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or
2jV + sin(z) i(z) = Z0
This is a special case of the more general transmission line equation with ZL = . Note that the impedance is purely imaginary since an open lossless transmission line cannot dissipate any power.
We have learned, though, that the line stores reactive energy in a distributed fashion.
Zin (z) Z0
6 4 2 -1 -0.8 -0.6
Zin (/4)
z -0.4
-0.2
v(z)
i(z)Z0 v(/4)
z/
/2 Transmission Line
Plug into the general T-line equation for any multiple of /2 ZL + jZ0 tan(/2) Zin (m/2) = Z0 Z0 + jZL tan(/2)
m/2 =
2 m 2
= m
tan m = 0 if m Z
Zin (m/2) = Z0 ZL = ZL Z0
/4 Transmission Line
Plug into the general T-line equation for any multiple of /4
m/4 =
2 m 4
= m 2
2 Z0 ZL
tan m = if m is an odd integer 2 Zin (m/4) = /4 line transforms or inverts the impedance of the load
ZL
Up to now we have considered only a terminated semi-innite line (or matched source) Consider the effect of the source impedance Zs The voltage at the input of the line is given by
vi n = v() = v + ej (1 + L e2j )
In a matched system, we desire the input impedance seen into the T-line to be the conjugate of the source impedance (maximum power transfer) Impedance matching is required to acheive this goal
/4 Impedance Match
Rs Vs
Z0 = RL Rs
RL
/4
If the source and load are real resistors, then a quarter-wave line can be used to match the source and load impedances Recall that the impedance looking into the quarter-wave line is the inverse of the load impedance
2 Z0 Zin (z = /4) = ZL
SWR on /4 Line
In this case, therefore, we equate this to the desired 2 Z0 source impedance Zin = RL = Rs The quarter-wave line should therefore have a characteristic impedance that is the geometric mean Z0 = Rs RL Since Z0 = RL , the line has a non-zero reection coefcient RL RL Rs SW R = RL + RL Rs It also therefore has standing waves on the T-line The non-unity SWR is given by
1+|L | 1|L |
RL
Y = Y0
Move a distance 1 away from the load such that the real part of Zin has the desired value
University of California, Berkeley
At a distance 1 we desire the normalized admittance to be y1 = 1 jb Substitute L = ej and solve for 1 and let = 2z +
1 ej 1 2 j2 sin = j 1 + 2 cos + 2 1 + e
University of California, Berkeley
Placing a reactance of value b in shunt provided impedance match at this particular frequency If the location of 1 is not convenient, we can achieve the same result by move back a multiple of /2
University of California, Berkeley
RL
Y = Y0
At high frequencies the matching technique discussed above is difcult due to the lack of lumped passive elements (inductors and capacitors) But short/open pieces of transmission lines simulate xed reactance over a narrow band A shorted stub with < /4 looks like an inductor
University of California, Berkeley
RL
Y = Y0 open stub
An open stub with < /4 looks like a capacitor The procedure is identical to the case with lumped elements but instead of using a capacitor or inductor, we use shorted or open transmission lines Shunt stubs are easier to fabricate than series stubs
University of California, Berkeley
Where = + j is the complex propagation constant. On an innite line, represents an exponential decay in the wave amplitude
v(z) = ez v + ejz
University of California, Berkeley
The propagation constant j should therefore be a linear function of frequency and should be a constant In general, a lossy transmission line has dispersion
University of California, Berkeley
The transfer function has constant magnitude |H(j)| and linear phase H(j) =