Humanities

GCSE History Unit 3 Exam Practice Booklet Question 3: Cross-reference

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Question 3: Cross referencing

Study Sources A, B and C. How far do these sources agree about the German bombing of Coventry, November 1940? Explain your answer? (10)

This question is asking you to cross reference three sources.

What does this mean? Cross-referencing means comparing what the sources suggest/infer. When cross- referencing or comparing sources you should look for: Support between the sources - how far do they agree in what they suggest/infer? Challenge each other - how far do they differ in what they suggest/infer? You also have to cross-reference or compare the sources for reliability and typicality. What does this mean? Reliability Can you argue that knowing who produced the source (origin) and why they produced it (purpose) makes the source more or less reliable as a piece of evidence? Two sources may support each other in what they suggest but have very different purposes. An example might be a report about the success of a German bombing raid from both a (secret) British source and a German newspaper source. They may both suggest the Germans were successful in their mission however the German source will always promote a successful mission (propaganda) whereas a (secret) British one would generally want to give the simple facts knowing it would be kept from the public. . Typicality - This means comparing to what extent the sources reflect a typical or popular view of the time. An example might be peoples views on rationing during and after the war or the view that demonstrations in the 1930s over unemployment would not achieve any great change in government policy.

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How do you achieve a good grade? To achieve Level 2 you are being asked to identify: to what extent the content between the sources supports each other or the Source C to what extent the content between the sources challenges each other or Source C. N.B. You need to identify at least one example of support and challenge to achieve a higher mark within Level 2. To achieve Level 3 you are being asked to: Explain the support or challenge between the reliability/typicality of the sources. Make judgements on the extent of support in content and reliability/typicality between the sources or Source C

Use judgement words or phrases such as strong support, some support, little support, no support. Level Descriptor Marks 1 Generalised yes and/or no answers without support 1-3 from the source. 2 Answers with support from the source(s) 4-7 3 Answers that, in addition, consider the degree to 8-10 which support is provided. This level also includes evaluation of sources for reliability/typicality etc.

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Developing cross-referencing skills Try using different coloured highlighter pens to show the support and challenge between the contents of written sources. For example, highlight in blue in each source areas of support in what the sources are suggesting. Highlight in green areas of challenge between the two sources. For visual sources, try to write around the source what you think it is suggesting. These annotations can then be highlighted in green or blue. Similar highlighting can be done between the provenances (origin) of the sources. You could then try to complete the table below using your highlighting to help you. Before we go any further you need to be aware that there are two main ways in which the cross referencing question could be phrased: Version 1 Study Sources A, B and C How far do these sources agree about evacuation? Explain your answer, using the sources. (a slight variation on this is to ask how far the sources support the view) Version 2 Study Sources A, B and C How far do sources A and B support the evidence of Source C about evacuation? Explain your answer. We will look at Version 1 first.

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This is the question posed at the beginning. Study Sources A, B and C. How far do these sources agree about the German bombing of Coventry, November 1940? Explain your answer? (10) Source A: From a broadcast on Berlin radio, 16 November 1940, about the air raid on Coventry.
More than 500 planes took part in the greatest attack in the history of aerial warfare. About 500 tonnes of high explosive bombs and 30,000 incendiary bombs were dropped. In a short time all large and small factories were set on fire. The German air force struck a violent blow in return for the British raid on Munich on the night of 8 November.

Source B: From a British newspaper, the Daily Herald, 16 November 1940 Coventry The bombing of Coventry was as foul a deed as Hitler ever ordered. His airmen were instructed: Dont worry if you cannot reach your industrial targets. Bomb and burn the city. Never mind if you hit factories. Hit houses. Have no scruples about military objectives. Kill men, kill women, kill children. Destroy! Destroy! Destroy! Heil Hitler! Heil bloodshed! Heil pain! Source C: The diary entry from 16 November 1940 by a woman who lived in Coventry during the bombings.
It was not long after reaching the outskirts of Coventry that we saw evidence of the raiders visit and as we drew nearer the centre the damage became greater. We saw the devastated Rex Cinema, bombed twice over and the hospital seemed more damaged than we expected. This was deliberate bombing of non-military targets by the German brutes to terrify the ordinary citizen into fright and submission

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How do we start? First, identify what two or all three sources agree upon. A View based on Source A Source B the sources Damage caused large and small as foul a deed as factories set on Hitler ever fire ordered Military targets As above only City in general bomb and burn targeted the city

Source C nearer the centre the damage became greater devastated Rex cinema & the hospital seemed more damaged terrify the ordinary citizen into fright or bombed twice over

Big attack

greatest attack in the history

Destroy! Destroy! Destroy!

Positive view of raid

greatest attack in the history of aerial warfare or struck a violent blow Negative view of Heil Hitler! Heil raid bloodshed! Heil pain!

This was the deliberate bombing of non- military targets

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Now this has been done, we need to consider the degree to which support for these views is provided. To do this, we need to evaluate the sources for reliability/typicality, etc. Source A Source B Source C Source A: From a broadcast Source B: From a Source C: The diary Provenance on Berlin radio, 16 British newspaper, the entry from 16 (origin) November 1940, about the Daily Herald, 16 November 1940 by a
air raid on Coventry. November 1940

How reliable/typical is the source? What was its purpose? As radio was controlled by the Nazi state this broadcast is a piece of propaganda and will exaggerate impact of bombing raid for German morale purposes. It will focus on legitimate military targets such as factories and leave out civilian damage caused in order to justify raid and maintain a moral high ground. Reliable in so much as it confirms the German raid but its assertions should be questioned. British newspapers, while not run by the government, would have emphasised the effects on women and children in order to maintain peoples hatred of the Nazis. It doesnt focus on figures as this might have a negative effect on morale.

woman who lived in Coventry during the bombings.

A personal account (seemingly not part of mass observation), likely to be more accurate in what is stated.

Reliable source but limited in extent to what she would have seen (not the whole city)

In this instance not greatly reliable as a source as it lacks credible information.

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Level 1 response (1-3 marks) All three sources agree that the Germans bombed Coventry. The sources show that factories and houses and cinemas and hospitals were hit which means the whole city must have been bombed. Source A says that the Germans only attacked factories whereas Sources B and C say that they bombed the city in general. Source A is German which means it will be a positive about the bombing. Sources B and C are British which means they will be critical of the bombing 82 words (3 marks) a short paragraph! Level 2 Response (4-7 marks) All the sources agree that there was a great deal of damage done in the bombing raid on Coventry. Source A suggests lots of factories were destroyed all large and small factories were set on fire while Sources B and C suggest damage was done to non-military targets as source C states .. the devastated Rex Cinema, bombed twice over and the hospital . Source A praises the raid, the greatest attack in history and is suggesting German bombers only targeted industrial sites such as factories. Sources B and C criticise the raids and suggest the German bombers were deliberately targeting civilian buildings and people. As source C suggests This was deliberate bombing of non-military targets. None of the sources actually give figures to show how many people were killed although Source B implies it Kill men, kill women, kill children. 141 words (6 marks) half a page!

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Level 3 Response (8-10 marks) All the sources agree that there was a great deal of damage done in the bombing raid on Coventry although they disagree on specific targets. Source A suggests lots of factories were destroyed all large and small factories were set on fire while Sources B and C suggest damage was done to non-military targets. For example source C states .. the devastated Rex Cinema, bombed twice over and the hospital . Source A praises the raid, the greatest attack in history and is suggesting German bombers only targeted industrial sites such as factories. As radio was controlled by the Nazi state this broadcast should be considered a typical piece of propaganda. This means it is likely to exaggerate the impact of bombing raid for German morale purposes. It will focus on legitimate military targets such as factories and leave out civilian damage caused in order to justify the raids and maintain a moral high ground. This source could be considered reliable in so much as it confirms the German raid but its assertions should be questioned. Sources B and C criticise the raids and suggest the German bombers were deliberately targeting civilian buildings and people. As source C suggests This was deliberate bombing of non-military targets. A personal account (seemingly not part of mass observation), could be considered more accurate in what is stated as there is no obvious motivation to distort, exaggerate or minimise the truth. In this sense, you could consider this a reliable source but limited in extent to what she would have seen (not the whole city). None of the sources actually give figures to show how many people were killed although Source B implies it Kill men, kill women, kill children. However, British newspapers, while not run by the government, would have emphasised the effects on women and children in order to maintain peoples hatred of the Nazis and in this instance not greatly reliable as a source as it lacks credible information. 329 words (10 marks) a whole page!

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 Now you have ago. Study sources B, C and D. How far do these sources agree about the Jarrow Crusade? Explain your answer. (10 marks)
Source C: part of a speech given to the Jarrow marchers by the reverend Thomas at Northallerton. The town council had not sent anyone to greet them. I dont think the decision of the council not to welcome the marchers represents the feeling of the people of Northallerton. This march is the finest organised I have ever seen. It is our duty to spare no effort to help our unfortunate comrades and I think the Churches of this country should have led the march and taken it right to London as an appeal not only to the Government but also to the common humanity in man. Source D: A Government statement made during the marches.

Ministers have considered the fact that there are a number of marches on London in progress or being planned. In the opinion of the government these marches do no good for the causes they say they represent and are likely to cause the unnecessary hardship for those taking part in them. Processions to London cannot have any right in our democracy to influence government policy.

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 A View about Jarrow Crusade based on the sources

Source B

Source C

Source D

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Source B

Source C

Source D

Provenance (origin)

Source B; a painting of the Jarrow Crusade, painted by art student Colin Moss in 1936. Moss came from a working-class background and believed in social reform

Source C: part of a speech given to the Jarrow marchers by the reverend Thomas at Northallerton. The town council had not sent anyone to greet them.

Source D: A Government statement made during the marches.

How reliable/typical is the source? What was its purpose?

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Study Source A, B and C How far do these sources agree about the level of morale in London during the Blitz? Explain your answer Source A: From a school textbook published in 1988
To start with, the Luftwaffe (German air-force) concentrated on destroying airfields as part of its invasion plan. In September, this policy was switched to one of bombing London. Having failed to beat the RAF (the British air-force) Luftwaffe planes could only attack at night, when it was harder for the RAF to shoot them down. Bombing cities was intended to break the morale of the British and make them want peace at any price.

Source B: A Poster issued by the government in 1940. Source C: From the diary of Maggie Joy Blunt, who lived about 20 miles from London, 9 September 1940.
Raids over London are constant and seem to get worse and worse. Damage and death over the docks and East End have been terrible. But Hitler wont win. We will not be subdued. We will have a better world. Damnation to those who machine-gun our women and children, and they do. Only last week a hundred or more factory girls were killed in this way in their lunch hour

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A View about level of morale in London based on the sources

Source A

Source B

Source C

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Source A
From a school textbook published in 1988

Source B
A Poster issued by the government in 1940.

Source C
From the diary of Maggie Joy Blunt, who lived about 20 miles from London, 9 September 1940.

Provenance (origin)

How reliable/typical is the source? What was its purpose?

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Study Sources A, B and C How far do these sources agree about evacuation? Explain your answer, using the sources. Source A: From a government leaflet, Evacuation, Why and How, July 1938.
If we were involved in war, our big cities might be subjected to determined attacks from the air - at any rate in the early stages - and although our defences are strong and are rapidly growing stronger, some bombers would undoubtedly get through. We must see to it then that the enemy does not secure his chief objects - the creation of anything like panic, or the crippling dislocation of everyday life. One of the first measures we can take to prevent this is the removal of the children from the more dangerous areas.

Source B: A government poster of January 1940.

Source C: From the memoirs of Ray Whitehurst, 2006, who was evacuated in September 1939.
When Bert (aged 12), Jean, Reg and myself were told we were being evacuated from our house on Osmaston Road, I had no idea why. My mother explained that young children were being moved out of towns to the countryside because Hitler and Germany were now at war with us and we might get bombed. It still didnt mean much to me but if Mam said this was going to happen then it would. Probably my friends were right when they said that Hitler hated small children and ate them at mealtimes.

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A View about evacuation based on the sources

Source A

Source B

Source C

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Source A
From a government leaflet, Evacuation, Why and How, July 1938.

Source B
A government poster of January 1940.

Source C
From the memoirs of Ray Whitehurst, 2006, who was evacuated in September 1939.

Provenance (origin)

How reliable/typical is the source? What was its purpose?

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