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Dispersionless Line
To nd the conditions for the transmission line to be dispersionless in terms of the R, L, C , G, expand
=
=
=
(jL + R )(jC + G )
(j)2 LC(1 +
(j)2 LC
RG G R ) + + 2 LC jL jC (j)
term
R = j LC 1 + jL
For instance, if = .01m 1, then a transmission line of length = 10m will attenuate the signal by 10 log(e2 ) or 2 dB. At = 100m will attenuate the signal by 10 log(e2 ) or 20 dB.
Where L (z) is the complex reection coefcient at position z and the load reection coefcient is unaltered from before The input impedance is therefore
ez + L ez Zin (z) = Z0 z e L ez
University of California, Berkeley
As expected, input impedance is therefore the series impedance of the line (where R = R and L = L )
Zin ( ) = Z = R + jL
University of California, Berkeley
For a series resonator, Q = 0 L/R. For a small frequency shift from resonance 0
1 Z(0 + ) = j0 L + jL + j0 C
1 1 + 0
+R
Where Q = 0 C/G
University of California, Berkeley
Since 0 f0 = c and = 0 /2 (near the resonant frequency), we have = 2 / = 2 f /c = + 2f /c = + /0 If the lines are low loss, then
1
/2 Series Resonance
Simplifying the above relation we come to
Zi n = Z 0 +j 0
The above form for the input impedance of the series resonant T-line has the same form as that of the series LRC circuit We can dene equivalent elements
Req = Z0 = Z0 /2 Z0 = 20
University of California, Berkeley
Leq
Ceq
2 = Z0 0
/2 Series Resonance Q
The equivalent Q factor is given by
0 1 = = Q= 2 0 0 Req Ceq
For a low-loss line, this Q factor can be made very large. A good T-line might have a Q of 1000 or 10,000 or more Its difcult to build a lumped circuit resonator with such a high Q factor
For = /4 at = 0 and = 0 +
0 = + + = 20 2 v v
and tanh
This has the same form for a parallel resonant RLC circuit 1 Zin = 1/R + 2jC
The equivalent circuit elements are
Req Z0 =
Ceq = 40 Z0
Leq 1 = 2 0 Ceq
0.49
0.47
0.4
0.2
0.4
IND UCT IVE
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0.0 > WAVELE NGTH S TOW ARD 0.0 0.49 GEN ERA 0.48 TO R > 0.47
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RE AC TA NC 75 EC OM PO N EN T
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CAP AC ITI VE
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3 0.
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0.25 0.26 0.24 0.27 0.23 0.25 0.24 0.26 0.23 0.27 REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN DEG REES LE OF ANG ISSION COEFFICIENT IN TRANSM DEGR LE OF EES ANG
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Recall that we can dene the reection coefcient anywhere by taking the ratio of the reected wave to the forward wave
L ez v (z) = z = L e2z (z) = + e v (z)
Normalized Impedance
...can be expressed in terms of (z)
1 + (z) Z(z) = Z0 1 (z)
Let the normalized impedance be written as z = r + jx (note small case) The reection coefcient is normalized by default since for passive loads || 1. Let = u + jv
University of California, Berkeley
To obtain the relationship between the (r,x) plane and the (u,v) plane 1 u2 v 2 r= (1 u)2 + v 2
v(1 u) + v(1 + u) x= (1 u)2 + v 2
The above equations can be simplied and put into a nice form
University of California, Berkeley
1 +v = (1 + r)2
2
2
1 2 (u 1) + v x
1 = 2 x
These are circles in the (u,v) plane! Circles are good! We see that vertical and horizontal lines in the (r,x) plane (complex impedance plane) are transformed to circles in the (u,v) plane (complex reection coefcient)
Resistance Transformations
v
r=
r=0 .5
r=1
r=2
r=2
r = 0 maps to u2 + v 2 = 1 (unit circle) r = 1 maps to (u 1/2)2 + v 2 = (1/2)2 (matched real part) r = .5 maps to (u 1/3)2 + v 2 = (2/3)2 (load R less than Z0 ) r = 2 maps to (u 2/3)2 + v 2 = (1/3)2 (load R greater than Z0 )
University of California, Berkeley
Reactance Transformations
x v
x=1
x=2
x=2 x=1
x=0
.5
u
r
x = -1
=.5
x = -2
x = -1
Inductive reactance maps to upper half of unit circle Capacitive reactance maps to lower half of unit circle
University of California, Berkeley
-2 x=
x=1
x=2
x =
r=
short
.5
open
r=0 .5
inductive
r=1
r=2
capacitive
=.5
x = -1
-2 x=
load
First map zL on the Smith Chart as L To read off the impedance on the T-line at any point on a lossless line, simply move on a circle of constant radius since (z) = L e2j
University of California, Berkeley
load
SWR Circle
Since SWR is a function of ||, a circle at origin in (u,v) plane is called an SWR circle Recall the voltage max occurs when the reected wave is in phase with the forward wave, so (zmin ) = |L |
S
W
CIRC
LE
L = |L |ej
voltage min
voltage max
= |L |ej(2
This corresponds to the intersection of the SWR circle with the positive real axis Likewise, the intersection with the negative real axis is the location of the voltge min
Admittance Chart
1 Since y = 1/z = 1+ , you can imagine that an Admittance Smith Chart looks very similar
In fact everything is switched around a bit and you can buy or construct a combined admittance/impedance smith chart. You can also use an impedance chart for admittance if you simply map x b and r g Be careful ... the caps are now on the top of the chart and the inductors on the bottom The short and open likewise swap positions
If we normalize Z we get y
1 Z0 Z = =y = z Z Z0
Admittance Conversion
Thus if we simply rotate degrees on the Smith Chart and read off the impedance, were actually reading off the admittance! Rotating degrees is easy. Simply draw a line through origin and zL and read off the second point of intersection on the SWR circle