngh nh 175/CP.
Thm nh bo co GTMT
p dng cho cc d n loi I. Ni dung bo co GTMT quy nh ti ph lc I.2. Ngh nh
175/CP ngy 18/10/1994 ca Chnh ph. Phn cp thm nh theo ph lc II ca ngh nh 175/CP.
Cc vn c lin quan c hng dn quyt nh 1806/Q/MTg v quy ch 1807/MTg ca B
Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng ban hnh ngy 31/12/1994.
Quyt nh ph chun bo co GTMT
B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng v UBND tnh, UBNDTP cp Quyt nh ph chun bo co
nh gi tc ng mi trng cho d n da trn cc khuyn ngh ca Hi ng thm nh, hoc cc
chuyn gia thm nh. Kt lun thm nh c chuyn cho cc c quan c thm quyn quyt nh
ph chun d n. Bn quyt nh ny c coi nh iu kin tin quyt cn thit cp "Giy php
s dng t", "Giy php xy dng".
2.2. ngh chi tit v th tc cho nh gi tc ng mi trng
Hnh s 1 l d tho chi tit v th tc cho nh gi tc ng mi trng Vit Nam. Trong bn
cnh cc bc nh gi c qui nh, xut b sung mt s chi tit s c trnh by mt
cch c th i vi vic nh gi mt d n pht trin du lch trong Chng tip sau. Cc thng tin
v s xut ny c th tham kho trong cun: "S tay hng dn nh gi tc ng mi trng
chung".
2.3. Cc bc tin hnh ca mt d n pht trin du lch
Hiu qu ca cng vic nh gi tc ng mi trng ch c th pht huy khi tin hnh ng thi
vi vic chun b d n, n phi gip cung cp cho cc c quan chc nng nhng c s chc chn
trong qu trnh ra quyt nh, v cc chi ph xut cho cng tc mi trng c xt duyt l mt
phn ca kinh ph d n. T chc Du lch th gii WTO a ra 6 bc cho d n pht trin du
lch.
Xc nh d n du lch
Vic xc nh d n l mt phn ca quy hoch hoc chng trnh pht trin ca khu vc. Trong
trng hp cha c quy hoch vng, ch d n cn xc nh mt k hoch pht trin du lch mt
cch c lp trong c danh mc cc d n pht trin du lch.
La chn d n
Phn tch cc c im c trng ca d n i vi mt trong cc phng n xut c kh nng l
kh thi. Trong trng hp ngc li, cn dng li xem xt phng n khc. Khi d n c
chn cn tin hnh ngay vic sng lc nh gi tc ng mi trng.
19
Kt qu ca bc sng lc l quyt nh ca cc nh qun l v vic cn hay khng cn nh gi tc
ng mi trng. Nhng d n cn tip tc nh gi tc ng mi trng phi chuyn sang bc
xc nh phm vi nh gi tc ng mi trng, trong cng vic chnh c tin hnh l nh gi
tc ng mi trng s b. Vn bn ny c np ln cc c quan qun l, vic xem xt c cc
c quan chc nng tin hnh lm c s ra quyt nh cp php u t cho d n. i vi nhng
d n khng cn nh gi tc ng mi trng chi tit cng s c cp giy php mi trng. Cc
loi giy php ny l c s php l cng vi cc vn bn khc cho ch d n tin hnh xin ti tr.
Lp k hoch chi tit thc hin d n
Sau khi bo co GTMT s b c chp thun, cn lp k hoch thc hin d n bao gm ni
dung quy hoch c th hay cc phng n thit k ca d n, cc ch tiu kinh t k thut, k hoch
ca cc bc tin hnh, vt t, nhn lc, kinh ph vi cc gii php thc hin. Trong trng hp cn
thit, phi lp k hoch chi tit GTMT, sau tin hnh nh gi tc ng mi trng. Bo co
nh gi tc ng mi trng s c np ln c quan chc nng xin thm nh v xin cp giy
php mi trng.
Ti tr d n
Xc nh ngi ti tr pht trin, bc ny i hi y mnh d n, chun b y thc y u t
v huy ng vn, trong cc k hoch u t v mi trng cn c a vo danh mc ti tr,
nh l hng mc ca d n.
Thc hin d n
Bao gm vic xy dng v nhng hot ng c lin quan nh tuyn chn lao ng, o to lao ng.
Trong c vic o to hiu bit v bo v mi trng, nhng quy nh, ni quy v mi trng cn
c a vo d n.
Qun l d n
Gm vic y mnh th trng du lch, duy tr hot ng du lch, duy tr cc c s h tng. y l
cc hot ng to nn cc tc ng lu di v mi trng. Cng vic bo v mi trng cn c mt
h thng m bo v mi trng gm qun l, gim st mi trng.
Ton b chu trnh ca d n v nh gi tc ng mi trng c trnh by trong Hnh 1. Quy trnh
pht trin d n du lch v cng tc nh gi tc ng mi trng gm cc bc pht trin d n ph
hp vi T chc Du lch th gii WTO v cc bc nh gi tc ng mi trng ph hp vi d
tho chi tit th tc nh gi tc ng mi trng Vit Nam.
20
Hnh 1: D tho quy trnh GTMT cho pht trin Du lch
Sng lc d n
`
Lp bn ng k t TCMT
Xc nh phm vi GTMT*
GTMT chi tit*
Trch nhim ca ch u Trch nhim ca cc c quan
qun l mi trng
ng k t
tiu chun MT
Xem xt bn ng k
t tiu chun MT
Lp cng GTMT chi tit
Xt duyt cng
Qu trnh nh gi: Nhn dng tc ng:
Phn tch v nh gi tc ng d bov
xc nh ngha cc tc ng chnh
La chn phng n v bin php
gim thiu, k hoch qun l
tc ng mi trng
Lp bo co GTMT
Thng qua
vi iu
kin sa
cha
Thm nh bo co
GTMT*
Gim st tc ng
XC
INH
V
LUA
CHON
DU
N
QUY
HOACH
V
THIT
K
DU
N
VAY
VN
XY
DUNG
V
KHAI
THC
DU
N
Phi tin hnh GTMT (1)
Cha r (2)
Quyt nh
ph chun
bo co
GTMT
c
Khng
Cc bc GTTM hin ang s dng
Cc bc GTTM d kin
Kt qu GTTM
Cho D n loi 1
Cho D n loi 2
Cho D n loi 3
* Vi s tham gia ca cng ng
Ch gii
D n
khng
c
h
GTMT
s b
Phiu xc
nhn bn
ng k t
TCMT
21
Chng III: Tin hnh nh gi tc ng mi trng cho d
n pht trin du lch
nh gi tc ng mi trng bao gm cc bc khc nhau theo th tc trnh by Hnh 1.
1. Bc 1: Sng lc d n
c tin hnh la chn d n no cn phi c tin hnh nh gi tc ng mi trng.
tin hnh sng lc nh gi tc ng mi trng, mt s nc thnh lp mt danh sch v cc
kiu v quy m d n cn phi tin hnh nh gi tc ng mi trng. Trong khi , ti mt s
nc li p dng cc ch tiu sng lc nh gi tc ng mi trng cho tng trng hp c th.
1.1. Sng lc d n v tc ng mi trng Vit Nam
O Vit Nam bc sng lc d n hin ang thc hin theo cch th nht vi vic xy dng mt
danh sch cc d n cn phi tin hnh nh gi tc ng mi trng (Thng t 490 ca B Khoa
hc Cng ngh v Mi trng, 1998) theo nhng d n lin quan n du lch gm:
Loi 1: D n nm k cn cc khu vc nhy cm v mi trng nh cc khu bo tn thin nhin, cc di
tch vn ho-lch s c gi tr quc gia v quc t;
Cc khu du lch vi mc ch vui chi gii tr c din tch t 100ha tr ln;
Cc d n Du lch thuc loi ny trong giai on xin cp giy php u t, h s phi c mt phn
hoc mt chng nu s lc v cc tc ng tim tng ca d n n mi trng. O giai on thit
k xy dng phi lp bo co GTMT v trnh np cho c quan qun l Nh nc v bo v mi
trng thm nh.
Loi 2: i vi cc d n pht trin du lch khng thuc din trn trong giai on xin cp giy php u
t phi lp bn "ng k t tiu chun mi trng" v trnh np cho c quan qun l Nh nc v bo
v mi trng xem xt.
1.2. Tham kho phn loi ca Cng ng Chu u
Cc d n c phn lm 3 loi:
Loi A: Gm cc d n khng gy ra cc tc ng mi trng ng k v khng cn phi tin hnh
phn tch mi trng.
Loi B: Gm cc d n c tim nng gy ra mt s tc ng mi trng ng k nhng c th cha
cn nghin cu nh gi tc ng mi trng. Nhng d n ny cn nh gi mi trng s b
xc nh mt trong ba kh nng sau:
Khng cn phn tch mi trng trong nghin cu kh thi;
Cn phi phn tch mi trng trong nghin cu kh thi;
Trong mt s trng hp c bit cn phi nghin cu nh gi tc ng mi trng.
Loi C: Gm cc d n c tc ng mi trng ng k v do i hi phi tin hnh nghin cu
nh gi tc ng mi trng. Cc d n thuc hng ny thng l cc d n c vn u t ln.
p dng theo chu trnh nh gi Hnh 1 c th tham kho cc chu trnh sau:
* Ch tiu ngng
Cc ch tiu ngng sau y c s dng phn loi cc d n pht trin du lch (nu vt qu
cc ngng ny th d n c xp vo loi 1).
Din tch khu vc d n;
22
50ha t nng nghip;
5ha t th;
1000m
2
t nng nghip ven bin;
Khch sn chim trn 50ha t vng ni;
Khch sn trn 80 phng tr ln ven bin.
Quy m hot ng;
100 lao ng tham gia hot ng xy dng.
* Ch tiu v vng nhy cm mi trng
Nu d n nm trong hoc gn cc vng nhy cm , nhng ch tiu ny c p dng trong
Ph lc 2. Trong pht trin du lch cc d n thng la chn a im nm ngay trn vng b bin,
l vng rt nhy cm.
* Ch tiu v loi d n
Loi d n pht trin du lch ph thuc vo cc b phn trong d n v ph thuc vo tnh cht hot
ng du lch.
C s vt cht phc v du lch
Theo ni dung d n, nu trong d n c xy dng hoc nng cp ng b, ng st, cng, sn
bay, cc c s thu gom s l cht thi, cc c s cung cp nc, in... ngi lm sng lc cn cn
c vo nhng quy nh trong Ngh nh 490 xem xt mc cn thit phi lm nh gi tc ng
mi trng trong cc lnh vc c lin quan trnh by trn.
Theo loi hnh hot ng du lch
Mt s hot ng du lch do tnh cht ca n, c th to nn cc tc ng ng k n mi trng,
cn phi a vo nh gi, sng lc.
2. Bc 2: Xc nh phm vi
2.1. Khi nim v mc tiu
Xc nh phm vi l xc nh phm vi khng gian v thi gian cho nh gi tc ng mi trng
nhm:
Trnh nh gi mt cch cng knh;
Xc nh nhng vn mu cht c ngha v gi tr trong nh gi;
Xc nh cc vn cn tin hnh sm trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng chi tit;
Tp trung phn tch nhng vn mu cht hn l thu thp thng tin;
Xc nh s la chn cc phng n thay th v cc kha cnh lin quan n cng ng.
Bc xc nh phm vi gm hai cng vic ch yu:
nh gi tc ng mi trng s b;
Xy dng bn k hoch nghin cu chi tit cho GTMT. (K hoch chi tit cho GTMT d n
pht trin du lch, xem Ph lc 3).
2.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng s b
* Cc bc nh gi mi trng s b
Xem xt ton b cc ti liu vit v mc ch, nhu cu, hoc qung co cho d n;
23
Tin hnh thc a nhng ni c xut lm d n;
Phng vn nhn dn a phng v cc cng ng chu nh hng, nhng ngi s dng ngun ti
nguyn;
Trao i bn bc vi cc c quan chuyn mn, php l, hoc cc c quan c nh hng n quyt
nh v ph duyt, thit k khu vc thc hin d n;
Trao i bn bc vi cc nh khoa hc ti cc trng i hc, cao ng chuyn nghip, cc vin
nghin cu hoc cc trm nghin cu thc nghim ti a phng trong vng;
Tip xc, trao i vi cc nh lnh o chnh quyn a phng ni c th pht trin d n.
Ph hp vi cc bc trn, cn tr li mt s cu hi di y:
* V ni dung ca nh gi tc ng mi trng s b:
S cn tin hnh nhng nghin cu c bit g ?
Nhng ni no c la chn b tr d n v nhng ni no khc c th chp nhn b tr d n (ni
thay th) ?
Nhng ngun ti nguyn g nn c to iu kin khai thc pht trin hoc cn phi trnh (V d:
Rng ngp mn, vn quc gia, cc di sn thin nhin hoc vn ho, khu thnh a, bi tm...) ?
Cn cho php hoc chp thun nhng ni dung g, v ti khu no ca d n ?
Chnh quyn c nhng vai tr g ? v khi no cc cp c thm quyn v cng ng cn tham gia ?
S h tr k thut no c th c cung cp v s h tr k thut no c th c ng h bi cc c
quan cng s v cc Vin nghin cu khc ?
Chi ph cho d n s l bao nhiu ?, n s c phn chia th no cho cc khu quy hoch, xy dng
v hot ng ?, li ch kinh t l bao nhiu ?, d n c kh thi v mt kinh t hay khng ?
Cn bao nhiu lu trin khai d n ?
Thi gian thu hi vn ?
Cc hu qu mi trng v kinh t - x hi chnh ca d n l g ?
Cc cu tr li v thng tin lc ny c th c thu thp v sp xp trong phm vi nh gi mi
trng s b. Mt phn tch nh th s c gi tr trong qu trnh xc nh phm vi.
* Cc ni dung chnh trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng s b
Cch thc ghi li cc kt qu ca nh gi mi trng s b l linh hot, tuy vy c th bao gm cc
tiu chnh sau y:
Mc ch v s cn thit i vi hot ng d kin;
Cc phng n thay th (bao gm d n c u tin chn hoc d n c xut);
Mi trng khi khng c d n;
Mi trng khi c d n (kt qu ca cc tc ng mi trng);
Cc kin ngh v phn tch, gim thiu, gim st v xp sp sau ny.
O Vit Nam hin nay, cc ni dung ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng s b th hin bng
ni dung bn ng k t tiu chun mi trng hoc bn gii trnh v cc yu t nh hng n
mi trng.
2.3. Xy dng k hoch chi tit cho nghin cu nh gi tc ng mi trng
K hoch chi tit cho nghin cu nh gi tc ng mi trng l mt bc k thut quan trng; k
hoch cng c xy dng chi tit th vic nh gi tc ng mi trng cng tr nn thun li.
Ni dung ca qu trnh xy dng k hoch chi tit l:
Mc cn t ra cho nh gi tc ng mi trng;
Gii hn phm vi ca khu vc chu tc ng mi trng (V d: GTMT cho pht trin du lch
Vnh H Long gm phm vi vng di sn, vng m, vng t lin thuc thnh ph H Long);
Cc phng n thay th cn phi xem xt;
Cc mi trng thnh phn v cc nhm cng ng chu nh hng ca tc ng mi trng;
24
Cc c quan ban ngnh chc nng v cc c quan khoa hc c lin quan n ni dung nh gi;
Cc gii php v khoa hc, cng ngh cn p dng trong qu trnh nh gi;
Cc yu cu v thi gian, kinh ph, chuyn gia cho cng tc nh gi;
Trch nhim ca cc c quan v cc chuyn gia trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng;
Xc nh mt k hoch to s tham gia kin ca cng ng (vi cc on th, hip hi, chnh
quyn cc cp dn c i phng, cc gi lng, trng bn...);
D kin cu trc ca k hoch chi tit nh gi tc ng mi trng.
Cc hng mc ca k hoch nghin cu chi tit nh gi tc ng mi trng gm:
1. Gii thiu;
2. Thng tin chung v d n;
3. Thng tin v vng nghin cu;
4. Cc yu cu nh gi tc ng mi trng;
5. Ni dung cng vic nh gi tc ng mi trng;
6. Cc thng tin khc.
K hoch chi tit cho nh gi tc ng mi trng nu c chun b tt s l c s cho qu trnh
thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n.
Thng tin chi tit ca mu k hoch chi tit nh gi tc ng mi trng c trnh by trong Ph
lc 3.
3. Bc 3: Phn tch nh gi cc tc ng mi trng
Vic phn tch nh gi cc tc ng mi trng l mt bc quan trng trong th tc nh gi tc
ng mi trng. N to nn nhng c s khoa hc quan trng cho qu trnh ra quyt nh. Phn
tch nh gi tc ng mi trng bao gm cc cng vic c th sau:
Nhn dng cc tc ng mi trng;
D bo cc bin ng mi trng, phn tch cc tc ng mi trng, xc nh tm quan trng ca
cc tc ng;
Xc nh ngha ca cc tc ng chnh.
3.1. Nhn dng cc tc ng mi trng
Mc ch ca nhn dng cc tc ng mi trng ca mt d n pht trin du lch:
Thit lp c danh mc cc tc ng mi trng cn c tin hnh iu tra chi tit;
Xc nh cc nguyn nhn c th ca cc tc ng do d n du lch to nn;
Xc nh mi quan h trc tip hoc gin tip ca nguyn nhn tc ng n mi trng.
Cc thng tin cn thit nhn dng cc tc ng n mi trng cn da vo mt s yu t c bn
sau y (di dng nh lng v nh tnh).
Kt qu xc nh phm vi d n;
Cc thng tin v ni dung d n:
Kiu d n du lch;
Cc thnh phn ca d n;
Phm vi khng gian v quy m thi gian ca d n;
S lng khch n v sc cha ca vng du lch;
Cc hot ng pht trin ca d n: chun b mt bng, di dn, xy dng cc tin nghi v c s h
tng, tuyn chn o to v s dng lao ng. Cc hot ng th thao, tm bin, tham quan, thm
him, cc hot ng dch v.
Cc thng tin v mi trng ca vng d n du lch. (xem Ph lc s 8);
Mi trng nc mt (trn t lin) v nc bin, lu lng nc, ch thu triu v dng triu,
cht lng;
Mi trng nc ngm, phn b, tr lng, cht lng;
25
Mi trng khng kh;
Mi trng sinh thi: cc h sinh thi, h ng thc vt, cc ni sng ca ng vt, s a dng
sinh hc, cc vn quc gia, cc khu bo tn thin nhin, cc cnh quan p;
Cc mi trng kinh t - x hi: hin trng cc ngnh kinh t trong vng, hin trng s dng t,
tnh trng lao ng, cht lng cuc sng, cc ngnh ngh truyn thng, tc th ho, tc
tng dn s (c hc v t nhin), trnh gio dc dn c, cc thun li v kh khn hin ti ca
vng d n, tnh trng an ninh trt t, an ton x hi, cc iu kin v sinh y t...;
Cc mi trng vn ho: cc hot ng vn ho truyn thng a phng, tnh trng cc di tch
lch s, vn ho, di sn kho c.
Cc iu kin a l a phng, nhng him ha sinh thi thng xy ra a phng (lt, bo, ng
t...);
Cc ngun tim nng ca pht trin du lch nh cc gi nhn dng tc ng: cc ngun tc ng n
mi trng du lch, cc mi trng b tc ng trong d n pht trin du lch, cc tc ng mi trng
tim nng ca d n pht trin du lch;
Cc quy hoch tng th, quy hoch ngnh, chin lc pht trin kinh t- x hi vng, khu vc v ton
quc;
Cc nguyn tc cho pht trin du lch bn vng.
K thut nhn dng cc tc ng mi trng
Trn c s phn tch cc ti liu trn, ngi nh gi cn thit lp c cc bn lit k v: cc mi
trng b tc ng, cc nguyn nhn gy nn tc ng mi trng v quan h gia cc mi trng b
tc ng vi nguyn nhn gy nn tc ng mi trng.
Cc cng c nhn bit tc ng ph bin nht trong nh gi d n pht trin du lch l:
1. Phng php danh mc mi trng
Mt trong nhng phng php u tin ca nh gi tc ng mi trng. Thng thng bng lit
k mi trng l mt bng lit k cc yu t mi trng c th b nh hng do cc hot ng ca
d n. Lit k mi trng c th t n gin n phc tp vi nhng ch th v quy m hoc tm
quan trng ca tc ng. C nhiu dng danh mc mi trng c s dng, di y trnh by hai
loi:
Danh mc mi trng n gin: ni dung ca n l mt bng v cc yu t mi trng. Loi lit k
ny ch lu n cc yu t mi trng cn phi phn tch nh gi, n b st cc yu t c bit.
Tuy nhin, n khng nu c mt ch dn no v cc tc ng no cn phi nh gi, v n cng
khng cho li khuyn v k thut d bo cn phi s dng cng nh nhng t liu cn yu cu.
Danh mc cu hi kim tra: phng php ny bao gm xy dng cc cu hi cn phi tr li, cc
cu hi c lit k thng qua cc lnh vc pht sinh. Nhng nh gi tc ng cn c gng tr li
cu hi cho tt c cc lnh vc (categories) c th tr li theo 3 cch, ph thuc vo mc hiu bit
nh th no i vi mt tc ng nht nh (tr li c hoc khng) vi mt tc ng cha bit chc
chn tr li (cha bit hoc cha r), iu ch th rng cng vic tip theo cn phi xc nh r
rng (xem Ph lc s 26).
2. Phng php s dng cc ma trn quan h
Cc ma trn quan h l mt trong s phng php u tin c s dng cho nh gi tc ng mi
trng. Ma trn n gin a ra cc hot ng ca d n hoc cc hnh ng mt trc ca ma
trn, trn trc kia s lit k cc yu t mi trng. Khi xem xt n mt hnh ng ca d n tc l
thy trc c nguyn nhn tc ng n mt mi trng nht nh, nu c ta s nh du ln
tng ng, cng c th thm vo cc m t v ln v tm quan trng ca tc ng.
26
3. Ma trn cho nh gi tc ng mi trng du lch:
C th p dng loi ma trn khc nhau trong ph bin hn c ma trn Leopold, ma trn thang
im ci tin (Modified graded matrix), ma trn tm tt tc ng (xem hng dn chung nh gi
tc ng mi trng) (xem Ph lc s 25).
4. Phng php s mng li
Mng li trnh by cc mi lin h gia cc hot ng ca cc d n vi cc tc ng mi trng,
n cng trnh by th t cc tc ng, cc tc ng gin tip, cc tc ng tch lu. Vic s dng
mng li m bo khng b st cc tc ng gin tip, c th s dng kt hp vi cc phng php
khc (xem Ph lc s 5).
5. Phng php chng xp bn v h thng tin a l (GIS)
Cc d liu v mi trng v cc tc ng mi trng, c xy dng trn cc bn khc nhau vi
cng lnh th v t l-khi chng xp chng ln nhau s thy c mc khc nhau ca cc tc
ng mi trng trong phm vi khng gian. H thng tin a l s dng cng c my tnh vi nhng
phn mm ng dng cho php truy nhp cc thng tin bn v cc d liu v mi trng, v cc
tc ng vi mt lng thng tin ln, kt qu l c th ly ra cc thng tin v khng gian trn bn
, cc s liu c th v ni dung mi trng, mc b tc ng, cc bin php gim thiu v x l
d bo theo cc m hnh d bo mi trng.
y l phng php tt nht cho nhn dng mi trng, n i hi mt lng thng tin ln vi
nhng iu tra t m. Nn nh v phng php my mc cho nn nu u vo khng c chnh xc
th u ra s l sai. Phng php ny cng i hi nhng phn mm chuyn dng cn phi u t v
mt h thng chuyn gia tt. Trong pht trin du lch phng php ny c th ng dng tt trong cc
khu nhn bit cc tc ng mi trng trong xy dng c s h tng, nhn bit cc tc ng n
mi trng ca cc h sinh thi ven bin, cc vng ngp mn, cc khu bo tn thin nhin, vn
quc gia, cc mi quan h v nc thi v nng lc thot nc thi do cc hot ng du lch to nn.
6. Phng php chuyn gia
Ngoi cc phng php trn cn c th nhn dng cc tc ng bng phng php chuyn gia kt
hp vi my tnh v phng php kinh nghim. Phng php u i hi mt s chuyn gia hng
u xc lp cc thng tin u vo v mi trng v cc tc ng, phng php ny phi tin hnh
hi tho chuyn gia nhiu ln c mt h thng thng tin hon thin cho nh gi trn my tnh.
Phng php sau da trn kinh nghim ca cc chuyn gia chuyn ngnh c nhng tng kt so snh
v cc tc ng mi trng trong lnh vc ca mnh, c bit l so snh vi nhng d n tng t
trong mt iu kin tng t.
3.2. Phn tch d bo cc tc ng mi trng ca d n pht trin du lch
Phn tch d bo cc tc ng mi trng l bc k thut tip theo ca khu nh gi, sau khi nhn
dng cc tc ng v thit lp c chui cc tc ng. D bo cc bin ng mi trng trong
trng hp d n c thc hin, trn c s phn tch cc tc ng.
3.2.1. Nhng d liu cn thit cho phn tch, d bo tc ng mi trng
1. Cc d liu v iu kin t nhin: a hnh, a cht, kh hu, thu vn, th nhng v cc qu trnh t
nhin, xu th pht trin ca chng;
2. Cc d liu v sinh hc: cc h sinh thi di nc v trn cn, lc a v bin. H ng thc vt a
phng, cc ni sng v cc loi sinh vt qu him c gi tr, cc vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin,
tnh cht bn vng ca chng, tnh a dng sinh hc ca vng;
3. Cc d liu v kinh t, x hi, nhn vn: hin trng xu th pht trin. Cht lng cuc sng hin ti, cc
m hnh pht trin kinh t - x hi.
27
Cc di tch lch s, vn ho, kho c;
Cc truyn thng vn ho, tn gio, dn tc;
Thng tin v d n v cc d n khc cng lm a phng. Thng qua cc thng tin trn, cng kt
qu cc nhn dng cc tc ng phn tch, d bo cc tc ng mi trng.
3.2.2. Cc ni dung d bo
Cc ni dung d bo bin ng mi trng cn lu khng ch nhng bin ng mang tnh tiu cc
m c cc bin ng mang tnh tch cc. N s l c s xut cc bin php lm gim thiu cc
tc ng tiu cc ng thi pht huy ti a cc tc ng tch cc ca d n. Cc ni dung d bo
gm tt c cc hng mc c trnh by mc 3.2.1.
3.2.3. Nhng ni dung phn tch tc ng mi trng bao gm
Tnh cht tc ng vi cc ni dung:
Tc ng tch ly hay khng;
Tc ng tiu cc hoc tch cc;
ln ca tc ng (c th hiu l cng ca tc ng): ln ca tc ng c xc nh bng
hiu qu lm thay i cht lng ca mi trng nhiu hay t;
Qui m ca tc ng: ni ln s phn b khng gian rng hay hp ca cc nh hng do tc ng;
Thi gian ca tc ng: ni ln giai on xy ra tc ng v di thi gian xy ra tc ng, ta c
th phn bit cc tc ng l:
Tc ng tm thi (cc tc ng xy ra ch yu trong giai on qui hoch v xy dng);
Tc ng lu di (cc tc ng xy ra ch yu trong giai on hot ng khai thc d n du lch).
Kh nng hon nguyn: cc tc ng to nn bin i mi trng, m sau do kh nng t nhin
mi trng c th t phc hi nh trng thi ban u khi cha b tc ng. Trong trng hp cc
tc ng to nn nhng bin i khng c kh nng t nhin t phc hi, s xy ra hai kh nng:
C th phc hi nu c bin php gim thiu ph hp;
Hon ton khng phc hi k c khi p dng bt k bin php gim thiu no. Khi tu qui
m tnh cht ca tc ng m quyt nh hoc loi b chn phng n thay th, n b bng
tin mt hoc to lp nhng cnh quan mi tng ng vi cnh quan mt, hoc di chuyn
nhng yu t mt mt n mt a im mi bo tn.
Tn sut xut hin: nhiu tc ng tim nng cn d bo nhng trong thc t li rt hn hu. Nhng
tc ng loi ny thng tp trung vo cc s c mi trng, cc tc ng thin tai, cc tc ng ri
ro mi trng do hot ng du lch to nn. Trong trng hp ny vic phn tch d bo cn s dng
cc kinh nghim ca cc d n tng t, kt hp vi phn tch chui s liu thng k lnh vc tng
ng ti vng d n (bo, l, lt, ng t...).
3.2.4. Cc phng php s dng cho d bo
d bo cc tc ng ca mt d n pht trin du lch, c th s dng nhng phng tin sau y:
Nhng phn tch, d bo chuyn ngnh ca cc nh chuyn mn thuc cc b mn lin quan nh:
Th nhng, Kh hu, Thy vn, Thc vt, ng vt, Sinh thi hc, Cnh quan hc, X hi hc, Kinh
t hc, Lch s hc... trong thnh phn ca nghin cu nh gi tc ng mi trng. Ngi nh gi
c nhim v tip thu phn tch cc kt qu nh gi chuyn ngnh trn;
Phng php m hnh ha: s dng cc m hnh kinh nghim ca cc nh chuyn mn nh gi
d bo xu th v nh lng ca cc tc ng mi trng, trong pht trin du lch mt s m hnh v
mc lan truyn nhim ngun nc sng, bin, m hnh v bin ng cc h sinh thi, m hnh
v xi mn t b mt... c th p dng (V d xem Ph lc 7);
Phng php nghin cu in hnh: nghin cu chi tit cc n tng t trong iu kin tng t c
th cho cc c s khoa hc cho vic xc nh xu th bin ng mi trng v cc tc ng n mi
trng ca cc hnh ng ca d n. Cng c th cho nhng mu hnh c ngha so snh lm c s
cho d bo;
Cc phng php phn tch logic-kinh nghim trong nh gi d bo cc vn vn ha x hi, c
s ca phng php l phn tch tnh nhn qu v so snh vi kinh nghim thuc lnh vc ngnh, vn
28
ch gii hn trong d bo nh lng v nhn khu, cn nhng vn vn ha x hi khc phn
ln l nh tnh.
Vn la chn phng php cho d bo phi c lun chng r rng trong phi k n s y
v tin cy ca h thng d liu c s. Thng thng cng tc d bo phi tin hnh bi cc
chuyn gia nhiu kinh nghim.
3.3. Xc nh ngha ca tc ng mi trng
Xc nh tm quan trng ca tc ng l khu v cng quan trng trong nh gi tc ng mi
trng, n cho mt c s khoa hc xut cc bin php gim thiu mi trng, cc xut v
la chn phng n hoc cc kin ngh v h thng qun l mi trng sau d n. C cc nhm ln
v xc nh ngha ca tc ng mi trng l:
Cc tiu chun mi trng(Quyt nh 2920/Q/MTg) trong nhiu trng hp tiu chun mi trng
Vit Nam cha y cn s dng thm cc tiu chun quc t;
Cc ch tiu cho pht trin du lch bn vng;
Cc vn lin quan n vng bo v thin nhin vn quc gia;
Cc chin lc v bo v mi trng ca vng v quc gia;
Cc cng c quc t (Cites, Di sn thin nhin v vn ha, Ramsar), Ngh nh 18/HBT ca Hi
ng b trng ban hnh ngy 17/1/1992, Sch Vit Nam.
3.3.1. ngha quan trng v sinh thi
Nhng vn v cc vng nhy cm sinh thi l nn phn tch, cn c bit lu cc ch tiu
sau:
Anh hng n h sinh thi in hnh l ni c tr ca ng vt hoang d, qu him, cc loi bn a,
cc loi c gi tr kinh t cao;
Anh hng n a dng sinh hc v sc cha ca cc h sinh thi, cng nh lu n kh nng
phc hi v tnh nhy cm ca cc h sinh thi trong c c bit lu n cc vng rng ngp
mn, rn san h, rng nguyn sinh v vng kh hn.
Bo tn tnh nguyn vn ca cc h sinh thi l mt trong nhng ngha quan trng ca pht trin
du lch bn vng, cc ch tiu xc nh c c th ha nh sau:
Mt cn bng sinh thi ca cc h sinh thi trong vng;
Cc loi no b tiu dit;
Cc loi no b e do tiu dit;
Cc loi no c kh nng thot him do tc ng ca du lch;
Tt c cc loi trn c thuc loi qu, him hoc c ghi vo Ngh nh 18/HBT ca Nh nc
hoc c ghi vo Sch ca Vit Nam;
Lm suy thoi tnh a dng sinh hc ca vng v s lng loi, s lng c th, ngun gien, ni
sng, h sinh thi;
Lm kinh ng n cc h sinh thi ang c bo tn;
Anh hng hoc lm mt i ngun thc n ca mt s loi hoc h sinh thi;
Anh hng n ni , ni kim sng, ng di tr ca cc loi;
Suy gim din tch phn b, nng sut sinh hc, gi tr kinh t ca mt s h sinh thi;
Suy gim ngun li sinh hc do sn bn, nh bt cung cp thc n cho khch du lch, hoc do
bun bn ng vt hoang d qu him;
To iu kin cho mt s loi mi hoc h sinh thi mi pht trin, nhp c mt s loi ngoi lai;
Anh hng n cht lng nc (xem Ph lc s 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18);
Anh hng n cht lng khng kh (xem Ph lc s 19);
Anh hng do ting n (xem Ph lc s 20).
29
3.3.2. ngha quan trng v kinh t - x hi
Anh hng n xu th ci thin cht lng cuc sng ca dn da phng;
Anh hng n s ton vn nn vn ha truyn thng ca cng ng a phng;
Anh hng n nhu cu khai thc ti nguyn ca cng ng dn a phng cng nh khai thc cc
dch v cng cng a phng;
Anh hng n nhu cu v cc dch v giao thng v cc c s h tng khc;
Anh hng n v sinh mi trng v sc khe cng ng;
Anh hng n gi tr thm m ca ti nguyn du lch;
Anh hng n dn s.
Vic xc nh ngha ca cc tc ng s gip cho vic tng kt cc tc ng chnh, chng cng c
th c trnh by trn ma trn Leopold c cho im.
Vic nhn dng cc tc ng, phn tch d bo cc tc ng v xc nh ngha tc ng cn tin
hnh trn cc phng n thay th khc nhau.
Kt qu ca cc bc nh gi trn cho php ngi nh gi xut chn phng n v cc bin
php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng.
4. Bc 4: La chn phng n v xut cc bin php gim thiu tc ng mi
trng
4.1. La chn phng n thay th
C th c hiu l phng n chn theo mc tiu c li nht v mt mi trng v m bo cho d
n du lch pht trin bn vng.
Cc phng n cn c lp lun chng so snh v:
Cc li ch hn hn v mt mi trng t nhin;
C li ch hn hn v mt mi trng nhn sinh;
C li ch hn hn v mt kinh t - x hi nhn vn;
m bo cc ch tiu pht trin du lch bn vng;
m bo s ph hp ca phng n i vi iu kin t nhin kinh t - x hi ca a phng;
m bo ph hp vi quy hoch tng th v quy hoch vng ca a phng;
m bo an ninh quc phng.
V thc cht la chn phng n l mt trong nhng bin php gim thiu u tin ca cng tc
nh gi tc ng mi trng. Bi vy n s c gp vo ni dung ca phn bin php gim thiu
tc ng trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.
4.2. Cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng
Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng l cc hot ng xut, nhm gim bt, trnh cc
hu qu mi trng ca cc hot ng pht trin. Mc tiu ca cc bin php gim thiu l t li
ch n mc ti a v gim nhng tc ng n mc ti thiu. Trong d n pht trin du lch cc
bin php gim thiu c xem xt theo hai giai on ca d n l cc giai on quy hoch v
chun b a im, v giai on hot ng ca d n du lch.
4.2.1. Cc bin php gim thiu cho giai on quy hoch v chun b a im
Kt hp cc nh gi tc ng mi trng vi phng n la chn ca d n hay bn thit k ca d
n, xc nh cc bin php gim thiu c cn c ch yu cc tc ng c tm quan trng c bit
c xc nh trong phn nh gi.
30
1. Nhng thng tin cn thit;
Phng n la chn;
Cc chuyn v sinh thi, cng ngh, kinh t - x hi;
Cc tc ng c bit ca phng n chn;
S ph hp ca phng n chn vi iu kin a phng;
Cc yu cu v t chc, o to v kim sot mi trng so snh vi kh nng ti nguyn ca a
phng;
Cc bn quy hoch, chin lc pht trin ca a phng nht l cc quy hoch v qun l s dng
t v kim sot nhim mi trng a phng.
2. Cc bin php gim thiu c th p dng trong giai on quy hoch v chun b a im;
Cn xem xt pht trin du lch bn vng trong khun kh k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi ca a
phng, vng v quc gia kt hp cc mc tiu ca mi trng trong cc chin lc pht trin
ngnh;
Cc vng c xem xt cho pht trin cn tham kho bn quy hoch vng trong c tnh n cc
iu kin t nhin, a l v kinh t - x hi;
Trong trng hp c th cc k hoch n b v ti nh c cn c tham kho kin mt cch
rng ri ca nhiu ngi;
Cn phi xc nh sc cha lng khch du lch ph hp, trnh s qu ti so vi kh nng ca cc
c s h tng v kh nng ca ti nguyn;
Cn xem xt s dng h thng hin ti v thu gom v loi tr cht thi, hoc xy dng c s x l
cht thi trong thnh ph hoc vng;
Cn m bo nc thi khng a ra b bin, rn san h hay cc vng nhy cm;
Cn c bin php m bo kh nng, quyn hn ca a phng trong kim sot nhim;
Lu cc bi rc v bi ho thiu cc cht thi rn;
Quy hoch lm gim n tc giao thng v ting n;
m bo kim tra y i vi nhng ngi lao ng hp ng;
m bo k hoch xy dng ph hp vi php lnh ca a phng v khai thc ct v vt liu xy
dng ven bin;
Xy dng k hoch kim tra bi xi trong khu vc xy dng.
4.2.2. Cc bin php gim thiu c th p dng cho giai on hot ng du lch
Trong giai on hot ng du lch, cc tc ng n mi trng thng mang tnh lu di, kh rng
ln trong hai lnh vc l:
Mi trng kinh t - x hi;
Mi trng nhn vn v mi trng t nhin.
Vy cc bin php gim thiu cng bao gm hai lnh vc trn.
1. Bin php gim thiu ca cc tc ng kinh t - x hi
Vic nh gi cho d n pht trin du lch phi bao gm nhng phn tch thng qua s tham gia ca
cng ng dn a phng v vn phn b cc chi ph v li ch ca d n. Dn a phng c th
c li t cc c hi do d n mang li, nhng cng c th s gp kh khn khi phi chu gi c
cao hn do vic thc hin d n.
Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng n mi trng kinh t - x hi ca mt d n du lch l:
p dng bin php gi c i vi ngi du lch c th l mt la chn tt cho hai mc ch l:
iu chnh s lng khch cho ph hp vi sc cha, vi nng lc phc v ca cc c s h tng
v vi tim nng ti nguyn;
B sung cho chi ph qun l, gim st, bo v cc ti nguyn du lch v t nhin v vn ho.
Khuyn khch cc nh u t a phng m bo cc li ch t cc c hi du lch;
iu chnh gi s dng t i vi nhng nh u t ngoi cng ng dn a phng;
31
Vn du lch vn ho lin quan n vn ho mt a phng v vy phi m bo rng c s
thng nht gia hi ng lng, gi lng vi ngi iu hnh du lch v ngi hng dn vin v
lng khch n thm ti mt thi im. ng thi cng phi m bo rng c s phn chia hp l
ngun thu nhp gia cng ng dn a phng v ngi lm du lch;
Tin hnh mt c ch hot ng ti chnh m bo mi ngi dn trong cng ng c thu nhp.
2. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng t nhin v mi trng nhn vn;
Kh nng cung ng nc sch cho sinh hot, vic gim st x l nc thi c quan h vi nng lc
ng ho ca nc a phng cng nh quan h vi cc c s loi tr cht thi rn l nhng vn
bc xc hng u ca ngnh du lch. Nhng dch v ny c th cung ng bi chnh quyn a
phng hoc cc cng ty t nhn, ngi u t cn cung cp nhng thng tin chi tit pht trin du
lch cho cc c quan ny h chun b tip nhn cc nhu cu ca d n. Nu cc c quan ny khng
nng lc tip nhn d n, nh u t du lch phi xut cch gii quyt chng nh th no v
nhng tc ng ca vic xut cn phi xem xt trong nh gi tc ng mi trng;
Vic ng dng th ch lut php gip cho cc d n du lch t c kt qu tt, cc vng km pht
trin c th cn o to v quyn ca a phng v bo v ti nguyn thin nhin v kim sot
nhim mi trng. Lc lng lao ng a phng cng cn o to theo tinh thn m bo li ch
y t ngun vic lm do d n du lch to nn;
Cc hot ng thng xuyn, cn thit cho bo v ng vt hoang d, cc trch nhim c tnh quc
gia nh cng vin, nh lch s, cc im kho c, cc quyn s dng v t lin, bin, nc ca nhn
dn a phng v s qun l chung v mi trng i vi nhng ni nhy cm;
Pht trin du lch i hi s hp tc qun l gia cc c quan chu trch nhim v du lch, cng vin,
bo tn v kim sot nhim mi trng;
D n pht trin du lch sinh thi cn phi hp cc im vn ha, thin nhin vi li ch kinh t v
ngh dng. Thng li ca d n du lch ph thuc vo s la chn a im, truyn tin, thit k trn
vn, hng dn vin nhy cm, v tim nng ca ti nguyn du lch;
Thng thng d n pht trin du lch lin quan n cc quy hoch pht trin ca cc ngnh khc.
Phn tch cc tc ng ca chng trnh lm mt li th ca pht trin du lch do suy thoi ti
nguyn du lch bi cc tc ng do ngnh khc to nn. Vic nm vng k hoch v mi trng v s
dng t c th xc nh nhng la chn v cc phng n thay th cho lu di v lm cn bng
trong vic s dng t a v n mc tiu;
Cc k hoch gim st mi trng cn nu ln cc d liu c bn v cc nh gi theo giai on ca
cc i tng t xc nh mt k hoch gim st hin thc.
Trn bnh din chung c th c nhng bin php gim thiu tc ng n mi trng t nhin v
nhn sinh sau:
Kim sot s bin ng s lng loi v c th ca ng vt hoang d vng xung quanh d n;
Gii hn s lng khch du lch (theo cc cch thng thng hoc thng qua gi c) i vi ngi
n thm mt im quan trng v t nhin hoc lch s nh:
Khu bo tn thin nhin;
Vn quc gia;
i tng nim, bo tng, di sn;
Bi bin.
Thit lp cc chng trnh o to b sung nhanh cho cc hng dn vin du lch v nhng ngi
thc hin du lch m bo c th dn ti tc ng mi trng ti thiu;
Pht trin nhng sinh hot c tnh hp dn i vi bo v mi trng nh:
Ngy khoa hc;
Ngy bo tn thin nhin;
Ngy mo him;
S dng cc kh nng to ln ca cc ti nguyn thin nhin nh kh nng chng bo, ng ha nc
thi x l ca t ngp nc...;
Cc bin php bo v mi trng nhn vn: ph thuc vo cc tc ng ca quy hoch v chun b
a im trnh by trn.
32
4.2.3. K hoch gim st (monitoring) mi trng: trnh by Chng V Mc 2.
Khi xut cc bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng nht thit phi xem xt tc ng ca bn
thn chng n mi trng v c bin php khc phc km theo.
5. Bc 5: nh gi chi ph - li ch
y l phn s dng tt c cc kt qu phn tch, nh gi c thc hin cc bc trn, t
i su v mt kinh t, so snh nhng li ch m vic thc hin d n pht trin du lch em li vi
nhng chi ph v tn tht m vic thc hin d n gy ra (Hnh 3, 4; Bng 1). Ni cch khc, nh
gi chi ph-li ch l mt chu trnh so snh cc chi ph v li ch ca mt d n pht trin du lch,
din t bng gi tr tin t mc thc t nht.
V mt mi trng, nh gi chi ph-li ch thc cht l ti u ho vic s dng ti nguyn t
c cn bng gia pht trin bn vng v bo v mi trng. Du lch vi c trng l mt ngnh
kinh t tng hp v vic s dng ti nguyn to sn phm mang tnh cht quyt nh cho s pht
trin ca ngnh nn y l mt vn rt quan trng trong qu trnh xt duyt cho mt d n pht
trin du lch. Kt qu ca qu trnh nh gi ny c s dng chp thun hay t chi mt d n,
sng lc cc d n (khi c d n thay th), gip la chn quy m v khong thi gian thch hp
thc hin d n hoc xc nh xu th pht trin cho d n trong tng lai (Hnh 5, Bng 2).
Vic nh gi chi ph-li ch phi mang tnh ton cc v n khng phn nh li ch ca bt k mt
c nhn, mt nhm ngi hay mt t chc no. Vi phm vi v mc tiu nh vy nn nh gi chi
ph-li ch c th vn dng trong c cc chnh sch, k hoch, chng trnh v d n pht trin du
lch nhng quy m khc nhau.
5.1. Mt s khi nim trong nh gi chi ph - li ch
Chi ph c hi: chi ph ca vic hy sinh cc ngun li (t cc ngnh kinh t khc) cho cc hot ng
du lch v thu nhp thay th;
nh gi c th: xc nh gi tr tin t ca mt sn phm du lch hay mt ti nguyn bng s nh
gi ca ngi tiu th (khch du lch);
Gi ngm: phn nh ng s khan him tht s ca ti nguyn du lch i vi ton x hi.
Gi tr hin ti: cc gi tr v chi ph v li nhun trong qu kh v tng lai c quy v gi tr hin
thi;
Mc ti u Pareto: khi m khng c mt ngi no thu li m li khng gy thit hi cho ngi khc;
Nguyn tc chi ph-li ch: d n ch c th c chp nhn khi tng li ch x hi l dng (hiu s
li ch-chi ph l dng).
5.2. Nhng phng php nh gi chi ph li ch hin thng c dng trong nh gi
tc ng mi trng cho d n pht trin du lch
5.2.1.Phng php phn tch chi ph-li ch nh gi cc h thin nhin
Do Vin Mi trng v Chnh sch thuc Trung tm ng-Ty (M) xut.
5.2.2. Phng php phn tch chi ph- li ch bng biu
Tuy nhin, vn phn tch chi ph-li ch hin nay cng ang gp mt s kh khn, i hi mt s
nh gi phi c thc hin bi nhng chuyn gia c kinh nghim. Nhng kh khn bao gm:
Vn tin t ho cc chi ph v li nhun v ti nguyn v mi trng. Hin nay, trong mt s
trng hp c th c nhng quy c tm thi.
Trong mt s trng hp, buc phi tnh gi "bng" (Shadow price ) cho nhng chi ph duy tr v
pht trin. (xem Ph lc s 28)
33
Vn chuyn cc gi tr tng lai thnh tin hin ti c th p dng cng thc:
1
NPV = V
tb
x
1 + r
t
Trong :
NPV : gi tr hin ti
V
tb
: gi tr trung bnh
t : thi gian (nm)
r : h s trit gim
Gi tr ny i vi cc ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng th theo chiu nghch (v s lng v
cht lng ti nguyn ngy cng gim th gi tr cng tng ln).
Hnh 2: S phn tch chi ph-li ch
D n pht trin du lch
Hnh ng 1 Hnh ng i Hnh ng n
Tc ng ti kinh t - x hi Tc ng ti ti nguyn-mi trng
Chi ph Li ch Ti nguyn Cht lng MT
- Nguyn liu - Sn phm vt cht Tch cc Tiu cc Tch cc Tiu cc
- Nng lng - Dch v - Pht trin - Cn kit - Trong sch - nhim
- Nhn cng - Li - Bo v - Suy gim - Hi ho - Tng sc p
- Qun l - Hon
nguyn
- Suy thoi - Nng cao
- X l MT
34
Bng 1: Th hin h thng phn tch chi ph-li ch
Kinh t - x hi Ti nguyn-mi trng
Chi ph CP Li ch LI Mt CP c LI
Nguyn
liu
CP1 Sn phm
vt cht
LI 1 Cn kit C'P'1 Trong sch L'I'1
Nng
lng
CP2 Dch v LI 2 Gim cht
lng
C'P' 2 Hi ho L'I'2
Nhn cng CP3 Tng thu
nhp
LI 3 Mt do lng
ph
C'P' 3 m bo
sc kho
L'I'3
- ... CP.. - ... LI... - ... C'P'... - ... L'I'..
Hnh ng 1: Tnh CP v LI Hnh ng 1: Tnh C'P' v L' I'
Hnh ng 2: Tng t nh trn Hnh ng 2: Tng t nh trn
... ...
n n
Ton b d n: Chi ph = CP n + C'P' n
1 1
n n
Li ch = LI n + L'N' n
1 1
Hnh 3: So snh chi ph-li ch trn s
(V d mu)
Hnh ng A 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 A6 A7
D n PTDL
N/c kh
thi,
GTMT
Thi cng Vn hnh
Bo dng
Qun l
Khai
thc
Thu nhp
t sn
phm
khng
chnh thc
Thay th
thit b,
i mi
Thanh l
c s
a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4
iu
chnh
thit k
Cng trnh
x l
Thit b
thu hi, ti
s dng
Chi ph
khai thc
a' 4
Chi ph
x l MT
35
Bng 2: Tng kt chi ph-li ch
Phn hin ti Phn m rng
Thi gian Hnh ng Chi ph Li ch Hnh ng Chi ph Li ch
Nm th 1 A1 CP1 LI 1
a 1 CP
a1
a'1 C'P'
a1
L'I '
a1
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Nm th 4 A4 LI 4 L'I '4
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Hnh 4: Biu th hin quan h chi ph-li ch
c p1
CP2
LI
Nm
l i 6
l i 5
u t
Li ch
Thu hi vn
C
h
i

p
h
c
h
36
Chng IV: Xy dng bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
cho d n pht trin du lch
1. Cc c s xy dng bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
1.1. C s lut php
Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng l bn tng kt cc kt qu GTMT mt cch c h thng,
t nhng khu thu thp cc thng tin, t chc cc thng tin, trnh by cc thng tin, n ni dung
bo co. Bo co GTMT s l c s chnh gip cc c quan c thm quyn xem xt ra quyt
nh. V th tc trnh by c cn c vo Ph lc I.2 ca Ngh nh 175/CP thng 11/1994 ca
Chnh ph.
1.2. Yu cu v ni dung
Ni dung ca mt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng du lch phi bao gm:
M t d n;
Tnh hnh thu nhp thng tin;
Nhng tip cn chung;
M t v mi trng;
M t v cc tc ng mi trng;
M t v cc bin php gim thiu;
Khi qut v nhng phng n thay th;
nh gi hiu qu ca d n.
Cc yu cu chi tit c trnh by trong ph lc s 27.
2. Cc ni dung ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng cho d n pht trin du
lch
V mt k thut nhng ni dung chnh ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng cho pht trin du
lch c trnh by di y; ngi lp bo co c th la chn cc chi tit ph hp vi d n v vi
cng chi tit GTMT c duyt, a vo bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.
Phn I . M u
1. Tn d n
2. a im d n
a. V tr a l: kinh , v .
b. Bn a phng (t l 1: 50.000-1: 200.000).
c. Bn trc a vi cc s liu km theo.
3. Mc tiu d n
a. Mc tiu chung.
b. Mc tiu c th.
4. C quan xt duyt d n
a. C quan xt duyt.
b. Ngy gi d n xin xt duyt.
5. Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
a. Nhng yu cu php l.
37
b. Ngy trnh.
c. Cc giai on ca d n c nh gi tc ng mi trng.
6. Ngi xut d n
a. Tn c quan, a ch, in thoi.
b. Tn ngi c trch nhim tip xc.
7. Ngi nh gi tc ng mi trng
a. Tn c quan, a ch, in thoi.
b. Danh sch cc thnh vin tham gia chun b bo co v chuyn mn ca h (trong thnh vin
phi c cc nh khoa hc t nhin).
c. Danh mc ca cc bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c lin quan:
c thc hin;
ang c thc hin;
S c thc hin.
8. Bo co v s cn thit
a. Nhng l do ca d n.
b. Mc tiu ca d n.
9. H s ca d n
Bao gm tt c cc bc pht trin ca d n cn phi xem xt mi trng, trong c c quyn
mua, quyn s dng t kin xt duyt.
Phn II . Qu trnh la chn a im
1. Sng lc cc a im u tin
a. Sng lc cc a im u tin theo cc ch tiu nhy cm v quan trng v mi trng trc
khi la chn.
b. S tham gia kin ca qun chng.
2. Ch tiu cho vic chn a im v chn tuyn (ti u cho li ch chung ca a phng)
a. Thm m.
b. Gi tr ti nguyn.
c. Kinh t - x hi.
3. Cc phng n b tr
a. B tr bo tn cc gi tr cnh quan.
b. B tr bo v cnh quan.
c. B tr ti thiu chi ph.
Phn III. M t d n
1. Tng quan v d n
a. S qui hoch (theo t l v c mu). Trong cn th hin din tch d n, din tch cc b
phn pht trin, ranh gii a l v nhng phng n chun b m rng cho tng lai.
b. Cc vng pht trin v tnh tng hp:
Vng (phn khu) mt chc nng;
Vng (phn khu) nhiu chc nng;
Vng (phn khu) chc nng tng hp.
2. Sc cha kinh t
a. S lng khch du lch ngy (khch+nhn vin).
38
b. Cc hot ng km theo v nh lng c th:
Cc c s h tng (hecta);
Din tch bi bin (hecta);
Cc c s ngoi bin (hecta);
Nhu cu nc sch (m
3
/ngy);
Lng nc thi (m
3
/ngy);
Lng cht thi rn (m
3
/ngy);
Din tch dnh cho cc cng trnh, ni xe, ng vo (hecta).
3. Cc thnh phn ca d n (s quy hoch kin trc v c mu)
a. Cc c s h tng k thut.
b. H thng dch v (ngn hng, y t...).
c. Cc phn khu du lch.
Bi bin;
Vng bin;
Cng vin t nhin (du lch sinh thi), vng rng;
Cng vin gii tr;
T hp th thao;
Sn gn.
d. H thng lu tr.
e. H thng cy xanh cnh quan.
f. Trung tm iu hnh.
g. Cc c s ca hng, dch v mua bn.
4. Cc c s h tng v cc c s hot ng km theo (Bn t l 1: 1000-1: 5000)
a. ng giao thng.
b. H thng thot nc.
c. H thng cp nc.
d. H thng cp in.
e. H thng bu chnh vin thng.
f. Ni qun l cht thi rn.
5. Hot ng xy dng
a. Dn a im v san lp mt bng.
b. No vt (v ni loi tr cht thi, bn ).
c. Ci to (Bn ).
d. Vn chuyn.
e. X l cht thi (ph liu xy dng).
f. Sinh hot ca cng nhn.
g. Xy dng cc hng mc cng trnh chung gm:
Nh;
chn sng;
Cu tu;
ngn nc bin;
p;
ng (ng b, ng st, ng thang ln ni);
H thng cp thot nc.
k. Nhng ngnh phc v cng cng.
39
6. Bng danh mc cc hot ng thc hin d n (Biu )
a. Thit k v cng ngh xy dng.
b. Xy dng.
c. Hot ng v duy tr.
d. Thanh l v ngng hot ng.
Phn IV. M t hin trng mi trng
(Xem thm Ph lc 8)
1. Mi trng vt l (cc bn t l 1: 5.000-1: 10.000)
a. Bn a hnh (cc bn t l 1: 5.000-1.000).
b. Bn a mo:
Vng bin:
Phn loi a mo cho cc qu trnh hot ng;
Xi mn/bi lp;
Trm tch, bi tch ph sa.
Nu cc qui hoch no vt, lc hay xy dng c lm xong cho vng bin, cn phn bit cc
nh hng k thut n:
ng lc triu;
Vn chuyn ph sa.
Vng ni:
Phn loi a mo cho cc qu trnh hot ng
Xi mn tch t;
L t, trt t, nt t, l qut.
c. a cht v t (Bn ).
d. Thy vn hnh thi, thot nc (Bn ).
e. Cc yu t thy vn (triu, hi lu, sng, l, lt).
f. Kh hu.
g. Cht lng c bn ca nc sng sui:
Bao gm mt dng chy, lu lng dng chy, h s dng chy, kh nng iu tit nc:
Thng lu trong khu vc d n;
H lu trong khu vc d n;
Cht lng nc ma cn;
Cht lng nc ma l;
So snh vi cc tiu chun quc gia.
h. Cht lng c bn ca nc bin (Bn ):
Cht lng vng "thng lu" ca vng d n;
Cht lng vng "h lu" ca vng d n;
Cht lng trong vng d n;
Cht lng khi triu cao (t nht mt mu);
Cht lng khi triu thp (t nht mt mu);
So snh vi tiu chun quc gia.
i. Cht lng c bn ca vt cht trm tch (Bn ).
j. Cht lng khng kh (Bn ).
40
k. Mc n (Bn ).
2. Mi trng sinh hc (cc loi sinh vt bin, c hu, ang b e da, cc loi c li ch kinh t)
a. Ni sng trn t: h thc vt, h ng vt.
b. Ni sng thy sinh v ca sng: h thc vt, h ng vt.
c. Ni sng ngoi bin: h thc vt v h ng vt.
d. Ni sng y bin: h ng vt.
e. Cc ngun bnh tim nng v ni sng ca vt truyn bnh (xem Ph lc 24).
f. Ngng chu tc ng ca con ngi ( trong sch ca cc h sinh thi, t nh hng n
cht lng cc mi trng thnh phn khc).
3. Mi trng nhn vn (Bn )
a. im dn c, lng.
b. Dn s.
c. Bin ng dn s.
4. S dng t (Bn ).
Trong vng d n theo ranh gii hnh chnh v ra ngoi vng d n t nht 3km.
a. Hin trng s dng t.
b. Quy hoch s dng t.
c. Cam kt v s dng t.
d. Cc im di tch vn ho lch s v kin trc quan trng.
e. Cc lng ngh, lng dn tc.
f. Cc khu bo tn rng v cc vng bo v.
g. Quy hoch tng th, quy hoch chi tit v quy hoch a phng.
5. Hin trng c s h tng (Bn )
a. Cc im ng vo v giao thng.
b. Kh nng cp nc sch.
c. Kh nng thot nc thi
d. Kh nng v nng lng.
e. Kh nng v bu chnh vin thng.
6. Sc cha thc t (Inherent carrying capacity)
a. Gii hn ngng v sc cha du lch trong mt ngy.
b. Cc ti nguyn dng t ngng:
Nc ung/nc ngt;
Din tch t;
Din tch bin;
Thi tit ma;
Nhng s dng khc nh khu bo tn thin nhin, vn quc gia, vng nh c.
c. Nhng vng c nh hng gin tip n sc cha (Bn ).
d. Xc nh cc vng t, vng bin c kh nng pht trin bng vic loi tr cc vng khng
th pht trin (Bn ):
t t, m ly;
Bc thm (Steep terrain);
C gi tr thm m;
Bi bin (Beach);
41
Bi bin bc mn (Erosive foreshore);
B khng n nh (Unstable backshore);
Cc im bo v ng vt, thc vt, c;
Cc im bo v di tch kho c;
Cc rng nguyn sinh;
Cc vng t "thing" ca dn a phng.
Phn V. Cc tc ng c ngha, cc bin php gim thiu v xc nh cc tc ng cn st
1. Thit k v cng ngh (trc khi xy dng)
a. a im v tuyn.
b. So snh vi quy hoch tng th, quy hoch chi tit, quy hoch a phng.
c. Thay i s dng t.
2. Xy dng
a. Dn a im v lm t:
Thot nc v lt;
Xi mn t;
nhim nc;
nhim khng kh;
Ting n;
Cc tc ng vng ven bin;
Cc tc ng vng rng.
b. No vt:
Cc cng trnh ven bin;
Cc h sinh thi ven bin v bin;
Cc cng trnh ven h v sng;
Cc h sinh thi nc sng v h.
c. Ci to:
Cc cng trnh ven bin;
Cc h sinh thi ven bin v bin;
Cc cng trnh ven h v sng;
Cc h sinh thi ven h v sng;
Cc h sinh thi xung quanh vng ci to trn vng rng, ni.
d. M hnh v:
Vn chuyn ph sa;
Cht lng nc;
Cc qu trnh b bin (xi l, bi t);
Qu trnh xi mn t b mt vng t dc;
Qu trnh l min ni.
e. ng vo v giao thng:
Tnh hnh giao thng;
nhim khng kh;
Ting n;
An ton giao thng.
f. Loi tr cht thi:
t;
thnh ng (b bin);
Lp t.
42
g. Nh ca cng nhn:
nhim nc;
nhim cht thi rn;
Cc ngnh phc v cng cng (Utilities);
Cc tc ng vn ho-x hi;
Sc kho.
h. Xy dng chung:
Ting n v rung;
nhim khng kh;
Mt ng;
An ton.
3. Hot ng v duy tr
a. Thot nc v l lt.
b. Cc nc thi sinh hot.
c. Cc cht thi rn.
d. Giao thng.
e. Cc qu trnh b bin.
f. Cc qu trnh ngoi sinh vng ni.
g. Cm nhn cc tc ng (nhn thy, nghe thy, ngi thy).
h. Lp m hnh vn chuyn vt cht trm tch.
i. Cht lng nc.
4. Thanh l d n v ngng hot ng
a. Tnh trng kinh t ca d n;
b. Chm dt s dng t vo lc thanh l v ngng hot ng;
c. Cc dch v v cc c s phi thanh l hoc ngng hot ng v lm nh th no thc hin
c vic .
5. Sc cha: sc cha kinh t i lp vi sc cha tht
a. Nng lc ca vng ph hp vi cc yu cu ca sc cha kinh t theo cc kha cnh:
Kh nng v din tch t;
Kh nng v din tch bi;
Kh nng cung cp nc sch.
b. Hn ch s tng sc cha thc ca cc o hay vng ni. Nghin cu din tch ph hp vi
sc cha kinh t, bao gm cc kha cnh:
Thay i cnh quan ph hp vi nhu cu sc cha ca thit k;
Thay i thit k ph hp vi gii hn ca sc cha thc.
6. Tc ng kinh t x hi
a. Bin ng dn s
b. Nhng phn ng ca cng ng.
c. Thay i thu nhp.
d. Xo trn x hi (di chuyn dn, n b).
e. Anh hng v vn ho (tn gio, l hi, phong tc tp qun, cc truyn thng).
43
f. Tc ng sc kho.
7. Tc ng sinh thi (a dng sinh hc)
8. Cc tc ng ca nhng hot ng khc ln vng d n
9. Cc tc ng ca nhng hot ng thm ca d n ln mi trng.
Phn VI . Chng trnh gim st (Monitoring)
1. Giai on xy dng
Cht lng nc mt (sng, sui, h v bin);
H sinh thi bin;
H sinh thi sng, sui, h;
H sinh thi trn cn;
Cht lng khng kh;
Ting n;
Bin i c cu s dng t;
Thay i c cu ca cc thnh phn kinh t;
Thay i c cu lc lng lao ng;
Thay i v sinh mi trng v y t cng ng.
2. Giai on hot ng
Cht lng nc mt (sng, sui, h, bin);
H sinh thi bin;
H sinh thi sng, sui, h;
H sinh thi trn cn;
Cc qu trnh tc ng ln vng ven bin (xi mn, bi t, trm tch, ph sa);
Cc qu trnh ngoi sinh trn t dc min ni;
Cht lng khng kh (bi do hot ng ca cc phng tin c gii, kh thi);
Ting n;
Cc vc t truyn bnh.
Phn VII . Tm tt cc kt lun
1. Tm tt cc bng v cc hot ng, cc tc ng c ngha, cc bin php gim thiu v cc tc ng
tn d;
2. C cc tc ng tn d c ngha khng;
3. c tnh chi ph ca cc bin php gim thiu v bo v.
Phn VIII . Ngun t liu
Phn IX . Ti liu tham kho
Phn X . Cc thng tin khc
1. c lng chi ph ca d n;
2. Chi ph ca nghin cu nh gi tc ng mi trng;
3. S lng ngi/thng yu cu cho nh gi tc ng mi trng;
4. nh gi chi ph-li ch ca d n.
3. Bo co tm tt
c xy dng da trn ni dung ca bo co GTMT, bo co tm tt cn s dng ngn ng i
chng, n phn nh cc tc ng chnh, cc bin php gim thiu v cc kt lun chnh ca bo co
GTMT.
44
Chng V: Thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
ca d n pht trin du lch v Gim st cc tc ng mi
trng
1. Thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
Thm nh cc bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng l mt th tc bt buc trong qun l mi
trng cc nc. Kt qu ca thm nh cho mt c s cc c quan chc nng ra cc quyt nh
nh cp giy php u t, cp giy php xy dng v cp giy php mi trng.
1.1. Cc cp thm nh
Tu tnh cht v quy m ca d n, cc cp thm nh (theo Ph lc II ca Ngh nh 175/CP ngy
18/11/1994 ca Th tng Chnh ph).
Hi ng thm nh cp trung ng do B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng ra quyt nh thnh
lp;
Hi ng thm nh cp a phng do Uy ban Nhn dn tnh, thnh ph ra quyt nh thnh lp.
Thnh phn ca Hi ng thm nh gm cc nh khoa hc, qun l, i din cc t chc x hi v
i din ca nhn dn a phng.
1.2. Nguyn tc thm nh
1. Nguyn tc thm nh tun th theo cc iu khon 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 v 20 ca Ngh nh
175/CP ngy 18/11/1994 v Thng t 490 nm 1998 ca B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng;
2. Cn c vo cng chi tit c thit lp trong giai on xc nh phm vi;
3. Cn c vo yu cu ca mt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.
1.3. Cc ch tiu thm nh
Mc thc hin theo ng cng chi tit;
S tun th cc vn bn quy nh php lut hng dn nh gi tc ng mi trng v cc tiu
chun mi trng c ban hnh;
Nhng c im c bn ca mt d n pht trin du lch v nhu cu s dng t
Cc nhu cu u vo ca d n v in, nc, nhu cu thot nc v cht thi, nhu cu nhn cng,
giao thng, dch v, y t, tuyn truyn, nhu cu xy dng (phng php xy dng, nguyn liu, nhn
cng);
Xc nh sc cha ca d n pht trin du lch;
nh gi cc tc ng n mi trng gm nhn dng cc tc ng, quy m cng cc tc ng,
ngha tm quan trng ca cc tc ng mi trng, la chn phng n thay th v xut cc bin
php gim thiu;
Cc iu kin t nhin kinh t - x hi nhn vn ca vng d n v xu th pht trin ca chng;
Cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng v tnh hp l ca chng;
Nhng tc ng mi trng ca cc bin php gim thiu;
Cc phng n thay th v tnh hp l ca chng;
K hoch kho st mi trng;
Tnh hp l v khoa hc ca cc phng php p dng cho nh gi;
Tnh y , tin cy ca thng tin;
Tnh logic trong thu thp, t chc, trnh by cc thng tin trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi
trng v bo co tm tt;
Mc tham gia ca cng ng trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng.
Mc m bo pht trin du lch bn vng ca d n.
2. Gim st (monitoring) tc ng mi trng
Gim st tc ng mi trng trong pht trin du lch m bo cho d n thu c nhng hiu qu
tng hp (kinh t, x hi, mi trng) lu di, v trc ht mi trng cng l mt dng ti nguyn
45
ca du lch. O Vit Nam, cng tc gim st cho cc thng tin nn c quy nh bng vn bn,
tuy nhin gim st cho mt d n pht trin cha c cp ti. Do tnh cht quan trng ca cng
vic ny i vi du lch, cc d n cn tin hnh gim st tc ng mi trng.
2.1. Khi nim
Gim st tc ng mi trng l nghin cu gim st theo nh k v mt thi gian, theo phm vi v
mt khng gian, nhm thu thp cc bin i cc thng s mi trng, do d n to nn kp thi
c k hoch bo v mi trng.
2.2. Mc tiu
Peter Duinker-1985 ch r mc tiu ca gim st tc ng mi trng nhm:
1. Kim chng nhng d bo tc ng mi trng;
2. Kim tra hiu qu ca cc bin php gim thiu tc ng;
3. Sm a ra nhng khuyn co i vi nhng bin i khng mong mun c bin php ng x;
4. Cung cp nhng bng chng t chi hoc h tr cc yu cu i hi bi thng thit hi.
2.3. Xy dng k hoch gim st
Bao gm:
2.3.1. La chn cc yu t mi trng cn tin hnh gim st, chng c lu theo cc kha
cnh sau
1. Nhng yu t mi trng c d bo trong iu kin s liu cha thc s y , hoc phng php d
bo cn b nghi ng v s ph hp;
2. Nhng yu t mi trng c vai tr quan trng trong khai thc v duy tr d n;
3. Nhng yu t mi trng hay b bin i bt thng trong iu kin t nhin ngay c khi khng c tc
ng ca d n;
4. Trong d n du lch, cc yu t mi trng gi c trnh by k trong phn VI, chng IV.
2.3.2. Thit lp chng trnh gim st cho cc yu t mi trng la chn
1. Vng v im gim st (s hoc bn );
2. Tn sut gim st: cn c theo yu cu nghin cu, c th hng tun, hng thng, hng qu, hng nm;
3. Th tc gim st: gm th tc ly mu, phn tch o c...;
4. Phn tch nh gi kt qu: so snh vi cc gim st k trc. Tng kt so snh vi d bo.
5. xut:
Cc bin php khc phc;
B sung, sa i bin php gim thiu;
B sung sa i phng php d bo;
iu chnh k hoch khai thc;
Sa i, b sung k hoch v th tc gim st...
2.4. Xc nh trch nhim gim st
1. Cam kt ca ch u t v trch nhim u t cho gim st phi c lm trc khi thc hin d n;
2. Kim tra nh k cng tc gim st: cc c quan qun l mi trng trung ng hoc a phng thc
hin;
3. Trch nhim u t b sung khi kt qu gim st pht hin c iu cn b sung: do ch u t chu trch
nhim di s gim st ca c quan chc nng v mi trng, v phi c nghim thu nh gi trc
mt hi ng.
46
2.5. Thc hin gim st tc ng
Tu yu cu ca gim st, cng tc gim st thc hin theo hai giai on:
1. Giai on xy dng;
2. Trong giai on khai thc v duy tr d n.
2.6. Lp bo co v gim st cc tc ng mi trng bao gm cc ni dung
1. Tn d n;
2. Cc yu t mi trng tin hnh gim st;
3. Tn s gim st tng yu t;
4. S gim st;
5. Cc phng php s dng gim st, phn tch;
6. Kt qu gim st:
Tng kt cc bin i thng s mi trng gim st c (bng biu, th, bn );
So snh bin i v khng gian, thi gian;
So snh vi cc thng s d bo;
Phn tch kt qu nhn nh v: phng php d bo, hiu qu ca bin php gim thiu, hiu qu
ca qun l mi trng; nhng nguyn nhn bin i;
xut cc gii php bo v mi trng;
Ph lc v s liu gim st.
7. Kt thc gim st: tu ni dung v yu cu.
2.7. Nhng yu t ngng gim st
Cc yu t c bin i ph hp vi d bo;
Cc yu t sau khi p dng bin php khc phc i vo n nh;
Cc yu t c bin i nhng nm trong nhng gii hn tiu chun cho php.
47
Chng VI: nh gi mi trng chin lc cho pht trin du
lch
1. Khi nim chung
Vic nh gi tc ng mi trng cho mt d n pht trin du lch c trnh by trn nhiu khi
khng c tc dng trong nhng hot ng pht trin mc cao hn. V vy, trong nhng trng
hp ny cc kt qu nh gi tc ng mi trng cp d n cn b gii hn :
nh hng, cc xu th pht trin trong tng lai ca mi trng trn bnh din rng hn, s khng
r rng;
Kh khn trong nh gi cc tc ng tch lu;
Thiu linh hot trong vic xem xt cc phng n thay th v cc bin php gim thiu;
Nhng tc ng ca nhng hot ng ngoi d n pht trin du lch, nhng c lin quan n du lch
s khng c nh gi.
Bi vy, vic nh gi tc ng mi trng ca pht trin du lch nhiu khi phi tin hnh mc
cao hn, nh gi cc hot ng cao trn mc d n, l nh gi mi trng chin lc.
nh gi mi trng chin lc c hiu l "qu trnh h thng ho, tng qut ho ca vic nh
gi tc ng mi trng ca cc chnh sch, cc quy hoch, cc k hoch, cc chng trnh cng
nh phng n thay th ca chng, bao gm vic chun b bo co kt qu nh gi, v s dng cc
kt qu a ra quyt nh c th gii thch c trc cng chng", (IUCN, 1996).
Cc chnh sch, k hoch, chng trnh c m t nh cc "chin lc", chng i hi phi nh
gi chin lc cc mc khc nhau.
Chnh sch: l nhng tng v cc hng dn, nh hng cho nhng hot ng ca mt lnh
vc no ;
Quy hoch: l cc phng n pht trin c th cho mt giai on di hn nht nh;
K hoch: l mt tp hp cc mc tiu hot ng kt hp v mc tiu thi gian cho trin khai mt
giai on pht trin ca quy hoch;
Chng trnh: mt tp hp cc d n thc hin trn mt khu vc nht nh;
Chnh sch, quy hoch, k hoch, chng trnh c th thc hin cho ton ngnh du lch hoc theo
lnh th (quc gia, vng).
V l thuyt, chnh sch, quy hoch, k hoch, chng trnh l c th bc. Chnh sch cung cp mt
khung cho quy hoch, quy hoch cung cp khung cho k hoch, k hoch cung cp mt khung cho
chng trnh, chng trnh n lt mnh s dn dt cc d n.
Trn thc t, cc th bc ny nhiu khi khng nh hnh v chng rt mm do, nhiu khi khng
phn bit r rng.
Cho n nay vic nh gi chin lc cho pht trin du lch Vit Nam cha c tin hnh. Tuy
nhin, nhu cu v nh gi chin lc cho nhiu ngnh, nhiu a phng Vit Nam ngy cng t
ra cn thit.
48
2. Cc mc tiu ca nh gi mi trng chin lc cho pht trin du lch
nh gi mi trng chin lc i vi pht trin ngnh ni chung v cho pht trin du lch bn
vng ni ring m bo cho nhng mc tiu sau:
nh gi mi trng chin lc to nn c s chn lc cc phng n thay th ca d n.
nh gi mi trng chin lc (GMTCL) cp k hoch cung cp cc chin lc chc chn la
chn cc phng n thay th thch hp, xc nh nhng d liu thiu v tin hnh xem xt nh gi
tc ng mi trng mc d n mt cch r hn, nhanh hn v thit thc hn. l qu trnh tip
cn th bc trong nh gi tc ng mi trng;
GMTCL theo vng cung cp cc tm tt cc tc ng ca ton th cc hot ng ca mt s d n
c thc hin trong vng; iu gip cho thng li hn trong GTMT mc k hoch;
GTMT mc d n kh c th pht hin cc tc ng tch lu. nh gi tch lu tin hnh phn
tch cc hu qu mi trng khi mt vng no chu sc p ca cc tc ng qu kh, hin ti v
nhn thy tc ng c trong tng lai do cc d n to nn. Trong trng hp ny GMTCL s gip
nng cao hiu qu ca cc bin php gim thiu ca cc tc ng loi nh vy (Khadka et al., 1996).
3. Phng php lun nh gi mi trng chin lc
3.1. Quan im nh gi mi trng chin lc
Vic tin hnh GMTCL pht trin du lch nhm m bo cho pht trin du lch mt cch bn vng
nht. Bi vy, trong mt GMTCL bt k thuc trong hoc ngoi ngnh du lch u hng ti mc
tiu pht trin bn vng. Bng thc tin v phn tch l lun, Glasson (1995) trnh by hai h
thng m hnh, l h thng t di ln v h thng t trn xung.
H thng i ln bt u t vic GTMT ca cc d n, tin n GMTCL mc chng trnh,
k hoch, chnh sch cui cng t c mc tiu bn vng. H thng ny c dng mt cch
ph bin trn th gii, cn Vit Nam nhiu khi ch mi dng li GTMT mc d n. H
thng ny ni chung t ra t hiu qu (Khadka et al., 1996).
H thng th hai l h thng t trn xung di, n c m t gm cc bc nh sau, (theo
Khadka et al., 1996):
u tin l mc tiu cho pht trin bn vng. Trong thc t cn da vo cc mc tiu c th ca pht
trin du lch bn vng trnh by trn. Tu tnh cht ca cc chnh sch, k hoch, chng trnh
cng c th xy dng cc mc tiu c th pht trin bn vng trn c s tham kho cc nguyn tc
pht trin du lch bn vng;
Trnh by tt c cc i hi c th v pht trin bn vng;
Tin hnh nh gi chin lc ca cc chnh sch, k hoch, chng trnh la chn v phi t c
cc mc tiu nu trn;
La chn cc phng n c nh gi l bn vng nht;
Thc hin GTMT cho mi d n;
Thit k chng trnh gim st v nh gi (evaluation) cho tt c cc bc.
Tm li, GMTCL cho chnh sch, quy hoch, k hoch, chng trnh c tin hnh xoay quanh
mc tiu pht trin bn vng.
3.2. Phng php nh gi mi trng chin lc
Cho n nay cc hng dn c th cho GMTCL cha c xy dng, cc phng php nh gi
chin lc thng c p dng mt cch c la chn cc phng php ca nh gi tc ng mi
trng cp d n. Ram B. Khadka v nhng ngi khc trnh by cc bc c bn ca GMTCL
nh sau:
Bc 1: Bao gm:
49
Lit k cc mc tiu ca chnh sch, quy hoch, k hoch, chng trnh, bao gm cc quyt nh
chnh thc cn phi a ra v xc nh nhng kh khn;
a cc mc tiu v cc vn u tin, xc nh cc mu thun v mi quan h gia chng, ch ra
cc cn tr ca cc mu thun, xem xt xem chng c th thay i theo thi gian hoc l c th dn
xp c cc mu thun .
Bc 2: Xc nh phm vi v phn tch cc hin trng mi trng, cc vn khc v cc mc tiu
bo v. Tp trung vo cc kha cnh v cc vn ch yu, cc nh hng tiu cc hoc tch cc do
cc chnh sch, k hoch, chng trnh to nn. S dng cc chnh sch mi trng tng ng lit
k cc mc tiu bo v mi trng tng ng cho cc kha cnh hoc vn .
Bc 3:
Ch r cc la chn kh thi cho cc quyt nh quy hoch v xc nh cc hu qu mi trng ca chng;
Xc nh v nh gi cc kha cnh mi trng v cc tc ng, bao gm c cc tc ng tch lu v
nhng kha cnh bn vng, khng c xem nh cc nh hng n gin mc d chng kh nh lng.
Bc 4: Xin t vn: xc nh mt s ngi trung gian khch quan v xin h cc kin v kt qu
nh gi chin lc trc khi ra quyt nh thc hin.
Bc 5: Xc nh cc bin php gim thiu v bi thng cc tc ng c ngha v tin hnh la
chn cc phng n tt hn. Trong bc ny tp trung vo phn tch cc tc ng m kt qu s l
cc ti liu phc v cho qu trnh ra cc quyt nh. So snh chng vi cc mc tiu bo v mi
trng tng ng, so snh cc phng n thay th la chn, bao gm vic xut chn hoc khng;
kim tra tnh nhy cm ca cc kt qu ca phn tch xem c kh nng thay i trong cc iu kin
hay khi dng cc gi thit khc nhau.
Bc 6:
Xy dng k hoch gim st c th v quyt nh bc no s nh gi vic thc hin cc hot ng;
Xc nh u cn yu cu y mnh nh gi, lit k cc d n, cc hot ng... cn i hi nh gi
tc ng mi trng cp d n.
Bc 7: a ra cc ngh cho vic ra quyt nh (khi thch hp) v:
Tn thnh hay phn i cc xut;
Thi gian v cc iu kin cho vic thc hin.
4. Phng hng trin khai nh gi mi trng chin lc cho pht trin du lch
vit nam
4.1. Phng hng pht trin
Trong mt thp k ti (n 2010) ngnh du lch Vit Nam xc nh nhng mc tiu c bn
trong s n 2,0 triu khch quc t vo nm 2000 v 6,0 triu khch quc t vo nm 2010. Vi
khch du lch trong nc s c 11 triu khch vo nm 2000 v 20 triu khch vo nm 2010. Nng
t l ng gp ca ngnh vo GDP ton quc ln 3,3% vo nm 2000 v 6,35% vo nm 2010.
V quy hoch khng gian cho pht trin du lch, Tng cc du lch xc nh 3 vng:
Vng 1: Phn pha Bc gm 27 tnh t H Giang n H Tnh. Vi th H Ni l trung tm cng
tam gic pht trin kinh t H Ni Hi Phng H Long;
Vng 2: Phn pha Bc Trung B, gm 6 tnh ven bin Bc Trung B t Qung Bnh n Qung Ngi.
Vi trung tm l Hu - Nng v trc pht trin Hu - Nng Lao Bo;
Vng 3: Phn Nam Trung B Ty Nguyn - ng Nam B v ng bng Sng Cu Long, gm 28
tnh v thnh ph t Kon Tum n Minh Hi, vi hai tiu vng pha Nam gm 19 tnh vi trung tm
l thnh ph H Ch Minh. Trong vng c 3 tam gic pht trin kinh t l: Thnh ph H Ch Minh -
Nha Trang - Lt; Thnh ph H Ch Minh Cn Th - Kin Giang v Thnh ph H Ch Minh -
Bin Ho - Vng Tu.
50
Trong d kin chung cho pht trin du lch, mt s vng c t u tin pht trin l:
Th H Ni v vng ln cn;
Vnh H Long Bi T Long - o Ct B - Bn o Sn;
C Hu - Nng Lao Bo Hi An Phong Nha (Qung Bnh);
Vnh Vn Phong Nha Trang Ninh Ch - Lt;
Vng bin Long Hi - Vng Tu - Cn o;
Thnh ph H Ch Minh v ph cn;
Vng du lch bin Rch Gi - H Tin - Ph Quc.
Chim u th trong pht trin lnh th du lch ca nc ta trong giai on ny vn l cc vng c
lin quan n ven bin, c bit l cc vng u tin pht trin cng th hin xu th ny r hn.
4.2. Phng hng trin khai nh gi mi trng chin lc cho pht trin du lch
Vit Nam
4.2.1. Tip cn thang bc trong nh gi
Ni chung nh gi mi trng chin lc c ng dng cho nhng quyt nh quan trng nht
trong cc qu trnh quy hoch. Cc quyt nh quan trng trong mi qu trnh quy hoch l cc
quyt nh da trn cc cu hi: Ti sao phi tin hnh ? Tin hnh lm g ? Tin hnh u ? Tin
hnh nh th no ? nh gi mi trng chin lc thng p dng cho cc cu hi ti sao, lm g,
u; cn cu hi lm nh th no thng p dng cho GTMT cp d n (Verheem, 1998).
nh gi mi trng cn c t chc tip cn thang bc trong mc chin lc cao hn c t
ln trn v mc cui cng l GTMT cp d n (Therivel and Partidario, 1996). Nh vy nh gi
mi trng chin lc Vit Nam cn da theo thang bc ca bn quy hoch chung cho pht trin
du lch trnh by phn trn Hnh 5 trnh by theo thang bc trong GTMT cho pht trin
du lch Vit Nam
Hnh 5: Thang bc trong GTMT cho pht trin du lch Vit Nam
nh gi mi trng chin lc cho quy hoch
chung pht trin du lch ton quc
pht trin du lch vng
pht trin du lch tiu vng
pht trin du lch ca tnh, thnh ph
pht trin du lch a phng
nh gi tc ng mi trng cho d n pht trin
du lch
51
S tip cn thang bc ny cho thy mi quan h hu c gia cc thang bc, cc bc cng thp
cng cn phi gii quyt nhng vn c th hn so vi cc bc trn. nh gi nhng vn mi
trng bc di l chi tit ho cc vn mi trng c t ra bc trn.
4.2.2. Phng hng trin khai
Cn c vo quy hoch tng th pht trin du lch nc ta, da vo 8 nguyn tc pht trin du lch
bn vng trnh by mc 2.4 chng I, c th ho cc nguyn tc ny theo tnh hnh ca lnh th
cn nh gi, s dng lm mc tiu pht trin du lch bn vng ca ton quc, vng, tiu vng,
tnh, thnh ph, a phng...
nh gi mi trng chin lc cho pht trin du lch m bo s pht trin bn vng ca nn du
lch t nc, cc nghin cu nh gi cn pht hin nhng vn chin lc v mi trng ca
ngnh du lch trong vng c nh gi, nhm khai thc s dng lu bn cc ti nguyn du lch t
nhin v nhn vn ca vng, nng cao cht lng ca ngnh du lch. ng thi cc nh gi cng
cn xc nh tnh cht hp l ca loi hnh du lch, quy hoch khng gian ca cc c s du lch
nhm gim thiu cc tc ng tch dn do pht trin du lch gy nn. Bn cnh nhng ch tiu pht
trin du lch bn vng chung nht m mi cp nh gi u phi ly lm cn c, i vi tng cp
nh gi chin lc cn lu nhng vn mi trng c th nh sau:
i vi quy hoch tng th pht trin du lch ton quc
Khai thc hp l ti nguyn, gi gn ton vn sinh thi. Trong c bit lu bo v vng ven bin v
vng bin ca t nc, trnh nhim nc lm hu hoi cc h sinh thi ven bin nh cc vng t
ngp nc, cc vng rng ngp mn, cc rn san h v cc cnh quan bin: V d vng Vnh H Long,
Vnh Vn Phong - i Lnh, vng ven bin Nha Trang, Vng Tu v cc o. ng thi bo v cc di
sn vn ho, lch s c ngha quc gia v quc t nh c Hu, ph c Hi An, di tch M Sn cng
nhng di tch lch s vn ho khc ca t nc.
i vi quy hoch vng pha bc
Khai thc hp l ti nguyn, gi gn ton vn sinh thi: Trong c bit lu bo v cht lng nc
vng di sn thin nhin th gii Vnh H Long, vng ven bin thnh ph H Long, Hi Phng, bn o
Sn, ven bin Sm Sn, vn quc gia Ct B; ng thi bo v cc di tch lch s thuc th H
Ni, Bc Ninh, H Ty, Ninh Bnh, Lng Sn, Cao Bng;
Gi gn bn sc vn ho dn tc: trong lu n vn ho ca cc a danh nu trn cng nh
ton b cc tnh trong vng;
m bo an ninh quc phng v an ton x hi trn vng bin, vng bin gii thuc lnh th vng.
i vi quy hoch du lch vng Bc Trung B
Khai thc hp l ngun ti nguyn gi gn ton vn sinh thi, trong ch trng vo: Cc di sn vn ho
lch s ca th gii nh c Hu, ph c Hi An, di tch M Sn, cc di tch cch mng Qung Tr.
Khai thc hp l gi gn ton vn sinh thi vng di sn thin nhin thuc Hu Lng C - Hi Vn
Sn Tr; vng ven bin t Vnh Nam n ph c Hi An; ng Phong Nha (Qung Bnh);
m bo an ninh quc phng, an ton x hi trn cc tuyn du lch quc t Lo, Thi Lan, Miamar,
Malaysia, Singapore.
i vi quy hoch du lch vng Nam Trung B v Nam B
Khai thc hp l ngun ti nguyn gi gn ton vn sinh thi, trong ch trng vo: Bo v mi trng
v ton vn sinh thi vng ven bin Vnh Vn Phong - i Lnh, ven bin Nha Trang, Ninh Thun, ven
bin Vng Tu, ven bin H Tin; lu gi gn ton vn sinh thi o Ph Quc v Cn o. Gi gn
ton vn sinh thi ca cao nguyn Lt v cc vn quc gia Ty Nguyn, ng Nam B, cc khu
vc Trm Chim, rng U Minh, rng ngp mn ven bin thuc thnh ph H Ch Minh, B Ra - Vng
Tu, C Mau...;
52
Gi gn bn sc vn ho dn tc ca cc dn tc Ty Nguyn, Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, ng bng Sng
Cu Long;
m bo an ninh quc phng, an ton x hi trong cc vng quy hoch du lch v cc tuyn du lch t
Pnng Pnh, Lo, Thi Lan. Cc vng ven bin Nam B, Nam Trung B v c bit cc o Ph Quc,
Cn o.
Tm li, iu quan trng trong xc nh phng hng tin hnh nh gi mi trng chin lc l
cn xc lp cc vn ni bt nht trong lnh vc mi trng v bo v tnh y ca cc ch tiu
pht trin du lch bn vng mt cch c th trong vng cn nh gi chin lc.
53
Kt lun
Bo v mi trng hin nay l mt nhu cu cp bch chung ca cc ngnh kinh t, mi tng lp
nhn dn v cho ton x hi. i vi ngnh du lch, bo v mi trng l hot ng mang tnh
"sng cn", bi l mi trng cng chnh l ti nguyn quan trng to nn cc sn phm du lch.
Pht trin du lch bn vng l mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh gp phn vo s nghip pht trin
bn vng chung ca ton t nc. Thc hin nguyn tc ny chnh l m bo quyn li ca cc
th h tng lai, l quyn c hng mt cuc sng c cht lng cao, vi s tha k v hng
th nhng tinh hoa ca mt nn vn ho, kin trc, lch s v thm m ca dn tc, cng nh cc ti
nguyn thin nhin ca t nc.
Bo v mi trng trong pht trin du lch i hi s hiu bit kh ton din v kinh t, x hi nhn
vn v v thin nhin ca nhng ngi lm cng tc qun l mi trng, nhng ngi lm cng tc
nh gi tc ng mi trng, nhng ngi qun l v iu hnh hot ng du lch, v c cc khch
du lch.
Ti liu ny c gng truyn t nhng hiu bit mi trong lnh vc nh gi tc ng mi trng
ca cc nc, cc t chc quc t v kinh nghim thc tin Vit Nam, gp phn to c s vng
chc hn v khoa hc, cng ngh v thc tin phc v cng tc nh gi tc ng mi trng du
lch. Mt s vn chi tit trong th tc nh gi tc ng mi trng c trnh by trong ti
liu ny nhm cung cp nhng k thut cn thit cho ngi qun l v nh gi tc ng mi trng
la chn p dng nng cao hiu qu ca cng tc nh gi tc ng mi trng cho pht trin du
lch nc ta.
Tuy nhin nhng vn nh gi tc ng mi trng cp cao hn cc d n pht trin du lch
nh cc chng trnh pht trin du lch, cc quy hoch pht trin du lch vng hoc cc chnh sch
pht trin du lch a phng, vng hay ton quc vi c trng l cc tc ng tch dn ca cc
hnh ng pht trin, cha c i su nghin cu v cha c cp trong cun sch ny.
Ti liu ny l kt qu ca n: "Xy dng nng lc qun l mi trng ti Vit nam" do Vin a
l thuc Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia cng Vin Nghin cu Pht trin Du
lch thuc Tng cc Du lch thc hin di s ti tr ca U ban Chu u (EC).
54
Ti liu tham kho
A. Ting Vit
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Ni, Vit Nam.
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Ni, Vit Nam.
3. B KHCN&MT. (1995c) Cc tiu chun nh nc Vit Nam v mi trng. Tp I: Cht lng nc,
H Ni, Vit Nam.
4. B KHCN&MT. (1995d) Cc tiu chun Nh nc Vit Nam v mi trng. Tp II: Cht lng khng
kh, m hc, cht lng t, giy loi, H Ni, Vit Nam.
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Quy hoch pht trin du lch vng ng Bc 1996-2010, H Ni, Vit Nam.
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Ni, Vit Nam.
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thin nhin v mi trng: phng php lun v phng php nghin cu, Vin NCPT Du lch, H Ni,
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10. Nguyn Minh Tu, V Tun Cnh, L Thng, Phm Xun Hu v Nguyn Kim Hng. (1997) a l Du
lch, NXB thnh ph H Ch Minh, thnh ph H Ch Minh, Vit Nam.
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Quc gia, H Ni, Vit Nam.
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nc, UBND tnh Hu Giang, tnh Hu Giang, Vit Nam.
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thi k 1996-2010, UBND tnh Qung Ninh, S du lch tnh Qung Ninh, Qung Ninh, Vit Nam.
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Quy hoch pht trin khu du lch H Long - Ct B, H Ni, Vit Nam.
17. United Nations Environmental Programme. (1998) Sch hng dn h tr v o to nh gi tc
ng mi trng, H Ni, Vit Nam.
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