Bioscience for Nursing II: An introduction

Basic Science and Fundamental of Nursing Group Faculty of Nursing Universitas Indonesia 2011

Visi Prodi S1 Ilmu Keperawatan

Tahun 2013 menjadi pusat unggulan pendidikan keperawatan professional berbasis riset yang unggul dalam IPTEK keperawatan yang peka budaya sesuai kebutuhan kesehatan masyarakat nasional dan internasional.

Misi Prodi S1 Kep

1. Menyiapkan peserta didik menjadi sarjana keperawatan yang mampu bersaing secara nasionaldan internasional; 2. Menggunakan hasil-hasil riset dalam kegiatan pendidikan keperawatan yang peka budaya untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat; 3. Menerapkan evidence-based practice dalam bidang keperawatan.

What we will cover today

To learn about the discipline of Bioscience for nursing To learn how Bioscience applies to clinical practice

Why should we study bioscience?

The goal is also clearly to be a professional nurse: - think rationally and scientifically - bioscience (including pathology) is a - holistic care; illness is as a result of abnormalities on biological (on cells, tissue, & organ), psychological, social, & spiritual factors. foundation for nursing professional science

Component of Bioscience for Nursing II

Pathology Microbiology & Parasitology Pharmacology

PATHOLOGY

What is Pathology?
Root Word: Path(pathos) means suffering, disease Suffix: logy(logos) means study, science The study of disease The study of the functional, biochemical, and morphological alteration in cells, tissue, and organs that underlie disease

DEFINITIONS & TERMINOLOGY

Disease:
1. a disorder of structure or function, especially that produces specific clinical signs any deviation from, or interruption of, the normal structure or function of organ or one system of the body; which may be clinical (characteristic set of symptoms & signs) or sub clinical and whose etiology, pathogenesis and prognosis may be know or unknown (http://people.upei.ca/hanna/)

2.

DEFINITIONS & TERMINOLOGY(2)

Symptom: any indication of disease perceived by the patient. Applicable to animal? Sign: observed abnormality of structure or function

The key point of nursing science

To prevent To diagnose

Diseases
To care ( Control)

The contents of pathology

v v

Etiology (the causes ) Pathogenesis (mechanisms from initiation to disease development) pathologic changes (structural & functional, biochemistry abnormalities that are characteristic of the disease clinical significance (nature of the morphologic changes & their distribution in organs/tissues influence normal function and determine the clinical signs, course, and prognosis of the disease)

1.

Causes of disease
Identification of the causative factors that initiate the disease process.

1). Genetic factors 2). Environmental factors

Although the causes of disease are divided into above two main groups, but both groups are interlaced in most diseases.

2. Pathogenesis
Defining the disease mechanisms. How do the causative factors change normal physiological processes? How do these functional changes cause changes in tissue structure?

Most are still investigating. Some of them should be known, for instance: Thrombosis Myocardial infarction

3. Pathologic changes
What are the specific changes in function and structure that characterize each disease?
Level A. Naked eye level: gross changes in diseased organs. Level B. Light microscopic level: in histological and cytological level. Level C. Electron-microscopic(EM) level: in the ultrastructure (cellular organelles). Level D. Molecular level: inspect aberrant in DNA, RNA, and protein.

4. Manifestations
The functional consequences of the morphologic changes. Can these changes from normal be detected by clinical tests such as examination of the blood or urine? Can the structural changes be identified by techniques such as x-ray, ultrasound, nuclear medicine, or examination of tissue samples (biopsies)? What clinical signs and symptoms are produced by the disease process? How does the disease process produce these signs and symptoms?

5. Progress and sequels

Progress simple short-term Sequels healing un-healing: delay & complications spread even death intricate long-term

CLINICAL TASKS
In clinical practice, the objective of the study of disease has several purposes: Diagnosis: to determine the nature of the disease process and its causation, i.e. to establish a diagnosis if possible. Intervention: To monitor the extent and progress of the disease and provide an indication of prognosis. Caring of the patient's problem is very often based on this information. Prevention: To use knowledge of the mechanisms of disease to prevent disease in individuals or populations of people or animals.

The classification of pathology

General pathology: the study of basic reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli that underlie diseases i.e. injury, repair, inflammation, neoplasia. Systemic pathology: the study of the specific response of specialized organs and tissues to more or less well defined stimuli i.e. cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, endocrine diseases, etc.

Diseases-->Pathology--> Nursing Practice

Variations of structure function outside normal range (1) Causes (etiology) (2) Mechanisms (Pathogenesis) (3) Pathological changes (4) Manifestations (5) Progress and sequels Diagnosing Caring/intervention Preventing

The location and importance of bioscience in nursing education

Pathology is a bridge between basic science and clinical nursing. All of the nursing students have to stride over the bridge!

Selamat Belajar!!