PROCEEDING

CREATING SPACE FOR BETTER LIFE

SME TOWER (Smesco), Nareswara Hall, 16 17 February 2012 Copyright: Architecture Design Laboratory, Department of Architecture, 2012 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia Campus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 5663232, ext.8 201 8208, Fax. +62 21 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp Publisher: Department of Architecture Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Trisakti University, Campus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 5663232, ext.8 201 8208, Fax. +62 21 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

Printed By: UPT Penerbit Usakti First Edition 2012

ISBN 978-979-99726-6-8

International Seminar on Livable Space Creating Space for Better Life JAKARTA, 16 - 17 FEBRUARY 2012

Forward
The proceeding of this International Seminar on Livable Space has been prepared and developed to document the many and wide range of papers which have been written and presented by those who have participated actively in this seminar. The seminar was initiated by the Architecture Design Laboratory, Department of Architecture, the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Trisakti University, Jakarta. With the theme Creating Space for Better Life the seminar sought to provide the current issues and trends on a wide range of topics from papers and presentations indicating the broad scope of research, teaching and practice within the area of architecture. The central aim of the seminar is to explore the thoughts and ideas of livable space in a wide spread of sciences which can be viewed from the interrelationship and integration of physical and non physical spaces. It is also intended that the seminar can be functioned as the venue for exchanging information and encouraging discussions of recent developments in the study of livable space. The seminar is noted as the first scientific-forum about livable-space in Jakarta which will be continued to be administered periodically as a scientific-forum in every two years and it will be rounded around the universities within Indonesia. It is expected that this periodical scientific-forum will establish itself as one of the most significant gatherings both for researchers and practitioners from many disciplines. The proceeding has been prepared from the manuscripts directly provided by the authors prior to the seminar. In developing the proceeding, except the abstracts, the referred papers have been included without modification. It is therefore necessary to emphasise here that any errors and mistakes on the papers are solely writers responsibilities. It is hoped that the proceeding will provide adequate information for future studies on the field of livable space. Finally, thank you to all contributors for their active participations on the seminar, without them the seminar would not be successfully implemented. A warm and special welcome goes to those who are visiting Trisakti University for the first time, may your presence be assured in two years time. To all the participants, we do hope that you find the seminar is enjoyable and informative.

Team of Editors

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 5663232, ext.8 201 8208, Fax. +62 21 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

Organizing Committee Report

On behalf of the Steering and Organizing Committee for Scientific Forum on Livable Space, I would like to thank everybody for your participation and to warmly welcome you to Jakarta Indonesia (particularly for participants coming from abroad). This Forum, which is organized by Architecture Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Trisakti University, initially consist of three activities: International Seminar, Exhibition, and Excursion, unfortunately due to some technical reasons the excursion has to be cancelled. I hope some day we can carry out the excursion for the purpose of seeing the implementation of livable space. The main objectives of this seminar are: 1. To build an understanding for space and a creative capability with the aim of creating a flourishing livable space for mankind and other living creatures, 2. To form the mile-stones to enliven the study in the field of livable space in educational and research institutions in Indonesia. It is planned that in two days forum will be Seminar (plenary and small discussion session) and Exhibition. The places of the small discussion are chosen related to the topic. This forum will be attended by more than 300 participants from universities, research institutions, government institutions, practitioners, developer and other interested participants related to livable space. Some of them coming from India, Bangladesh, Singapore, Japan, and Malaysia. The main speakers of this International Seminar are coming from 6 countries: Germany, United Arab Emirates, Switzerland, Hongkong, Italia, and Indonesia. There are 9 Invited Speakers, who constitute stakeholder of creating space for better life. I hope this forum could be beneficial for everyone and become an initial meeting of next forums on Livable Space, which can be held in other places of forum member. Last but not least I would like to thank the Steering Committee and member of Organizing Committee for your hard effort in preparing everything for this moment. Also thank you to all parties (which I can not mention all here) for your contribution. I wish you all a pleasant and productive scientific forum. Thank you for your kind attention and God bless you. Best Regards, Head of Organizing Committee Dr.-Ing. Ir. I G. Oka Sindhu Pribadi, M.Sc., MM

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 5663232, ext.8 201 8208, Fax. +62 21 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

International Seminar on Livable Space Creating Space for Better Life JAKARTA, 16 - 17 FEBRUARY 2012

Rector of Trisakti University: Welcoming Speech

Ladies and Gentlemen As we know, space is a multi-dimensional phenomenon ranging from the extensive physical phenomena, life-supporting environmental phenomena for all creatures to perceptual/psychological phenomena specific to mankind. Humans as well as all other living creatures need livable space to foster their prosperity. As such, mankind is has intervened to create this space. We shall not let anything stop us from intervening nature in effort to create space for a much better quality life. In reality though, there is increasing degradation of livable space, such that making it flourish is increasing becoming insatiable. The phenomenon of glass houses and global warming with its effects is factual evidence that we have failed to create a good livable space. As such, this forum is designed to urge all stakeholders to rethink about livable space comprehensively; attempt to abandon the old understanding in effort to build a new understanding towards attempts to create a much better space for life for the prosperity of all, both humans and other living creatures. Ladies and Gentlemen The purpose of this event is being an initial step in the discussion regarding Livable Space, this forum is intended to embrace thoughts and experiences from various circles as wide as possible as collective capital to create awareness in developing the quality of livable space for all. In this moment let me appeal you all to save our earth through implementing the sustainable development for better living. A simple and applicable sustainable oriented action in our life means a lot and might be realized in our routine daily activities. I hope, in this moment we could learn and share our ideas and best practices to other people, so that we could create better environment together. Thank you and have a nice seminar! Best Regards, Rector of Trisakti University, Prof.Dr.Thoby Mutis

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 5663232, ext.8 201 8208, Fax. +62 21 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

Minister of Public Housing: Opening Speech

International Seminar on Livable Space Creating Space for Better Life 16-17 Feb. 2012. Nareswara Hall, SME Tower (Smesco), Jakarta.

First of all, let us express our gratitude to the Almighty God Allah SWT that grants us excellent health so that we are able to get together here. Ladies and Gentlemen, Thank you for coming to this International Seminar on Livable Space Creating Space for Better Life. The goal of the seminar is to explore ideas and to share best practices of livable space in a wide spread of applications that can be viewed from the interrelationship and integration of physical and non-physical spaces. Physical spaces in our environment are dominated and influenced by human activities. We are doing our daily activities with our family in our house. Therefore, house plays an important role in forming a good living space, since we need house to fulfill our basic need. By the time, the housing touches the economic lives of all individuals and families, because everyone cant live without life space, which is in the small scope is our house. Ladies and Gentlemen, The problem of living space (in the case of housing) is getting complicated, when the housing becomes the matter of supply and demand. Housing development becomes urban activities which can stimulate the environment change. There is then increasing degradation of livable space, such as the decreasing of housing environment. The phenomenon of the change of land use, change of house function, reduction of green area, and addition the building area (Building Coverage Area) are some cases we face nowadays. Many actor of city development as part of stakeholder of city development contribute in the urban change. There are many factual evidence that we have failed to create a good livable space. Based on those reasons, housing needs to be planned and designed well. In the city, housing can be a generator for the urban living. It can be an object of the development and an indicator of a successful city. We should be responsible for our small environment and contribute to increase the quality of our life. Ladies and Gentlemen, In this seminar, I hope we can explore the thoughts and ideas of livable space in several point of views. At the end of this event I expect, that we will find out the applicable ideas which can be implemented in many field of works. This seminar may also become a venue for exchanging information and encouraging discussions of recent developments in the study of livable space. At the end, I would like to officially open this seminar with the expectation that we find this seminar is enjoyable and informative. Thank you for your kind attention, H. Djan Faridz Minister of Public Housing

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 5663232, ext.8 201 8208, Fax. +62 21 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

International Seminar on Livable Space Creating Space for Better Life JAKARTA, 16 - 17 FEBRUARY 2012

CONTENTS
PLENARY SESSION
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ady R. Tahir, Generating Sustainable Green Open Space Development In Urban Residential Areas Through Community Participation Approach Agus Budi Purnomo, User Oriented Design Process Budhy Tjahjati S. Soegijoko, Creating Space For A Better Life Eva Veres, The Contribution Of Building Physics In Quality Of Life Hendardji Supanji, To Create Jakarta as a Livable City Joko Widodo, Livable Space Making Through Knowledge Base Urban Management; Stakeholder Movement Towards Better Future Joseph Prijotomo, About Nusantara Architecture: A Matter Of Either-Or Or Both-And Toward Place For Better Living In The Humid Tropic Markus Zahnd, Creating Better Space by Virtual Modelling Using Software Creatively and Intuitively for Exploration and Analysis Of Urban Quarters and Estates Rana Y. Nasir, Global Trend For Building : Green And High Performance Building page 3 12 20 31 37 38 39 45

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SPACE PHILOSOPHY
10 11 Retna Ayu Puspatarini, In Search of Space in Javanese Architecture trhough Cosmology Concept in Javanes Culture Sugiri Kustedja, Antariksa, Purnama Salura, Feng-shui Chinese Cultures Space Philosophy, Worldview for built environment 71 78

SPACE PARADIGM AND THEORY

12 13 14 Al Aswad, Urban Space Paradigm: Behavioral Public Commercial Activities as Creating Commercial Open Space of Urban Area Aninda Moezier, Phallogocentirsm In Architecture Mitha Budhyarto, Experiencing Otherness : Inable Space In Contemporary Jakarta 89 99 105

THE CONCEPT OF LIVABLE SPACE

15 16 Agung Wahyudi, Cultural Influences And Neo Urbanism On The Transformation Of Urban Space In Bali Ahda Mulyati, Nindyo Soewarno, Arya Ronald, A.Sarwadi, Changes In The Concept Of Establishment Living Spaces Of Local Communities Of Aquatic Region In Central Sulawesi Bambang Panudju, Sugeng Triyadi S, Andi Harapan S, The Concept of Livable Space in Existing Big Cities in Indonesia. Case Study : Revitalization of Sriwedari Park in Surakarta Bambang Supriyadi, Abdul Malik, Bharoto, The Essence Of Livable Space Exploration Of Javanese Space In Kota Gede, Yogyakarta Dhini Dewiyanti Tantarto, The Mosque Territories and Its Development as Manifestation of Changes in The Function
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 5663232, ext.8 201 8208, Fax. +62 21 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

115 122

17

127

18 19

134 141

20 21 22 23 24

25 26 27 28 29

Dyah Titisari, WidyastutiIka Putra, Towards Conceptual Model for RailwayOrianted Development Trhough Enhancing Livability of Railway-Station District Etri Suhelmidawati, Aulia, Managing Stress By Creating A Comfortable Home Hartanto Budiyuwono, The Concept Of Hydrid Space: Integration Of Habitable Space And Construction Space In Residences Indrawati, Nurhasan, The Livable Mosque Towards Livable Small House a Design Strategy Approach Based on Islamic Architecture Lucia Helly Purwaningsih, Sri Handjajanti, The Pattern Of Chinese Settlement Characteristic Along The Cisadane River In Tangerang, Banten Province Indonesia Munichy B. Edrees, Creating Space Character Through The Psychological Approach To Behavior Rudy Trisno, Perception of the inhabitants and Feng Shui Concept for the Balinese Traditional housing that adapts Nawa Sanga Space Concept Tobita Chizuru, Wooden Building Living Space As Cultural Heritage-Effort And Issues Uray Fery Andi, Gertak as A Public Space at The Riverside Setlement in West Kalimantan. Case Study on Beting Settlement in Pontianak City Zareen Habiba Islam, Making Space Livable : A Post Occupancy Evaluation of The Space For Social Interaction in Apartments of Dhaka

149 160 168 178 188

198 206 215 221 228

APPEARANCE/SHAPE OF LIVABLE SPACE

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Dhani Mutiara, Expantion Of Public Area In The Unique Settlement Case on Chinese Settlement Surrounding Pasar Gede Surakarta Juarni Anita, Study On Inpatient Facilities In West Java Psychiatric Hospital To Improve Space Quality For Better Life Of Patients Nisa Kurnia Illahiati, Rural Societys Interpretation Of Modern Architecture Represented By Television Eko Nurshanty, City Spaces And Tourist Places: A Study Of Particular Spaces In The City Muhammar Khamdevi, Is The Scar Really A Scar? The Impact Of The Existence Of Louvres Pyramid, Paris Himasari Hanan, Cultural Concumption in Public Space Padmana Grady Prabasmara, Livability On Public Space As A Great Street Case Study : Solo City Walk- Slamet Riyadi Solo R. Darmono, Planning Consideration Of Garden City Concept Towards Achieving Sustainable Development Sumarwanto, Eko Nursanty, Sidewalk Spaces In The City: Meaning, Uses And Politics Nany Yuliastuti, Environmental Quality Assessment Of Urban Neighborhood Playground In Residential Tlogosari Kulon Semarang Shahril Anwar Mahmud, Abdullah Sani Ahmad, Aminatuzuhariah Megat Abdullah, Things, Room Size and Space Adequacy in Urban Homes Siti Astrid Kusumawardhani, Rita Walaretina, Benefits Beyond Cost Saving Throught Energy Efficiency in Livable Space Ira Widayanti, Cluster Type of Housing for Defensible Space Nurhikmah Budi Hartanti, Street as Livable Space in The Urban Settlement 241 250 259 267 276 285 293 299 309 319 324 330 341 348

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 5663232, ext.8 201 8208, Fax. +62 21 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

International Seminar on Livable Space Creating Space for Better Life JAKARTA, 16 - 17 FEBRUARY 2012

VARIOUS DIMENSION OF LIVABLE SPACE

44 Aliah B. Purwakania Hasan, Rochimah Imawati, Emmalia Sutiasasmita, Visitors Building and Environmental Perception Influence on Religious Activity Motivation at Al-Azhar Grand Mosque Jakarta Wahida Iffat, Md. Nawrose Fatemi, Adaptive Roof Tops as A Multi-functional Brathing Space : The Old Dhaka Context Susanti W. Indrarajasa, Creating A Livable Space Making A City Place Behavioral Approach : Martin Place Pedestrian Precinct Sydney-Australia Noviantari, Woerjantari K. Soedarsono, Noorsalam Nganro, Green Network System as Stormwater Infrastructure for High Density Riparia-Settlement Case Study : Lebak Siliwangi and Tamansari High Density Settlement, Bandung Imriyanti, Moh. Mochsin Sir, Feasibility Study On The Humanist Function Of Tiger Park As An Open Space In Makassar Ratna Safitri, Sea Settlement and Urbanization, Case Study : Kampoeng Telaga Mas in Balikpapan Anwar, Loekman Mohamadi, Public Space As A Part Of Cultural Identity Values Primi Artiningrum, Danto Sukmajati, Perception of Middle Class Wives in Jakarta About Ideal House Andjar Widajanti, The Influence of Informal Public Space Towards Students Behavior and Activities. Case Study : Mercubuana University Danto Sukmajati, A Socio-Geographic Study on Corelation of Punk Community and Public Space in Jakarta Sally Oktaviana S, The Accesbility in Enhancing Spatial Equitable Space by Design Strategies. Case Study : Lansia Park, Cilaki Bandung Maria I. Ririk Winandari, Heddy Shri Ahimsa-Putra, The Use Of Space In Public Open Space In Yogyakartas Upper Middle Class Housing Joko Adianto, Achmad Hery Fuad, The Creation Process Of Temporal Childrens Play Space In High Density Urban Slums Marcus Gartiwa, The Adative Re-Use Model Of Historic Public Spaces In Creating Liveable Urbanspace, Case Study: Public Spaces In Bandung A.Hadi Prabowo, The Re-Identification Of Building And Environment Character Of Kebayoran Baru Conservation Area, A Methodology Of Development Strategy Formulation Etty R. Kridarso, Identification of Environmental Character at Jalan Wolter Monginsidi Kebayoran Baru South Jakarta Made Suastika, Mudrajad Kuncoro, The Investment Pattern In Coastal Tourist District , Morphology Of Nusa Lembongan Bali Mohammad Ischak, Could We Design Sidewalk As A Humane Public Spaces? Case Study: Sidewalks Around Campus A University Of Trisakti, Grogol, Jakarta 359

45 46 47

373 383 393

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

407 414 422 432 442 449 455 463 472 482 491

59 60 61

498 507 527

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 5663232, ext.8 201 8208, Fax. +62 21 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

CREATING PROCESS OF LIVABLE SPACE

62 Korlena, Achmad Djunaedi, Leksono Probosubanu, Nurhasan Ismail, A Study On Land Use Control: Lessons Learned From United State Of America, Britain And Canada Besta Besuki Kertawibawa, Remittances And Rural Migrant Housing Development In Subang District Masni Erika Firmiana, Rochimah Imawati, Meithya Rose Prasetya, Go Green: An Attempt To Encourage Conservation And Pro-Environment Behaviour In Al Ghazali Islamic Boarding Schools Students At Desa Curug, Parung, Bogor. Sahid, Eco-Social Sustainable Architecture. Case Study : Masjid Kampung in Bandung Eka Permanasri, Lapak Houses : The Other Form of Gated Community Nina Nurdiani, Creating Livable Space For Low-Income Society In Urban Area Base on Living Culture. Case Study: Multi-Storey Owned Housing In Jakarta Dedes Nur Gandarum, Socio-Spatial Control In Creating Livable Spaces Rita Walaretina, Setu Babakan Betawi Cultural Village in Srengseng SawahSouth Jakarta : Creating Space for Better Life Sigit Wijaksono, Community Participation and Equity in Space Creating Case Study : Muara Sari Sub-Distric, Bogor City Ratih Budiarti, Adaptive Design Of Resident Unit Toward User Character Case Study: Vertical Rental Housing Tambora, West Jakarta 539

63 64

548 558

65 66 67 68 69 70 71

566 572 577 582 589 598 604

MISCELLANEOUS
72 Bachtiar Fauzy, Antariksa, Purnama Salura, The Resilience Of Local Architecture In The Northern Coastal Area Of East Java To The Onslaugh Of Immigrant Architecture. Alwin Suryono, Antariksa, Salura Purnama, An Old Building In The Colonial Heritage Style Of 1938 Appearing Today As A Modern-Style Building (A Case Study Of Architectural Conservation Of The Cultural Preservation Of The Driekleur Building As A Btpn Bank Office In Bandung) Aldyfra L. Lukman, Application of Universal Design Priciples in Facilitation Salat and Wudu at The Mosque Of Sriwedari Park In Surakarta Woerjantari K.Soedarsono, Dewi Shinta W.D.S. Putri, Aji Bimarsono, A Critic to Urban Development Comtrol in Relation To Gatden Siti Conservation. Hardi Utomo, Analysing The Sustainability of Housing Development In Indonesia Context: A Case Of Depok City Lili Kusumawati M, Pengaruh Ventilasi Untuk Mendapatkan Kenyamanan Termal Di Perumahan Koperasi Tahu Tempe, Semanan,Jakarta Barat Bagoes Wiryomartono, Urbanism and Life Style in the Malay World Dwi Sulistyawati, Behavior Setting Interior Residential Space For Better Life Nuzuliar Rahmah, Livable space of open space : A study Taman Menteng in Central Jakarta 619

73

631

74 75 76 77 78 79 80

640 652 662 673 683 694 703

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 5663232, ext.8 201 8208, Fax. +62 21 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

International Seminar on Livable Space Creating Space for Better Life JAKARTA, 16 - 17 FEBRUARY 2012

POSTERS
81 82 83 Asih Retno Dewanti, Transformation of Traditional Batavia House from Traditional Javanese House Dermawati, Spatial Tolerance in Urban Kampung, Case Study Livable Space in Kpg. Pajeksan and Kpg. Jogonegaran Yogyakarta Lucya Helly, Identification of Traditional Settlement in Kei Island, Maluku, Indonesia

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 5663232, ext.8 201 8208, Fax. +62 21 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

International Seminar on Livable Space Creating Space for Better Life - JAKARTA, 16 - 17 FEBRUARY 2012

mAkING SPAcE LIvEAbLE: A POSt OccuPANcY EvALuAtION Of thE SPAcES fOR SOcIAL INtERActION IN APARtmENtS Of DhAkA
Zareen habiba Islam
Lecturer, Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh e-mail: zareen@uap-bd.edu

AbStRAct The housing sector in Dhaka city experienced a major shift in the last three decades mainly in the form of unprecedented growth in real estate apartment living. Shortage in developed urban land, made this option popular amongst a section of urban population with better affordability comprised of people from wide ranging socio-cultural background. These varied communities face higher degree of social disorientation and hesitation to social interaction than the traditional ones, resulting in social problems and socially unfit groups in the apartments. Hence, the issue of social interaction within these communities, along with the spaces for interaction is equally important with other issues in apartment planning. Along with the regular shared spaces, different design solutions are seen to generate social interaction within these apartment buildings. However, most of these spaces have remained unevaluated in terms of their role in generating social interaction. Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE), being a good instrument to evaluate built up environment performance can provide a proper feedback as it considers not only the technical aspects but also social and behavioral issues considering the standpoint of the occupants. The objective of this paper is to find out the social spaces of these people and evaluate the spaces provided in these apartments based on users adaptation for social interaction. This Paper discusses in the light of POE, the role of the social spaces provided in the apartments through a comparative study of some contemporary apartments in Dhaka, which can provide guidance for future design of apartments to facilitate and design spaces for conducive social interaction. Keywords: Social Interaction, Apartments, Regular Shared Spaces, Designed Community Spaces, Post Occupancy Evaluation

1.

INtRODuctION

The housing sector in Dhaka city experienced a major shift in the last three decades mainly in the form of unprecedented growth in real estate apartment living. The lack of option for physical expansion and shortage of developed urban land made this option a popular choice to a section of urban population with better financial capability. This group of affluent households, as further scrutiny shows, is not homogeneous and is a collection of people from wide ranging socio-cultural background. These varied communities face higher degree of social disorientation and hesitation to social interaction than the traditional ones, resulting in social problems and socially unfit groups in the apartments. Hence, to make the space liveable, the issue of social interaction within these communities along with the spaces for interaction is equally important with other issues of apartment planning. A preliminary observation suggests that one of the reasons for the needs and demands for social interaction of the residents of these apartments not being fulfilled is inadequacy or non-existence of community space. The apartments, other than the Living units provide regular shared spaces, which are thought to be generating interaction e.g. the lift lobby, staircases, parking place, roof etc. Along with these shared spaces, many architects have come up with different design solutions to generate social interaction within the apartment building. However, most of these spaces have remained unevaluated in terms of their role in generating social interaction. Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE), being a good instrument to evaluate built environment performance can provide a proper feedback as it considers not only the technical aspects but also social and behavioural issues considering the standpoint of the occupants. Though high-rise apartments in Dhaka have a minimum 10% of the total floor area dedicated as community space as per provision by the Building Construction Rule, a large number of apartments are exempted from this rule. These are the six storey apartments with smaller number of population having better options for

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 5663232, ext.8 201 8208, Fax. +62 21 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

initiating social interaction among the residents, especially children, elderly people and women, who stays in these building for a longer span of time. To evaluate the built environment performance, Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) acts as a very good instrument as it considers not only the technical aspects but also social and behavioural issues considering the standpoint of the occupants. POE being a popular tool among the academicians as well as the practitioners for the last three decades focuses on building occupants and their needs and thus provide insights to the consequences of past design decisions and the resulting building performance. This knowledge forms a sound basis for creating better buildings in the future. This paper discusses in the light of POE, the condition of the community spaces for social interaction designed by architects through a comparative study of two apartments in Dhanmondi R/A in Dhaka. Dhanmondi, being the first planned residential area of Dhaka, has faced changes in its character over the time; from the individual small residences of homogenous groups of 60s to the recent heterogeneous high-rise multifamily apartment buildings. Thus, the evaluation of apartments in Dhanmondi will provide an example for the overall scenario of the planned residential area and will provide guidance for future design of apartments to facilitate and design spaces for conducive social interaction. 2. APARtmENt LIvING INtERActION IN DhAkA: SPAcES fOR INtERActION AND PAttERN Of

The megacity Dhaka has gone through a rapid growth in recent decades and still growing at a rapid pace. The population of Dhaka has grown from 2,068,353 in 1974 to reach an incredible 9,912,908 in 2001 and is predicted to be the worlds fourth largest city by the year 2015 with an estimated population of 21.1 million. [BBS, 2001]. Restriction in physical expansion due to its location within the deltaic region and lack of urban infrastructure development has restricted its horizontal growth. Phenomenal growth of the city population is dominantly contributing to the dynamic changes in residential areas. It is a deplorable fact that residential areas have lost much of their residential character in order to cope with rapid urbanization. The traditional fabric of the city has either been damaged, remodeled or has disappeared entirely. The only way to accommodate the rising population is to grow vertically. Thus apartment living in both low-rise walkups and high-rises have become a popular choice for the high and higher middle-income group of the city dwellers. The concept of living in multi-storied apartments is ordinarily not ingrained in the cultural experience of most Bangladeshis. It is a new experience for many people to live in apartments and maintain their life style, thus changing the urban and social fabric from the classic single storied independent house, to sharing smaller units of space side by side with numerous other families. First introduced by the formal private developers in early 80s, Dhaka experienced a boom in apartment development in almost all the residential areas, which later became well accepted also to the informal housing providers. Though formally the early developments were not much different from the government colonies and multi-storied single ownership walk-ups, the new idea of multi-ownership and shared facilities like parking area, lobby spaces, lifts, stairs, services etc with individual unit rights was accepted. The only significant change, taking place was freeing the ground floor from unit and providing parking and other services. Apart from regular shared spaces, the high-rise apartment complexes of Dhaka also have a minimum 10% of the total floor area dedicated as community space as per provision of the Building Construction (BC) Rule though the rule does not provide any further instruction to the attributes of these spaces. Besides the high-rise apartments, a large number of six storey apartments rise in the Dhaka city. There are no rules or regulations regarding the community spaces for these apartments which results into high-density accommodation without any variation of spaces. The community of these apartments form with people from varied socio-economic background and thus the degree of social disorientation and hesitation to social interaction among these communities are usually higher than the traditional one. Thus, inadequate or non-existent community space and heterogeneous group contributes to social isolation resulting in social problems and socially unfit groups in the apartments [Glaeser and Sacerdote, 2001]. Social interaction is a dynamic, changing sequence of social actions between individuals, who modify their actions and reactions according to the actions by their interaction partner; it occurs in a particular place and duration of time [Giddens 2006]. Changes in urban and house forms due to culture, technology

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING - TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY Kampus A, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia Phone. +62 21 5663232, ext.8 201 8208, Fax. +62 21 5684643, website: www.trisakti.ac.id/ftsp

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and power initiate changes in social interaction forms- [King 1980]. Moreover, population size, density, and social heterogeneity of a housing area, and its designed spaces combine to influence social interactions [Ghazzeh 1999]. Social interaction is enhanced by the presence of three variables: first is the opportunity for contact; second is proximity to others; and third is appropriate space to interact [Fischer.etal.1977]. The chance of Interaction is thus more in the six storey apartments as they have a smaller number of users and the chance for intimate interaction is high in them. Though there is no rule for providing community spaces in these apartments in the building code, beside regular shared spaces, some architects have taken many attempts to provide spaces in the form of court, open spaces, meeting halls etc. that can generate social interaction in the apartments. Four form of social interaction is distinguished by Wikipedia- 1. Accidentalinteraction that is not planned and not likely to be repeated. E.g. asking some stranger an address. 2. Repeated- not planned but bound to happen from time to time. E.g. meeting a neighbour from time to time when walking on the street. 3. Regular- Not planned but very common, likely to raise question when missed. E.g. Meeting a security guard every day at workplace. 4. Regulated- Planned and regulated by customs that will definitely raise questions when missed. E.g. Interaction in workplace. All the four type of interaction is seen in the shared spaces but the designed community spaces are thought to be generating not only the primary accidental one but also the regulated one. But no attempt is seen to evaluate whether these spaces generate any kind of interaction at all. Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) which has been developed by architects and social scientists with a shared interest in human behaviour and the physical environment is a perfect tool to assess whether buildings are fulfilling their functional purpose. POE in architecture are concerned with social and behavioural issues as opposed to aesthetic issues (Wener, 1989). They compare actual building performance with explicitly stated human performance needs. A POE of these apartments thus will provide a future guidance for the architects as well as the academicians. 3. ObJEctIvE, ScOPE AND mEthODOLOGY

Studying the social space of apartments can range from the living rooms of a unit to the street in front. This paper focuses on the spaces of an apartment for enhancing social interaction. The objective of this paper is to find out the social spaces of these people and evaluate the spaces provided in these apartments based on users adaptation for social interaction.

Figure 01. Methodology

Followed by a theoretical part based on established theories and analysis made by different authors, an empirical part based on field survey and interviews in the local context was done. Dhanmondi R/A was chosen as the survey area for its historical significance of being the earliest planned residential area, along

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with the multi dimensional face it has taken over the time. A questionnaire survey was done by random sampling to understand the socio-economic status of the residents. After a reconnaissance survey of the building types and based on presence or absence of designed spaces and possibilities of having key person to help in further survey and detail interview, six apartments were selected among which three stands on larger plots having designed spaces for social interaction and three on smaller plots with no designed spaces. Based on the questionnaire survey and general discussion and interview, families were chosen from varied backgrounds and family formation for ethnographic study to get a wide-ranging picture of the social spaces of these people and get the variable uses of the spaces within the building. In-depth interview of all the family members were done to understand the social spaces of these residents based on their daily and holiday routines along with the spaces visited and relation with the people. With face-to-face sitting, their feelings, their way of adaption to the space and people were studied that reflected their view towards life and their social spaces. In the second phase, the relation of the inhabitants with their neighbours of the same apartment was studied to understand the role and use of these spaces are also seen. For the Post occupancy Evaluation, the spaces those have potential to generate social interactions were identified. The elements that would be evaluated were divided in to two categories. Firstly, the typical features, features those are present in all the apartments. Secondly, the unique or the special features, features those are unique in apartments, specially designed for social interaction. Then three evaluation criteria were set; design quality, assumption of use and interaction taking place. Certain indicators were selected for each criteria based on which evaluation of each element was done. So, every element of the apartment is analyzed in three criteria based on certain indicators. For every indicator, the space is evaluated in scale of being satisfactory, moderately satisfactory and unsatisfactory. Then the findings are summed up from which shows the result of each element being satisfactory, moderately satisfactory or unsatisfactory and from this compiled together, the result of each apartment is obtained. The whole process is shown through the figure.

Figure 02. Evaluation Process

4.

RESIDENtS Of thE APARtmENtS: SOcIAL SPAcES AND ItS ROLE IN SOcIAL INtERActION

Before getting into the buildings, one thing important to know is, the people this study is based on are; the people living in the real estate apartments, their socio economic condition, their social spaces and type of interaction taking place and their relation with their neighbours and their neighbourhood.

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4.1 Socio Economic state of the users Majority of the residents of these apartment of Dhanmondi R/A have been living in Dhaka for about twenty-thirty years and even two generations. People with more than thirty-forty years background seem to be familiarized with the urban life though struggling with the busy and self-centered life of metropolis. Whereas, the younger generation are quite accustomed to this life. These are mainly single families generally of three to four members comprising mainly husband, wife and children. The household head of these apartments are by and large well established businesspersons or professionals including doctors, engineers, teachers, architects etc; with age group between late forties to late fifties. On the other hand, about seventy percent of the female population varies between the age group of forty-fifty. Only twenty five percent of children are seen under thirteen years. Teen agers and University going son/daughter are seen in the highest range. Most of these occupants belong to the upper and upper middle class strata with about forty percent families where the head is the only earning member and forty five percent families where both husband and wife are the earning members. 4.2 Social Spaces and role of social space in social interaction The relation of the residents and their neighbourhood is important to understand the situations of the buildings as well as the occupants sense of spaces for socialization in bigger scale. Studying Social Interaction in day to day life is important; firstly, to get a structure and form of day to day routines of individuals where the interaction pattern with others is almost constant. Secondly, the study of everyday life reveals how humans can act creatively to shape reality as; individuals perceive reality differently according to their backgrounds, interests and motivations. Thirdly, studying social interaction in everyday life sheds light on larger social system and institutions. (Giddens, 2006) The type, occurrence and extent of the daily activity vary with age group, occupation, distance one travel and above all individual characteristics. The household head or the male members spend a large time at office and the time after the office-hours with families with some exceptions attend clubs once or twice a week. To understand the daily activity of the female members two categories are studied: the workingwomen and the homemakers. The working women have a routine almost same as the male members whereas, the home makers spend most of the time taking care of home with their free time mostly spent watching television or talking on phone with friends and relatives. The children under thirteen and teen agers almost follow the same routine of going to school, coaching and game time after lunch and homework and family time at night. On a contrary, the university going or the office going spent most of their time at office or. The holiday routines vary from family to family reflecting ones family type and the nature of leisure one indulges in. The holidays routines have extreme opposite examples with cases where members spend the whole day at home and on the other hand, members gather for breakfast at the open space beside the lake followed by lunch at one of the members house of their morning walk group. Nevertheless, in most of the cases, members spend the morning with the family and then visit any relatives or make family outing. Almost half of the people have chosen their building either because of its location beside lake or close proximity of office, school etc. In most of the cases, the relation between the residents and the neighbourhood bounds only by going to office, schools and shopping. There are again families having relations with their neighbourhood and neighbours by sharing common interests like morning walk, children, clubs, saying prayers, playing etc. Many have the least physical movement within their neighbourhood whereas many use their surroundings in the best way they can. Nearest departmental stores are popular for shopping along with the vans bringing fruits and vegetables. Very few shop from the nearest kutcha bazaars. There are even families having specific shop who supply the monthly grocery. The fast growing shopping complexes are the most popular places for shopping whereas the old ones still hold their popularity. The colourful and wellpublicized restaurants and fast food shops are trendy when it comes to places for outing. It is hard to find these places free in the weekends as they are packed with families. Various virtual parks are popular among the children. Foreign trips are also popular as vacation along with different places within the country. 4.3 Relationship between the neighbours The social network that established by the households over generations, has taken a different form in the apartment context. The apartment dwellers have wider social network mostly with relatives, friends 232
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and fellow dwellers depending on the duration of living, which results in many cluster and fellow groups within the apartment based on age, education, occupation, origin (home district), political identity, religious practices, like-minded etc. Moreover, employment and ownership status play important roles for social networks. (Hussain, 2010). These urban families are becoming accustomed to the new characteristics of the apartment culture. Some customs, norms, rituals and ceremonies of apartments definitely touch the life of the dwellers either as an owner or as renter in an apartment building. The distinctive features of the social life in the apartments consists of the substitutions of secondary for primary contacts, such as the weakening of bonds of kinship and declining social significance of the family and the disappearance of the neighbourhood and the undermining of the traditional basis of social solidarity. The concentration of diverse population and their attraction provide the conditions for competitions and change in the social relation. (Hussain, 2010). Lack of open spaces for leisure time; force the people to spend most of the time at home, especially in the bedrooms. Usually in most of the cases, residents are more involved with television, internet, or talking on telephone with their relatives whom they cannot make a regular visit. The young generations spend most of their time on cell phones and internet. Face book is another popular option that helps in keeping contact with a bigger surrounding of people with the least movement. 5. SPAcES fOR SOcIAL INtERActION: PRESENt cONDItION AND EvALuAtION

Now comes the condition and evaluation of the spaces, that are thought to be affecting social interaction. As mentioned in the methodology, the spaces were evaluated under two categories, with further elaboration into each element evaluated under the three criteria based on the indictors. This section discusses the present condition of the features and the evaluation of each space. 5.1 Regular Shared Spaces of the buildings The typical features are those, which are present in all the apartments. These regular shared spaces are thought to be generating social interaction among its users. Parking, Lift lobby, stairs, roof, meeting rooms are identified as typical features. 5.2 Parking Parking in the small plots generally dont get much option to be designed and usually serve only the drive way along with the lift lobby, reception and sometimes utilities are seen. Whereas, the bigger plots sometimes accommodates other functions in the space. The parking places are well lit and ventilated and are thought to be generating interaction as this is shared by all the inhabitants. Nevertheless, this space is mainly used by the drivers and security guards. Except for any large gathering, residents are seldom seen to spend their time in the parking place. Only the children are sometimes seen to be playing here. The parking places of the apartments are satisfactory in terms of design but prove to be unsatisfactory when it comes to be generating social interaction.

The parking in a regular day and during a programme

Figure 03. Parking Space of the apartments

Parking of the larger plots

5.3 Lift Lobby and Stairs The lift lobbies of these apartments have a varied image. Almost all the lobbies of the smaller plots are unsatisfactory in terms of all the criteria, whereas, the lobbies of the larger lots are satisfactory in all. Usually

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the lobbies of the small plots are tightly designed and serve only as a transaction point from lift to the unit. The lobbies of the small apartments are seldom used and only hi-hello or small chitchats takes place while somebody enters or leaves the unit. In the case of the larger plots, two distinctive types are seen; one where the designer has used the land to accommodate some open space and one where no open space is kept. In the apartments where space is kept, the lobbies are used for sitting and plantation due to bigger space and the view. The interaction among the residents is more in the lobbies than those that have smaller space. The stairs, which are open, and faces the open spaces are more used than those of the one designed in a tight and closed space.

Tight Lobby in small apartments

Plantation in the larger lobbies

Figure 04. Lobby of the apartments

5.3 Roof Roof in an apartment is the only open space, which can generate gathering of users of all kind. Both in the small and large apartments, attempt is seen to provide space that can generate gathering and social interaction. Even provision of small meeting rooms and pantry is seen. The roofs are used for the daily activities like drying clothes or foods. But no use is seen when it comes in terms of gathering or evening walk. Often the lack of coordination between the residents and building committee results in conflict and the use of roof space is hampered. Only in few apartments, the roof is used for gathering.

Some roofs are empty and others are used

Figure 05. Roof of the apartments

5.4 meeting Rooms Almost all the apartments provide a meeting room for the inhabitants, to use for monthly or annual meetings. Depending upon the design variation in design is seen. Some are just rooms with small openings and some are designed with open spaces and large openings that connect the space with outside. These meeting rooms are often converted into other functions like prayer space, office, game room etc. Even if not converted the rooms are kept locked and sometimes used by the security guards. Seldom are these rooms used for any social purpose.

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Empty Meeting Rooms of the apartments

Figure 06. Meeting Rooms of the apartments

5.5 Designed Spaces of the building Designed spaces are those features of buildings, which are unique in character, and are an additional effort by the architects to make the living space better. In the apartments, these features are seen in form of open court like spaces, swimming pools etc. There are varying use seen of these spaces, depending upon the mentality of the inhabitants of the buildings and the coordination between the building committee. Among the three, in two of the apartments, the central court is extensively used for children playing, evening walk, gathering etc; whereas in the other, the space acts just like an airshaft. 5.6 courts In three of the surveyed buildings, courts are provided. In two of them, the courts are placed in the centre and in the other; it is placed in the corner. Two of the courts are green and other has a combination of pave and green. The courts, which are open towards the end, and have an open view is seem to be working more than that of the one, which is covered from all the sides. The courts open in one side are used for playing, gathering, even keeping cattle during the eid-ul-azha. Even the lobbies and windows facing these open courts are also used more than that of those, which have no open space. The paved court is used for multipurpose uses starting from children playing, gathering to evening walk of women. Though the courts of all the buildings are satisfactory in the designed criteria they vary in the satisfaction level. Some are satisfactory and some are not. Besides the design aspects, the mentality of the users and the coordination between the building community effects in the use of the spaces.

Varied use of the courts of the apartments

Figure 07. Courts of the apartments

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5.7 Swimming pool Swimming Pool is seen in one of the cases in the surveyed buildings. The attempt to provide a pool was very good as it was thought to be generating a gathering and sharing among the users with a common interest. Nevertheless, the pool of the apartment was never even filled with water. Lack of coordination between the users and the conflicts between the inhabitants kept this unused.

Inspite of the open designed spaces, the pool remains empty

Figure 08. Swimming Pool

6.

cONcLuSION

Behaviour studies in architecture encompasses both function and behavioural factors, which go deeper, to the psychology of the user, their perception of building form, social interaction needs, sub cultural differences in lifestyles, and the meaning and symbolism of buildings. People living Industrial societies are far closer to, and depend upon, the built environment than the natural environment and spend most of their time in interior spaces. (Ittelson et al, 1974) Thus, Architects and Planners can exert enormous control over these peoples life by structuring the ebb and flow of interactions by erecting boundaries that modify the properties of a space. The architects are the artist, who sculptures social spaces though his aesthetic role has been overemphasized. Traditionally, architects care more about the look of the buildings than how they would walk in use. The simple reason for this is that, architects being professionals respond to the norms of the profession than the client. The background of arts, rather the social and behavioural science, they s focus more on to aesthetics and design most environments for the client and not for the users. In addition, it is difficult to design for users with variety of uses and users. In recent years, many architects have embraced the user-oriented philosophy, which has three requirements. Firstly, the building has to be functional. Secondly, it should be comfortable. Then they should satisfy the aesthetic preferences of a given group of users. (Gans, 1978) In most of the cases when architects design, two things that are important besides the design attributes are its users and the interaction pattern taking place among them. Though there are other issues affecting in interaction, architects take space as an element to minimize the gap between the users. From the discussions of this paper, two things have come up, one is the pattern of the user, and the other is the difference between the architects thought and users response. This study clearly indicates that lack of evaluation does not only keep the architect aloof from a feedback but also gives misleading information about the practices of the user. The user group is very important factor for any design. In most of the studio works and in practice, the user group is assumed from a neutral point of view. Though some surveys and interviews are done, the first hand experience focusing on the use of space is missing. POE can provide us with proper information about the space being used as well as the user group. This paper is a small attempt to find out how POE can work. But there are thousands of apartments standing tall without any evaluation done. Newer buildings are on the process of hitting the market. If these buildings are evaluated, the result can act as a strong database for the future designers as well as the academicians. Institutionalization of Post Occupancy Evaluation is important as this can not only provide the designer with feedback but also help the designer to be more sensitive in designing from the users point of view.

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7.

AckNOWLEDGEmENtS

Firstly, my gratitude is to my M.Arch supervisor, Prof. Dr. Shayer Ghafur for whom this paper is possible. My heartfelt thanks to my colleagues of UAP for their support. Thanks to the concerned person of the surveyed buildings for their unconditional help and finally my family for being beside me always. 8. REfERENcES

(1) Abu- Ghazzeh, M Tawfiq, (1999), Housing Layout, Social Interaction, and the place of contact in Abu Naseir, Jordan, Journal of Environmental Psychology (1999) 19, 41-73, Academic press. (2) BBS. (2001) Bangladesh Population Census 2001, report on Urban area, Government of Bangladesh of Dhaka. (3) Gans, H. (1978). Towards a human architecture. Journal of Architectural Education 21:26-31. (4) Giddens ,Anthony, (2006), Sociology, 5th Edition (p.147), Polity Press, Cambridge, UK. (5) Glaeser, Edward L, Sacerdote B. (2001), The social consequences of Housing, Harvard Institute of Economic Research, Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts. (6) Hussain, Akbar. (2010), Living in the High-rise Apartments of Dhaka City, Journal of Anthropology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka. 31:131-148 (7) Ittelson, W., H Proshansky, L. Rivlin and G. Winkel. (1974), An Introduction to Environmental Psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. (8) King, A.D. ,(1980). Colonialism and the Development of the Modern Asian Cities: Some Theoretical Considerations, in Ballhatchet, K. and Harrison, J. (eds.) The City in South Asia. Pre-Modern and Modern (p.02), London: Curzon Press. (9) Wener, R. (1989). Advances in evaluation of the built environment. In E. Zube & G. Moore (Eds.). Advances in environment, behaviour and design. Vol. 2. pp. 287-313. New York: Plenum. (10) Wheeler, L. (1985). Behavior and design. A memoir. Environment and Behavior, 17(1), 133-144.

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