Example Guide

FEKO Examples Guide
Suite 5.1 December 2005
Copyright 1998 2005: EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd 32 Techno Avenue, Technopark, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa Tel: +27-21-880-1880, Fax: +27-21-880-1936 E-Mail: feko@emss.co.za WWW: http://www.feko.info
CONTENTS
Contents
1 Introduction 2 CAD input examples 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 dipole plate PO: Dipole in front of a plate with physical optics . . . . horn: A rectangular horn antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RCS DI sheet: RCS of a thin dielectric sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . patch coupled: Proximity coupled patch antenna with microstrip feed trihedral MLFMM: Using the MLFMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bio demo FEM: Exposure of muscle tissue using MoM/FEM hybrid . waveguide step: S-parameter computations for a waveguide structure 1-1 2-1 2-1 2-5 2-9 2-12 2-15 2-18 2-21 3-1 3-1 3-4 3-10 3-14 3-18 3-21 3-24 3-27 3-42 3-46 3-53 3-56 3-59 3-64 3-68 3-71
3 Text input examples 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 Example 1: Half wavelength dipole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 2: A dipole antenna in front of a plate . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 3: Dipole in front of a plate with physical optics . . . . . . Example 4: Dielectric sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 5: Dipole in front of a dielectric beam . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 6: Magnetic eld probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 7: Monopole on a nite circular ground plane . . . . . . . . Example 8: A horn antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 9: Dielectric cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 10: Yagi-Uda antenna over a real ground . . . . . . . . . . . Example 11: Dipole antenna in front of a PO plate with edge currents Example 12: A metallic sphere coated with a dielectric . . . . . . . . Example 13: Dielectric/magnetic sphere solved with volume currents Example 14: Conducting cube modelled with PO and wedge correction Example 15: Dipole antenna in front of a dielectric sphere . . . . . . Example 16: Dipole antenna in front of a metallic Fock cylinder . . .
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FEKO Examples Guide
ii 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40 3.41 Index
CONTENTS Example 17: Hertzian dipole in front of a parabolic reector . . . . . Example 18: UHF antenna array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 19: Dipole antenna in front of a UTD plate . . . . . . . . . Example 20: Monopole antenna on a metallic UTD plate . . . . . . . Example 21: Mobile communications antenna on the roof of a building Example 22: Planar dipole antenna (using wires) on a substrate . . . Example 23: Dielectric cone on top of a metallic cylinder . . . . . . . Example 24: Planar dipole antenna on a substrate (using triangles) . Example 26: Input impedance of a two wire transmission line . . . . Example 27: Yagi-Uda antenna in front of a cylindrical (UTD) mast Example 28: Dipole antenna in front of a dielectric PO cylinder . . . Example 29: Pin fed patch antenna on a nite dielectric substrate . . Example 30: Patch antenna on a dielectric substrate . . . . . . . . . Example 31: Wire antenna penetrating a real ground . . . . . . . . . Example 32: RCS of a thin dielectric sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 33: Shielding eectiveness of a thin hollow sphere . . . . . . Example 34: Coaxial cable (modelled with surface triangles) . . . . . Example 35: Replacing antenna with equivalent sources . . . . . . . . 3-74 3-77 3-85 3-89 3-93 3-98 3-103 3-107 3-110 3-112 3-116 3-120 3-124 3-130 3-134 3-137 3-140 3-149
Example 36: Example of S-parameter calculation above a ground plane 3-159 Example 37: Proximity coupled patch antenna with microstrip feed . Example 38: Microstrip lter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 39: Log periodic antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example 40: Coupling between impedance matched dipoles . . . . . 3-162 3-165 3-170 3-174 3-180 I-1
Example 41: Using the MLFMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd
December 2005
INTRODUCTION
1-1
Introduction
This Examples guide presents a set of simple examples which demonstrate most of the features of the code FEKO. The examples have been selected to illustrate the features without being unnecessarily complex or requiring excessive run times. The input les for the examples can be found in the examples\CAD_input and examples\text_input directory under the FEKO installation. CADFEKO is the preferred method of geometry entry from FEKO Suite 5.0. In some cases it may be necessary to enter geometry using the text input method that was previously employed. All of the examples in the text input section are still relevant for users using CADFEKO for input, as they illustrate features of the solver. CADFEKO users should not be concerned if the geometry input section is not entirely understood - the concepts in the solution control section are important. For an introduction to the FEKO environment and the operation of FEKO, please consult the Getting started manual. Only time domain harmonic sources are supported; consequently calculation is done in the frequency domain. However, FEKO includes the module TIMEFEKO, based on the Fourier transform, to allow some time domain analysis. A discussion of TIMEFEKO, and an example of its use, is given in the Users manual. Another important feature of FEKO is the ability to describe the geometry in terms of certain parameters and to vary or optimise these with a specic goal in mind. This is done with the optimising module OPTFEKO which is discussed in more detail in the Users manual. Additional documentation on OPTFEKO can be found in the le example.opt in the doc\optfeko subdirectory under the FEKO installation. Changes in this manual with respect to the previous one of July 2005 (Suite 5.0) are indicated as follows: Sections that have changed from those in the previous version of the manual. Sections that were newly added to this version of the manual. Running FEKO LITE FEKO LITE is limited with respect to problem size and therefore cannot run the following examples from this guide 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35 and 41 while these need to be modied 7 (last FF card), 30 (FR card), and 38 (FR card) as indicated in the *.pre les themselves. For more information on FEKO LITE, please see the Getting started manual.
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FEKO Examples Guide
CAD INPUT EXAMPLES
2-1
2
2.1
CAD input examples

dipole plate PO: Dipole in front of a plate with physical optics
This example uses the same structure as the text input Example 2 shown in gure 3-3, but in this case the geometry is dened using CADFEKO, and the physical optics (PO) approximation is used to determine the currents on the surface of the plate. One quarter of the plate is created using a polygon in CADFEKO. The upper half of the dipole is constructed using a polyline. The rst section of the polyline is named feed and the second is named top. The wire is constructed in sections so that the feed segment can be uniquely specied to the solver. The mesh is imported in three stages in the *.pre le. The rst quarter of the plate is imported, and the rst plane of suymmetry is applied. Next, the top of the dipole is imported before the last plane of symmetry is applied. Lastly, the feed segment is imported. The PO card is used to dene the PO region. The complete model control input le is given below.
** PREFEKO input file generated by CADFEKO ** Import quarter of plate IN 8 31 "dipole_plate_PO.cfm"
Plate1.Face1
** Mirror the plate in the plane y=0 (xz-plane) -- ideal magnetic wall SY 1 0 3 0 ** Import top half of dipole IN 8 31 "dipole_plate_PO.cfm"
Dipole.Top
** Mirror in the plane z=0 (xy-plane) -- perfect electric conducting plane SY 1 0 0 2 ** Import the dipole feed segment IN 8 31 "dipole_plate_PO.cfm"
Dipole.Feed1
** PO approximation for the plate with the label 2, ray search is switched off PO: Plate1.Face1 : 1 : 0 : 0 : 0 ** End of geometry EG 0 0 0 ** Set frequency FR: 1 : : : :
: #c0/#lambda
** Set source ** Excitation by means of a voltage gap (E-Field) A1: 0 : Dipole.Feed1 : : : : 1
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FEKO Examples Guide
2-2
FEKO EXAMPLES: dipole plate PO
** Solution control ** Calculate the electric and magnetic near fields along the x axis FE 3 70 1 1 0 -1.97 0 0 0.1 ** Calculate the far field (horizontal plane) FF 1 1 181 0 90 0 0 2 ** End of file EN ** CADFEKO Checksum: 45188c4f26a32c32546968e2e2106632
Some extracts from the output le dipole_plate_PO.out follow

DATA OF THE VOLTAGE SOURCE NO. real part imag. part 9.7098E-03 -5.7193E-03 9.7098E-03 -5.7193E-03 7.6461E+01 4.5037E+01 magn. 1.1269E-02 1.1269E-02 8.8739E+01 1 phase -30.50 -30.50 30.50
Current in A Admitt. in A/V Impedance in Ohm
Power in Watt: 4.85489E-03
VALUES OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH in V/m in free space LOCATION Y/m Z/m 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 EX magn. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 phase 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 magn. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 EY phase 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 magn. 7.655E-02 7.625E-02 7.582E-02 7.525E-02 EZ phase 139.69 149.18 158.50 167.64
X/m -1.9700 -1.8700 -1.7700 -1.6700
VALUES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH in A/m in free space LOCATION Y/m Z/m 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 HX magn. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 phase 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 magn. 1.977E-04 1.958E-04 1.935E-04 1.906E-04 HY phase 137.30 146.53 155.57 164.39 magn. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 HZ phase 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
X/m -1.9700 -1.8700 -1.7700 -1.6700
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered
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LOCATION THETA PHI 90.00 0.00 90.00 2.00 90.00 4.00 ETHETA magn. phase 1.246E+00 170.01 1.244E+00 169.91 1.238E+00 169.62 EPHI directivity in magn. phase vert. horiz. 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2683872 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2547916 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2139059 -999.9999 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR dB total 7.2683872 7.2547916 7.2139059
2-3
...
Figure 2-1 shows the distribution of the near eld along the x axis and gure 2-2 the radiation pattern in the horizontal plane. It is clear that there is good correlation between the PO method and the method of moments results (gures 3-4 and 3-5). There is, however, a big dierence in the computation time.
Figure 2-1: Electric near eld along the x axis for a dipole in front of a plate, treated with PO
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FEKO Examples Guide
2-4
Figure 2-2: Radiation pattern (in dB) in the horizontal plane = 90 for a dipole in front of a plate, treated with PO Example 3
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: horn
2-5
2.2
horn: A rectangular horn antenna
Figure 2-3: The meshed geometry of the horn example A horn antenna structure, as shown in gure 2-3, is examined next. The geometry creation is very similar to that of the demo example (a copy of which is in the \doc subdirectory of the FEKO installation). The most signicant dierence is that a dierent feed probe is used in the waveguide, and symmetry in two planes is exploited. This example diers from the demo example and the rst getting started example in that gain compensation for the antenna is discussed in this example. The input le is
** PREFEKO input file generated by CADFEKO ** Import quarter of the horn antenna IN 8 2 "horn.cfm" ** Mirror the quarter around the plane y=0 (xz-plane) -- ideal magnetic wall. SY 1 0 3 0 ** Import the feedline IN 8 1 "horn.cfm" HornAntenna.Line1 ** Mirror around the plane z=0 (xy-plane) -- ideal electric wall.
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FEKO Examples Guide
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SY 1 0 0 2
FEKO EXAMPLES: horn
** Import the feed segment IN 8 1 "horn.cfm" HornAntenna.Feed1 ** End of geometry EG 1 0 0 ** Set the frequency FR 1 0 ** Set the excitation A1: 0 : HornAntenna.Feed1 :
#frequency
: 1 : 0
** Calculate the horizontal radiation pattern FF 1 1 361 0 90 -90 ** Calculate the vertical radiation pattern FF 1 361 1 0 0 0
** Integration of the full 3-D pattern over a sphere to get the radiated power ** accurately (use symmetry, only 1/4 sphere, multiply power by 4). ** A test using a finer angular stepping has shown that a stepping of 5 deg. ** is fully sufficient for the dimensions under consideration (must be adjusted ** if a horn antenna with higher gain is modelled, since then more sidelobes occur) #stepping = 5 #nthe = 90/#stepping + 1 #nphi = 180/#stepping + 1 FF 3 #nthe#nphi0 0 0 #stepping #stepping ** End of file EN ** CADFEKO Checksum: 45188c4f26a32c32546968e2e2106632
Some extracts from the output le horn.out are given below.

DATA OF THE VOLTAGE SOURCE NO. real part imag. part 1.0464E-03 -1.5788E-04 1.0464E-03 -1.5788E-04 9.3441E+02 1.4099E+02 1.3641E-08 magn. 1.0582E-03 1.0582E-03 9.4498E+02 1 phase -8.58 -8.58 8.58
Current in A Admitt. in A/V Impedance in Ohm Inductance in H
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI ETHETA magn. phase EPHI magn. phase directivity in dB vert. horiz. total ...
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FEKO EXAMPLES: horn

... 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 -4.00 -3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.184E+00 1.204E+00 1.218E+00 1.226E+00 1.229E+00 90.16 90.71 91.09 91.33 91.41 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 16.5022 -999.9999 0.00 16.6442 -999.9999 0.00 16.7457 -999.9999 0.00 16.8066 -999.9999 0.00 16.8269 -999.9999 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 180.00 180.00 180.00 180.00 180.00 LINEAR LINEAR LINEAR LINEAR LINEAR 16.5022 16.6442 16.7457 16.8066 16.8269
2-7
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 3.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 1.228E-01 -152.76 1.260E-01 -137.07 1.281E-01 -121.68 1.290E-01 -106.37 1.288E-01 -90.95 EPHI directivity in dB ... magn. phase vert. horiz. total 0.000E+00 0.00 -3.1818 -999.9999 -3.1818 0.000E+00 0.00 -2.9593 -999.9999 -2.9593 0.000E+00 0.00 -2.8139 -999.9999 -2.8139 0.000E+00 0.00 -2.7513 -999.9999 -2.7513 0.000E+00 0.00 -2.7659 -999.9999 -2.7659 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered Integration of the normal component of the Poynting vector in the angular grid DTHETA = 5.00 deg. and DPHI = 5.00 deg. ( 703 sample points) angular range THETA angular range PHI radiated power -2.50 .. 92.50 deg. -2.50 .. 182.50 deg. 1.67706E-04 Watt 0.00 .. 90.00 deg. 0.00 .. 180.00 deg. 1.21891E-04 Watt
Note that the source power is calculated from a single current and in some cases this might not be very accurate. In this example this is 0.523187 mW. We can obtain a more accurate calculation of the radiated power by integrating the far eld. (Note that this gives the radiated power which is not the same as the source power for lossy antennas.) In this example, the integrated radiated power is 4 times 0.121891 mW (we only integrated over a quarter of the symmetrical far eld region). Thus the actual power obtained from the far eld integration is 0.306 dB lower than the calculated source power. Since the power is used to normalise the directivity calculation, the actual directivity is 0.306 dB higher
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FEKO Examples Guide
2-8
FEKO EXAMPLES: horn
than the calculated values. The directivity might therefore be compensated by specifying a 0.306 dB oset in POSTFEKO. Please refer to the text example example_08 for a discussion of alternative and more accurate options to feed a waveguide in FEKO. Results for the directivity are shown in gures 2-4 and 2-5 for the horizontal and vertical radiation patterns respectively.
20 15 10
Directivity (dB)
5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Phi (degrees)
Figure 2-4: Radiation pattern in the horizontal plane = 90

20 18 16 14 12
Directivity (dB)
10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Theta (degrees)
Figure 2-5: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane = 0
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: RCS DI sheet
2-9
2.3
RCS DI sheet: RCS of a thin dielectric sheet

z
1 b= m
Ei Si Ji
hi
Hi y
^ n ji
a= 2m
Figure 2-6: Geometry of RCS of a dielectric sheet with the incident plane wave The geometry for this example is shown in gure 2-6 a thin dielectric plate. The size, thickness and material parameters can be determined from the input le below. The plate is illuminated by an incident plane wave such that the bistatic radar cross section may be calculated. As indicated in the section Dielectric solids in the General comments chapter of the Users manual, there are a number of ways with which such a thin dielectric plate may be treated in FEKO. In principle we may use the volume equivalence principle, discretising the dielectric into small cuboids (as was done for the cube in the text input Example 9). However, it uses substantially less memory to realise the sheet with the SK card. The input le is as follows
** PREFEKO input file generated by CADFEKO ** Import model IN 8 31 "RCS_DI_sheet.cfm" ** Symmetry (Geometrical only due to arbitrary incidence direction) SY 1 1 1 0 ** End of geometry EG 1 0 0 ** Set frequency FR 1 1 ** Set source A0 0
#frequency
#theta_inc#phi_inc
#eta_inc
** Define the thin dielectric sheet
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FEKO Examples Guide
2-10
SK: Plate.Plate : 4 : : : : 0.004 : 1 : 0 :

: #tan_delta : #eps_r
** Bistatic RCS (vertical cut) FF 1 181 1 0 0 ** End of file EN
** CADFEKO Checksum: 3c24b344689d85335fd3fe46af8e77a2
The geometry is discretised into triangular elements, similar to conducting plates. The thin dielectric sheet formulation is then applied to all triangles with the given label. We are interested in the calculated RCS. Some extracts from the output le follows
EXCITATION BY PLANE LINEAR POLARISED ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE Number of excitation: Frequency in Hz: Wavelength in m: Direction of incidence: Dir. of polarisation: Direction of propag.: N = 1 FREQ = 1.00000E+08 LAMBDA = 2.99792E+00 THETA = 20.00 PHI = 50.00 ETA = 60.00 BETA0X = -4.60764E-01 BETA0Y = -5.49117E-01 BETA0Z = -1.96945E+00 |E0X| = 9.65425E-01 ARG(E0X) = |E0Y| = 1.96747E-01 ARG(E0Y) = |E0Z| = 1.71010E-01 ARG(E0Z) =
Field strength in V/m: (Phase in deg.)
180.00 0.00 0.00
DATA OF LABELS Label 0: DOSKIN = 4 Triangle thickness: Eps_r = 7.000E+00 DOLAST = 0 4.00000E-03 m Sigma = 1.168E-03 S/m DOCOVR = 0 3.000E-02
tan(delta) =
All segments and triangles without a listed label are perfectly conducting
POWER LOSS (in Watts) | Label| skineffect 0| 0.0000E+00 total| 0.0000E+00 in the segments conc.load distr.load 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 | | | | in the triangles 4.3373E-06 4.3373E-06
coating 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
Total loss in the segments: Total loss in the triangl.: Loss (total):
0.0000E+00 W 4.3373E-06 W 4.3373E-06 W
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LOCATION THETA PHI 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 1.489E-02 177.12 1.472E-02 177.11 1.450E-02 177.10 EPHI scattering cross sect. magn. phase in m*m 2.862E-03 -2.65 2.889E-03 2.828E-03 -2.65 2.822E-03 2.789E-03 -2.65 2.742E-03 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0008 169.12 RIGHT 0.0008 169.12 RIGHT 0.0008 169.12 RIGHT
2-11
...
Figure 2-7 shows the bistatic RCS as a function of the angle in the plane = 0.
Figure 2-7: Bistatic RCS of a thin dielectric sheet
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FEKO Examples Guide
2-12
FEKO EXAMPLES: patch coupled
2.4
patch coupled: Proximity coupled circular patch antenna with microstrip feed
Figure 2-8: Proximity coupled circular patch antenna. The lighter triangles are on a lower level (closer to the ground plane). The dielectric layers are hidden to show the geometry of the triangular elements. This example considers a proximity coupled circular patch antenna. The geometry of the triangles is shown in gure 2-8 and the parameters of the dielectric layers can be obtained from the GF card in the listing of the input le (patch_coupled.pre) below. The mesh size is related to the width of the strip to avoid having triangles with a large aspect ratio. Note that magnetic symmetry is used to reduce the number of unknowns. The AE card is used to dene a line between points as the strip line feed port this line must extend to both sides of the symmetry plane. The same structure is solved using text input in Example 37.
** PREFEKO input file generated by CADFEKO #d = 1.590 #er = 2.62 #ur = 1.00 ** Import model IN 8 31 "patch_coupled.cfm" ** Magnetic symmetry plane x=0 SY 1 3 0 0 SF 1 #sf ** half of the dielectric thickness ** relative permittivity ** relative permeability
** End of geometry EG 1 0 0
** The dielectric layers GF 10 1 0 2*#d
1 #er
1 #ur
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** Excitation of the microstrip line AE: 0 : Feedpt : Feedpt2 : 3 : : 1 : 0 ** Frequency loop: FR 8 0
2-13
#frequency 0.05e9
** Just calculate the impedance OS 0 ** End EN ** CADFEKO Checksum: bc7966c2ac08aef203047f2d69c33d97
Some extracts of the S-parameters as listed in the output le are given on the next page. Figure 2-9 shows the input impedance on the Smith chart. There is a small frequency shift which can be reduced by using a ner mesh.
EXCITATION BY VOLTAGE SOURCE AT EDGE Number of voltage source: Frequency in Hz: Wavelength in m: Open circuit voltage in V: Phase in deg.: Electrical edge length in m: Indices of the edges: 431 432 N = 1 FREQ = 2.80000E+09 LAMBDA = 1.07069E-01 |U0| = 1.00000E+00 ARG(U0) = 0.00 LEN = 4.37300E-03
DATA FOR THE GREENS FUNCTION Multilayer dielectric substrate number of layers ground plane present? NLAYER = 1 GPLANE = Yes
DATA OF THE VOLTAGE SOURCE NO. real part imag. part 5.2283E-02 -3.7638E-02 5.2283E-02 -3.7638E-02 1.2598E+01 9.0691E+00 5.1550E-10 magn. 6.4422E-02 6.4422E-02 1.5523E+01
1 phase -35.75 -35.75 35.75
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FEKO Examples Guide
2-14
Figure 2-9: Reection coecient of the proximity coupled patch.
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: trihedral MLFMM
2-15
2.5
trihedral MLFMM: Using the MLFMM

Z
Figure 2-10: Plane wave incident on an electrically large trihedral In this example we consider a single plane wave incident (from = 60 and = 0 ) on a trihedral. The size of the trihedral (13.52 surface area) was chosen such that we can still solve it incore on a PC with 768 MByte of RAM. This is on the small side for the MLFMM, but enough to demonstrate the advantage thereof. The same structure is solved using text input in Example 41. The le trihedral_MLFMM_41.pre is listed below. Note the use of the FM card at the end of the geometry section in the input le and the EG card which includes the Single precision setting.
** PREFEKO input file generated by CADFEKO ** Import model IN 8 31 "trihedral_MLFMM.cfm" ** Use the MLFMM instead of the standard MoM FM ** End of geometry EG: 1 : 0 : 0 : : 0 :
: 1
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FEKO Examples Guide
2-16
** Set frequency FR: 1 : : : :
: #frequency
** Set source ** Excitation by means of an incident plane wave A0 0 1 1 1 0 ** Solution control
60
** Bistatic radar cross section in the vertical plane Phi=0 FF 1 91 1 0 0 0 2 ** End of file EN ** CADFEKO Checksum: ebed199a511d48e7ad97ba9319fd7b14
Some extracts from the output le trihedral_MLFMM.out are

DATA FOR MEMORY USAGE Number of metallic triangles: 3915 ...
FAST MULTIPOLE METHOD (FMM) Multilevel FMM is used Storage of some elements with single precision (saves memory)
DATA FOR THE FMM Level of the MLFMM: Finest box size DELTA/LAMBDA: Number of nearfield matrix elements: 5 0.2300 1437056 (
4.2601 % of full MoM)
SUMMARY OF MEMORY REQUIREMENT FMM (in MByte) Near-field matrix: Far-field matrix Direction vectors Fourier trans: Fourier trans. basis functions: Transfer function: Interpolation and Filtering: Matrix-vector-multiplication: total: for comparison classical MoM: 16.4458 0.0304 8.5078 3.0772 0.1733 2.8754 -----------31.1098 MByte 514.7227 MByte
PRE-CONDITIONING OF THE LINEAR SET OF EQUATIONS ...
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Memory requirement for preconditioner: 54.443 MByte
2-17
A total memory of 87.190 MByte has been allocated dynamically (peak memory usage so far 95.295 MByte)
The solution required 47 seconds on a Pentium 4 2.4 GHz PC. For comparison the MoM result required about 515 MByte of RAM and 240 seconds solution time. Even if one sets up the model to exploit the single plane of symmetry, the MoM requires 262 MByte or RAM and 66 seconds solution time. As the problem size increase, the dierence will become more and more signicant. Figure 2-11 compares the results obtained with the MLFMM with those obtained with the MoM.
30
MoM
25
MLFMM
RCS (dBsm)
20
15
10
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
Theta (degrees)
Figure 2-11: Bistatic RCS of a trihedral. Comparison of the MLFMM and MoM results.
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FEKO Examples Guide
2-18
FEKO EXAMPLES: bio demo FEM
2.6
bio demo FEM: Exposure of muscle tissue sphere using a MoM/FEM hybrid
Figure 2-12: Sphere of muscle tissue illuminated by a dipole antenna. Note the air layer around the sphere, to reduce the number of boundary triangles of the FEM region. This example considers the exposure of a sphere of muscle tissue to the eld created by a dipole antenna. The geometry of the example is shown in gure 2-12. The point to note is that an air layer is used around the sphere to reduce the number of triangles on the boundary of the FEM region. If this air layer was not used, the more highly discretised surface of the sphere would be on the MoM boundary. DI cards are used to specify the parameters of the FEM region. The solution control le is as follows.
** PREFEKO input file generated by CADFEKO ** Import model IN 8 31 "Bio_demo_FEM.cfm" ** End of geometry EG 1 0 0
** Set the material parameters DI: muscle : : : : : #epsr : 1 : DI air 1 ** Set frequency FR 1 ** Set source
: #tand : 1000 1
#freq
December 2005

A1: 0 : dipole.feed : PW 1 0 ** Solution control FE 3 1 1 31 ** End of file EN ** CADFEKO Checksum: 5b38f94de08a5c479d10024b067cf819 : : : 1 : 0 1
2-19
-0.08
0.16/30
The solver automatically switches to use the FEM/MoM hybrid solution when the mesh contains tetrahedral elements. Note that an iterative solver is used.
SOLUTION OF THE LINEAR SET OF EQUATIONS WITH CGS
Maximum number of iterations: MAXIT = Stopping criterium (vector norm): PREC =
500 1.00000E-05
A total memory of 52.473 MByte has been allocated dynamically (peak memory usage so far 52.473 MByte) Stopping after 24 iterations with a minimum residuum of 4.31908E-06
CPU time for solving the linear set of equations:
16.391 seconds
In order that all voltage sources together result in a real power of all currents are multiplied by the factor PWFAKTOR = 1.46336E+01.
1.00000E+00 Watt,
1 phase -27.81 -27.81 27.81
Power in Watt: 1.00000E+00
POWER BUDGET IN THE DIELECTRIC (in Watt) Integration of the normal component of the power density vector pointing into the respective medium over the surface of the dielectric body (MoM surface equiv. princip.) or volume integral for the corresponding medium (FEM and MoM volume equiv. princip.) medium 0 air muscle power dens. integral unknown 0.00000E+00 2.41014E-02 metallic losses 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 network losses 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 source power 1.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 power loss in medium unknown 0.00000E+00 2.41014E-02
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
2-20
SUMMARY OF LOSSES Metallic elements: Dielectric (surface equiv. princ.): Dielectric (volume equiv. princ.): Dielectric (FEM region): Mismatch at feed: Non-radiating networks: Sum of all losses: Efficiency of the antenna: (based on a total active power: 0.0000E+00 W 0.0000E+00 W 0.0000E+00 W 2.4101E-02 W 0.0000E+00 W 0.0000E+00 W ------------2.4101E-02 W 97.5899 % 1.e0000E+00 W)
From the output le, it can clearly be seen that the CGS iterative method is used to solve the matrix equation, and that 24 iterations were required for the solution. The losses in the FEM region can also be seen. The electric eld through the sphere is shown in Figure 2-13.
Figure 2-13: Electric eld through the sphere of muscle tissue.
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: waveguide step
2-21
2.7
waveguide step: S-parameter computations for a waveguide structure
In this example we consider a waveguide transition from Ku- to X-band by a simple step discontinuity. The rectangular waveguide dimensions are a = 15.8 mm and b = 7.9 mm for the Ku-band waveguide, and a = 22.9 mm and b = 10.2 mm for the X-band waveguide, respectively. Only the H10 mode shall be considered. The critical frequency for this c0 mode in the smaller Ku-band waveguide is fc = 2a = 9.4871 GHz. We want to compute S-parameters from this cuto frequency up to 20 GHz using adaptive frequency sampling.
Figure 2-14: Waveguide step from Ku to X band. The meshed model is depicted in gure 2-14. For the ports a local mesh renement is used with a mesh size which is by a factor of 0.7 smaller than the globally used mesh size (see the variable denitions in the CADFEKO model). The widths and heights of the two waveguide sections are given above, and are dened in CADFEKO as variables. Regarding the length of the waveguide sections, this can be chosen somewhat arbitrarily since it does not inuence S-parameters as such (higher order evanescent modes which originate at the step discontinuity are not considered for the S-parameter extraction in FEKO). Making the waveguide section too long results in an overhead of memory and run-time. Here in this example a length of only 12 mm is used, which is also dened as a variable in CADFEKO. At the lowest frequency, this corresponds to about 0.38 0 with the free space wavelength 0 . Based on the variables, two cuboids are created in CADFEKO, unioned, and then the
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
2-22
Simplify operation can be used to to remove the metallic wall between the two waveguide sections. For the front and back faces (i.e. the port walls) the normal vector orientation must be reversed in CADFEKO such that the normal vector is pointing inwards on both sides (a requirement of the AW card to dene the port direction). In order to dene a waveguide feed with the AW card, extra named points are required at the waveguide ports, and these are dened here directly in CADFEKO and accessed in EDITFEKO, as can be seen in the following listing of the input le waveguide_step.pre:
** Example of a waveguide discontinuity with S-parameter computation. ** See measurements and computational results available in ** H. Patzelt and F. Arndt, "Double-Plane Steps in Rectangular ** Waveguides and their Application for Transformers, Irises, ** and Filters", IEEE Trans. MTT, vol. 30, no. 5, May 1982, ** pp. 771 - 776 (there in Fig. 2) ** Import the model (all dimensions are in mm, thus scale) SF 1 0.001 IN 8 31 "waveguide_step.cfm" ** End of the geometry EG 1 0 0
** Define the frequency range and use adaptive frequency sampling ** Just start above the cut-off frequency of the H10 mode of ** 9.487103 MHz based on a=15.8 mm and lambda_cutoff = 2*a FR 2 9.487104e9 20e9 ** AW: : AW: : Set 0 : 1 : 1 : 1 : the two waveguide port excitations using an H10 mode Waveguide.Port1 : 1 : : : 1 : 0 : Port1_S1 : Port1_S2 : Port1_S3 2 : 1 : 1 : 0 Waveguide.Port2 : 1 : : : 1 : 0 : Port2_S1 : Port2_S2 : Port2_S3 2 : 1 : 1 : 0
** Compute S-parameters SP ** End of file EN ** CADFEKO Checksum: 1356d269daf6addc28d6c52cb169d47a
Some extracts from the output le waveguide_step.out are

LOAD IMPEDANCES AT PORTS port 1 2 impedance in Ohm 8.65502E+05 5.20453E+02
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EXCITATION BY IMPRESSED WAVEGUIDE MODE Number of the excitation: N = 1 Frequency in Hz: FREQ = 9.48710E+09 Wavelength in m: LAMBDA = 3.16000E-02 Port label: Waveguide.Port1 Port type: Rectangular Port dimensions: width = 1.58000E-02 height = 7.90000E-03 Port reference location X = 7.90000E-03 Y = -1.20000E-02 Z = -3.95000E-03 Max. modal expansion indices: Tx 2 1 Impressed mode: TE 1 0 Impressed mode trans. impedance: 8.65502E+05 Impressed mode cutoff frequency: 9.48710E+09 Direction of propagation: NX = 0.00000E+00 NY = 1.00000E+00 NZ = 0.00000E+00 Amplitude in A/m: 1.00000E+00 Transmitted power in W: 5.11702E-06 Phase in degrees: 0.00
2-23
m m m m m
Ohm Hz
DATA OF THE WAVEGUIDE PORT NO. real part Reflection coeff. -9.9840E-01 imag. part 2.5191E-03 magn. 9.9841E-01
1 phase 179.86
Power in Watt: 5.11702E-06 Modal coefficients of propagating backward waves Mode indices Backward Coefficient in V/m Backward Coefficient in A/m m n magn. phase magn. phase TE 1 0 8.64122E+05 179.86 9.98406E-01 179.86
SCATTERING PARAMETERS ports sink source real part imag. part 1 1 -9.98403E-01 2.51907E-03 2 1 5.67485E-03 -5.61303E-02 Sum |S|^2 of these S-parameters: magnitude linear in dB 9.98406E-01 -0.0139 5.64164E-02 -24.9719 9.99997E-01 0.0000 phase in deg. 179.86 -84.23
S S
EXCITATION BY IMPRESSED WAVEGUIDE MODE Number of the excitation: N = 1 Frequency in Hz: FREQ = 9.48710E+09 Wavelength in m: LAMBDA = 3.16000E-02 Port label: Waveguide.Port2 Port type: Rectangular
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
2-24
Port dimensions: width = 2.29000E-02 m height = 1.02000E-02 m Port reference location X = -1.14500E-02 m Y = 1.20000E-02 m Z = -5.10000E-03 m Max. modal expansion indices: Tx 2 1 Impressed mode: TE 1 0 Impressed mode trans. impedance: 5.20453E+02 Ohm Impressed mode cutoff frequency: 6.54569E+09 Hz Direction of propagation: NX = 0.00000E+00 NY = -1.00000E+00 NZ = 0.00000E+00 Amplitude in A/m: 1.00000E+00 Transmitted power in W: 3.34512E-02 Phase in degrees: 0.00
DATA OF THE WAVEGUIDE PORT NO. real part imag. part Reflection coeff. -9.7769E-01 -2.0230E-01 magn. 9.9840E-01
1 phase -168.31
Power in Watt: 3.34512E-02 Modal coefficients of propagating backward waves Mode indices Backward Coefficient in V/m Backward Coefficient in A/m m n magn. phase magn. phase TE 1 0 5.19621E+02 -168.31 9.98402E-01 -168.31
SCATTERING PARAMETERS ports sink source real part imag. part 1 2 5.68027E-03 -5.61830E-02 2 2 -9.77691E-01 -2.02304E-01 Sum |S|^2 of these S-parameters: magnitude linear in dB 5.64694E-02 -24.9637 9.98402E-01 -0.0139 9.99996E-01 0.0000 phase in deg. -84.23 -168.31
S S
Figure 2-15 shows the computed S-parameters with FEKO. One can nicely see the cut-o frequency at about 9.4871 GHz. These results agree also very well with available references (both measurements and computations).
December 2005
2-25
Figure 2-15: S-parameters for the waveguide step discontinuity.
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
TEXT INPUT EXAMPLES
3-1
3
3.1
Text input examples

Example 1: Half wavelength dipole
D
C B
Figure 3-1: Half wavelength dipole antenna This example shows how to calculate the radiation pattern and input impedance for a simple half wavelength dipole shown in gure 3-1. The wavelength is 4 m, the length of the antenna 2 m, and the wire radius 2 mm. The input le is as follows
** A lambda/2 dipole antenna in free space ** Radiation at a wavelength lambda of 4 m ** Set the wavelength #lambda = 4 ** Segmentation parameters #seg_len = #lambda / 20 #seg_rad = 0.002 IP
#seg_rad
#seg_len
** Define the points #h = #lambda/4 ** Half the dipole length #l = 0.4*#seg_len ** Half the length of the feed segment ** (Must be smaller than 0.5*#seg_len to allow only one segment) DP A 0 0 -#h DP B 0 0 -#l DP C 0 0 #l ** Define lower half of the dipole without the feed BL A B ** Mirror the lower half of the dipole upwards, about the plane z=0 (xy-plane) ** (with the same command electric symmetry about the plane z=0 is established) SY 1 0 0 2 ** Create feed segment with the label 1 LA 1 BL B C
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
3-2
FEKO EXAMPLES: 1
** End of the geometric input -- write complete geometry to output file EG 0 0 0 0 0 ** Calculate and set the frequency (approximately 75 MHz) #freq = #c0 / #lambda ** #c0, the speed of light in vacuum, is predefined FR 1 0 #freq ** Excite by means of a voltage gap (E-Field) on the segment with label 1 A1 0 1 1 0 ** Calculate the far field in the vertical plane FF 1 37 1 0 0 0 ** End EN
The rst line of the input le must contain either the le name example_01 or it must be a comment line or an empty line. It is usually a comment line. This is followed by the IP card which denes the wire radius and the maximum segment length. Here the maximum segment length has been set to 20 = 0.2 m. The dipole antenna is located on the z axis between the two points A (at z = 1) and D (at z = 1). The excitation is placed in the middle of the dipole at z = 0. The dipole could have been constructed with a single BL card by connecting the points A and D. (See the rst example, dipole.pre, in the Getting started manual.) However, if a single wire is used, the feed segment cannot be specied by label and no use is made of the symmetry. To ensure that the feed segment has a unique label, the antenna is created in three sections namely AB, BC and CD. The points B and C lie symmetric about z = 0 and the distance between them must be less than the maximum segment length such that only one segment is created. First the points A and B are connected by means of the BL card. This generates the bottom half of the dipole. The plane z = 0 is then dened as a plane of ideal electric symmetry (SY card). This mirrors the existing segments to create the top half of the dipole. It is, of course, also possible to create the top half of the dipole with another BL card and thus not to utilise symmetry. All structures following an LA card will have the label specied by it. Since no LA card has been used yet, all segments created thus far have the default label 0. The BL card connecting points B and C follows the LA card and thus creates a segment with a unique label (label 1 in this case) as no other segments are created after this LA card. This label is used in the A1 card to specify the feed segment. The EG card ends the geometric input. The input les for the examples can be found in the examples\simple directory under the FEKO installation. Solutions for these examples are obtained by running PREFEKO and FEKO as discussed in the Getting started manual.
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 1
3-3
The user is advised to run FEKO on example_01 and compare the FEKO output le example_01.out with the extracts of the output le listed below.
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI ... 90.00 0.00 95.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 7.387E-01 7.346E-01 7.222E-01 66.12 66.12 66.13 EPHI magn. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 phase directivity in dB vert. horiz. total ...
0.00 2.1751791 -999.9999 2.1751791 0.00 2.1260442 -999.9999 2.1260442 0.00 1.9785679 -999.9999 1.9785679 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -180.00 -180.00 -180.00 LINEAR LINEAR LINEAR
The resulting input impedance is Z = (78.4 + j 31.0) and the maximum gain is 2.18 dB.
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
3-4
FEKO EXAMPLES: 2
3.2
Example 2: A dipole antenna in front of a plate
Figure 3-2: Dipole antenna in front of a conducting plate This example considers a dipole in front of a square conducting plate with side length 2 . The wavelength is 3 m which results in a frequency of approximately 100 MHz. The distance between the antenna and the plate is 3 = 2.25 m. 4 The horizontal radiation pattern and the near eld are calculated for both a perfectly conducting plate and a plate with losses. The complete input le is given below.
** A lambda/2 dipole antenna 3/4 lambda in front of a plate with ** side lengths equal to lambda. ** Radiation at a wavelength lambda of 3 m ** Segmentation parameters #lambda = 3 #tri_len = #lambda / 7 #seglen = #lambda / 15 #segrad = 0.002 IP ** Define the points #a = #lambda/2 DP P1 DP P2 DP P3 DP P4 #d = 3/4*#lambda #h = #lambda/4 #gap = 0.45*#seglen
#segrad
#tri_len
#seglen
0 0 0 0
0 #a #a 0
0 0 #a #a
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 2
DP DP DP ** LA BP ** SY ** ** LA BL ** SY ** LA BL A B C #d #d #d 0 0 0 #h #gap -#gap
3-5
A quarter of the plate is created in the quadrant y>0 and z>0 with label 2 2 P1 P2 P3 P4 Mirror the plate in the plane y=0 (xz-plane) -- ideal magnetic wall 1 0 3 0 Create the top half of the dipole antenna (without excitation) Use Label 0 0 A B Mirror in the plane z=0 (xy-plane) -- perfect electric conducting plane 1 0 0 2 Create the excitation segment with label 1 1 B C
** End of the geometry input EG 0 0 0 0 0 ** Calculate and set the frequency #freq = #c0 / #lambda FR 1 0 #freq ** A1 ** FE ** FF ** SK ** FE ** FF Excitation by means of a voltage gap (E-Field) 0 1 1 Calculate the electric and magnetic near fields 3 70 1 1 0 -1.97 0 Calculate the far field (horizontal plane) 1 1 181 0 90 0 Add losses to the plate -- skin effect 2 3 0.005 1 Calculate the electric and magnetic near fields 3 70 1 1 0 -1.97 0 Calculate the far field (horizontal plane) 1 1 181 0 90 0
along the x axis 0 0.1 0 2
1.0E5 along the x axis 0 0.1 0 2
** End EN
The comments at the start of the input le are followed by an IP card that sets the maximum segment length to 15 = 0.2 m, the wire radius to 2 mm, and the maximum triangle edge length to 7 = 0.429 m. Next, the points are dened, using DP cards, as shown in gure 3-3. A quarter plate is created from these points by using a BP card. This is mirrored by applying magnetic symmetry to the plane y = 0 (SY card). The top half of the antenna is then created using a BL card. The top half of the plate and the dipole are now mirrored by specifying electric symmetry in the plane z = 0. Thereafter the feed segment is created.
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
3-6
FEKO EXAMPLES: 2
Here all triangles have label 2 (they follow the LA card that species label 2), the segments of the dipole have label 0 except for the feed segment (to which the voltage gap will be applied) which has label 1. (Note that no label increase is specied by the SY cards.) The program PREFEKO meshes the structure into 128 triangular patches and 9 segments, as shown in gure 3-3.
P4
P3
A P1
P2 B C
Figure 3-3: The meshed geometry of Example 2 After the end of geometry the frequency and excitation are set and a near and far eld calculation requested. This will yield the results for perfectly conducting triangles which is the default. The SK card is then used to dene skin eect losses. This is followed by a second set of calculation requests. Below are some extracts from the lossless section of the output le example_02.out
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 2
VALUES OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH in V/m (total field, incident and scattered) LOCATION Y/m 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
3-7
medium X/m 0 -1.97000E+00 0 -1.87000E+00 0 -1.77000E+00
Z/m 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
EX EY ... magn. phase magn. phase 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 EZ magn. phase 7.03252E-02 139.87 6.98094E-02 149.19 6.91203E-02 158.31
VALUES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH in A/m (total field, incident and scattered) LOCATION Y/m 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 HX HY magn. phase magn. 0.00000E+00 0.00 1.90618E-04 0.00000E+00 0.00 1.89841E-04 0.00000E+00 0.00 1.88747E-04 HZ magn. phase 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 ... phase 140.39 149.82 159.07
medium X/m 0 -1.97000E+00 0 -1.87000E+00 0 -1.77000E+00
Z/m 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 90.00 0.00 90.00 2.00 90.00 4.00 ETHETA magn. phase 1.240E+00 168.98 1.238E+00 168.90 1.232E+00 168.65 EPHI directivity in dB ... magn. phase vert. horiz. total 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2149 -999.9999 7.2149 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2011 -999.9999 7.2011 0.000E+00 0.00 7.1595 -999.9999 7.1595 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
The extract below shows the same results when losses are included on the triangles
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
3-8
POWER LOSS METAL (in Watt) | | skineffect 2| 0.0000E+00 | 0.0000E+00 in the segments conc.load distr.load 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 W 3.0107E-07 W 3.0107E-07 W
FEKO EXAMPLES: 2
Label total
coating 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
| | | |
in the triangles 3.0107E-07 3.0107E-07
Total loss in the segments: Total loss in the triangl.: Loss metal (total):
VALUES OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH in V/m (total field, incident and scattered) LOCATION Y/m 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 EX EY ... magn. phase magn. phase 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 EZ magn. phase 7.02916E-02 139.86 6.97747E-02 149.18 6.90846E-02 158.30
medium X/m 0 -1.97000E+00 0 -1.87000E+00 0 -1.77000E+00
Z/m 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
VALUES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH in A/m (total field, incident and scattered) LOCATION Y/m 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 HX HY magn. phase magn. 0.00000E+00 0.00 1.90538E-04 0.00000E+00 0.00 1.89759E-04 0.00000E+00 0.00 1.88663E-04 HZ magn. phase 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 ... phase 140.39 149.81 159.06
medium X/m 0 -1.97000E+00 0 -1.87000E+00 0 -1.77000E+00
Z/m 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 90.00 0.00 90.00 2.00 90.00 4.00 ETHETA magn. phase 1.235E+00 168.98 1.233E+00 168.90 1.227E+00 168.65 EPHI directivity in dB ... magn. phase vert. horiz. total 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2146 -999.9999 7.2146 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2008 -999.9999 7.2008 0.000E+00 0.00 7.1592 -999.9999 7.1592 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 2 Figures 3-4 and 3-5 show the near eld along the x axis and the horizontal radiation.
3-9
Figure 3-4: Electric near eld along the x axis for Example 2
Figure 3-5: Radiation pattern (in dB) in the horizontal plane = 90 for Example 2
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
3-10
FEKO EXAMPLES: 3
3.3
Example 3: Dipole in front of a plate with physical optics
This example uses the same structure as Example 2 shown in gure 3-3, but in this case the physical optics (PO) approximation is used to determine the currents on the surface of the plate. The triangles on the plate all have label 2 and this is therefore be specied in the PO card to dene the PO region. The complete input le is given below.
** A lambda/2 dipole antenna 3/4 lambda in front of a plate with ** side lengths equal to lambda. ** Radiation at a wavelength lambda of 3 m ** Segmentation parameters #lambda = 3 #tri_len = #lambda / 7 #seglen = #lambda / 15 #segrad = 0.002 IP ** Define the points #a = #lambda/2 DP P1 DP P2 DP P3 DP P4 #d = 3/4*#lambda #h = #lambda/4 #gap = 0.45*#seglen DP A DP B DP C ** LA BP ** SY ** ** LA BL ** SY ** LA BL
#segrad
#tri_len
#seglen
0 0 0 0
0 #a #a 0
0 0 #a #a
#d #d #d
0 0 0
#h #gap -#gap
A quarter of the plate is created in the quadrant y>0 and z>0 with label 2 2 P1 P2 P3 P4 Mirror the plate in the plane y=0 (xz-plane) -- ideal magnetic wall 1 0 3 0 Create the top half of the dipole antenna (without excitation) Use Label 0 0 A B Mirror in the plane z=0 (xy-plane) -- perfect electric conducting plane 1 0 0 2 Create the excitation segment with label 1 1 B C
** PO approximation for the plate with the label 2, ray search is switched off PO 2 1 0 0 0 ** End of the geometry input EG 1 0 0 0 0
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 3
** Calculate and set the frequency #freq = #c0 / #lambda FR 1 0 #freq ** Excitation by means of a voltage gap (E-Field) A1 0 1 1 ** Calculate the electric and magnetic near fields along the x axis FE 3 70 1 1 0 -1.97 0 0 0.1 ** Calculate the far field (horizontal plane) FF 1 1 181 0 90 0 0 2 ** End EN
3-11
Note that the addition of a single PO card is the only change from the input le used for Example 2. (Besides the fact that the skin eect is not considered here.) Some extracts from the output le example_03.out follow
VALUES OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH in V/m in free space LOCATION Y/m Z/m 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 EX magn. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 phase 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 magn. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 EY phase 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 magn. 7.655E-02 7.625E-02 7.582E-02 7.525E-02 EZ phase 139.69 149.18 158.50 167.64
X/m -1.9700 -1.8700 -1.7700 -1.6700
VALUES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH in A/m in free space LOCATION Y/m Z/m 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 HX magn. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 phase 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 magn. 1.977E-04 1.958E-04 1.935E-04 1.906E-04 HY phase 137.30 146.53 155.57 164.39 magn. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 HZ phase 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
X/m -1.9700 -1.8700 -1.7700 -1.6700
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
3-12
FEKO EXAMPLES: 3
LOCATION THETA PHI 90.00 0.00 90.00 2.00 90.00 4.00
ETHETA magn. phase 1.246E+00 170.01 1.244E+00 169.91 1.238E+00 169.62
EPHI directivity in magn. phase vert. horiz. 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2683872 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2547916 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2139059 -999.9999 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
dB total 7.2683872 7.2547916 7.2139059
...
Figure 3-6 shows the distribution of the near eld along the x axis and gure 3-7 the radiation pattern in the horizontal plane. It is clear that there is good correlation between the PO method and the method of moments results (gures 3-4 and 3-5). There is, however, a big dierence in the computation time.
Figure 3-6: Electric near eld along the x axis for Example 3
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 3
3-13
Figure 3-7: Radiation pattern (in dB) in the horizontal plane = 90 for Example 3
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
3-14
FEKO EXAMPLES: 4
3.4
Example 4: Dielectric sphere
Figure 3-8: Dielectric sphere with incident plane wave Here a dielectric sphere with radius R = 1 m and a dielectric constant of r = 36 is located at the origin of the coordinate system. The excitation is an electromagnetic plane wave (shown in gure 3-8) propagating in the z direction and polarised in the x direction. The free space wavelength is 20 m. The calculation is done using the equivalent surface current method. (Examples 9 and 13 discuss using the volume current method for dielectrics.)
** ** ** A lossless dielectric sphere with radius R=1m and Epsilon=36. Excitated by means of an incident plane wave with lambda 20m (3.33m in the dielectric)
** Set parameters #lambda = 20 #r = 1 #epsr = 36 ** Segmentation parameters #tri_len = #lambda / sqrt(#epsr) / 8 IP ** Create the sphere ** Define points DP A DP B DP C
#tri_len
0 0 #r
0 0 0
0 #r 0
** Assign the mediums properties ME 1 0
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 4
** Create an eighth of the sphere KU A B C 0
3-15
90
90
#tri_len
** Mirroring in all three coordinates ** yz-plane: ideal electric conducting plane ** xz-plane: ideal magnetic conducting plane ** xy-plane: only geometric symmetry SY 1 2 3 1 ** The sphere is modelled with planar trianglular patches, allowing only ** an approximate representation of the real geometry. To improve the ** agreement with an exact solution, one can scale the sphere created so ** far so that the surface of the discretised sphere equals the surface ** of the real sphere: ** Without the TG card here below FEKO calculates the total surface of these ** triangles as 12.127642. Scale the sphere such that the total triangle ** surface is the same as that of the sphere. #a_sphere = 4*#pi*(#r^2) #a_triang = 12.127642 #s = sqrt (#a_sphere / #a_triang) TG 0 ** End of the geometry EG 1 0 0 0
#s
** Assign the dielectric properties DI 1 #epsr
** Excitation by means of an incident plane wave #freq = #c0 / #lambda FR 0 #freq A0 0 1 1 1 0
-180
** Calculate near fields along the z axis #delta = #r / 20 ** stepping #zrange = 2*#r ** values between -zrange and +zrange are plotted #nz = floor( 2*#zrange/#delta ) + 1 FE 1 1 1 #nz 0 0 0 -#zrange 0 ** Radar cross section in the vertical plane PHI=0 FF 1 91 1 0 0 0 2 ** End EN
#delta
The meshed structure is similar to gure 3-8 but has 176 triangles. Note that here only one ME card is used as all the triangles lie on the surface of the dielectric and there are no conducting structures. Note also the use of the DI card to specify the parameters and the fact that only one FE card is required to calculate the near eld inside and outside the dielectric region.
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
3-16
FEKO EXAMPLES: 4
When PREFEKO meshes a sphere, all the triangle corners lie on the surface of the sphere. Thus the meshed sphere is, on average, slightly smaller than the original sphere and the accuracy may be improved by increasing the radius of the sphere as done here. Some extracts from the output le example_04.out are given below.
Scaling by a factor 1.018E+00 12.5663706
Surface of the triangles in m*m:
VALUES OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH in V/m (total field, incident and scattered) LOCATION Y/m Z/m 0.00000E+00 -2.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -1.97500E+00 0.00000E+00 -1.95000E+00 0.00000E+00 -2.50000E-02 0.00000E+00 1.11022E-16 0.00000E+00 2.50000E-02 EX magn. phase 9.13919E-01 39.25 9.10146E-01 38.92 9.06153E-01 38.60 1.21019E-01 1.20985E-01 1.21338E-01 2.49 -1.29 -5.07 EZ magn. phase 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ...
medium 0 0 0 ... 1 1 1
X/m 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
EY magn. phase 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00 0.00
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 1.105E-01 -0.95 1.104E-01 -0.95 1.102E-01 -0.95 EPHI scattering cross sect. magn. phase in m*m 0.000E+00 0.00 1.53332E-01 0.000E+00 0.00 1.53169E-01 0.000E+00 0.00 1.52681E-01 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR ...
Figures 3-9 and 3-10 compare the near eld along the z axis and the radar cross section as a function of the angle to exact (theoretical) results. Note that the radius of the meshed sphere is slightly larger than that of the theoretical one along the z axis.
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 4
3-17
Figure 3-9: Near eld along the z axis
Figure 3-10: Bistatic radar cross section of the dielectric sphere
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
3-18
FEKO EXAMPLES: 5
3.5
Example 5: Dipole in front of a dielectric beam
The problem of a dipole in front of a lossy dielectric beam, as shown in gure 3-11, is next. The calculation is done using the equivalent surface current method, but could just as well be done with volume equivalent currents. The geometry and the electrical parameters (such as the dielectric constant) can be determined from the input le
C
I J KL
E F GH
Figure 3-11: The meshed geometry of Example 5

** A Dipole antenna in front of a lossy dielectric cube. ** See article Sarkar (IEEE AP-37 S.673) and Karimullah ** (IEEE MTT-28 S.1218) ** Parameters for segmentation IP 0.0277 ** Geometric Structure ** lower half of the dipole antenna DP A 0 DP B 0 DP C 0 BL A B ** lower half of the dielectric solid DP E -0.1 DP F 0.1
0.33
0.70
0 0 0
-2.77 -0.34 0.34
0.2 0.2
-0.85 -0.85
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 5
DP DP DP DP DP DP ME BP BP BP BP BP G H I J K L 1 E E J L I 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.1 0 H F F K L G J G G H F I K H E 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 -0.85 -0.85 0 0 0 0
3-19
** Mirroring around the plane z=0 (xy-plane) -- ideal electric conducting plane SY 1 0 0 2 ** Create excitation segment with label 1 ME 0 LA 1 BL B C ** End of the geometric input EG 1 0 0 0 0 ** Dielectric data DI 1 ** Set the frequency FR 1 0
113
0.62
27.0E6
** Excitation by means of a voltage source (E-field) on dipole A1 0 1 1 ** Calculate the electric near field (along the y axis) FE 1 1 100 1 0 0 -0.395 0 ** Far field calculation FF 1 1 181 0 ** End EN
0.01
90
Here we use an ME card to dene the dielectric volume and a second one to switch back to conductors in free space in order to construct the feed segment (which must be dened after specifying the symmetry). Below we list some extracts from the output le example_05.out
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
3-20
FEKO EXAMPLES: 5
Power in Watt: 5.53781E-03 POWER BUDGET IN THE DIELECTRIC (in Watt) Integration of the normal component of the power density vector pointing into the respective medium over the surface of the dielectric body (MoM surface equiv. princip.) or volume integral for the corresponding medium (FEM and MoM volume equiv. princip.) medium 0 1 power dens. integral unknown 1.64229E-04 metallic losses 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 network losses 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 source power 5.54361E-03 0.00000E+00 power loss in medium unknown 1.64229E-04
VALUES OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH in V/m (total field, incident and scattered) LOCATION X/m Y/m 0.00000E+00 -3.95000E-01 0.00000E+00 -3.85000E-01 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.05000E-01 2.15000E-01 EX magn. phase 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00 EZ magn. phase 3.37382E-01 173.86 3.39730E-01 174.37 1.83275E-01 -122.12 1.70781E-01 -124.80 ...
medium 0 0 ... 1 1
Z/m 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
EY magn. phase 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 90.00 0.00 90.00 2.00 90.00 4.00 ETHETA magn. phase 7.295E-01 67.46 7.296E-01 67.46 7.297E-01 67.47 EPHI directivity in dB ... magn. phase vert. horiz. total 0.000E+00 0.00 2.1694 -999.9999 2.1694 0.000E+00 0.00 2.1705 -999.9999 2.1705 0.000E+00 0.00 2.1716 -999.9999 2.1716 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 6
3-21
3.6
Example 6: Magnetic eld probe

B
Figure 3-12: The meshed geometry of Example 6 The current in a circular loop wire can be used to measure the magnitude of a magnetic eld. The conducting wire is shielded against electric elds by a conducting sleeve. The structure is shown in gure 3-12. The input le is listed below.
** A magnetic field probe in the form of a frame antenna with ** shielding against electric fields. Wave length approximately 10 m. ** Segmentation parameters IP 0.005 0.25 0.15 ** Create a quarter of the torus in the area y<0 and z<0 DP A 0 0 0 DP B 0 0 1 DP C -1 0 0 DP D -1.1 0 0 TO A B C D 175 180 0.25
0.12
** Mirroring around the plane z=0 (xy-plane only geometrically symmetric) SY 1 0 0 1 ** Create the inner conductor in the form of a half circle CL A B C 180 0.15 ** mirror around the plane y=0 (xz-plane, ideal conducting electric plane) SY 1 0 2 0 ** End of the geometric input -- no geometry data in output file EG 1 0 0 0 0
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
3-22
** Set the frequency FR 1 0 ** ** ** ** ** A0
FEKO EXAMPLES: 6
30.0E6
Examine multiple incident fields. Step the angle of incidence THETA from 0 to 90 in steps of 10 degrees. Polarisation is such that for THETA=90 the magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the circle. For any angle of THETA the electric field is always in the y direction. 0 10 1 1 0 0 0 90
10
** Start the calculation with the OS card and output the segment currents OS 3 ** End EN
Some extracts from the output le example_06.out are

EXCITATION BY PLANE LINEAR POLARISED ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE Number of excitation: Frequency in Hz: Wavelength in m: Direction of incidence: Dir. of polarisation: Direction of propag.: N = 1 FREQ = 3.00000E+07 LAMBDA = 9.99308E+00 THETA = 0.00 PHI = 0.00 ETA = 90.00 BETA0X = 0.00000E+00 BETA0Y = 0.00000E+00 BETA0Z = -6.28754E-01 |E0X| = 0.00000E+00 ARG(E0X) = |E0Y| = 1.00000E+00 ARG(E0Y) = |E0Z| = 0.00000E+00 ARG(E0Z) =
0.00 0.00 0.00
VALUES OF THE CURRENT IN THE SEGMENTS in A Segment number 1 2 3 4 5 centre x/m -9.94415E-01 -9.72202E-01 -9.28271E-01 -8.63604E-01 -7.79645E-01 IX phase -91.14 -91.14 -91.14 -91.14 -91.14 IY ... phase 88.86 88.86 88.86 88.86 88.86
y/m -7.45211E-02 -2.21899E-01 -3.64319E-01 -4.98602E-01 -6.21746E-01
z/m 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
magn. 5.204E-04 1.536E-03 2.477E-03 3.300E-03 3.965E-03
magn. 6.944E-03 6.729E-03 6.312E-03 5.715E-03 4.972E-03 IZ magn. phase 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 6
EXCITATION BY PLANE LINEAR POLARISED ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE Number of excitation: Frequency in Hz: Wavelength in m: Direction of incidence: Dir. of polarisation: Direction of propag.: N = 1 FREQ = 3.00000E+07 LAMBDA = 9.99308E+00 THETA = 10.00 PHI = 0.00 ETA = 90.00 BETA0X = -1.09182E-01 BETA0Y = 0.00000E+00 BETA0Z = -6.19201E-01 |E0X| = 0.00000E+00 ARG(E0X) = |E0Y| = 1.00000E+00 ARG(E0Y) = |E0Z| = 0.00000E+00 ARG(E0Z) =
3-23
0.00 0.00 0.00
VALUES OF THE CURRENT IN THE SEGMENTS in A Segment number 1 2 3 4 5 centre x/m -9.94415E-01 -9.72202E-01 -9.28271E-01 -8.63604E-01 -7.79645E-01 IX phase -94.88 -94.88 -94.88 -94.88 -94.88 IY ... phase 85.12 85.12 85.12 85.12 85.12
y/m -7.45211E-02 -2.21899E-01 -3.64319E-01 -4.98602E-01 -6.21746E-01
z/m 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
magn. 5.260E-04 1.553E-03 2.504E-03 3.335E-03 4.008E-03
magn. 7.019E-03 6.802E-03 6.380E-03 5.777E-03 5.026E-03 IZ magn. phase 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
3-24
FEKO EXAMPLES: 7
3.7
Example 7: Monopole on a nite circular ground plane

B
E A
Figure 3-13: The meshed geometry of Example 7 A monopole antenna of length and radius 105 is located in the middle of a circular 4 ground plane with a radius R such that 2 R = 3. The structure is shown in gure 3-13 and the input le is
** A lambda/4 monopole antenna, on a finite circular ground plane with ** radius R, where 2*PI*R/lambda = 3, i.e. R=1.91m. ** lambda=4m, and the wire radius is 10^-5*lambda. ** Comparisons to the results obtained can be found in the book "Monopole ** Elements on Circular Ground Planes" from Melvin M. Weiner et.al. ** PP. 66, 175, 230 ** Parameters for segmentation #lam = 4 #tri_len = #lam/10 #segl = #lam/40 IP 1e-5*#lam #tri_len ** Radius of the ground plane #rad = 3 * #lam / ( 2 * #pi ) ** Define the points DP A DP B DP D DP E
#segl
0 0 #rad 0
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0.6*#segl
** Create a quarter of the circular ground plane, that will be treated ** with the MoM. KR A B D 90 #tri_len ** Mirror this to form a full circle (ideal magnetic wall) SY 1 3 3 0
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 7
** Create monopole, and the feed segment (label 1) LA 0 BL E B LA 1 BL A E ** End of geometric input EG 1 0 0 0 0 ** Set the frequency FR 1 0
3-25
#c0/#lam
** Excitation be means of a voltage gap at the first segment of the ** monopole -- radiating exactly 2 watt A1 0 1 1 0 PW 1 2 ** Write the surface currents to the output file OS 1 1 ** To display the full pattern in GraphFEKO, we need a calculation ** where theta goes from 0 to 360 while phi remains constant FF 1 181 1 0 0 0 2 ** ** ** FF ** ** Calculate the far field and integrate this to obtain the radiated power. The pattern should be omni-directional in the phi-direction such that we can use large increments for this angle. 3 90 12 0 1 15 2 30 For FEKO LITE replace the line above with FF 3 90 6 0 1 90 2 60
** End EN
Note that we switch o averaging of the currents at the OS card. Averaging may require a signicant amount of run time and is no longer required for the post processor. Some of extracts from the output le example_07.out are given below.
Power in Watt: 2.00000E+00 VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 1.683E-16 107.91 1.020E+00 103.82 2.033E+00 103.78 EPHI magn. phase 2.454E-15 169.09 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 directivity in dB ... vert. horiz. total -336.2662 -312.9904 -312.9701 -20.6209 -999.9999 -20.6209 -14.6280 -999.9999 -14.6280
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
3-26
POLARISATION axial r. angle 0.0600 -91.90 0.0000 180.00 0.0000 180.00 Gain is a factor of 1.00000E+00 (
FEKO EXAMPLES: 7
direction LEFT LINEAR LINEAR
0.00 dB) larger than directivity 2.00000E+00 W
The directivity/gain is based on an active power of and on a power loss of 0.00000E+00 W
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered Integration of the normal component of the Poynting vector in the angular grid DTHETA = 2.00 deg. and DPHI = 30.00 deg. ( 1080 sample points) angular range THETA angular range PHI radiated power 0.00 .. 180.00 deg. 0.00 .. 360.00 deg. 1.92627E+00 Watt 1.00 .. 179.00 deg. 15.00 .. 345.00 deg. 1.76578E+00 Watt
The power supplied by the voltage source is 2 W, but the power calculated by integrating in the far eld is 1.926 W a dierence of 3.7%. A dierence this large implies that a ner segmentation may be required. The radiation pattern is shown in gure 3-14.
Electric far field |E_Theta|

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 0 345 330 315 300 285 270 255 240 225 210
-5 -10 -15 -20
Figure 3-14: Radiation pattern of the monopole as a function of
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 8
3-27
3.8
Example 8: A horn antenna
DZ AZ BZ B BY A
CZ C CY
AY
Figure 3-15: The meshed geometry of Example 8 A horn antenna structure, as shown in gure 3-15, is examined next. In particular, we want to use this example to compare dierent options available in FEKO to feed this structure: Modelling a real feed pin with a wire inside the waveguide using the A1 card as a voltage source along the wire. Using the waveguide feed (AW card) to directly impress the desired mode (here a TE10 mode in the rectangular waveguide section). Using the AP card to model an impressed eld distribution on an aperture. While this method is more complex to use than the direct AW card, and also as opposed to the AW card input impedances or S-parameters cannot be obtained, it shall be demonstrated here since this technique can be used for any user dened eld distribution or any waveguide cross sections (which might not be supported directly at the AW card). These dierent feed options are illustrated in gure 3-16.
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
3-28
FEKO EXAMPLES: 8
Figure 3-16: Illustrating the dierent options to model a waveguide feed: Feed pin with A1 voltage source (left), waveguide port excitation with AW card (middle), and eld distribution in an aperture with AP card (right) When using a feed wire pin with an A1 voltage source, then the input le is:
** A pyramidal horn antenna for the frequency 1.645 GHz. ** using a wire feed with a voltage source as excitation (A1 card) ** Set a scaling factor so that all dimensions below are in cm #scal = 0.01 SF 1 #scal ** Parameters of the structure (all in cm) #freq = 1.645e9 ** frequency #lam = #c0/#freq/#scal ** wavelength (scale so that also in cm) #wa = 12.96 ** waveguide width #wb = 6.48 ** waveguide height #ha = 55.00 ** horn width #hb = 42.80 ** horn height #wl = 30.20 ** length of the waveguide section #fl = #wl - #lam/4 ** position of the feed wire in the waveguide #hl = 46.00 ** length of the horn section ** Segmentation parameters #edgelen = #lam / 6 ** note that a mesh of lam / 6 is rather coarse #seglen = #lam / 15 #segrho = #seglen / 12 IP #segrho #edgelen #seglen ** Define the corner points for a quarter of the horn in the ** quadrants y>0 and z>0 including the feed structure. ** ** Wave guide end DP C -#wl #wa/2 #wb/2 DP CZ -#wl 0 #wb/2 DP CY -#wl #wa/2 0 DP C0 -#wl 0 0 ** Transition from wave guide to horn
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 8
DP B DP BZ DP BY ** Horn opening DP A DP AZ DP AY ** Feed #z = 0.45*#seglen DP DU DP DO DP DZ 0 0 0 #hl #hl #hl #wa/2 0 #wa/2 #ha/2 0 #ha/2 #wb/2 #wb/2 0 #hb/2 #hb/2 0
3-29
-#fl -#fl -#fl
0 0 0
-#z #z #wb/2
** Create the surfaces in the quadrants y>0 and z>0 ** ** Wave guide end BP C CZ C0 CY ** Wave guide top BT C CZ DZ BQ C DZ BZ B ** Wave guide walls BP C B BY CY ** Horn walls BQ B A AY BY ** Horn top BQ B A AZ BZ ** Mirror the quarter around the plane y=0 (xz-plane) -- ideal magnetic wall. SY 1 0 3 0 ** Create half of the feed wire BL DO DZ ** Mirror around the plane z=0 (xy-plane) -- ideal electric wall. SY 1 0 0 2 ** Create the feed segment with the label "Feed" LA Feed BL DU DO ** End of the geometric input EG 1 0 0 0 ** Set the frequency FR 1 0 ** Scale the power to 1 Watt PW 1 0
#freq
** The excitation by a voltage source A1 0 Feed 1
** Calculate the horizontal radiation pattern FF 1 1 361 0 90 -90
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
3-30
** Calculate the vertical radiation pattern FF 1 361 1 0 0 0
FEKO EXAMPLES: 8
** Integration of the full 3-D pattern over a sphere to get the radiated power ** accurately (use symmetry, only 1/4 sphere, multiply power by 4). ** A test using a finer angular stepping has shown that a stepping of 5 deg. ** is fully sufficient for the dimensions under consideration (must be adjusted ** if a horn antenna with higher gain is modelled, since then more sidelobes occur) #stepping = 5 #nthe = 90/#stepping + 1 #nphi = 180/#stepping + 1 FF 3 #nthe#nphi0 0 0 #stepping #stepping ** End EN
This le can be found in the examples directory under the name example_08_a1.pre. Note the use of a triangle on the upper waveguide wall to ensure an attachment point for the feed wire which runs from top to bottom. Symmetry will ensure that there is also an attachment point on the bottom wall. Some extracts from the output le example_08_a1.out are given below.
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI ... 90.00 -4.00 90.00 -3.00 90.00 -2.00 90.00 -1.00 90.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 5.235E+01 5.320E+01 5.383E+01 5.420E+01 5.433E+01 89.32 89.86 90.26 90.49 90.57 EPHI magn. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 phase directivity in dB vert. horiz. total 16.5992 16.7405 16.8416 16.9022 16.9225 ...
0.00 16.5992 -999.9999 0.00 16.7405 -999.9999 0.00 16.8416 -999.9999 0.00 16.9022 -999.9999 0.00 16.9225 -999.9999 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 180.00 180.00 180.00 180.00 LINEAR LINEAR LINEAR LINEAR
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 8
0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
3-31
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 3.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 5.250E+00 -151.58 5.394E+00 -135.39 5.512E+00 -119.59 5.591E+00 -104.04 5.628E+00 -88.58 EPHI directivity in dB ... magn. phase vert. horiz. total 0.000E+00 0.00 -3.3749 -999.9999 -3.3749 0.000E+00 0.00 -3.1399 -999.9999 -3.1399 0.000E+00 0.00 -2.9527 -999.9999 -2.9527 0.000E+00 0.00 -2.8279 -999.9999 -2.8279 0.000E+00 0.00 -2.7707 -999.9999 -2.7707 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
Note that the source power is calculated from a single current and in some cases this might not be very accurate. In this example since the PW card is used to normalise the power this is scaled to exactly 1.00000 W. We can obtain a more accurate calculation of the radiated power by integrating the far eld. (Note that this gives the radiated power which is not the same as the source power for lossy antennas.) In this example, the integrated radiated power is 4 times 0.238229 W, i.e. 0.95292 W (we only integrated over a quarter of the far eld region). Thus there is a 4.7% power error. This is quite large and caused by the coarse meshing of only . The actual power is 0.209 dB lower than the 6 calculated source power. Since the power is used to normalise the directivity calculation, the actual directivity is 0.209 dB higher than the calculated values. The directivity might therefore be compensated by specifying a 0.209 dB oset in POSTFEKO. As mentioned in the beginning, instead of physically modelling the feed wire, one can also use a waveguide port excitation (AW card) directly in FEKO. The corresponding input le is example_08_aw.pre and looks like this:
** A pyramidal horn antenna for the frequency 1.645 GHz ** using a rectangular waveguide port excitation (AW card) ** of the TE_10 mode ** Set a scaling factor so that all dimensions below are in cm
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
3-32
#scal = 0.01 SF 1
FEKO EXAMPLES: 8
#scal
** Parameters of the structure (all in cm) #freq = 1.645e9 ** frequency #lam = #c0/#freq/#scal ** wavelength (scale so that also in cm) #wa = 12.96 ** waveguide width #wb = 6.48 ** waveguide height #ha = 55.00 ** horn width #hb = 42.80 ** horn height #wl = 30.20 ** length of the waveguide section #fl = #wl - #lam/4 ** position of the excitation in the waveguide #hl = 46.00 ** length of the horn section #m = 1 ** mode index in first dimension #n = 0 ** mode index in second dimension ** Segmentation parameters #edgelen = #lam / 6 ** note that a mesh of lam / 6 is rather coarse #seglen = #lam / 15 #segrho = #seglen / 12 IP #segrho #edgelen #seglen ** Compute the critical wavelength in the rectangular waveguide ** for the mode (#m/#n) under consideration #lam_c = 2/sqrt((#m/#wa)*(#m/#wa)+(#n/#wb)*(#n/#wb)) ** Check whether this mode is propagating at all in the waveguide ** (if not we could still use such a mode as feed, the AW card supports ** this, then just in the formula below the sqrt() argument would be ** negative, so catch this case here and print an error) !!if (#lam > #lam_c) then !! print "Error: Excitation mode is below cut-off!" !! print " Free space wavelength ", #lam !! print " Critical wavelength ", #lam_c !! exit !!endif ** Compute the wavelength of this mode in the waveguide #lam_h = #lam/sqrt(1-(#lam/#lam_c)*(#lam/#lam_c)) ** Change the position of the excitation (offset of a quarter wavelength) #fl = #wl-#lam_h/4 ** Define the corner points for the waveguide port (for AW card) DP FZ -#fl -#wa/2 #wb/2 DP FY -#fl #wa/2 -#wb/2 DP F0 -#fl -#wa/2 -#wb/2 ** Define the corner points for a quarter of the horn in the ** quadrants y>0 and z>0 including the waveguide port ** ** Waveguide port DP C -#fl #wa/2 #wb/2 DP CZ -#fl 0 #wb/2
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 8
DP DP ** DP DP DP ** DP DP DP CY -#fl C0 -#fl Transition from waveguide to horn B 0 BZ 0 BY 0 Horn opening A #hl AZ #hl AY #hl #wa/2 0 #wa/2 0 #wa/2 #ha/2 0 #ha/2 0 0 #wb/2 #wb/2 0 #hb/2 #hb/2 0
3-33
** Create the surfaces in the quadrants y>0 and z>0. Note that in order to ** get a high resolution mesh at the port, we are using local mesh refinement. ** ** Waveguide port (we use here the label "Port", also note that the normal ** vector of the created structure must point into the waveguide towards ** the horn) LA Port BP C CZ C0 CY #edgelen/4#edgelen/4 ** Waveguide top and side walls LA: Waveguide BQ C CZ BZ B #edgelen/4 BQ C B BY CY #edgelen/4 ** Horn walls and top LA Horn BQ B A AY BY BQ B A AZ BZ ** Mirror the quarter around the plane y=0 (xz-plane) -- ideal magnetic wall SY 1 0 3 0 ** Mirror around the plane z=0 (xy-plane) -- ideal electric wall SY 1 0 0 2 ** End of the geometric input EG 1 0 0 0 ** Set the frequency FR 1 0 ** Scale the power to 1 Watt PW 1 0
#freq
** Waveguide port excitation, TE10-mode AW 0 Port 1 1 0 1 2 2 #m #n ** Calculate the horizontal radiation pattern FF 1 1 361 0 90 -90 ** Calculate the vertical radiation pattern FF 1 361 1 0 0 0
F0
FY
FZ
** Integration of the full 3-D pattern over a sphere to get the radiated power
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 8
** accurately (use symmetry, only 1/4 sphere, multiply power by 4). ** A test using a finer angular stepping has shown that a stepping of 5 deg. ** is fully sufficient for the dimensions under consideration (must be adjusted ** if a horn antenna with higher gain is modelled, since then more sidelobes occur) #stepping = 5 #nthe = 90/#stepping + 1 #nphi = 180/#stepping + 1 FF 3 #nthe#nphi0 0 0 #stepping #stepping ** End EN
It is worth mentioning the local mesh renement used for the triangles representing the waveguide port. This is necessary since in the example here even though not excited, also higher order modes up to the order (5/5) are considered and this eld distribution must be represented properly by the mesh across the port. When looking at the results, then one nds the following:
DATA OF THE WAVEGUIDE PORT NO. real part imag. part 6.0344E-02 -7.3900E-02 magn. 9.5408E-02 1 phase -50.77
Reflection coeff.
Power in Watt: 1.00000E+00 Modal coefficients of propagating backward waves Mode indices Backward Coefficient in V/m Backward Coefficient in A/m m n magn. phase magn. phase TE 1 0 4.73887E+01 -50.77 8.94473E-02 -50.77
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI ... 90.00 -4.00 90.00 -3.00 90.00 -2.00 90.00 -1.00 90.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 5.344E+01 5.432E+01 5.496E+01 5.534E+01 5.547E+01 -131.57 -131.03 -130.64 -130.41 -130.33 EPHI magn. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 phase 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 directivity in dB vert. horiz. total 16.7785 16.9205 17.0220 17.0829 17.1033 -999.9999 -999.9999 -999.9999 -999.9999 -999.9999 16.7785 16.9205 17.0220 17.0829 17.1033 ...
POLARISATION axial r. angle 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 180.00 180.00 180.00 180.00 180.00
direction LINEAR LINEAR LINEAR LINEAR LINEAR
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3-35
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 3.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 5.259E+00 -14.79 5.337E+00 2.29 5.431E+00 19.17 5.536E+00 35.78 5.642E+00 52.07 EPHI magn. phase 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 directivity in dB ... vert. horiz. total -3.3604 -999.9999 -3.3604 -3.2331 -999.9999 -3.2331 -3.0805 -999.9999 -3.0805 -2.9143 -999.9999 -2.9143 -2.7506 -999.9999 -2.7506
POLARISATION axial r. angle 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 180.00
direction LINEAR LINEAR LINEAR LINEAR LINEAR
From these results, one can see that the actually radiated power is 4 times 0.246615 W, i.e. 0.98646 W, and hence the power budget error is just a mere 1.3% or 0.06 dB. This is despite the coarse meshing of the horn as such (similar to the A1 type excitation). But a local mesh renement is used here for the port region. As indicated in the beginning of this example and as displayed in gure 3-16, a third excitation option exists in FEKO, and this can be found in the input le example_08_ap.pre: The user can dene an arbitrary eld distribution in an aperture and use this as excitation:
** A pyramidal horn antenna for the frequency 1.645 GHz ** using a user defined field distribution as excitation (AP card) ** Set a scaling factor so that all dimensions below are in cm #scal = 0.01 SF 1 #scal ** Parameters of the structure (all in cm) #freq = 1.645e9 ** frequency #lam = #c0/#freq/#scal ** wavelength (scale so that also in cm) #wa = 12.96 ** waveguide width #wb = 6.48 ** waveguide height #ha = 55.00 ** horn width #hb = 42.80 ** horn height
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#wl #fl #hl = 30.20 = #wl - #lam/4 = 46.00
FEKO EXAMPLES: 8
** length of the waveguide section ** position of the excitation in the waveguide ** length of the horn section
** Segmentation parameters #edgelen = #lam / 6 ** note that a mesh of lam / 6 is rather coarse #seglen = #lam / 15 #segrho = #seglen / 12 IP #segrho #edgelen #seglen ** Mode definition for the waveguide excitation, TE10-mode in a rectangular ** waveguide ** General parameters #m = 1 ** mode index in first dimension #n = 0 ** mode index in second dimension ** Calculate known things ** ---------------------** #la_c, #la_h, #zfh, #zfe, #beta, #beta_c ** Critical wavelength of waveguide mode #lam_c = 2/sqrt((#m/#wa)*(#m/#wa)+(#n/#wb)*(#n/#wb)) ** Wavelength in waveguide !!if (#lam > #lam_c) then #below_cut_off = 1 #lam_h = #lam/sqrt((#lam/#lam_c)*(#lam/#lam_c)-1) !!else #below_cut_off = 0 #lam_h = #lam/sqrt(1-(#lam/#lam_c)*(#lam/#lam_c)) !!endif #zfh = #zf0*#lam_h/#lam ** H-mode impedance in waveguide #zfe = #zf0*#lam/#lam_h ** E-mode impedance in waveguide #beta = 2*#pi/#lam_h ** prop const. in waveguide #beta_c = 2*#pi/#lam_c ** critic. prop const. in waveguide ** ---------------------** Calculate offset lambda_h/4 to set the source apart from the the short at waveguide end #offs = #lam_h/4 #wp = #wl-#offs ** Define the corner points for the waveguide feed (for AP card) DP RG_1 -#wp -#wa/2 -#wb/2 DP RG_2 -#wp #wa/2 -#wb/2 DP RG_3 -#wp -#wa/2 #wb/2 ** Define the corner points for a quarter of the horn in the ** quadrants y>0 and z>0 including the feed structure. ** ** Wave guide end DP C -#wl #wa/2 #wb/2 DP CZ -#wl 0 #wb/2 DP CY -#wl #wa/2 0 DP C0 -#wl 0 0 ** Transition from waveguide to horn DP B 0 #wa/2 #wb/2 DP BZ 0 0 #wb/2
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 8
DP ** DP DP DP ** DP DP DP BY Horn opening A AZ AY Points for feed of horn F FZ FY 0 #hl #hl #hl -#wp -#wp -#wp #wa/2 #ha/2 0 #ha/2 #wa/2 0 #wa/2 0 #hb/2 #hb/2 0 #wb/2 #wb/2 0
3-37
** Create the surfaces in the quadrants y>0 and z>0 ** ** Waveguide end LA Short BP C CZ C0 CY ** Waveguide top and walls LA: Waveguide BQ C CZ FZ F #edgelen/3 BQ F FZ BZ B #edgelen/3 BQ C F FY CY #edgelen/3 BQ F B BY FY #edgelen/3 ** Horn walls and top LA Horn BQ B A AY BY BQ B A AZ BZ ** Mirror the quarter around the plane y=0 (xz-plane) -- ideal magnetic wall SY 1 0 3 0 ** Mirror around the plane z=0 (xy-plane) -- ideal electric wall SY 1 0 0 2 ** End of the geometric input EG 1 0 0 0 ** Set the frequency FR 1 0 ** Scale the power to 1 Watt PW 1 0
#freq
** Waveguide port excitation, TE10-mode, using an AP card ** ---------------------** Sampling parameters #max_x = 15 #max_y = 15 #max_x = max(#max_x+2,#m*5) ** no. of samples in x shall be > #m*5 #max_y = max(#max_y+2,#n*5) ** no. of samples in y shall be > #n*5 #border_v = 0.05 ** border distance (relative) from the outer meshed structure ** Amplitude of the excited H_z field #ampli = 1.0 ** [A/m] of H_z using H10-mode #phase = 0.0 ** [deg] ** Field components for the TE-mode #Hz0 = #ampli ** [A/m]
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#E2 = #Hz0*#beta/(#beta_c*#beta_c)*#pi/#wb*#zfh*#n #E3 = #Hz0*#beta/(#beta_c*#beta_c)*#pi/#wa*#zfh*#m #Ep2 = #phase+90.0 #Ep3 = #phase-90.0 #H2 = #Hz0*#beta/(#beta_c*#beta_c)*#m*#pi/#wa #H3 = #Hz0*#beta/(#beta_c*#beta_c)*#n*#pi/#wb !!if (#below_cut_off = 0) then #Hp2 = #phase+90.0 #Hp3 = #phase+90.0 !!else #Hp2 = #phase #Hp3 = #phase !!endif #argn =#n*#pi/#max_y #argm =#m*#pi/#max_x ** Set the AP card AP 0 -9 RG_1 RG_2 RG_3 1 #max_x #max_y 1 !!for #j=1 to (#max_y ) #arg = #argn*(#j-0.5) #Ef2 = #E2*sin(#arg) #Ef3 = #E3*cos(#arg) !! for #i=1 to (#max_x) #arg = #argm*(#i-0.5) #Em2 = #Ef2*cos(#arg) #Em3 = #Ef3*sin(#arg) !! if((#i=1) or (#j=1) or (#i=#max_x) or (#j=#max_y)) then #Em2 = 0.0 #Em3 = 0.0 !! endif #Em2 #Ep2 !! next !!next !!for #j=1 to (#max_y) #arg = #argn*(#j-0.5) #Hf2 = #H2*cos(#arg) #Hf3 = #H3*sin(#arg) !! for #i=1 to (#max_x) #arg = #argm*(#i-0.5) #Hm2 = #Hf2*sin(#arg) #Hm3 = #Hf3*cos(#arg) !! if((#i=1) or (#j=1) or (#i=#max_x) or (#j=#max_y)) then #Hm2 = 0.0 #Hm3 = 0.0 !! endif #Hm2 #Hp2 !! next !!next ** ---------------------** Calculate the horizontal radiation pattern FF 1 1 361 0 90 -90 ** Calculate the vertical radiation pattern FF 1 361 1 0 0 0
FEKO EXAMPLES: 8
#Em3
#Ep3
#Hm3
#Hp3
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 8
** Integration of the full 3-D pattern over a sphere to get the radiated power ** accurately (use symmetry, only 1/4 sphere, multiply power by 4). ** A test using a finer angular stepping has shown that a stepping of 5 deg. ** is fully sufficient for the dimensions under consideration (must be adjusted ** if a horn antenna with higher gain is modelled, since then more sidelobes occur) #stepping = 5 #nthe = 90/#stepping + 1 #nphi = 180/#stepping + 1 FF 3 #nthe#nphi0 0 0 #stepping #stepping ** End EN
3-39
Here the modal distribution of the TE10 mode in a rectangular waveguide is evaluated directly in FEKO and passed as excitations by means of the general AP card. This is of course much more complex to set up than using a readily available AW type feed, but could be more general in some cases (e.g. waveguide cross section which is not supported at the AW card). The results of this AP feed in the *.out le shall not be reproduced here. The power budget error is again very small, only 0.34% or 0.015 dB. The far-eld directivity of all the three options to model the waveguide are shown in gures 3-17 and 3-18 for the horizontal and vertical radiation patterns, respectively. One realises an excellent agreement of the three methods under consideration. The data plotted here are the direct FEKO results, the indicated correction of the directivity in POSTFEKO has not been done.
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 8
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 8
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 9
3.9
Example 9: Dielectric cube
Figure 3-19: The meshed geometry of Example 9 In Example 4 a dielectric sphere was examined using the equivalent surface current method. Here a dielectric cube is to be examined with the volume current method. The cube edge length is a = 2 m and the dielectric constant is r = 4. The cube is situated at the origin of the coordinate system. As in Example 4, the excitation is an x polarised (electric eld) incident wave propagating in the z direction (see gure 3-8). The free space wavelength in this case is 10 m. The cube is shown in gure 3-19.
** A dielectric cube consisting of volume elements. ** The side length is 2 meters. ** Calculation of the near field and RCS when excited by a plane wave ** Set segmentation parameters #freq = 30.0e6 #epsr = 4 #lambda = #c0/#freq / sqrt(#epsr) IP ** Define the corner points DP A DP B ** Set the medium ME Cube ** Create an eighth of the cube QU A B 1 ** Mirror the eight to form the whole cube SY 1 2 3 1 ** End of the geometry
#lambda/10
0 1
0 1
0 1
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 9
EG 1 0 0 0 0
3-43
** Set the material parameters DI Cube #epsr ** Plane wave excitation FR 1 0 A0 0
#freq 1
180
** Calculate the electric near field along the z axis FE 1 1 1 40 0 0 0 -5 FE 7 FE 1 1 1 40 0 0 0 1.1 ** Calculate the far field (RCS) FF 1 91 1 0 0 ** End EN
0 0
0 0
0.1 0.1
Some of the results extracted from the output le example_09.out are

VALUES OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH in V/m in free space LOCATION Y/m Z/m 0.0E+00 -5.0000 0.0E+00 -4.9000 0.0E+00 -4.8000 0.0E+00 -4.7000 EX magn. 1.060E+00 1.065E+00 1.069E+00 1.072E+00 phase 178.30 175.07 171.87 168.70 magn. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 EY phase 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 magn. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 EZ phase 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
X/m 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
VALUES OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH in V/m inside the dielectric cuboids LOCATION EX EY EZ Y/m Z/m magn. phase magn. phase magn. phase 0.167 0.167 7.646E-01 -18.06 7.336E-03 -14.69 3.474E-02 74.50 0.167 0.500 7.978E-01 -32.85 7.392E-03 -19.50 3.086E-02 43.47 0.167 0.833 8.203E-01 -47.49 7.348E-03 -22.31 2.712E-02 7.58 SAR cuboid no. in W/kg 0.000E+00 1 0.000E+00 2 0.000E+00 3
X/m 0.167 0.167 0.167
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 5.036E-01 -8.97 5.033E-01 -8.97 5.024E-01 -8.97 EPHI scattering cross sect. magn. phase in m*m 0.000E+00 0.00 3.187E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 3.183E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 3.171E+00 POLARISATION ...
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axial r. angle 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00
FEKO EXAMPLES: 9
direction LINEAR LINEAR LINEAR
Figure 3-20 shows the distribution of the near eld along the z axis. (The second FE card calculates the elds at the centres of the cuboids. Due to the piecewise constant basis functions, the eld on the z axis is equal to that inside the adjacent cuboids. These values are used in the plot.) Figure 3-21 shows the RCS in the vertical plane = 0.
Figure 3-20: Near eld along the z axis
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3-45
Figure 3-21: Bistatic radar cross section in the plane = 0
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 10
3.10
Example 10: Yagi-Uda antenna over a real ground
B3 E1 D1 C1 B1 A1
E2
D2
C2
B2
A2
Figure 3-22: The meshed geometry of Example 10 In this example we consider the radiation of a horizontally polarised Yagi-Uda antenna consisting of a dipole, a reector and three directors. The frequency is 400 MHz. The antenna is located 3 m above a real ground which is modelled with the reection coefcient approximation as well as the Greens function formulation. For comparison, the calculation is also done without a ground plane. The geometry is shown in gure 3-22 and the input le is
** A horizontally polarised Yagi-Uda antenna 3m above a ground plane, at 400 MHz ** The antenna consists of a reflector, a dipole and 3 directors ** Set some parameters #freq = 400.0e6 #lambda = #c0 / #freq #h = 3 #d = 0.25*#lambda #lr = 0.477*#lambda #li = 0.451*#lambda #ld = 0.442*#lambda #rho = 0.0025*#lambda
** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Frequency Wave length Height of the antenna Distance between the elements Length of the reflector Length of the dipole Length of the directors The wire radius
** Parameter of the ground #epsr = 10 ** Relative permittivity #mur = 1 ** Relative permeability #sigma = 1.0e-3 ** Conductivity ** Set segmentation parameters #segl = #lambda / 15 IP #rho ** Create half of the reflector DP A1 -#d DP A2 -#d BL A1 A2
#segl
0 #lr/2
#h #h
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 10
** Create half the dipole (without the feed segment) DP B1 0 0.4*#segl #h DP B2 0 #li/2 #h BL B1 B2 ** Create half of each of the 3 directors DP C1 #d 0 DP C2 #d #ld/2 BL C1 C2 DP D1 2*#d 0 DP D2 2*#d #ld/2 BL D1 D2 DP E1 3*#d 0 DP E2 3*#d #ld/2 BL E1 E2 ** Mirror around the plane y=0 (electric wall) SY 1 0 2 0 ** Create the feed segment with the label 1 DP B3 0 -0.4*#segl #h LA 1 BL B3 B1 ** End of geometry EG 1 0 0
3-47
#h #h #h #h #h #h
** Set frequency and excitation (1 watt) FR 1 0 #freq A1 0 1 1 0 PW 1 1 ** -------------** Firstly calculate the horizontal and the vertical radiation patterns ** without the ground plane FF 1 1 181 0 90 0 0 2 FF 1 181 1 0 0 0 2 0 ** ** BO ** ** FF FF -------------Repeat with a real ground (reflexion coefficient approximation) 1 #epsr #sigma #mur Far field calculations now only in upper hemisphere (z>0) Avoid calculating the far field exactly at the interface 1 1 181 1 85 0 0 2 1 360 1 1 -89.75 0 0.5 0
** -------------** Repeat for real ground plane using the exact Sommerfeld formulation BO 0 GF 11 1 0 1 1 0 #epsr 1 #sigma FF 1 1 181 1 85 0 0 2 FF 1 360 1 1 -89.75 0 0.5 0
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** End EN
FEKO EXAMPLES: 10
The following are some extracts from the output le example_10.out

DATA FOR THE GREENS FUNCTION free space
DATA OF THE VOLTAGE SOURCE NO. real part imag. part 2.0866E-01 1.3553E-01 2.1770E-02 1.4140E-02 3.2306E+01 -2.0983E+01 magn. 2.4881E-01 2.5959E-02 3.8523E+01
1 phase 33.00 33.00 -33.00
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 90.00 0.00 90.00 2.00 90.00 4.00 ETHETA magn. phase 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 EPHI directivity in magn. phase vert. horiz. 2.732E+01 -76.56 -999.9999 10.952297 2.726E+01 -76.61 -999.9999 10.932851 2.708E+01 -76.77 -999.9999 10.874376 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 90.00 LINEAR 0.0000 90.00 LINEAR 0.0000 90.00 LINEAR dB total 10.952297 10.932851 10.874376 ...
GROUND PLANE IS PRESENT (reflection coefficient approximation) relative permittivity: relative permeability: conductivity in S/m: electric loss factor: magnetic loss factor: 10.0000 1.0000 1.0000E-03 4.4938E-03 0.0000E+00
1 phase 32.84 32.84 -32.84
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 10
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 85.00 0.00 85.00 2.00 85.00 4.00 ETHETA magn. phase 0.000E+00 0.00 8.017E-02 80.94 1.595E-01 80.78
3-49
EPHI gain in dB ... magn. phase vert. horiz. total 4.287E+01 14.26 -999.9999 14.865021 14.865021 4.278E+01 14.21 -39.69811 14.845511 14.845527 4.249E+01 14.06 -33.72558 14.786843 14.786904 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 90.00 LINEAR 0.0017 89.96 RIGHT 0.0034 89.92 RIGHT
DATA FOR THE GREENS FUNCTION Multilayer dielectric substrate number of layers NLAYER = 1 ground plane present top GPLANE_TOP = No bottom GPLANE_BOT = No Data for the single layers height z_max z_min relative relative conductivity in m in m in m permitt. permeab. in S/m infinity +infinity 0.00000E+00 1.00000 1.00000 0.00000E+00 1.50000E-03 0.00000E+00 -infinity 10.00000 1.00000 1.00000E-03 tan(delta) tan(delta) (electric) (magnetic) 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 4.49378E-03 0.00000E+00 DATA OF THE VOLTAGE SOURCE NO. real part imag. part 2.0850E-01 1.3022E-01 2.1737E-02 1.3576E-02 3.3095E+01 -2.0670E+01 magn. 2.4583E-01 2.5628E-02 3.9020E+01 1 phase 31.99 31.99 -31.99
no. 0 1
...
Power in Watt: 1.00000E+00 VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 85.00 0.00 85.00 2.00 85.00 4.00 ETHETA magn. phase 0.000E+00 0.00 8.016E-02 80.91 1.594E-01 80.75 EPHI gain in dB magn. phase vert. horiz. 4.290E+01 14.22 -999.9999 14.8697 4.280E+01 14.17 -39.6990 14.8502 4.251E+01 14.01 -33.7265 14.7916 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 90.00 LINEAR 0.0017 89.96 RIGHT 0.0034 89.92 RIGHT ... total 14.8697 14.8503 14.7916
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 10
Figure 3-23: Radiation pattern in the horizontal plane = 90 (E plane) in the absence of the ground plane
Figure 3-24: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane = 0 (H plane) in the absence of the ground plane
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 10
3-51
Figure 3-25: Radiation pattern in the plane = 85 with a ground plane (reection coecient method)
Figure 3-26: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane = 0 (H plane) with a ground plane (reection coecient method)
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 10
Figure 3-27: Radiation pattern in the plane = 85 with a ground plane (Greens function)
Figure 3-28: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane = 0 (H plane) with a ground plane (Greens function)
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 11
3-53
3.11
Example 11: A dipole antenna in front of a metallic plate with PO and edge currents
As in Example 3, a dipole in front of a metallic plate is treated with the physical optics approximation. Here additional correction currents are added to the edges of the metal plate. This signicantly improves the accuracy compared to the standard PO implementation. The geometry is shown in gure 3-29.
D
G F E
Figure 3-29: The meshed geometry of Example 11 The input le is given below. The two KA cards specify the edges for which edge correction must be taken into account note that they are eected by symmetry.
** ** ** ** ** A dipole antenna, of length lambda/2, in front of a metallic plate of dimension 3*lambda by 5*lambda. The dipole is d=3/4*lambda away from the plate. The plate region is solved by means of the physical optics approximation and the effects of the bordering edges have been taken into account using edge currents
** Variables #lambda = 1 #h = #lambda/4 #a = 2.5*#lambda #b = 1.5*#lambda #d = 3/4*#lambda #tri_len = #lambda/5 #seglen = #lambda/28
** ** ** ** ** ** **
Wave length Dipole height Half edge length of plate Half edge width of plate Distance between dipole and plate Maximum edge length of the triangles Maximum segment length
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** Set the segmentation parameters IP 0.002 #tri_len #seglen ** Create a quarter of the plate with the label 2 DP A -#a 0 0 DP B 0 0 0 DP C 0 0 #b DP D -#a 0 #b LA 2 BP A B C D ** Edges for the edge currents KA C D 2 KA D A 2 ** Mirror around the plane x=0 (magnetic wall) SY 1 3 0 0 0 ** Create upper half of the dipole with the label 0 #temp = 0.45*#seglen DP E 0 -#d -#temp DP F 0 -#d #temp DP G 0 -#d #h LA 0 BL F G ** mirror around the plane z=0 (electrical wall) SY 1 0 0 2 0 ** create the feed segment with the label 1 LA 1 BL E F ** Use PO approximation on the plate PO 2 1 1 0 0
FEKO EXAMPLES: 11
** End of the geometric input EG 1 0 0 0 0 ** The excitation #freq = #c0 / #lambda FR 1 0 #freq ** Choose voltage so that exactly 1 Watt is radiated ** (This illustrates scaling the volatage, one could also use a PW card.) A1 0 1 15.2007 0 ** Current distribution on the plate OS 2 1 ** Far field FF 1 1 361 0 90 0 0 1 ** End EN
Some of the results extracted from the output le example_11.out are

December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 11
VALUES OF THE CURRENT DENSITY VECTOR ON TRIANGLES in A/m Triangle centre number x/m 1 -2.43590E+00 2 -2.37179E+00 3 -2.43590E+00
3-55
y/m 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
JX JY ... z/m magn. phase magn. phase 6.25000E-02 2.592E-04 118.60 0.000E+00 0.00 1.25000E-01 8.446E-04 98.74 0.000E+00 0.00 2.50000E-01 5.931E-04 136.07 0.000E+00 0.00 JZ Current magnitude in the magn. phase 3 corner points 7.563E-03 36.91 7.531E-03 8.055E-03 7.001E-03 6.935E-03 35.51 7.562E-03 7.001E-03 8.055E-03 6.542E-03 40.91 7.001E-03 7.562E-03 5.427E-03
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 90.00 0.00 90.00 1.00 90.00 2.00 ETHETA magn. phase 8.852E+00 87.86 8.432E+00 83.37 8.026E+00 78.72 EPHI directivity in magn. phase vert. horiz. 0.000E+00 0.00 1.1982932 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 0.7760847 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 0.3473062 -999.9999 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 -180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 -180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 -180.00 LINEAR dB total 1.1982932 0.7760847 0.3473062 ...
Figure 3-30: Radiation pattern of the horizontal plane = 90
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 12
3.12
Example 12: A metallic sphere coated with a dielectric
This example considers a dielectric coated metallic sphere, i.e. the triangular patches on the metallic sphere also represent the surface of the dielectric. The inside of the sphere is free space. It is also possible to solve a metallic sphere embedded in a spherical dielectric Greens function region, but we will not consider it in this example. A cut through the geometry is shown in gure 3-31.
Figure 3-31: The meshed geometry of Example 12 The input le is

** Metallic sphere coated with a dielectric sphere (FEKO results can ** be compared to the exact solution, see figures in Examples Guide) ** Variables #b = 1 #a = 0.25 #eps = 4 #lambda = 2.0944
** ** ** **
Radius of the dielectric sphere Radius of the metallic sphere Relative dielectric constant Free space wavelength
** Segmentation parameters #tri_len = #lambda / sqrt(#eps) / 5 IP
#tri_len
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 12
** Define points DP A DP B DP C DP D DP E
3-57
0 0 0 0 0
0 -#a -#b 0 0
0 0 0 #a #b
** Create an eighth of the dielectric sphere in the quadrants x>0,y<0,z>0 ME 1 0 KU A E C 0 0 0 90 90 ** Create an eighth of the metallic sphere, that forms the inner edge of the ** dielectric sphere (we assume that the interiour of the metallic sphere is ** filled with air, one could also fill it with the dielectric material) ME 1 0 1 #len = 0.7 * #tri_len KU A D B 1 0 0 90 90 #len ** Mirroring of the eighth of the sphere using electric and magnetic symmetry SY 1 2 3 1 ** End of the geometry EG 1 0 0 0 ** Program control ** Parameters of the dielectric medium DI 1 #eps
** Excitation by means of an incident plane wave #freq = #c0 / #lambda FR 1 0 #freq A0 0 1 1 1 0 ** Calculate the far field (bistatic RCS) FF 1 181 1 0 0 0
-180
** Near field along the z axis (avoid the surfaces of the sphere and coating) FE 1 1 1 80 0 0 0 -1.975 0 0 ** End EN
0.05

VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 2.590E+00 -106.96 2.589E+00 -106.98 2.584E+00 -107.04 EPHI magn. phase 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 scattering cross sect. in m*m 8.43144E+01 8.42144E+01 8.39151E+01 ...
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 12
POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
VALUES OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH in V/m (total field, incident and scattered) LOCATION Y/m Z/m 0.00000E+00 -1.97500E+00 0.00000E+00 -1.92500E+00 0.00000E+00 -1.87500E+00 0.00000E+00 -9.75000E-01 0.00000E+00 -9.25000E-01 0.00000E+00 -8.75000E-01 EX magn. 1.32744E+00 1.39808E+00 1.44917E+00 7.17665E-01 1.01341E+00 1.29607E+00 ... phase -36.03 -40.39 -44.39
medium 0 0 0 ... 1 1 1
X/m 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
106.88 97.48 90.61 EY magn. phase 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00 0.00
EZ magn. phase 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Figure 3-32: Variation of the Ex eld along the z axis compared to the exact solution
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 13
3-59
3.13
Example 13: Sphere with dielectric and magnetic properties solved with the volume equivalent current method
This example examines a homogeneous dielectric and magnetic sphere with r = r = 4, excited by an incident plane wave. The calculations are done with the volume current method. The geometry is shown in gure 3-33.
Figure 3-33: The meshed geometry of Example 13 The input le is as follows

** A dielectric and magnetic sphere in the field of an incident plane ** wave (volume current method) ** Set some parameters as input #r = 1.02 ** Sphere radius #betrad = 0.3 ** Product of propagation constant times sphere radius #mur = 4 ** The relative permeability #epsr = 4 ** The relative dielectric constant ** Compute some derived parameters #beta = #betrad / #r ** Propagation constant #lambda = 2*#pi / #beta ** Wavelength in free space #lambda_di = #lambda / sqrt(#mur*#epsr) ** Wavelength in the medium
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#freq = #c0 / #lambda ** The frequency
FEKO EXAMPLES: 13
** Set segmentation parameters ** We can use here a rather fine mesh since the problem is electrically ** small and we dont get many elements #cube_len = #lambda_di / 20 IP #cube_len ** Define corner points DP A DP B DP C DP D
0 #r 0 0
0 0 #r 0
0 0 0 #r
** Set the medium for the sphere ME Sph ** Create an eighth of the sphere DK A B C D 3 #cube_len ** Mirror around all there coordinate planes ** yz-plane: ideal electric conducting plane ** xz-plane: ideal magnetic conducting plane ** xy-plane: only geometric symmetry SY 1 2 3 1 ** End of the geometry EG 1 0 0 0
** Set the material parameters DI Sph #epsr
#mur
** Excitation by means of an incident plane wave FR 1 0 #freq A0 0 1 1 1 0
-180
** Near field calculation along the z axis ** Note that the near fields cannot be calculated on the surface of a cuboid, ** thus a small offset is required #offs = #r/1000 FE 3 1 1 201 0 #offs #offs -5+#offs 0 0 ** Output fields inside the cuboids (forming the sphere) FE 7 ** Radar cross section in the vertical plane Phi=0 FF 1 181 1 0 0 0 1 ** End EN
0.05
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 13 Some extracts from the output le example_13.out are

VALUES OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH in V/m in free space LOCATION Y/m Z/m 0.00100 -4.9990 0.00100 -4.9490 0.00100 -4.8990 0.00100 -4.8490 EX magn. 1.003E+00 1.004E+00 1.004E+00 1.004E+00 phase 84.29 83.45 82.62 81.78 magn. 6.476E-10 6.757E-10 7.054E-10 7.369E-10 EY phase -3.25 -3.03 -2.81 -2.59 magn. 3.011E-06 3.120E-06 3.233E-06 3.352E-06 EZ phase 141.55 142.13 142.70 143.27
3-61
X/m 0.00100 0.00100 0.00100 0.00100
VALUES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH in A/m in free space LOCATION Y/m Z/m 0.00100 -4.9990 0.00100 -4.9490 0.00100 -4.8990 0.00100 -4.8490 HX magn. 1.719E-12 1.794E-12 1.873E-12 1.956E-12 phase -3.25 -3.03 -2.81 -2.59 magn. 2.664E-03 2.664E-03 2.664E-03 2.664E-03 HY phase 84.29 83.45 82.62 81.78 magn. 7.994E-09 8.281E-09 8.583E-09 8.899E-09 HZ phase 141.55 142.13 142.70 143.27
X/m 0.00100 0.00100 0.00100 0.00100
VALUES OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH in V/m inside the dielectric cuboids LOCATION Y/m Z/m 0.128 -0.128 0.128 -0.383 0.128 -0.637 0.128 -0.860 EX magn. 6.130E-01 6.045E-01 5.847E-01 5.202E-01 EY magn. phase 3.415E-04 -0.70 3.619E-04 -21.50 1.932E-03 -157.66 7.309E-03 20.56 EZ magn. phase 3.623E-02 91.27 3.649E-02 93.92 3.652E-02 99.97 3.698E-02 132.30 SAR cuboid no. in W/kg 0.000E+00 1 0.000E+00 2 0.000E+00 3 0.000E+00 4
X/m 0.128 0.128 0.128 0.128
phase 4.80 15.20 25.63 33.46
VALUES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH in A/m inside the magnetic cuboids LOCATION Y/m Z/m 0.128 -0.128 0.128 -0.383 0.128 -0.637 0.128 -0.860 HX HY magn. phase magn. 9.064E-07 -0.70 1.627E-03 9.607E-07 -21.50 1.605E-03 5.129E-06 -157.66 1.552E-03 1.940E-05 20.56 1.381E-03 HZ magn. 9.618E-05 9.685E-05 9.694E-05 9.816E-05 cuboid no. phase 91.27 289 93.92 290 99.97 291 132.30 292
X/m 0.128 0.128 0.128 0.128
phase 4.80 15.20 25.63 33.46
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI ETHETA phase EPHI magn. phase scattering cross sect. in m*m ...
magn.
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0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.924E-02 7.923E-02 7.921E-02 7.918E-02 7.914E-02 -0.44 -0.44 -0.44 -0.44 -0.44 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
FEKO EXAMPLES: 13
0.00 7.890E-02 0.00 7.889E-02 0.00 7.885E-02 0.00 7.879E-02 0.00 7.871E-02 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
Figure 3-34 shows the distribution of the near eld. The exact solution and the solution obtained with equivalent surface currents (similar to Example 4) are also given. For the volume current method inside the dielectric, two sets of calculations are requested by the two commands
** Near field along the z axis FE 3 1 1 201 0 #offs ** Fields inside the sphere FE 7 #offs -5+#offs 0 0 0.05
The rst card calculates the eld on regular intervals and is the one used for gure 3-34. Note that the rst parameter of this card species Both elds in free space rather than inside a dielectric. The option Both elds inside dielectric is used to select the interior problem in the surface equivalence problem and should not be used with volume currents. Also note the small oset which is used to avoid sampling the near eld on the surface of the cuboids. The second card gives the eld at the centre of each cuboid. This data is not on a regular grid/line and is not simple to plot with POSTFEKO.
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 13
3-63
Figure 3-34: Distribution of the electric near eld just o the z axis
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 14
3.14
Example 14: Perfectly conducting cube modelled with PO and wedge correction
Figure 3-35 shows an ideal conducting cube with an incident plane wave as excitation. The surface currents will be calculated with the physical optics approximation. Wedge correction terms are also taken into account.
BB B GG A F AA
FF
DD HH
EE

** Ideal conducting cube with the edge length a. ** Excitation by means of an incident plane wave with wave length 1 m. ** Calculation with the PO using correction currents on the wedges. ** Variables #lam = 1 #a = 2*#lam
** Cube edge length
** Parameters for Segmentation IP ** Define points DP A 0 DP B 0 DP C 0 DP D #a/2 DP E #a/2 DP F #a/2 DP G #a/2
#lam/5.5 0 -#a/2 -#a/2 -#a/2 0 0 -#a/2 #a/2 #a/2 0 0 0 #a/2 #a/2
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 14
** Create an eighth of the cube LA 3 BP A B G F LA 2 BP B C D G LA 1 BP F G D E ** ** ** ** SY CB CB SY CB CB CB SY CB CB CB CB Mirror three times Only geometric symmetry due to rounding errors when searching for shaded opposite sides. One face of the cube is always illuminated and the other in the shade 1 1 0 0 3 6 3 5 2 1 0 1 0 4 5 1 7 3 8 4 1 0 0 1 6 7 1 8 2 10 4 12 6
3-65
** Apply PO to all surfaces. (For the cube all normals point ** outward and the surface is closed. Thus, as no triangles ** may be illuminated form behind, use the option NOSHADE=2.) PO 1 2 0 0 0 9 ** Create the four wedges on the front side DP AA -#a/2 #a/2 #a/2 DP BB -#a/2 -#a/2 #a/2 DP CC -#a/2 -#a/2 -#a/2 DP DD #a/2 -#a/2 -#a/2 DP EE #a/2 #a/2 -#a/2 DP FF #a/2 #a/2 #a/2 DP GG #a/2 -#a/2 #a/2 DP HH -#a/2 #a/2 -#a/2 KL GG BB DD FF 2 3 KL BB CC GG AA 2 4 KL CC DD BB HH 2 9 KL DD GG CC EE 2 1 KL GG FF BB DD 3 1 KL FF AA GG EE 3 6 KL AA BB FF HH 3 4 ** Create another two that are just illuminated, PHI<270 degrees KL AA HH BB FF 4 6 KL HH CC AA EE 4 9 ** End of geometric input EG 1 0 0 0 0
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** Set the frequency for a 1m wavelength FR 1 0 #c0/#lam
FEKO EXAMPLES: 14
** Excitation by means of an incident plane wave. Not quite perpendicular, ** to ensure that the one side of the cube is illuminated and the other is ** shaded. Determine the monostatic radar cross section. A0 0 90 1 1 0 0.5 269.99 0 FF 2 ** End EN
It is sometimes required to relabel structures after applying cards that increment labels (such as SY and TG) this is done with the CB card. Some extracts from the output le example_14.out are
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 0.50 269.99 ... 1.50 269.99 ... 2.50 269.99 ... 3.50 269.99 ... 4.50 269.99 ETHETA magn. phase 3.907E+00 91.43 3.813E+00 3.642E+00 3.557E+00 3.196E+00 91.61 91.16 91.05 91.98 EPHI magn. phase 3.533E-05 155.76 3.866E-05 3.571E-05 4.229E-05 164.50 176.16 150.52 scattering cross sect. in m*m 1.918E+02 1.827E+02 1.667E+02 1.590E+02 ...
5.233E-05 -176.93 1.284E+02 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 -180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -180.00 -180.00 -180.00 180.00 LINEAR LINEAR LEFT LEFT
Figure 3-36 shows the calculated monostatic radar cross section.
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 14
3-67
Figure 3-36: The monostatic radar cross section of the cube
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 15
3.15
Example 15: Dipole antenna in front of a dielectric sphere
Figure 3-37 shows a dipole antenna in front of a dielectric sphere that will be examined in this example. The sphere can be modelled with either the equivalent surface current or the volume current. Here a third method is used namely a special Greens function. This saves a large amount of memory, but is only applicable to spherical or planar dielectrics.
Figure 3-37: The geometry of Example 15 The input le is as follows

** A Dipole Antenna in front of a dielectric sphere ** Set parameters #lambda = 1 #a = #lambda #r = 0.4*#lambda #epsr = 4
** ** ** **
Wave length Distance between the dipole and the sphere Radius of the sphere Relative dielectric constant
** Segmentation parameters #segr = #lambda/1000 #segl = #lambda/20 #cube_len = #lambda/sqrt(#epsr)/6 IP #segr ** Define corner points DP P1 DP P2 DP P3
#segl
#cube_len
#r+#a #r+#a #r+#a
0 0 0
-#lambda/4 -0.4*#segl 0.4*#segl
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 15
** Create the lower half of the antenna BL P1 P2 ** ** Mirror around the plane z=0 SY 1 0 0 2 ** ** Create the feed segment LA 1 BL P2 P3 ** ** End of the geometry EG 1 0 0 0 0 ** ** Use special Greens functions for the sphere GF 1 0 #r #epsr ** ** Excitation #freq = #c0/#lambda FR 1 0 #freq A1 0 1 1 0 ** ** The Antenna radiates 1 Watt of power PW 1 1 ** ** Far field in the horizontal plane FF 1 1 73 1 90 0 ** ** End EN
3-69
Note that only the dipole is created in the geometry section. The sphere is added as a Greens function with the GF card. In this case a single dielectric sphere is used, but it may be up to three layers thick. Some extracts from the output le example_15.out are
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 15
LOCATION THETA PHI 90.00 0.00 90.00 5.00 90.00 10.00 90.00 15.00
ETHETA magn. phase 7.152E+00 -148.25 7.188E+00 -150.72 7.305E+00 -157.97 7.519E+00 -169.56
EPHI gain in dB magn. phase vert. horiz. 0.000E+00 0.00 -0.689351 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 -0.645993 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 -0.506468 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 -0.254768 -999.9999 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
... total -0.689351 -0.645993 -0.506468 -0.254768
Figure 3-38: Radiation pattern in the horizontal plane
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 16
3-71
3.16
Example 16: Dipole antenna in front of a metallic cylinder (Fock theory)
Figure 3-39 shows a dipole antenna, placed in front of a metallic cylinder. In this example the current distribution on the surface of the cylinder is approximated using Fock theory.
P3 C
P2 P1

** Metallic cylinder with the dipole antenna in front of it. ** Calculations are done by means of Fock-theory ** ** Set the parameters #lambda = 1 ** the wave length #r = 0.5*#lambda ** radius of the cylinder #h = 1.0*#lambda ** half the height of the cylinder #l = 0.5*#lambda ** length of the dipole antenna #d = 0.8*#lambda ** Distance of the dipole from the cylinder
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** Parameters for the segmentation #segr = #lambda/1000 #segl = #lambda/15 #tri_len = #lambda/6.5 IP #segr ** ** Define the points DP A 0 DP B 0 DP C #r DP D 0 #temp = 0.4*#segl DP P1 0 DP P2 0 DP P3 0 ** ** Create an eighth of the cylinder LA 2 ZY A B C 90 ** ** Mirroring SY 1 3 1 0 0 ** ** Create half of the dipole LA 0 BL P2 P3 ** ** Mirroring SY 1 0 0 2 0
FEKO EXAMPLES: 16
#tri_len
#segl
0 0 0 0 -#r-#d -#r-#d -#r-#d
0 #h 0 -#h -#temp #temp #l/2
#tri_len
** Feed segment LA 1 BL P1 P2 ** ** Define the cylinder surface as a Fock region FO 1 2 D B 0 0 ** ** End of the geometric input EG 1 0 0 0 0 ** Set the frequency #freq = #c0 / #lambda FR 1 #freq ** Excitation A1 0 1 1 0 ** Radiation Pattern in the horizontal plane FF 1 1 181 0 90 0 ** End EN
Some extracts from the output le example_16.out are given on the next page.
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 16
3-73
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 90.00 0.00 90.00 2.00 90.00 4.00 ETHETA magn. phase 8.965E-01 47.59 9.352E-01 34.25 9.674E-01 21.07 EPHI directivity in magn. phase vert. horiz. 0.000E+00 0.00 4.1607962 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 4.5278265 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 4.8220364 -999.9999 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 -180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR dB total 4.1607962 4.5278265 4.8220364 ...
Figure 3-40 shows the radiation pattern in the horizontal plane.
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 17
3.17
Example 17: Hertzian dipole in front of a parabolic reector
Figure 3-41 shows a meshed parabolic reector. A Hertzian dipole is placed at the focal point of the parabolic reector.

** Parabolic reflector with a Hertzian dipole at its focal point ** ** Parameters #lam = 1 ** Wavelength #r = 4*#lam ** Radius of the parabolic reflector #h = 2*#lam ** Height of the parabolic reflector #f = (#r^2) / (4*#h) ** Focal distance ** Segmentation parameters #tri_len = #lam/5 IP
#tri_len
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 17
** Create a quarter of the reflector DP A 0 DP B 1 DP C 0 DP D #h PB A B C D 90 ** Using symmetry SY 1 0 3
3-75
0 0 0 0 #tri_len
0 0 #r #r
** Treat the reflector with PO PO 0 1 1 0 0 ** End of the geometrical input EG 1 0 0 0 ** Excitation #freq = #c0 / #lam FR 1 0 A5 0 ** Far field calculation FF 1 361 1 0 ** End EN
#freq 1
#f

VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI ... 88.00 0.00 89.00 0.00 90.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 2.210E+03 2.299E+03 2.329E+03 1.98 2.05 2.08 EPHI magn. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 phase directivity in dB vert. horiz. total ...
0.00 23.139655 -999.9999 23.139655 0.00 23.482399 -999.9999 23.482399 0.00 23.596207 -999.9999 23.596207 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.00 0.00 LINEAR LINEAR LINEAR
Figure 3-42 shows the radiation pattern in the vertical plane.
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 17
Figure 3-42: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 18
3-77
3.18
Example 18: UHF antenna array
Figure 3-43 shows a UHF antenna array consisting of 32 UHF antenna elements an individual element is shown in gure 3-44.
Figure 3-43: The geometry of Example 18
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 18
Figure 3-44: A single UHF antenna element The input le is as follows

** UHF Antenna Array ** Parameters for the #freq = 102.1e6 ** #br = 2450 ** #hr = 1700 ** #xd = 737 ** #yd = 784 ** #h = 690 ** #xiver = 3000 ** #xaver = 4000 ** #zver = 3200 ** #pha = 30 ** #phb = 10 ** #phc =-60 ** #phd =-40 ** #phe =-40 ** #phf =-40 ** #phg = 50 ** #phh = 80 ** Problem (everything in millimetres) Frequency (Hertz) Width of the reflector Height of the reflector Distance between the dipole and the reflector sideways displacement of the dipole (referenced to the middle) Height (half of the length) of the dipole Distance of the inner fields (in the direction of the mast) Distance of the outer fields (in the direction of the mast) Height displacement of the individual fields Phase (in degrees) in the first plane (bottom) Phase in the second plane Phase in the third plane Phase in the fourth plane Phase in the fifth plane Phase in the sixth plane Phase in the seventh plane Phase in the eighth plane (top)
** Segmentation parameters #lambda = #c0 / #freq * 1000 #segl = #lambda / 15
** Wavelength in mm
** Create a quarter of the reflector ** (without the wire that lie in the plane of symmetry) #dya = 325 #dyb = 625 #dyc = 925 #dyd = #br/2 ** 1225mm #dz = #hr /2 DP A 0 0 0 DP B 0 #dya 0 DP C 0 #dyb 0
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 18
DP DP DP DP DP DP DP DP IP LA BL BL BL BL BL IP BL BL BL D E F G H I J M 10 F G H I J B H I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 G H I J E 6 G C D #dyc #dyd 0 #dya #dyb #dyc #dyd 0 0 0 #dz #dz #dz #dz #dz -#dz #segl
3-79
** Create a quarter of the dipole antenna IP 20 DP K #xd #yd #z = 0.7*#segl DP N #xd #yd DP L #xd #yd LA 1 BL K N LA 10 BL N L ** Mirror the whole geometry in the plane z=0 SY 1 0 0 1 1 CB 11 10 ** Create the wires in the symmetry plane z=0 ** Reflector IP 20 BL A B BL B C BL C D BL D E ** Dipole mount IP 20 BL A K ** Mirror the whole geometry in the plane y=0 SY 1 0 1 0 2 CB 12 10 ** Create the wire in the symmetry plane y=0 IP 20 BL M A BL A F
0 #z #h
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3-80
FEKO EXAMPLES: 18
** Shift the previous antenna section up and forwards by half TG 0 0 10 0 0 #xaver/2 ** Create the section above, and increase label by 10 TG 1 1 10 10 0 ** Create another section above, an increase label by another 10 #dx = (#xiver-#xaver)/2 TG 1 11 20 10 0 #dx ** Create another section above, an increase label by another 10 TG 1 21 30 10 0 ** Rotate the four sections that have been generated by 45 degrees TG 0 0 40 0 0 45 ** Mirror the geometry, to create the total geometry SY 1 0 0 1 40 SY 1 3 0 0 80 SY 1 0 3 0 160 ** Scale the millimetres to metres SF 0.001 ** End of the geometry EG 1 0 0 0
#zver/2
#zver
#zver
#zver
** Program control (save solution to a *.str file) PS 0 1 1 0 ** Frequency specification FR 1 0
#freq
** Excitation of the 32 dipoles ** First plane (bottom) A1 0 72 1 A1 1 152 1 A1 1 154 1 A1 1 314 1 A1 1 312 1 A1 1 232 1 A1 1 234 1 A1 1 74 1 A1 1 71 1 A1 1 151 1 A1 1 153 1 A1 1 313 1 A1 1 311 1 A1 1 231 1 A1 1 233 1 A1 1 73 1 ** Second Plane A1 1 62 1 A1 1 142 1
#pha #pha #pha #pha #pha #pha #pha #pha #pha+180 #pha+180 #pha+180 #pha+180 #pha+180 #pha+180 #pha+180 #pha+180 #phb #phb
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 18
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 ** A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 ** A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 ** A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 1 144 1 304 1 302 1 222 1 224 1 64 1 61 1 141 1 143 1 303 1 301 1 221 1 223 1 63 Third plane 1 52 1 132 1 134 1 294 1 292 1 212 1 214 1 54 1 51 1 131 1 133 1 293 1 291 1 211 1 213 1 53 Fourth plane 1 42 1 122 1 124 1 284 1 282 1 202 1 204 1 44 1 41 1 121 1 123 1 283 1 281 1 201 1 203 1 43 Fifth plane 1 1 1 81 1 83 1 243 1 241 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 #phb #phb #phb #phb #phb #phb #phb+180 #phb+180 #phb+180 #phb+180 #phb+180 #phb+180 #phb+180 #phb+180 #phc #phc #phc #phc #phc #phc #phc #phc #phc+180 #phc+180 #phc+180 #phc+180 #phc+180 #phc+180 #phc+180 #phc+180 #phd #phd #phd #phd #phd #phd #phd #phd #phd+180 #phd+180 #phd+180 #phd+180 #phd+180 #phd+180 #phd+180 #phd+180 #phe #phe #phe #phe #phe
3-81
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A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 ** A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 ** A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 ** A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 1 161 1 163 1 3 1 2 1 82 1 84 1 244 1 242 1 162 1 164 1 4 Sixth plane 1 11 1 91 1 93 1 253 1 251 1 171 1 173 1 13 1 12 1 92 1 94 1 254 1 252 1 172 1 174 1 14 Seventh plane 1 21 1 101 1 103 1 263 1 261 1 181 1 183 1 23 1 22 1 102 1 104 1 264 1 262 1 182 1 184 1 24 Eighth plane (top) 1 31 1 111 1 113 1 273 1 271 1 191 1 193 1 33 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 #phe #phe #phe #phe+180 #phe+180 #phe+180 #phe+180 #phe+180 #phe+180 #phe+180 #phe+180 #phf #phf #phf #phf #phf #phf #phf #phf #phf+180 #phf+180 #phf+180 #phf+180 #phf+180 #phf+180 #phf+180 #phf+180 #phg #phg #phg #phg #phg #phg #phg #phg #phg+180 #phg+180 #phg+180 #phg+180 #phg+180 #phg+180 #phg+180 #phg+180 #phh #phh #phh #phh #phh #phh #phh #phh
FEKO EXAMPLES: 18
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 18
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 32 112 114 274 272 192 194 34 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 #phh+180 #phh+180 #phh+180 #phh+180 #phh+180 #phh+180 #phh+180 #phh+180
3-83
** Calculate Radiation Patterns FF 1 1 361 0 90 FF 1 721 1 0 0 FF 1 721 1 0 0
0 0 45
1 0.5 0.5
** High resolution in the vertical plane FF 1 201 1 0 90 0 FF 1 201 1 0 90 45
0.1 0.1
** Determine the power in the far field (1/8 sphere) FF 3 180 18 0 0.5 1.25 1 ** End EN
2.5

DATA OF THE VOLTAGE SOURCE NO. real part imag. part 1.7444E-02 1.4629E-02 2.2421E-02 3.9475E-03 4.3260E+01 -7.6163E+00 magn. 2.2766E-02 2.2766E-02 4.3925E+01 1 phase 39.99 9.99 -9.99
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 90.00 0.00 90.00 1.00 90.00 2.00 ETHETA magn. phase 3.446E+01 -31.05 3.442E+01 -30.92 3.431E+01 -30.55 EPHI directivity in magn. phase vert. horiz. 0.000E+00 0.00 11.351448 -999.9999 1.101E-02 -91.15 11.341705 -58.56179 2.199E-02 -91.37 11.312743 -52.55015 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0003 0.01 RIGHT 0.0006 0.02 RIGHT dB total 11.351448 11.341705 11.312745 ...
Figures 3-45 and 3-46 shows the radiation patterns in the horizontal and vertical planes.
December 2005
FEKO Examples Guide
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 18
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 19
3-85
3.19
Example 19: Dipole antenna in front of a UTD plate
This example considers a dipole antenna in front of a metallic plate which is used as a reector, similar to Examples 2 and 3. In Example 2 the whole structure is treated with the moment method, whereas in Example 3, the currents on the surface on the reector are approximated by means of physical optics(PO). In this example the plate is treated by means of diraction theory (UTD). The geometry is shown in gure 3-47.
Figure 3-47: The geometry of Example 19 The input le is as follows

** A half lambda dipole in front of a metallic plate with ** an edge length 3*lambda d=3/4 lambda apart. The dipole ** is treated with MoM and the plate with UTD #lambda = 3 #h = #lambda/4 #a = 1.5*#lambda #d = 3/4*#lambda #seglen = #lambda/28 #rho = 0.002*#lambda ** IP ** ** ** ** ** ** Wavelength Half the dipole height Half edge length of the plate Distance between dipole and plate Maximum segment length Segment radius #rho #seglen
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** The upper half of the dipole is assigned the label 0 #temp = 0.45*#seglen DP E #d 0 -#temp DP F #d 0 #temp DP G #d 0 #h LA 0 BL F G ** Mirroring around the plane z=0 (electric wall) SY 1 0 0 2 0 ** Excitation segment is assignment the label 1 LA 1 BL E F ** Create the plate (polygon in the UTD region) DP A 0 -#a DP B 0 #a DP C 0 #a DP D 0 -#a PY A B C D
FEKO EXAMPLES: 19
-#a -#a #a #a
** Parameters for the UTD: ** GO and diffraction, no double diffraction and no edge diffraction UT 1 1 0 0 3 0 ** End of the geometric input EG 1 0 0 0 0 ** Frequency #freq = #c0 / #lambda FR 1 0
#freq
** Excitation by means of a voltage source with the power of 1 Watt A1 0 1 1 0 PW 1 1 ** Far Field (horizontal pattern) FF 1 1 181 0 90 ** Near field FE 1 70 ** End EN
-1.97
0.1
Some extracts from the output le example_19.out are shown on the next page.
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 19
3-87
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered (R= 1.0800E+03 m) LOCATION THETA PHI 90.00 0.00 90.00 2.00 90.00 4.00 90.00 6.00 90.00 8.00 ETHETA magn. phase 1.757E+01 -32.18 1.761E+01 -32.30 1.771E+01 -32.64 1.787E+01 -33.15 1.806E+01 -33.77 EPHI directivity in magn. phase vert. horiz. 0.000E+00 0.00 7.1191372 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 7.1362156 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 7.1855920 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 7.2617670 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 7.3558859 -999.9999 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR dB total 7.1191372 7.1362156 7.1855920 7.2617670 7.3558859 ...
VALUES OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH in V/m in free space (determined with UTD) LOCATION Y/m Z/m 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 EX magn. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 phase 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 magn. 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 EY phase 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 magn. 7.063E-02 6.778E-02 6.484E-02 6.179E-02 5.409E+00 5.251E+00 5.102E+00 4.963E+00 EZ phase 79.63 84.33 88.83 93.11 -62.21 -73.75 -85.31 -96.90
X/m -1.9700 -1.8700 -1.7700 -1.6700 ... 4.63000 4.73000 4.83000 4.93000
Figure 3-48 shows the near eld values along the x axis and gure 3-49 the radiation pattern in the horizontal plane.
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 19
Figure 3-48: Electric near eld
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 20
3-89
3.20
Example 20: Monopole antenna on a metallic UTD plate
This example considers the UTD solution of a monopole antenna on a square plate. Figure 3-50 shows the geometry.
Figure 3-50: The geometry of Example 20 In the past the attachment point between a wire and a UTD polygonal plate was specied by dening a very short stub on the opposite side of the plate. This is no longer required in fact it will result in an error as FEKO now automatically determines contact points between wires and polygonal plates (and the ground plane specied by the BO and GF cards). The input le is as follows
** Monopole antenna on a square ground plate of finite size using the ** MoM/UTD hybrid method (coupling between MoM and UTD for the plate) ** Parameters for the geometry #lam = 1 ** Wave length #h = #lam/4 ** Height of the monopole antenna #a = 5*#lam ** Edge length of the plate ** Segmentation parameters for the wire antenna #seglen = #lam/20 #segrad = #lam/1000 IP #segrad ** Defining the edge points of the plate DP P1 #a/2 #a/2 DP P2 -#a/2 #a/2 DP P3 -#a/2 -#a/2 DP P4 #a/2 -#a/2 ** Generate the plate PY P1 P2 P3 P4
#seglen
0 0 0 0
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** Points for the monopole antenna DP A 0 #temp = 0.9*#seglen DP B 0 DP C 0
FEKO EXAMPLES: 20
0 0 0
0 #temp #h
** Create monopole antenna (Excitation segment with label 1) LA 1 BL A B LA 0 BL B C ** Parameters for the UTD (Edge and corner diffraction is taken into account) UT 1 2 0 0 7 0 ** End of the geometry EG 0 0 0 0
** Excitation by a voltage source (1 Watt) #freq = #c0 / #lam FR 1 0 #freq A1 0 1 1 0 PW 1 1 ** Calculated the far field in 2 vertical planes FF 1 181 1 0 0 0 FF 1 181 1 0 0 45 ** End EN
2 2
0 0

At node 1 the segments 1 and 2 are located. Only one half of the basis function gn over the segment 1 is considered. The segment 2 is regarded as not existant and will be ignored.
DATA OF THE VOLTAGE SOURCE NO. real part imag. part 2.0472E-01 -8.5277E-02 2.0956E-02 -8.7292E-03 4.0663E+01 1.6938E+01 magn. 2.2178E-01 2.2701E-02 4.4050E+01
1 phase -22.61 -22.61 22.61
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 20
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered (R= 1.0000E+03 m) LOCATION THETA PHI 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 6.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 1.077E-18 103.30 1.253E+00 99.18 2.229E+00 98.05 2.738E+00 95.66
3-91
EPHI directivity in dB ... magn. phase vert. horiz. total 2.160E-18 78.69 -377.1356 -371.0914 -370.1270 0.000E+00 0.00 -15.8175 -999.9999 -15.8175 0.000E+00 0.00 -10.8148 -999.9999 -10.8148 0.000E+00 0.00 -9.0289 -999.9999 -9.0289 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.1711 -115.18 RIGHT 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered (R= 1.0000E+03 m) LOCATION THETA PHI 0.00 45.00 2.00 45.00 4.00 45.00 6.00 45.00 ETHETA magn. phase 2.242E-18 86.82 1.283E+00 99.18 2.450E+00 98.21 3.390E+00 96.79 EPHI directivity in dB ... magn. phase vert. horiz. total 8.929E-19 57.89 -370.7665 -378.7625 -370.1270 0.000E+00 0.00 -15.6133 -999.9999 -15.6133 0.000E+00 0.00 -9.9944 -999.9999 -9.9944 0.000E+00 0.00 -7.1739 -999.9999 -7.1739 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.1711 -160.18 RIGHT 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR
Figures 3-51 and 3-52 presents the radiation patterns in the vertical plane.
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 20

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 0 345 330 315 300 285 270 255 240 225 210
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
Figure 3-51: Radiation pattern in the plane = 0

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 0 345 330 315 300 285 270 255 240 225 210
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
Figure 3-52: Radiation pattern in the plane = 45
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 21
3-93
3.21
Example 21: Mobile communications antenna on the roof of a building
A mobile communications antenna which transmits at 900 MHz, has been placed on top of a building. The resulting radiation pattern must be calculated. To simplify the modelling the antenna is replaced with a Hertzian dipole. Of course more complex antennas can be considered at the expense of solution time. The building is assumed to be a perfectly conducting body. Figure 3-53 shows the geometry under consideration.
D4
B4 C4
D1 D3
B1
C1 D2
C3
B3
C2 B2
A4
A3 A1
A2
Figure 3-53: Geometry of Example 21 The input le is as follows

** A mobile communications antenna (in this case replaced by a Hertzian dipole) ** on the roof of a building ** Frequency #freq = 900.0e6 ** #a #b #c #d #e #f Dimensions = 30 = 20 = 20 = 26 = 16 = 3
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** Declare points DP A1 DP A2 DP A3 DP A4 DP B1 DP B2 DP B3 DP B4 DP C1 DP C2 DP C3 DP C4 DP D1 DP D2 DP D3 DP D4 ** Construct building PY A1 A2 A3 A4 PY A1 A2 B2 B1 PY A2 A3 B3 B2 PY A3 A4 B4 B3 PY A4 A1 B1 B4 PY B1 B2 C2 C1 PY B2 B3 C3 C2 PY B3 B4 C4 C3 PY B4 B1 C1 C4 PY C1 C2 D2 D1 PY C2 C3 D3 D2 PY C3 C4 D4 D3 PY C4 C1 D1 D4 PY D1 D2 D3 D4 ** Parameters for the UTD UT 1 2 0 0 15 ** End of the Geometry EG 1 0 0 0 ** FR #x #y #z A5
FEKO EXAMPLES: 21
#b/2 #b/2 -#b/2 -#b/2 #b/2 #b/2 -#b/2 -#b/2 #e/2 #e/2 -#e/2 -#e/2 #e/2 #e/2 -#e/2 -#e/2
-#a/2 #a/2 #a/2 -#a/2 -#a/2 #a/2 #a/2 -#a/2 -#d/2 #d/2 #d/2 -#d/2 -#d/2 #d/2 #d/2 -#d/2
0 0 0 0 #c #c #c #c #c #c #c #c #c+#f #c+#f #c+#f #c+#f
Excitation by means of a Hertzian dipole 1 0 #freq = #b/2 - 1.75 = 0 = 21.5 0 1
#x
#y
#z
** Far field calculations FF 1 1 720 0 FF 1 720 1 0 FF 1 1440 1 0 ** End EN
89.99 0.25 0.125
0.25 0.01 90.01
0.5 0.5 0.25
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 21 Some extracts from the output le example_21.out are

DATA FOR GO/UTD Consideration of: geometrical optics (direct and refl.rays): edge and wedge diffraction (not multiple): corner diffraction: double diffraction: creeping waves: tip diffraction: Maximum number of reflections/diffractions: Using UTD according to Kouyoumjian Coupling MoM-UTD is taken into account
3-95
yes yes yes yes no no 2
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered (R= 1.8301E+05 m) LOCATION ETHETA EPHI directivity in THETA PHI magn. phase magn. phase vert. horiz. WARNING: Largeness parameter K= 0.627466636 is less than 1 WARNING 1010: Assumptions of UTD not fulfilled ... 89.99 0.25 1.098E+03 7.67 4.838E-01 138.39 7.5221168 -59.59419 89.99 0.75 1.109E+03 6.59 9.479E-01 141.86 7.6113774 -53.75230 89.99 1.25 1.101E+03 5.53 1.630E+00 138.88 7.5446845 -49.04441 89.99 1.75 1.107E+03 3.44 2.338E+00 136.42 7.5985177 -45.91079 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0003 -0.02 LEFT 0.0006 -0.03 LEFT 0.0011 -0.06 LEFT 0.0015 -0.08 LEFT dB total ...
7.5221176 7.6113806 7.5446941 7.5985371
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered (R= 1.8301E+05 m) LOCATION THETA PHI 0.25 0.01 0.75 0.01 1.25 0.01 1.75 0.01 2.25 0.01 ETHETA magn. phase 4.451E+01 0.14 4.835E+01 85.62 4.943E+01 168.50 4.897E+01 -112.03 4.535E+01 -35.71 EPHI directivity in magn. phase vert. horiz. 7.102E-03 -151.46 -20.31874 -96.26041 1.005E-02 -26.20 -19.59954 -93.24160 1.425E-02 81.05 -19.40837 -90.21248 1.940E-02 -179.19 -19.48928 -87.53100 2.629E-02 -83.34 -20.15654 -84.89069 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0001 -0.01 RIGHT 0.0002 180.00 RIGHT 0.0003 -180.00 RIGHT 0.0004 0.01 RIGHT 0.0004 0.02 RIGHT dB total -20.31874 -19.59954 -19.40837 -19.48928 -20.15654 ...
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 21
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered (R= 1.8301E+05 m)
LOCATION THETA PHI 0.13 90.01 0.38 90.01 0.63 90.01 0.88 90.01 1.13 90.01
ETHETA magn. phase 6.106E+00 -72.02 1.225E+01 -67.70 7.767E+00 -41.69 7.313E+00 15.89 9.597E+00 -12.28
EPHI directivity in magn. phase vert. horiz. 4.434E+01 144.44 -37.57305 -20.35080 4.441E+01 144.08 -31.52408 -20.33881 4.445E+01 143.36 -35.48249 -20.33007 4.442E+01 142.25 -36.00593 -20.33594 4.435E+01 140.77 -33.64459 -20.34883 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0808 -83.64 RIGHT 0.1376 -76.54 RIGHT 0.0149 -80.12 RIGHT 0.1313 -84.33 LEFT 0.0945 -78.98 LEFT
dB total -20.26924 -20.02022 -20.19946 -20.21980 -20.15011
...
Note the warning 1010 which states that some ray paths do not have the required minimum length. These paths starts to violate the far eld assumption of the UTD. This does not imply that the results will be incorrect, but does indicate that the user should verify it in some way. Figures 3-54, 3-55 and 3-56 presents the radiation patterns in the horizontal and the two vertical planes.
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 21
3-97
Figure 3-55: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane with = 0.01
Figure 3-56: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane with = 90
December 2005
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 22
3.22
Example 22: Planar dipole antenna (modelled using wire segments) on a substrate
z
w=
l=1
1.2 5m m
m 44 m
~
er =
4.5
h=
m 1.5
Figure 3-57: Figure of a planar dipole antenna on a substrate Figure 3-57 shows a planar dipole antenna with length l = 144 mm and width w = 1.25 mm located on a planar substrate with thickness h = 1.5 mm. The substrate does not have a ground plane. The input impedance of the antenna as a function of frequency in the band 700 MHz to 900 MHz, as well as the vertical radiation pattern at 830 MHz must be calculated. Relatively narrow planar antennas may be modelled as a wire and this approach will be used in this example. (Example 24 shows the use of surface triangles.) The input le is
** Example of a printed dipole antenna on a ** dielectric substrate ** Parameters #w = 1.25 #rad = 0.25*#w #len = 144
** Width of the metal strips (all dimensions in mm) ** Equivalent radius of the segments ** Length of the antenna
** Maximum segmentation length #lambda = 1000*#c0/900E6 ** Free space wavelength (in mm) at 900 MHz #segl = #lambda / 20 ** Set the segmentation parameters IP #rad
#segl
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 22
** Generate the dipole antenna #x = 0.45*#segl DP A -#x DP B #x DP C #len/2 BL B C SY 1 2 0 0 LA 1 BL A B ** Scaling factor (dimensions in mm) SF 1.0e-3 ** End of geometry input EG 1 0 0 0 0 ** Substrate (no ground plane) #epsr = 4.5 ** Relative permittivity #h = 1.5 ** Height (in mm) GF 11 2 1 #h #epsr 0 1 ** Voltage source as excitation A1 0 1 1 ** Frequency loop 700 .. 900 MHz FR 9 0 700e6 ** Initiate the computation ** (we are interested in the input impedance only) OS 0 ** Now we consider the frequency 830 MHz and compute the ** radiation patterns in the xz- and yz-planes FR 1 0 830e6 FF 1 179 1 1 -89 0 1 FF 1 179 1 1 -89 90 1 ** End EN
3-99
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 1 1
0 0 0
900e6

EXCITATION BY VOLTAGE SOURCE AT SEGMENT Number of voltage source: Frequency in Hz: Wavelength in m: Open circuit voltage in V: Phase in deg.: Source at segment w. label: Absolute number of segment: N = 1 FREQ = 7.00000E+08 LAMBDA = 4.28275E-01 |U0| = 1.00000E+00 ARG(U0) = 0.00 ULA = 1 UNR = 9
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DATA FOR THE GREENS FUNCTION Multilayer dielectric substrate number of layers ground plane present? NLAYER = 2 GPLANE = No Data for the single layers no. 0 1 2 height z_max z_min in m in m in m infinity +infinity 0.00000E+00 1.50000E-03 0.00000E+00 -1.50000E-03 infinity -1.50000E-03 -infinity
FEKO EXAMPLES: 22
relative relative conductivity permitt. permeab. in S/m 1.00000 1.00000 0.00000E+00 4.50000 1.00000 0.00000E+00 1.00000 1.00000 0.00000E+00 tan(delta) tan(delta) (electric) (magnetic) 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
...
1 phase 70.49 70.49 -70.49
EXCITATION BY VOLTAGE SOURCE AT SEGMENT Number of voltage source: Frequency in Hz: Wavelength in m: Open circuit voltage in V: Phase in deg.: Source at segment w. label: Absolute number of segment: N = 1 FREQ = 7.25000E+08 LAMBDA = 4.13507E-01 |U0| = 1.00000E+00 ARG(U0) = 0.00 ULA = 1 UNR = 9
1 phase 62.58 62.58 -62.58
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 22
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI -89.00 0.00 -88.00 0.00 -87.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 1.614E-02 -97.09 2.704E-02 -102.32 3.844E-02 -106.12 EPHI gain in dB magn. phase vert. horiz. 0.000E+00 0.00 -32.3024 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 -27.8209 -999.9999 0.000E+00 0.00 -24.7643 -999.9999 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR 0.0000 0.00 LINEAR
3-101
... total -32.3024 -27.8209 -24.7643
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI -89.00 90.00 -88.00 90.00 -87.00 90.00 ETHETA magn. phase 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 EPHI gain in dB magn. phase vert. horiz. 2.924E-01 -5.55 -999.9999 -7.1396 4.973E-01 10.93 -999.9999 -2.5270 6.171E-01 22.43 -999.9999 -0.6530 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 90.00 LINEAR 0.0000 90.00 LINEAR 0.0000 90.00 LINEAR ... total -7.1396 -2.5270 -0.6530
The input impedance as a function of frequency (extracted with POSTFEKO), is

Freq (Hz) 7.0000E+02 7.2500E+02 7.5000E+02 7.7500E+02 8.0000E+02 8.2500E+02 8.5000E+02 8.7500E+02 9.0000E+02 Real (ohm) 3.5265E+01 3.8702E+01 4.2418E+01 4.6437E+01 5.0788E+01 5.5500E+01 6.0611E+01 6.6158E+01 7.2187E+01 Imag (ohm) -9.9532E+01 -7.4600E+01 -5.0203E+01 -2.6265E+01 -2.6996E+00 2.0575E+01 4.3645E+01 6.6559E+01 8.9396E+01 Magnitude 1.0560E+02 8.4042E+01 6.5724E+01 5.3350E+01 5.0860E+01 5.9191E+01 7.4690E+01 9.3846E+01 1.1490E+02 Phase -70.490 -62.580 -49.805 -29.493 -3.043 20.341 35.757 45.173 51.079
The input impedance as a function of frequency and the radiation pattern at 830 MHz are presented in gures 3-58 and 3-59 respectively.
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 22
Figure 3-58: Smith chart of the input impedance in the frequency range from 700 MHz to 900 MHz. The curve runs clockwise on the Smith chart.
Far field gain
15 30 45 60
O O O O O
0 0
345
xz plane yz plane 330

O
315 -5 -10 -15 -20 300

O
75
285
90
270
105 120 135

O O
255
O
240 225 150 165

O O O
210 180
O
195
Figure 3-59: Vertical radiation pattern (Gain in dB) of the antenna at 830 MHz
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 23
3-103
3.23
Example 23: Dielectric cone on top of a metallic cylinder
Figure 3-60: Meshed geometry of Example 23 This example is also considered in the description of the ME card in the Users Manual. The geometry is shown in gure 3-60. The metal cylinder can be considered to be lled with air. In this case the input le is as follows (example_23a.pre)
** Computation of the RCS of a dielectric cone on top of a ** metallic cylinder. See Fig. 3 in IEEE Trans. on Antennas ** and Propagation, vol. 39, no. 7, July 1991, p. 1036. ** Here: Inside of the metallic cylinder is assumed to be filled ** with air (medium 0) #lambda = 1 #a = 0.3*#lambda #h = 0.6*#lambda #epsr = 2 ** ** ** ** Wavelength Radius of the cylinder Height of the cylinder and the cone Relative permittivity
** Segmentation parameters #tri_len = #lambda / sqrt(#epsr) / 9 IP
#tri_len
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** Define the points DP A DP AO DP AU DP C DP CU ** ** ME KR ZY ** ME KK ** ME KR
FEKO EXAMPLES: 23
0 0 0 #a #a
0 0 0 0 0
0 #h -#h 0 -#h
Generate the geometry (only one quarter) Cylinder side and bottom - triangles are in air (medium 0) 0 AU A CU 90 AU A CU 90 Cone - triangles on the surface of a dielectric 1 0 A AO C 90 0 Cylinder top/cone bottom - metallic triangles on a dielectric surface 0 1 1 A AO C 90
** Symmetry SY 1 2
** End of geometry EG 1 0 0
** Dielectric properties DI 1 ** Frequency #freq = #c0 / #lambda FR 1 0 ** Incident plane wave A0 0 1 1 ** Bistatic RCS computation FF 1 181 0 0 ** End EN
#epsr
#freq
The model can also be constructed such that the cylinder is lled with the same dielectric as the cone. (Such an approach will decouple the internal and external problems and can be very useful for certain applications with a high shielding factor. One must, however, be aware of the fact that the number of basis functions will be larger, which will inuence the run time and memory.) In this case the ME cards in the geometry block of the input le (example_23b.pre) will be slightly dierent and the block will be as follows.
** Generate the geometry (only one quarter) ** Cylinder side and bottom - metallic triangles on a dielectric surface ** Note that the normal directions require two ME cards ME 0 1 1 KR AU A CU 90 ME 1 0 1
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 23
ZY AU A CU 90 ** Cone - triangles on the surface of a dielectric ME 1 0 KK A AO C 90 0 ** Cylinder top/cone bottom - metallic triangles inside a dielectric ME 1 KR A AO C 90
3-105
One may also ll the cylinder with a dierent dielectric medium. (This will require even more basis functions than lling the cylinder with the cone dielectric.) Then the geometry block of the input le (example_23c.pre) will then be as follows.
** ** ** ME KR ME ZY ** ME KK ** ** ME KR Generate the geometry (only one quarter) Cylinder side and bottom - metallic triangles on a dielectric surface The surface between medium 2 and air (medium 0) 0 2 1 AU A CU 90 2 0 1 AU A CU 90 Cone - triangles on the surface of a dielectric (medium 1) 1 0 A AO C 90 0 Cylinder top/cone bottom - metallic triangles on a dielectric surface The surface between medium 1 and medium 2 2 1 1 A AO C 90
Some extracts from the output le example_23a.out are given below.

VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 3.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 6.226E-01 45.43 6.223E-01 45.43 6.215E-01 45.45 6.203E-01 45.47 6.185E-01 45.50 EPHI scattering cross sect. magn. phase in m*m 0.000E+00 0.00 4.189E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 4.186E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 4.176E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 4.160E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 4.137E+00 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR 0.0000 180.00 LINEAR ...
Figure 3-61 shows the radar cross section pattern.
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 23
Figure 3-61: The bistatic radar cross section as a function of the angle
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3-107
3.24
Example 24: Planar dipole antenna on a substrate (using triangles)
The example of a planar dipole antenna in gure 3-57 is examined again, this time as a planar metallic strip modelled by triangular elements. (Note that the dimensions dier from those in gure 3-57.) The model of the dipole, without substrate, is shown in gure 3-62.
Figure 3-62: Discretised strip dipole antenna The input le is as follows

** Example of a printed dipole antenna on a substrate ** Infinite substrate with Greens function ** Dipole parameters #w = 8 ** width of the metallisation (all dimensions in mm) #len = 2*100 ** length of the dipole antenna ** Substrate parameters #h = 6 ** height #epsr = 4 ** rel. permittivity ** Maximum segmentation length #freq = 1.0e9 #lambda = #c0 / #freq #tri_len = #lambda / 25 * 1000
** in mm
** Generate the dipole antenna IP DP A 0 DP B #len/2 DP C #len/2 DP D 0 LA 1 BP A B C D SY 1 2 0 0 1
#tri_len -#w/2 -#w/2 #w/2 #w/2
0 0 0 0
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** Scaling factor (dimensions in mm) SF 1.0e-3 ** End of geometry input EG 1 0 0 0 0 ** Greens function GF 11 2
FEKO EXAMPLES: 24
0 #h
1 #epsr 1
1 1 1
0 0 0
** Voltage source across an edge as excitation AE 0 1 2 1 ** Frequency FR 1 0 ** Far-field pattern FF 1 90 1 1 FF 1 90 1 1 ** End EN
#freq
-89 -89
0 90
2 2
Note the use of the AE card rather than the A7 card to excite the dipole. The AE card is much simpler to use, especially for structures where there is more than one edge in parallel. The extracts from the output le example_24.out are similar to those of Example 22, but they cannot be compared directly since the dimensions of the dipoles dier.
DATA FOR THE GREENS FUNCTION Multilayer dielectric substrate number of layers ground plane present? NLAYER = 2 GPLANE = No Data for the single layers no. 0 1 2 height z_max z_min in m in m in m infinity +infinity 0.00000E+00 6.00000E-03 0.00000E+00 -6.00000E-03 infinity -6.00000E-03 -infinity relative relative conductivity permitt. permeab. in S/m 1.00000 1.00000 0.00000E+00 4.00000 1.00000 0.00000E+00 1.00000 1.00000 0.00000E+00 tan(delta) tan(delta) (electric) (magnetic) 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 1 ...
DATA OF THE VOLTAGE SOURCE NO.
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real part imag. part 1.4973E-03 2.5676E-03 1.4973E-03 2.5676E-03 1.6948E+02 -2.9064E+02 5.4761E-13 magn. 2.9723E-03 2.9723E-03 3.3644E+02 phase 59.75 59.75 -59.75
3-109
Current in A Admitt. in A/V Impedance in Ohm Capacitance in F
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI ... 1.00 0.00 3.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 2.517E-01 2.510E-01 2.496E-01 13.52 13.56 13.63 EPHI magn. 2.606E-05 7.802E-05 1.295E-04 phase vert. gain in dB horiz. ... total
85.44 1.7301741 -77.96789 1.7301741 85.43 1.7057965 -68.44361 1.7057970 85.40 1.6570512 -64.04288 1.6570524 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0001 0.0003 0.0005 0.00 0.01 0.01 LEFT LEFT LEFT
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 26
3.26
Example 26: Input impedance of a two wire transmission line
A two wire transmission line with length l = 0.6 and characteristic impedance Zo = 360 is terminated with a real load Zl = 50 . The input impedance of the transmission line may be found from transmission line theory Zi = (75.6 + j253.9) This structure is modelled in FEKO. The wire radius is 2mm and the separation is calculated to give a characteristic impedance of 360 . The remaining parameters may be determined from the input le
** This is an example to compute the input impedance ** of a loaded two wire transmission line ** Parameters #a = 0.002 #Z_0 = 360 #Z_l = 50 #freq = 20.0e6 #ll = 0.6
** ** ** ** **
wire radius the desired characteristic impedance the load the frequency length of the transmission line in wavelengths
** compute the spacing of the two wires (approximate ** formula for D>>a) #D = #a * exp(#Z_0 / 120) ** compute the wavelength #lam = #c0 / #freq ** the length of the transmission line #l = #ll*#lam ** Segmentation parameters ** (Note that the segment length should be short as compared ** to the wavelength but also not too long as compared to the ** separation distance between the two parallel wires.) #segl = min ( #lam/10, 5*#D ) IP #a #segl ** definition of the structure #z = min ( 0.45*#segl, #D/6 ) DP A DP B DP C DP D DP E DP F BL B C BL C D BL D E
0 0 0 #l #l #l
0 0 0 0 0 0
-#z #z #D/2 #D/2 #z -#z
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 26
SY LA BL LA BL 1 1 A 2 E 0 B F 0 2
3-111
** end of geometry EG 1 0 0 ** excitation FR 1 0 A1 0 1 ** load LZ 2
#freq 1
#Z_l
** Just compute the input impedance OS 0 ** end EN
The FEKO result for the input impedance is:

This result shows good agreement with the result from transmission line theory. Note that FEKO also models the radiation from the transmission line correctly while this is not included in the transmission line theory. In a similar manner it is possible, for example for EMC purposes, to investigate the coupling of electromagnetic elds into cables.
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 27
3.27
Example 27: Yagi-Uda antenna in front of a cylindrical (UTD) mast
With this example the use of UTD for a cylinder is shown. A four element Yagi-Uda antenna is placed in front of a cylindrical mast. To reduce computational time, the coupling between the MoM region (antenna) and the UTD region (cylinder) is neglected. Figure 3-63 shows the geometry of the model. Note that the cylinder is considered innitely long for computational purposes.
Figure 3-63: Geometry of Example 27 The exact data for the geometry may be determined from the input le
** ** ** ** ** A four element Yagi-Uda antenna in front of a cylindrical mast, which is considered as infinitely long and treated with UTD. Only the influence of the mast on the radiation pattern is investigated, the influence on the input impedance of the antenna is not considered. For acceleration of the computation the coupling is neglected.
** Define some necessary variables #freq = 500.0e6 ** Frequency #lambda = #c0 / #freq ** Wavelength #d = 0.30 * #lambda ** Distance between individual elements #lr = 0.475 * #lambda ** Length of reflector #l = 0.453 * #lambda ** Length of the dipole #ld = 0.446 * #lambda ** Length of the director
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 27
#h #a #b #c = = = = 0 1.5 1 2 ** ** ** ** ** Height of the element Longitudinal shift of element from origin Radius of mast Half of mast length (only for input purposes, The UZ card actually uses an infinite mast)
3-113
** Segmentation parameters #rho = 0.0025*#lambda #segl = #lambda/20 IP ** DP DP DP #x DP DP #x DP DP DP #x DP DP #x DP DP
#rho
#segl
Generation of the Yagi-Uda Antenna A 0 B 0 C #b = #a A1 #x A2 #x = #x + #d B1 #x B2 #x B3 #x = #x + #d C1 #x C2 #x = #x + #d D1 #x D2 #x
0 0 0 0 #lr/2
-#c #c -#c #h #h
-0.4*#segl #h 0.4*#segl #h #l/2 #h 0 #ld/2 0 #ld/2 #h #h #h #h
** Define half of the antenna LA 0 BL A1 A2 BL B2 B3 BL C1 C2 BL D1 D2 ** Mirror it in the plane y=0 SY 1 0 2 0 ** Feed segment LA 1 BL B1 B2 ** Define the mast as an infinite UTD cylinder UZ A B C 360 -1 UT 1 2 0 0 31 1 ** End of geometry EG 1 0 0 ** Excitation FR 1 0 A1 0 1
-1
#freq 1
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** Radiation diagram FF 1 1 181 0 FF 1 181 1 0 ** End EN
FEKO EXAMPLES: 27
90 0
0 0
0 2
2 0

DATA OF THE VOLTAGE SOURCE NO. real part imag. part 3.5051E-02 9.5055E-03 3.5051E-02 9.5055E-03 2.6575E+01 -7.2069E+00 magn. 3.6317E-02 3.6317E-02 2.7535E+01 1 phase 15.17 15.17 -15.17
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered (R= 6.6713E+02 m) LOCATION THETA PHI 90.00 0.00 90.00 2.00 90.00 4.00 ETHETA magn. phase 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 EPHI directivity in magn. phase vert. horiz. 3.332E+00 -164.63 -999.9999 10.239742 3.320E+00 -165.29 -999.9999 10.206376 3.281E+00 -167.27 -999.9999 10.105962 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 -90.00 LINEAR 0.0000 -90.00 LINEAR 0.0000 -90.00 LINEAR dB total 10.239742 10.206376 10.105962 ...
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered (R= 6.6713E+02 m) LOCATION THETA PHI 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 EPHI directivity in magn. phase vert. horiz. 0.000E+00 0.00 -999.9999 -999.9999 5.514E-01 61.40 -999.9999 -5.385792 9.118E-01 111.32 -999.9999 -1.017019 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 0.00 UNDEF. 0.0000 -90.00 LINEAR 0.0000 -90.00 LINEAR dB total -999.9999 -5.385792 -1.017019 ...
In horizontal and vertical radiation patterns of the Yagi-Uda antenna in front of a cylinder are shown in gures 3-64 and 3-65.
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3-115
Figure 3-64: Radiation pattern in the horizontal plane ( = 90 )
Figure 3-65: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane ( = 0 )
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 28
3.28
Example 28: Resonant dipole antenna in front of a dielectric cylinder treated with physical optics (PO)
With this example we demonstrate the use of the PO for a dielectric body. A resonant dipole antenna (i.e. the input impedance of the antenna on its own in free space is purely real) is placed in front of a dielectric cylinder. The impedance is investigated as a function of the distance to the cylinder. Since the PO is applied to the dielectric cylinder, the equivalent currents are zero in the region shadowed from the sources. For a metallic cylinder one could simply leave out the back of the cylinder and the top and bottom surfaces. However, in the case of a dielectric cylinder we need to dene the complete cylinder in order to uniquely dene the regions of the dierent media (i.e. air and dielectric). The geometry is shown in gure 3-66. Since this is a closed body, we must ensure that all normals point outwards and then select the option Full ray tracing, illumination only from outside at the PO card. This avoids doing ray tracing to determine if the back triangles are illuminated and leads to a signicant saving in computation time.
Figure 3-66: Dipole antenna in front of a dielectric cylinder
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3-117
For this example OPTFEKO could be used to vary the distance see OPTFEKO in the Users Manual. The input le below is constructed for a xed distance using the dened function such that it may be used as is with OPTFEKO. (Without the dened function, the values OPTFEKO writes to the top of the le will merely be overwritten.)
** Resonant dipole in front of a dielectric cylinder ** Treated with PO ** Variable that may be varied by OPTFEKO: !!if not(defined(#d)) then #d = 0.4 ** Distance from antenna to cylinder !!endif ** Other variables #freq = 500.0e6 #lambda = #c0 / #freq #h = 0.25*#lambda * 0.9627087 #b = #lambda #c = 2*#lambda #epsr = 4 #muer = 1 #sigma = 0.05
** ** ** ** ** **
Frequency Wavelength Dipole length (chosen such that the free space input impedance is purely real) Radius of cylinder Half the cylinder height
** Segmentation parameters #segl = #lambda / 25 #segr = #lambda / 1000 #tri_len = #lambda / sqrt(#epsr) / 4 IP #segr
#tri_len
#segl
** Create one an eighth of a cylinder with label 5 (make sure ** that the normal vector points outwards, can be used at the ** PO card to accelerate ray tracing) LA 5 ME 1 0 DP A 0 0 0 DP B 0 0 #c DP C #b 0 0 ZY A B C 0 90 #tri_len DP F 0 0 2*#c DP E #b 0 #c KR B F E 90 #tri_len ** Mirror the structure SY 1 1 0 3 ** Half of dipole antenna (in free space, with label 0) DP AD #d+#b -0.4*#segl 0 DP BD #d+#b 0.4*#segl 0 DP CD #d+#b #h 0 ME 0 LA 0 BL BD CD
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** Mirroring SY 1
FEKO EXAMPLES: 28
** Define the feed segment with label 1 LA 1 BL AD BD ** Use the PO approximation on dielectric cylinder (use NOSHADE=2 ** as no triangles may be illuminated from behind/inside) PO 5 2 1 0 0 ** End of geometry EG 1 0 0 ** Excitation FR 1 0 A1 0 1
#freq 1
** Set the dielectric parameters DI 1 #epsr
#muer
#sigma
** Compute on the antenna impedance as output OS 0 ** End EN
The calculated impedance is:

When, as indicated above, OPTFEKO is used to vary the distance #d, one can obtain, for example, the imaginary part of the input impedance as a function of distance as shown in gure 3-67. To this end the le example_28.opt must be used as input for OPTFEKO:
** Input file for OPTFEKO for "example_28" to vary the ** distance d of the dipole in front of the cylinder. ** There is only one optimisation parameter here, the distance ** d. Vary this in the range 0.05 .. 2: ** Name Begin value Minimum Maximum #d 0.05 0.05 2 ** We do not do a real optimisation here, but just vary the ** available degree of freedom in a regular grid. Use 40 points ** so that we have a 0.05 stepping: GRID_SEARCH
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 28
40 ** We just run a grid search, not a real optimisation. Therefore ** just a dummy optimisation function regarding the input impedance. ** We will then also get the values of the input impedance printed ** to the optimsation *.log file and can then plot from there: IMPEDANCE 50 0 1 ** End
3-119
In gure 3-67 the symbols represent the method of moments result, which is both computationally and storage wise very intensive. The smooth graph shows the result of the much more ecient PO method.
Figure 3-67: Variation of the imaginary part of the input impedance with distance
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 29
3.29
Example 29: Pin fed patch antenna on a nite dielectric substrate
Feed pin Ground plane

Figure 3-68: Pin fed patch antenna on a nite dielectric substrate. The geometry has been cut away to show the feed pin. The structure in gure 3-68 is a rectangular patch (31.1807 mm 46.7480 mm) on a nite dielectric substrate (50 mm 80 mm) operating at 3 GHz. The patch is excited with a feed pin 8.9 mm from the centre of the long edge. The input le is as follows
** Pin-fed rectangular patch antenna on a finite dielectric substrate ** Scaling factor since all dimensions below in mm SF 1 0.001 ** Dimensions of the patch #len_x = 31.1807 #len_y = 46.7480 ** Dimensions of the substrate #gnd_x = 50 #gnd_y = 80 ** Feed location and wire diameter #feed_x = 8.9 #diam = 1.3 ** Substrate parameters #h = 2.87 ** Height #epsr = 2.2 ** Relative permittivity ** Frequency (for the discretisation) #freq = 3.0e9 #lam = 1000 * #c0 / #freq / sqrt(#epsr) ** Segmentation parameters #tri_len = #lam / 12 #fine_tri = #lam / 16 #segl = #lam / 15 #segr = #diam/2 IP
** Wavelength in mm
#segr
#tri_len
#segl
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 29
** Generate one half of the structure ** Define the points #x1 = #len_x - #feed_x #x2 = #len_x/2 - #feed_x - #gnd_x/2 #x3 = #len_x/2 - #feed_x + #gnd_x/2 DP A -#feed_x DP B #x1 DP C #x1 DP D 0 DP E -#feed_x DP F #x3 DP G #x3 DP H #x2 DP I #x2 DP J #x3 DP K #x3 DP L #x2 DP M #x2 DP N 0 ** Dielectric substrate ME 1 0 BQ B F G C BQ C G H E BQ E H I A BP F J K G BP G K L H BP H L M I ** Metallic patch ME 1 0 1 BT D B C BQ D C E
3-121
0 0 #len_y/2 0 #len_y/2 0 #gnd_y/2 #gnd_y/2 0 0 #gnd_y/2 #gnd_y/2 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -#h -#h -#h -#h -#h
#fine_tri #fine_tri #fine_tri
#fine_tri #fine_tri #fine_tri #fine_tri #fine_tri #fine_tri #fine_tri
** Metallic ground plane BT N K J BQ N M L K ** Symmetry to create the full structure SY 1 0 3 0 ** Feed wire (will be a single segment) with label 1 LA 1 BL N D ** End of geometry input EG 1 0 0 0 0 ** Dielectric properties DI 1 ** Frequency FR 1 0
#epsr
#freq
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** Voltage source at the wire centre with impressed power PW 1 1 A1 0 1 1 0 ** Far-field pattern FF 1 73 1 1 FF 1 73 1 1
FEKO EXAMPLES: 29
0 0
0 90
5 5
** Compute the radiated power in the far-field (only one half) FF 3 37 37 0 0 0 5 5 ** End EN
Some extracts from the output le are

Power in Watt: 1.00000E+00 POWER BUDGET IN THE DIELECTRIC (in Watt) Integration of the normal component of the power density vector pointing into the respective medium over the surface of the dielectric body (MoM surface equiv. princip.) or volume integral for the corresponding medium (FEM and MoM volume equiv. princip.) medium power dens. integral 0 unknown 1 -1.29485E+00 metallic losses 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 network losses 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 source power 0.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 power loss in medium unknown -2.94849E-01
Note that the power owing into the dielectric is negative as the source (which has been scaled to 1 W) is located inside it. We would, however, have expected 1 W to be owing out of the dielectric surface. The integral of the power in the far eld is also a little less than the expected 0.5 W. This indicates that the power is not calculated very accurately and the mesh should be rened if this is a critical parameter. The radiation patterns on the other hand are not that sensitive to the mesh density. Figure 3-69 compares the
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3-123
pattern in the plane = 90 to the pattern (calculated in the next example) for an innite ground plane and Greens function dielectric.
Figure 3-69: Far eld gain of the patch antenna on a nite substrate in the plane = 90 . Note that the pattern obtained with the Greens function has to be 0 in the region 90 270 as the ground plane is assumed to be innite.
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 30
3.30
Example 30: Patch antenna on a dielectric substrate

Z
Y X
Substrate height: 2.87mm Rel dielectric constant: 2.2
Metallic ground plane
Figure 3-70: Patch antenna on a dielectric substrate The structure in gure 3-70 is a patch antenna on a dielectric substrate with a ground plane. The patch is 31.1807 mm by 46.7480 mm and is to be fed 8.9 mm inward form the centre of the long side (at the origin of the coordinate system in the gure). The structure is excited with an A2 card which applies a voltage between the bottom of a vertical pin and the ground plane. The patch has been created similar to the one in Example 29 such that there is a node at the pin position. The input impedance is calculated as a function of frequency and the radiation patterns only at the centre frequency. The input le example_30a.pre is as follows
** A rectangular patch antenna on a dielectric substrate with ** a metallic ground plane (wire pin feed) ** Scaling factor since all dimensions below in mm SF 1 0.001 ** Dimensions of the patch #len_x = 31.1807 #len_y = 46.7480 ** Feed location and wire diameter #feed_x = 8.9 #diam = 1.3 ** Substrate parameters #h = 2.87 ** Height #epsr = 2.2 ** Relative permittivity
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** Frequency (for the discretisation) #freq = 3.0e9 #lam = 1000 * #c0 / #freq / sqrt(#epsr) ** Segmentation parameters IP
3-125
** Wavelength in mm
#diam/2
#lam/15
#lam/15
** Generate one quarter of the structure ** Define the points #x = #len_x - #feed_x DP A -#feed_x DP B #x DP C #x DP D 0 DP E -#feed_x DP N 0 ** Patch BT D BQ D
0 0 0 0 #len_y/2 0 0 0 #len_y/2 0 0 -#h
B C
C E
** Symmetry to create the full structure SY 1 0 3 0 ** Feed wire (will be a single segment) with label 1 LA 1 BL N D ** End of geometry EG 1 0 0
** Substrate (with groundplane) GF 10 1 0 #h
1 #epsr
1 1
** Voltage source at the wire centre with impressed power A2 0 -1 1 0 0 ** Frequency loop in order to compute the impedance FR 17 0 2.8e9 3.2e9 ** Change the line above as shown below to run with FEKO LITE ** FR 10 0 2.8e9 3.2e9 ** Just compute the impedance, no output of surface currents OS 0 ** Far-field pattern at centre frequency FR 1 0 3.0e9 FF 1 73 1 1 0 0 FF 1 73 1 1 0 90 ** End EN
-#h
5 5
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3-126 Some extracts from the output le example_30a.out are

EXCITATION BY VOLTAGE SOURCE AT NODE Number of voltage source: Frequency in Hz: Wavelength in m: Open circuit voltage in V: Phase in deg.: Source at segment w. label: Absolute number of node: Location of the excit. in m: N = 1 FREQ = 2.80000E+09 LAMBDA = 1.07069E-01 |U0| = 1.00000E+00 ARG(U0) = 0.00 ULA = -1 UNR = 1 X = 0.00000E+00 Y = 0.00000E+00 Z = -2.87000E-03 X = 0.00000E+00 Y = 0.00000E+00 Z = -1.00000E+00
FEKO EXAMPLES: 30
Positive feed direction:
DATA FOR THE GREENS FUNCTION
Data for the single layers no. 0 1 height z_max z_min in m in m in m infinity +infinity 0.00000E+00 2.87000E-03 0.00000E+00 -2.87000E-03 relative relative conductivity permitt. permeab. in S/m 1.00000 1.00000 0.00000E+00 2.20000 1.00000 0.00000E+00 tan(delta) tan(delta) (electric) (magnetic) 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 ...
metallic ground plane at z= -0.00287 m Allocated for the interpolation table (potentials): DATA OF THE VOLTAGE SOURCE NO. real part imag. part 3.4713E-03 -1.5844E-02 3.4713E-03 -1.5844E-02 1.3194E+01 6.0224E+01 3.4232E-09 magn. 1.6220E-02 1.6220E-02 6.1652E+01 0.055 MByte 1 phase -77.64 -77.64 77.64
The structure could also be excited with a coaxial probe approximation. When the A4 card is used, the source (a surface charge eectively representing a current source) is placed at the centre of the nearest triangle. Thus we create the complete patch with a single BP card shown in gure 3-71 such that there will be a triangle whose centre is reasonably close to the feed position. (Note the positions of the specied and actual feed points in the gure.)
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 30
Z
3-127
Specified excitation point Actual probe position
Y X
Substrate height: 2.87mm Rel dielectric constant: 2.2
Metallic ground plane
Figure 3-71: Patch antenna on a dielectric substrate The input le, example_30b.pre, is as follows
** A rectangular patch antenna on a dielectric substrate with ** a metallic ground plane (coaxial probe feed model) ** Scaling factor since all dimensions below in mm SF 1 0.001 ** Dimensions of the patch #len_x = 31.1807 #len_y = 46.7480 ** Feed location and wire diameter #feed_x = 8.9 #diam = 1.3 ** Substrate parameters #h = 2.87 ** Height #epsr = 2.2 ** Relative permittivity ** Frequency (for the discretisation) #freq = 3.0e9 #lam = 1000 * #c0 / #freq / sqrt(#epsr) ** Segmentation parameters IP ** Points for the patch #x = #len_x - #feed_x DP C DP CY DP E DP EY
** Wavelength in mm
#lam/15
#x #x -#feed_x -#feed_x
#len_y/2 -#len_y/2 #len_y/2 -#len_y/2
0 0 0 0
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** The whole patch (we use no symmetry so that there might be a ** triangle with its centroid close to the desired feed location) BP EY CY C E ** End of geometry EG 1 0 0
FEKO EXAMPLES: 30
** Substrate (with groundplane) GF 10 1 0 #h ** Excitation by coaxial probe A4 0 -1 1 1
1 #epsr
1 1
#diam/2
** Frequency loop in order to compute the impedance FR 17 0 2.8e9 3.2e9 ** Change the line above as shown below to run with FEKO LITE ** FR 10 0 2.8e9 3.2e9 ** Just compute the impedance, no output of surface currents OS 0 ** Far-field pattern at centre frequency FR 1 0 3.0e9 FF 1 73 1 1 0 0 FF 1 73 1 1 0 90 ** End EN
5 5
The output le is very similar to the one for the A2 feed above, diering mainly in the description of the sources. Some extracts from the output le example_30b.out are
EXCITATION BY CURRENT SOURCE AT TRIANGLE Number of current source: Frequency in Hz: Wavelength in m: Feed current in A: Phase in deg.: Source at triangle w. label: Absolute number of triangle: Location of the excit. in m: N = 1 FREQ = 2.80000E+09 LAMBDA = 1.07069E-01 |I0| = 1.00000E+00 ARG(I0) = 0.00 ULA = -1 UNR = 34 X = -1.47602E-03 Y = 7.08303E-04 Z = 0.00000E+00 RAD = 6.50000E-04
Radius feed pin in m:
DATA FOR THE GREENS FUNCTION ... Allocated for the interpolation table (potentials): DATA OF THE CURRENT SOURCE NO. 0.005 MByte 1
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 30
real part imag. part magn. Voltage in V 1.0550E+01 6.4159E+01 6.5021E+01 Admitt. in A/V 2.4954E-03 -1.5176E-02 1.5380E-02 Impedance in Ohm 1.0550E+01 6.4159E+01 6.5021E+01 Inductance in H 3.6469E-09 Reference plane for impedance: z = -0.00287 m phase 80.66 -80.66 80.66
3-129
The S11 results for the two models are presented on a Smith chart in gure 3-72. The radiation patterns of the two models as shown in gure 3-69 are virtually the same. The pin model requires more time for the calculation of the Greens function interpolation tables, but for subsequent runs the solution time is about the same for the two models. Also, with the A4 approximation, the interpolation tables requires only 5 kByte of storage versus the 48 kByte required for the pin model and the associated z directed currents. This will, however, only be signicant for very large problems. The dierence in the impedance is caused by the inaccuracy in the position of the A4 probe as well as the approximations used in the probe model. The probe model decreases in accuracy as the wire radius and/or the dielectric thickness increase. In most cases where the input impedance is of signicance, the wire pin model will be worth the additional computational requirements.
Figure 3-72: Input impedance of the patch antennas with dierent feed models as a function of frequency
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 31
3.31
Example 31: Wire antenna penetrating a real ground
The structure for this example, shown in gure 3-73, is a dipole antenna, constructed from wire segments, partly buried in a real ground.
m m
. 32
Free space
11
. 62 5 mm
~
6 7. m m
Wire radius 0.25 mm
Lossless dielectric ground with er = 16

Figure 3-73: Geometry of Example 31 The input le is as follows
** Wire antenna partly buried in the earth ** ** See also: K.A. Michalski and D. Zheng, "Electromagnetic Scattering and ** Radiation by Surfaces of Arbitrary Shape in Layered Media, Part II: ** Implementation and Results for Contiguous Half-Spaces", ** IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 38, pp. 345-352, ** Mar. 1990 ** There is a comparison with NEC-4 data ** Some parameters #alpha = 45 #freq = 300.0e6 #epsr = 16
** Tilt angle of the wire ** Frequency ** Earth parameters
** Positions along the strip #minus_l = -0.0625 ** Length in earth #plus_l = 0.25 ** Length in air #feed_l = 0.1176 ** Position of the voltage source ** Segmentation parameters #lambda = #c0 / #freq / sqrt(#epsr) #seglen = #lambda / 22 #segrad = 0.00025 IP #segrad
#seglen
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 31
** Points for the wire antenna #x = #minus_l * sin(rad(#alpha)) #z = #minus_l * cos(rad(#alpha)) DP A #x DP B 0 #x_feed = #feed_l * sin(rad(#alpha)) #z_feed = #feed_l * cos(rad(#alpha)) DP C #x_feed #x = #plus_l * sin(rad(#alpha)) #z = #plus_l * cos(rad(#alpha)) DP D #x ** Create the wire BL A B BL B C BL C D ** End of geometry EG 1 0 0 ** Excitation FR 1 0 A2 0 -1
3-131
0 0
#z 0
#z_feed
#z
#freq 1
#x_feed
#z_feed
** Earth (dielectric half space) GF 11 1 0
1 #epsr
1 1
** Print the currents along the wire OS 1 1 ** End EN
The current distribution along the wire as well as the input impedance is calculated. Some extracts from the output le follows
EXCITATION BY VOLTAGE SOURCE AT NODE Number of voltage source: Frequency in Hz: Wavelength in m: Open circuit voltage in V: Phase in deg.: Source at segment w. label: Absolute number of node: Location of the excit. in m: N = 1 FREQ = 3.00000E+08 LAMBDA = 9.99308E-01 |U0| = 1.00000E+00 ARG(U0) = 0.00 ULA = -1 UNR = 17 X = 8.31558E-02 Y = 0.00000E+00 Z = 8.31558E-02 X = 7.07107E-01 Y = 0.00000E+00 Z = 7.07107E-01
Positive feed direction:
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DATA FOR THE GREENS FUNCTION Multilayer dielectric substrate number of layers ground plane present? NLAYER = 1 GPLANE = No Data for the single layers no. 0 1 height in m infinity infinity z_max z_min in m in m +infinity 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -infinity
FEKO EXAMPLES: 31
relative relative conductivity ... permitt. permeab. in S/m 1.00000 1.00000 0.00000E+00 16.00000 1.00000 0.00000E+00 tan(delta) tan(delta) (electric) (magnetic) 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
DATA OF THE VOLTAGE SOURCE NO. real part imag. part 9.1472E-03 -2.7838E-03 9.1472E-03 -2.7838E-03 1.0006E+02 3.0451E+01 magn. 9.5614E-03 9.5614E-03 1.0459E+02
1 phase -16.93 -16.93 16.93
VALUES OF THE CURRENT IN THE SEGMENTS in A Segment number 1 2 3 4 centre x/m -4.05113E-02 -3.31456E-02 -2.57799E-02 -1.84142E-02 IX IY ... phase magn. phase -27.47 0.000E+00 0.00 -26.96 0.000E+00 0.00 -26.19 0.000E+00 0.00 -25.30 0.000E+00 0.00 IZ magn. phase 1.504E-03 -27.47 4.199E-03 -26.96 6.337E-03 -26.19 7.950E-03 -25.30
y/m 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
z/m -4.05113E-02 -3.31456E-02 -2.57799E-02 -1.84142E-02
magn. 1.504E-03 4.199E-03 6.337E-03 7.950E-03
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3-133
Figure 3-74 compares the current calculated with FEKO with published NEC-4 results.
Real part, NEC result Imag part, NEC result Real part, FEKO result Imag part, FEKO result
Figure 3-74: Current distribution along the partly buried dipole antenna
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 32
3.32
Example 32: RCS of a thin dielectric sheet

z
1 b= m
Ei Si Ji
hi
Hi y
^ n ji
a= 2m
Figure 3-75: Geometry of Example 32 with the incident plane wave The geometry for this example is shown in gure 3-75 a thin dielectric plate. The size, thickness and material parameters can be determined from the input le below. The plate is illuminated by an incident plane wave such that the bistatic radar cross section may be calculated. As indicated in the section Dielectric solids in the General comments chapter of the Users manual, there are a number of ways with which such a thin dielectric plate may be treated in FEKO. In principle we may use the volume equivalence principle, discretising the dielectric into small cuboids (as was done for the cube in Example 9). However, it uses substantially less memory to realise the sheet with the SK card. The input le is as follows
** RCS (radar cross section) computation of a thin dielectric plate
** Customisable parameters #a = 2 ** Length of the plate #b = 1 ** Width of the plate #d = 0.004 ** Thickness of the plate #epsr = 7 ** Relative permittivity #tand = 0.03 ** Loss tangent #freq = 100.0e6 ** Frequency #thetai = 20 ** Angle of incidence #phii = 50 ** - " #etai = 60 ** Polarisation angle ** Segmentation parameters #lambda0 = #c0 / #freq #lambda = #lambda0 / sqrt(#epsr) #tri_len = #lambda / 8 IP
#tri_len
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 32
** quarter plate DP A DP B DP C DP D BP A B C
3-135
0 #a/2 #a/2 0 D
0 0 #b/2 #b/2
0 0 0 0
** Symmetry (Geometrical only due to arbitrary incidence direction) SY 1 1 1 0 ** End of geometry EG 1 0 0 ** Excitation FR 1 1 A0 0
#freq 1
#thetai
#phii
#etai
** Define the thin dielectric sheet SK 0 4 #d ** Bistatic RCS (vertical cut) FF 1 181 1 0 0 ** End EN
#tand
#epsr
The geometry is discretised into triangular elements, similar to conducting plates. The thin dielectric sheet formulation is then applied to all triangles with the given label. We are interested in the calculated RCS. Some extracts from the output le follows
EXCITATION BY PLANE LINEAR POLARISED ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE Number of excitation: Frequency in Hz: Wavelength in m: Direction of incidence: Dir. of polarisation: Direction of propag.: N = 1 FREQ = 1.00000E+08 LAMBDA = 2.99792E+00 THETA = 20.00 PHI = 50.00 ETA = 60.00 BETA0X = -4.60764E-01 BETA0Y = -5.49117E-01 BETA0Z = -1.96945E+00 |E0X| = 9.65425E-01 ARG(E0X) = |E0Y| = 1.96747E-01 ARG(E0Y) = |E0Z| = 1.71010E-01 ARG(E0Z) =
180.00 0.00 0.00
DATA OF LABELS Label 0: DOSKIN = 4 Triangle thickness: Eps_r = 7.000E+00 DOLAST = 0 4.00000E-03 m Sigma = 1.168E-03 S/m DOCOVR = 0 3.000E-02
tan(delta) =
All segments and triangles without a listed label are perfectly conducting
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POWER LOSS (in Watts) | Label| skineffect 0| 0.0000E+00 total| 0.0000E+00 in the segments conc.load distr.load 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 | | | |
FEKO EXAMPLES: 32
coating 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
in the triangles 4.3373E-06 4.3373E-06
0.0000E+00 W 4.3373E-06 W 4.3373E-06 W
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 1.489E-02 177.12 1.472E-02 177.11 1.450E-02 177.10 EPHI scattering cross sect. magn. phase in m*m 2.862E-03 -2.65 2.889E-03 2.828E-03 -2.65 2.822E-03 2.789E-03 -2.65 2.742E-03 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0008 169.12 RIGHT 0.0008 169.12 RIGHT 0.0008 169.12 RIGHT ...
Figure 3-76 shows the bistatic RCS as a function of the angle in the plane = 0.
Figure 3-76: Bistatic RCS of a thin dielectric sheet
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3-137
3.33
Example 33: Shielding eectiveness of a thin hollow sphere
Figure 3-77: The meshed geometry of the thin-walled hollow sphere used in Example 33 This example determines the shielding eectiveness of a hollow sphere. The sphere radius is 1 m and the silver walls have a thickness of only 2.5 nm. The geometry is shown in gure 3-77. In the input le listed below, the hollow sphere is excited by an incident plane wave and the electric and magnetic elds are calculated at the centre thereof.
** Computation of the electric and magnetic shielding factor of ** a thin hollow silver sphere. ** Customisable parameters #r0 = 1 ** Sphere radius #fmax = 50.0e6 ** Maximum frequency (for the segmentation) #d = 2.5e-9 ** Thickness of the shell #sigma = 6.1e7 ** Conductivity (silver) ** Segmentation parameters #lambda = #c0 / #fmax #tri_len = min (#lambda/8, #r0/4) IP ** Quarter sphere DP A DP B DP C KU A B C
#tri_len
0 #r0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 #r0 90
90
#tri_len
** Mirroring using symmetry SY 1 1 3 2
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** End of the geometry EG 1 0 0 0 ** Define the losses SK 0 3
FEKO EXAMPLES: 33
#d
#sigma
** excitation by a plane incident wave A0 0 1 1 1
90
180
** Here we consider just one single frequency (can be extended to a loop) FR 1 0 #fmax ** Electric and magnetic near-field at the sphere centre FE 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ** End EN
Some extracts from the output le follows

EXCITATION BY PLANE LINEAR POLARISED ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE Number of excitation: Frequency in Hz: Wavelength in m: Direction of incidence: Dir. of polarisation: Direction of propag.: N = 1 FREQ = 5.00000E+07 LAMBDA = 5.99585E+00 THETA = 90.00 PHI = 180.00 ETA = 0.00 BETA0X = 1.04792E+00 BETA0Y = 0.00000E+00 BETA0Z = 0.00000E+00 |E0X| = 0.00000E+00 ARG(E0X) = |E0Y| = 0.00000E+00 ARG(E0Y) = |E0Z| = 1.00000E+00 ARG(E0Z) =
0.00 0.00 0.00
DATA OF LABELS Label 0: DOSKIN = 3 DOLAST = 0 DOCOVR = 0 Triangle thickness: 2.50000E-09 m Sigma = 6.100E+07 S/m Mue_r = 1.000E+00 tan(delta_mu) = Penetration depth of the skin effect: 9.11319E-06 m
0.000E+00
POWER LOSS (in Watts) | Label| skineffect 0| 0.0000E+00 total| 0.0000E+00 in the segments conc.load distr.load 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 | | | | in the triangles 6.9674E-04 6.9674E-04
coating 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 W 6.9674E-04 W 6.9674E-04 W
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 33
VALUES OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH in V/m in free space LOCATION EX EY EZ X/m Y/m Z/m magn. phase magn. phase magn. phase 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 3.2075E-02 53.42
3-139
VALUES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH in A/m in free space LOCATION HX HY X/m Y/m Z/m magn. phase magn. phase 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.000E+00 0.00 1.0249E-04 105.82 HZ magn. phase 0.000E+00 0.00
V A From the two eld strength values E = 3.206 102 m and H = 1.025 104 m , and the V 3 A incident eld strength Ei = 1 m and Hi = 2.6544 10 m (derived from Ei and the free space wave impedance), we can determine the shielding factor
ae am
E = 29.881 dB Ei H = 20 log = 28.265 dB Hi = 20 log
These values may be compared to those in the book by Kaden: ae = 29.698 dB for electric shielding factor and am = 28.310 dB for magnetic screen absorption. These results are in excellent agreement with the FEKO results.
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 34
3.34
Example 34: Coaxial cable (modelled with surface triangles)
Figure 3-78: Coaxial cable with the upper half cut away to see the inner conductor This example discusses modelling a coaxial cable in FEKO. For typical coaxial cables (up to a few hundred Ohm characteristic impedance), the inner conductor is thick relative to the rest of the geometry. Thus it cannot be modelled with a single wire. Rather both inner and outer conductors are constructed with meshed cylinders. To get an accurate calculation of the input impedance, it is important that the excitation should give the best possible approximation of a proper TEM mode. There are two options to accomplish such a feed in FEKO: Using the AW card to model the TEM mode directly. This is the preferred option. Using a model with wires: Sometimes the AW card cannot be used (for instance a non-supported cross section of the coaxial cable like elliptical) and then alternative ways of modelling a feed must be used. One can use 8 segments radially connecting the inner conductor to the outer conductor as can be seen in gure 3-79. Then also a shorted quarter wavelength stub should be added to enclose the feed segments to prevent them from causing external radiation. The input le (example_34_aw.pre) using a TEM mode at a waveguide port is as follows:
** Model of a coaxial cable using cylindrical surface elements. ** This example illustrates how to ** - excite a proper TEM mode with an AW card waveguide port
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 34
3-141
Figure 3-79: Feed model with 8 wires and using a shortened stub to prevent external radiation
** - apply the load at edges
** The coaxial cable is loaded at the end: ** load resistor: 40 Ohm ** wave impedance: 70 Ohm ** length of the cable: 80 mm ** wavelength: 120 mm ** ** The theoretical input impedance (assuming ideal transmission lines) is as follows: ** reflection coefficient at the load ** r_2 = (40 Ohm - 70 Ohm) / (40 Ohm + 70 Ohm) ** = -0.2727 ** ** reflection coefficient at the source ** r_1 = r_2 * exp(-j * 2*pi * 2 * 80 mm / 120 mm) ** = 0.1364 + j*0.23621 ** = 0.2728 / 60 (magnitude / phase) ** ** input impedance ** Z_in = 70 Ohm * (1+r_1) / (1-r_1) ** = (80.8247 + j*41.2478) Ohm ** ** User defined variables #scaling = 1.0e-3 ** unit for the geometrical dimensions (here in mm) #r_inner = 2 ** inner radius in mm #Zc = 70 ** wave impedance of the coaxial cable in Ohm #Rload = 40 ** load resistor at the end #len = 80 ** length of the cable in mm #lambda = 120 ** wavelength in mm ** Compute outer radius of the cable #r_outer = #r_inner * exp(#Zc/60) ** Select the maximum edge length of the triangles for the curved inner and ** outer sections so that the geometry of the arc can be represented accurately
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#curved_len_i = 2*#pi*#r_inner / 8 #curved_len_o = 2*#pi*#r_outer / 8 ** Segmentation parameters and wire radius #edge_len = min (#lambda/10, 4*#curved_len_i) #seg_len = #edge_len #seg_rad = #seg_len / 50 IP #seg_rad #edge_len #seg_len ** Some point definitions for the actual DP A 0 DP B #len DP Ci 0 DP Co 0 cable 0 0 #r_inner #r_outer
FEKO EXAMPLES: 34
0 0 0 0
** Points to create a metallic plate at the load DP C #len*2 0 DP Cli #len #r_inner DP Clo #len #r_outer
0 0 0
** We create a small angular section of the cylinders to ensure that we have ** nodes at the future connection points. We also create the port and load in ** this section to ensure connection. #angle = 360 / 16 #maxlen_i = min (#edge_len, #curved_len_i) #maxlen_o = min (#edge_len, #curved_len_o) LA: Innerconductor ZY A B Ci 0 #angle #maxlen_i ** Main inner conductor LA: Outerconductor ZY A B Co 0 #angle #maxlen_o ** Main outer conductor LA Port KR A B Co Ci #angle #maxlen_o #maxlen_i ** Shorting plate LA Load KR B C Clo Cli #angle #maxlen_o #maxlen_i ** Shorting plate ** Make copies while rotating around the x-axis to create the complete structure TG 15 -1 -1 0 1 #angle ** Scale the whole geometry (units are in mm) SF 1 #scaling ** End of geometry definition EG 1 0 0 0 0 ** Set the frequency #freq = #c0 / (#lambda*#scaling) FR 1 0 #freq ** Excite the port with a TEM mode using an AW card. AW 0 Port 3 1.0 0.0 A 3 3 0 0 0 ** Load the end of the coaxial cable
Co
Ci
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 34
LE: Innerconductor : Load : 0 : : : #Rload
3-143
** Impedance computation and output of surface currents for the POSTFEKO ** display (e.g. graphical check for the TEM mode) OS 1 1 ** Compute the near-field in a cross section across the cable close to the ** feed, can be used in order to check the proper TEM mode #x = min(#len/5, #r_outer) #n = 40 #start = -1.2*#r_outer #width = 2.4*#r_outer #delta = #width / (#n-1) FE 3 1 #n #n 0 #x #start #start #delta ** Compute the near-fields inside of the coaxial in a plane parallel to the ** axis, this allows to display e.g. the standing wave pattern #nx = 60 #nz = 20 #deltax = #len / #nx #deltaz = (#r_outer - #r_inner) / #nz #startx = #deltax/2 #startz = #r_inner + #deltaz/2 FE 3 #nx 1 #nz 0 #startx 0 #startz #deltax ** End EN
#delta
#deltaz
From the output le we nd:

DATA OF THE WAVEGUIDE PORT NO. real part 1.1773E-01 imag. part 2.5858E-01 magn. 2.8412E-01 1 phase 65.52
Reflection coeff.
this agrees rather well to the theoretically expected input reection coecient. See the comments in the *.pre le above, this should be 0.2728 (magnitude) and 60 (phase). Or in dB, the FEKO computed value for S11 is -10.93 dB, as compared to the theoretically expected value of -11.28 dB for an ideal transmission line. When using an alternative modelling with feed wires as in gure 3-79, then this input le (example_34_a1.pre) is as follows:
** ** ** ** ** ** ** Model of a coaxial cable using cylindrical surface elements. This example illustrates how to - excite a proper TEM mode (by using more feed elements) - match the open wire end (adding a lambda/4 long shorted stub) Note that the AW card is the preferred option to excite a TEM mode in a coaxial cable, see example file "example_34_aw". Here we use feed wires for illustration purposes to demonstrate an
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** alternative way of modelling such a source.
FEKO EXAMPLES: 34
** The coaxial cable is loaded at the end: ** load resistor: 40 Ohm ** wave impedance: 70 Ohm ** length of the cable: 80 mm ** wavelength: 120 mm ** ** The theoretical input impedance (assuming ideal transmission lines) is as follows: ** Reflection coefficient at the load ** r_2 = (40 Ohm - 70 Ohm) / (40 Ohm + 70 Ohm) ** = -0.2727 ** ** Reflection coefficient at the source ** r_1 = r_2 * exp(-j * 2*pi * 2 * 80 mm / 120 mm) ** = 0.1364 + j*0.23621 ** = 0.2728 / 60 (magnitude / phase) ** ** Input impedance ** Z_in = 70 Ohm * (1+r_1) / (1-r_1) ** = (80.8247 + j*41.2478) Ohm ** ** We will use 8 voltage sources to excite a proper TEM mode in the cable ** (see note at the A1 cards below). Thus the "per source" input impedance ** should be ** Z_source = 8 * (80.8247 + j*41.2478) ** = (646.6 + j*330.0) ** User defined variables #scaling = 1.0e-3 ** unit for the geometrical dimensions (here in mm) #r_inner = 2 ** inner radius in mm #Zc = 70 ** wave impedance of the coaxial cable in Ohm #Rload = 40 ** load resistor at the end #len = 80 ** length of the cable in mm #lambda = 120 ** wavelength in mm ** Compute outer radius of the cable #r_outer = #r_inner * exp(#Zc/60) ** We have to adjust the maximum number of connections ** (otherwise FEKO will print an error message that we have to do so) #maxnv = 2*16 ** Select the maximum edge length of the triangles for the curved inner and ** outer sections so that the geometry of the arc can be represented accurately #curved_len_i = 2*#pi*#r_inner / 8 #curved_len_o = 2*#pi*#r_outer / 8 ** Segmentation parameters and wire radius #edge_len = min (#lambda/10, 4*#curved_len_i) #seg_len = #edge_len #seg_rad = #seg_len / 50 IP #seg_rad #edge_len #seg_len
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 34
** Some point definitions for the actual DP A 0 DP B #len DP Ci 0 DP Co 0 cable 0 0 #r_inner #r_outer
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0 0 0 0
** If we just want to use the coaxial cable to excite, for example a horn ** antenna, we need not be concerned about radiation to the open side. But ** if we want to prevent this, or want to get more accurate input impedance ** values, a shorted lambda/4 long stub can be added to the feed side. This ** transforms to an open at the feed position. As stated above, the stub ** can generally be omitted, but we include it to demonstrate the principle. #stub_len = #lambda / 4 DP Bs -#stub_len 0 0 DP Csi -#stub_len #r_inner 0 DP Cso -#stub_len #r_outer 0 ** We create a small angular section of the cylinders to ensure that we have ** nodes at the future connection points. We also create the short in this ** section to ensure connection. #angle = 360 / 16 #maxlen_i = min (#edge_len, #curved_len_i) #maxlen_o = min (#edge_len, #curved_len_o) ZY A B Ci 0 #angle #maxlen_i ** Main inner conductor ZY Bs A Csi 0 #angle #maxlen_i ** Stub inner conductor ZY A B Co 0 #angle #maxlen_o ** Main outer conductor ZY Bs A Cso 0 #angle #maxlen_o ** Stub outer conductor KR Bs A Cso Csi #angle #maxlen_o #maxlen_i ** Shorting plate ** Make copies while rotating around the x-axis to create a quarter structure TG 3 0 0 0 1 #angle ** Add wires to be used later as feed and load. If some feed and load wires ** lie in the principle planes, we cannot make optimal use of symmetry. Thus ** we rotate the wires out of this plane. LA 1 BL Ci Co TG 1 1 2 #angle TG 1 1 1 1 2 2*#angle TG 1 1 2 9 2 #len ** Adjust the labels of all load segments so that they are all 10 CB 11 10 ** Create the full model using symmetry (again adjust the load labels) SY 1 0 3 0 2 CB 12 10 SY 1 0 0 3 4 CB 14 10 ** Scale the whole geometry (units are in mm) SF 1 #scaling ** End of geometry definition
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EG 1 0 0 0 0
FEKO EXAMPLES: 34
** Set the frequency #freq = #c0 / (#lambda*#scaling) FR 1 0 #freq ** ** ** ** A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 Excite the eight wires in phase to get a proper TEM mode. One could also use a single wire and feed unsymmetrically. This, however, will cause the excitation of higher order modes which will corrupt the input impedance (even though these modes decay as the wave propagates away from the feed). 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 3 1 0 1 4 1 0 1 5 1 0 1 6 1 0 1 7 1 0 1 8 1 0
** Load the end of the coaxial cable (note that the eight wires are in ** parallel which gives an additional factor 8 for the resistance of each ** wire). The length of the wires is #scaling*(#r_outer-#r_inner) and the ** required distributed resistance is: #Rdist = 8 * #Rload / (#r_outer - #r_inner) / #scaling LD 10 #Rdist ** Impedance computation and output of surface currents for the POSTFEKO ** display (e.g. graphical check for the TEM mode) OS 1 1 ** Compute the near-field in a cross section across the cable close to the ** feed, can be used in order to check the proper TEM mode #x = min(#len/5, #r_outer) #n = 40 #start = -1.2*#r_outer #width = 2.4*#r_outer #delta = #width / (#n-1) FE 3 1 #n #n 0 #x #start #start #delta ** Compute the near-fields inside of the coaxial in a plane parallel to the ** axis, this allows to display e.g. the standing wave pattern #nx = 60 #nz = 20 #deltax = (#len + #stub_len) / #nx #deltaz = (#r_outer - #r_inner) / #nz #startx = -#stub_len + #deltax/2 #startz = #r_inner + #deltaz/2 FE 3 #nx 1 #nz 0 #startx 0 #startz #deltax ** End EN
#delta
#deltaz
Note that the TG as SY cards use the option to increment the label. This ensures that the feed segments all have unique labels (labels 1 to 8). We have to use separate excitation
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3-147
(A1 cards) for each of these segments. Also, the CB card is used a number of times to ensure that all the load segments have the same label (label 10 in this case). The output le contains the following output for the sources (each of the other six sources are symmetrical to one of these two)
2 phase -27.17 -27.17 27.17
The calculated impedances (692.57 + j 355.64) and (692.55 + j 355.52) are quite close to the theoretically predicted (646.6 + j 330.0) see the derivation at the start of the *.pre le. Note that the model includes radiation from the open load as well as the fact that there will be some higher order modes. In terms of the reection coecient S11 in dB related to the transmission line impedance of 70 we nd here a value of -10.71 dB, which compares very well to the AW card result of -10.93 dB. The electric near eld on an orthogonal cross section near the feed segments is shown in gure 3-80. This shows that the eld distribution is close to that of the TEM mode, but not exactly so. Note that the near eld is calculated on a rectangular grid which explains the stepped behaviour of the contours near the conductors.
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Figure 3-80: Electric near eld orthogonal to the coaxial cable near the feed
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3-149
3.35
Example 35: Horn antenna in front of a reector replaced with equivalent surface currents or far eld pattern
Figure 3-81: Horn in front of a parabolic reector This example considers a horn antenna in front of a parabolic reector. The reector is treated with the PO and the horn with the MoM. Even if the MoM is decoupled from the PO, the calculation of the interaction between the MoM basis functions and the PO triangles can be quite time consuming. More so if the solution has to be repeated a number of times, for example to optimise the shape of the reector. The antenna can be removed by using the equivalence theorem, in particular the apertures created with the AP card. This requires two model les. The rst (example_35a.pre) calculates the near elds on six planes surrounding the antenna and writes it to *.efe and *.hfe les for later use. (It also calculates the far eld pattern, but that will be discussed later.)
** Example_35 considers a horn antenna in front of a parabolic reflector ** The example is split into four parts ** -This first part calculates the near fields radiated by the horn in ** the absence of the reflector. The fields are written to *.efe and ** *.hfe files to use for the aperture excitation. It also calculates ** the far fields and write this to a *.ffe file for use as a point ** source with a specified pattern. ** -The second part uses these near fields to define an equivalent ** aperture to replace the horn. The aperture is then used to excite ** the parabolic reflector. ** -The third part models the horn and reflector together for verification. ** -The forth part use the far fields as a point source.
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** We include the constants as well as the scaling from a file ** such that the dimensions need only be modified in one place IN 0 "example_35.inc"
FEKO EXAMPLES: 35
** Define the corner points for a quarter horn in the quadrant y>0 and z>0 ** Points on the waveguide back wall DP C #xback #wg_w/2 #wg_h/2 DP CZ #xback 0 #wg_h/2 DP CY #xback #wg_w/2 0 DP C0 #xback 0 0 ** Points on the transition from wave guide to horn DP B -#horn_l #wg_w/2 #wg_h/2 DP BZ -#horn_l 0 #wg_h/2 DP BY -#horn_l #wg_w/2 0 ** Points on the horn opening DP A 0 #horn_w/2 #horn_h/2 DP AZ 0 0 #horn_h/2 DP AY 0 #horn_w/2 0 ** Points along the feed wire DP DU #xfeed 0 -#seg_l/2 DP DO #xfeed 0 #seg_l/2 DP DZ #xfeed 0 #wg_h/2 ** Create the surfaces in the quadrant y>0 and z>0 ** Wave guide end BP C CZ C0 CY ** Wave guide top BT C CZ DZ BQ C DZ BZ B ** Wave guide walls BP C B BY CY ** Horn walls BQ B A AY BY ** Horn top BQ B A AZ BZ ** Mirror the quarter around the plane y=0 (xz-plane) -- ideal magnetic wall. SY 1 0 3 0 ** Create half of the feed wire BL DO DZ ** Mirror around the plane z=0 (xy-plane) -- ideal electric wall. SY 1 0 0 2 ** Create the feed segment with the label 1 LA 1 BL DU DO ** End of the geometric input EG 1 0 0 0 0 ** The excitation FR 1 0
#freq
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A1 0 1 1 0
3-151
** We will write the near and far fields to file DA 1 1 1 0 0 ** Now calculate the near fields on a closed aperture around the horn ** Planes of constant x FE 3 1 #Ny #Nz 0 #xneg #ystart #zstart #xskip FE 3 1 #Ny #Nz 0 #xpos #ystart #zstart #xskip ** FE FE ** FE FE Planes of constant y 3 #Nx 1 #Nz 0 3 #Nx 1 #Nz 0 Planes of constant z 3 #Nx #Ny 1 0 3 #Nx #Ny 1 0
#yskip #yskip
#zskip #zskip
#xstart #xstart
-#ypos #ypos
#zstart #zstart
#xskip #xskip
#yskip #yskip
#zskip #zskip
#xstart #xstart
#ystart #ystart
-#zpos #zpos
#xskip #xskip
#yskip #yskip
#zskip #zskip
** To determine the phase centre, we calculate the near field in front of the horn ** (In the far field region, 20m to 30m, or about about 100 to 150 wavelengths) **FE 1 101 1 1 0 20/#sf 0 0 0.1/#sf 0 0 ** Finally we calculate the far field pattern referenced to the phase centre ** (See the example guide on how to determine the phase centre) OF 1 0 -0.216/#sf 0 0 FF 1 37 73 0 0 0 5 5 ** End EN
The second (example_35b.pre) uses the AP card with the eld data in the *.efe and *.hfe les to replace the horn with an equivalent aperture:
** Example_35 considers a horn antenna in front of a parabolic reflector ** The example is split into four parts ** -The first part calculates the near fields radiated by the horn in ** the absence of the reflector. The fields are written to *.efe and ** *.hfe files to use for the aperture excitation. It also calculates ** the far fields and write this to a *.ffe file for use as a point ** source with a specified pattern. ** -This second part uses these near fields to define an equivalent ** aperture to replace the horn. The aperture is then used to excite ** the parabolic reflector. ** -The third part models the horn and reflector together for verification. ** -The forth part use the far fields as a point source. ** We include the constants as well as the scaling from a file ** such that the dimensions need only be modified in one place IN 0 "example_35.inc" ** Create a quarter of the reflector ** First set the reflector meshing (keep the segment settings) IP #seg_rad #ref_tri #seg_l ** Use label 2 in order to specify the reflector for PO
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LA ** DP DP DP DP PB 2 Define the points -- the reflector face in the R1 #focal 0 R2 #focal/2 0 R3 #focal 0 R4 #ref_rim 0 R1 R2 R3 R4 90 #ref_tri
FEKO EXAMPLES: 35
negative x-direction 0 0 #ref_rad #ref_rad
** Mirror the quarter in the plane y=0 (xz-plane, ideal magnetic wall) ** and the plane z=0 (xy-plane, ideal electric wall) at the same time. SY 1 0 3 2 ** Apply PO to the reflector PO 2 1 0 0 0 ** Define the corner points for the six DP A1 #xneg DP A2 #xpos DP A3 #xneg DP A4 #xpos DP A5 #xneg DP A6 #xpos DP A7 #xneg ** End of the geometric input EG 1 0 0 0 0 ** The excitation FR 1 0 apertures -#ypos -#ypos #ypos #ypos -#ypos -#ypos #ypos
-#zpos -#zpos -#zpos -#zpos #zpos #zpos #zpos
#freq
** Define the apertures which replace the horn ** - Note that the two aperture axes must be in the order x, y, z (any two of these, ** depending on the aperture orientation); and pointing in the direction of the ** positive axis. (This is the order of the data samples in the near field files.) ** On some surfaces this leads to normals pointing inward whereas the surface ** equivalence formulation requires normals pointing outward. This is rectified ** by adding a 180 degree phase to these apertures. (Effectively reversing the ** normal vector.) ** - Note also that all data points are in the same file. To keep track of where ** to start the data of a specific aperture, the variable #start is incremented ** with the size of each aperture to indicate the start of the next ones data. ** Plane x = #xneg (inward pointing normal) #start = 1 AP 0 -5 A1 A3 A5 #start #Ny
#Nz
1 180 ... "example_35a.efe" "example_35a.hfe"
** Plane x = #xpos #start = #start + #Ny*#Nz AP 1 -5 A2 A4 A6
#start
#Ny
#Nz
** Plane y = -#ypos #start = #start + #Ny*#Nz
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AP 1 -5 A1 A2 A5 #start #Nx #Nz
3-153
** Plane y = #ypos (inward pointing normal) #start = #start + #Nx*#Nz AP 1 -5 A3 A4 A7 #start #Nx
#Nz
** Plane z = -#zpos (inward pointing normal) #start = #start + #Nx*#Nz AP 1 -5 A1 A2 A3 #start #Nx
#Ny
** Plane z = #zpos #start = #start + #Nx*#Ny AP 1 -5 A5 A6 A7
#start
#Nx
#Ny
** Calculate the far-fields in the principle planes ** Vertical cut FF 1 361 1 0 0 180 0.5 ** Horizontal cut FF 1 1 721 0 90 0 ** End EN
0.5
Both of these read the crucial dimensions from the le example_35.inc such that the model parameters need only be changed in one location:
** Common definitions for example_35 ** Scaling. All coordinates are entered in mm and scaled with #sf to metre ** The field positions are also scaled. #sf = 0.001 ** Multiple dimensions with this factor to get metre ** Implement scaling SF 1 #sf ** Frequency, wavelength and #freq = 1.645E9 #lam = (#c0/#freq)/#sf #seg_l = #lam/15 #tri_l = #lam/7 #seg_rad = 1 ** Implement segmentation IP segmentation ** Frequency in Hertz ** Wavelength in mm (coordinates before scaling) ** Maximum wire segment length ** Maximum triangle edge length ** Segment radius #seg_rad #tri_l #seg_l
** Waveguide and horn parameters -- dimensions in mm #horn_w = 550 ** Width at the horn opening (parallel to y-axis) #horn_h = 428 ** Height at the horn opening (parallel to z-axis) #horn_l = 460 ** Length (along x-axis) of horn flare #wg_w = 129.6 ** Waveguide width #wg_h = 64.8 ** Waveguide height #wg_l = 302 ** Length of the section of straight waveguide.
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#feedsep = 46 ** Derived parameters #xback = -#wg_l - #horn_l #xfeed = #xback + #feedsep
FEKO EXAMPLES: 35
** Distance between back wall and feed pin ** x-coordinate at the back wall ** x-coordinate at the feed point
** Aperture parameters #xpos = 30 ** x-coordinate of the plane at constant #xneg = -800 ** x-coordinate of the plane at constant #ypos = 300 ** y-coordinate of the plane at constant #zpos = 280 ** z-coordinate of the plane at constant #sample = #lam/2.5 ** Target sample density on aperture ** Derived parameters #Nx = CEIL((#xpos-#xneg)/#sample) #xskip = (#xpos-#xneg)/#Nx #xstart = #xneg + #xskip/2 #Ny = CEIL(2*#ypos/#sample) #yskip = 2*#ypos/#Ny #ystart = -#ypos + #yskip/2 #Nz = CEIL(2*#zpos/#sample) #zskip = 2*#zpos/#Nz #zstart = -#zpos + #zskip/2
positive negative positive positive
x x y z
** Reflector parameters #ref_rad = 6*#lam ** Radius of the parabolic reflector #ref_h = #lam ** Height of the parabolic reflector #ref_tri = #lam/4 ** Allow coarser meshing on the reflector ** Derived parameters #focal = (#ref_rad^2) / (4*#ref_h) ** Focal distance #ref_rim = #focal - #ref_h ** x-coordinate of the front rim of the reflector
A third model (example_35c.pre) is constructed for comparison. This model contains both the MoM horn and the PO reector. The coupling between the MoM and PO is not taken into account during the solution. Using the aperture replaces the 4072 basis functions of the horn with 2128 point dipoles. This considerably reduces the time required to calculate the PO currents on the reector (from 37.3 to 8.3 seconds on a 2.4 GHz Pentium 4). For more complex feed models the eect will be even larger. Figures 3-82 and 3-83 compare the far eld patterns calculated with the aperture replacement to those calculated with the MoM PO hybrid method. One may also calculate the near elds on a spherical surface around the horn (using the OF card to specify a local origin) and use a single spherical aperture. This may require more dipoles (612 more dipoles if one requires the same maximum spacing and the same nearest point to the horn due to the fact that the separation will decrease towards the poles of the sphere), but is much simpler to set up. It is also possible to replace the horn with its far eld pattern. The pattern is also calculated in example_35a.pre and then used with an AR card in example_35d.pre:
** Example_35 considers a horn antenna in front of a parabolic reflector ** The example is split into four parts ** -The first part calculates the near fields radiated by the horn in
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** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** the absence of the reflector. The fields are written to *.efe and *.hfe files to use for the aperture excitation. It also calculates the far fields and write this to a *.ffe file for use as a point source with a specified pattern. -The second part uses these near fields to define an equivalent aperture to replace the horn. The aperture is then used to excite the parabolic reflector. -The third part models the horn and reflector together for verification. -This forth part use the far fields as a point source.
3-155
** We include the constants as well as the scaling from a file ** such that the dimensions need only be modified in one place IN 0 "example_35.inc" ** Create a quarter of the reflector ** First set the reflector meshing (keep the segment settings) IP #seg_rad #ref_tri #seg_l ** Use label 2 in order to specify the reflector for PO LA 2 ** Define the points -- the reflector face in the negative x-direction DP R1 #focal 0 0 DP R2 #focal/2 0 0 DP R3 #focal 0 #ref_rad DP R4 #ref_rim 0 #ref_rad PB R1 R2 R3 R4 90 #ref_tri ** Mirror the quarter in the plane y=0 (xz-plane, ideal magnetic wall) ** and the plane z=0 (xy-plane, ideal electric wall) at the same time. SY 1 0 3 2 ** Apply PO to the reflector PO 2 1 0 0 0 ** End of the geometric input EG 1 0 0 0 0 ** The excitation FR 1 0 ** ** ** ** AR
#freq
Use the calculated radiation pattern excitation Note that the point source must be placed at the phase origin used to calculate the far field. In this case this is 216mm inside the horn mouth (See the Examples Guide how to obtain this value) 0 1 1 37 73 1 0 -0.216/#sf 0 0 ... 0 0 0 "example_35a.ffe"
** Calculate the far-fields in the principle planes ** Vertical cut FF 1 361 1 0 0 180 0.5 ** Horizontal cut FF 1 1 721 0 90 0 ** End EN
0.5
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Note that when using the AR card, an antenna is replaced by a point source with the specied pattern. It is very important that this point source is located at the phase centre of the antenna it represents and that the far eld pattern is calculated relative to the same phase centre. One may determine the phase centre of an antenna by using the fact that the electric far eld of the antenna should decay at 1/r and by assuming that the origin of this decay will be the phase centre of the antenna. Thus if one inverts the near eld, extending the linear limit of this line to its intersection with the distance axis should give the phase centre of the antenna in the coordinate system where the near eld was calculated. For the horn antenna, symmetry dictates that the phase centre must be on the x axis. To determine the phase centre of the horn, we calculate the electric near eld from 20 m to 30 m on the x axis in front of the antenna. (This is about 100 to 150 wavelengths if we do not obtain a consistent result, we must increase the distance see below.) Next we plot this as a function of distance (x) in POSTFEKO and obtain the inverse by selecting the Perform calculations from series button. The expression to use is 1 / #series 1 to obtain a result that should be proportional to x barring some oset. Switch to the series 2 tab. From the table on this panel, it can be seen that the inverse at 20m is 16.0270 and at 30m it is 23.9548. The slope of this line is determined from the dierence between these numbers divided by the extent (here 7.9278/10 = 0.79278). The next step is to determine the inverted near eld value at x = 0. From elementary linear mathematics, it is known that the axis crossing (c) can be determined from c = y mx where m is the gradient of the line. This is used to calculate the crossing point at the start of the line, and the end. These two axis crossing values are 0.1714 and 0.1714 respectively. These two numbers should be relatively close together. If this dierence is too great, the result is not consistent and we must increase the distance from the antenna (i.e. we are then not in the region where the eld decays with 1/r). This value c = 0.1714 is the left axis value where x is 0 and dividing this with the slope m results in the negative distance from the origin to the phase centre. Here it is c/m = 0.216 m. The far-eld result is almost the same as for the more exact techniques (see gure 3-83 the reector is well inside the 2D2 / far eld criterion for the horn, such that one should expect approximate results when using the far eld source approximation), but the run time decreased from 8.3 seconds to less than 0.1 seconds.
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3-157
30 25 20 MoM/PO AP/PO
Directivity (dB)
15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Theta (degrees)
Figure 3-82: Far eld pattern in the vertical plane
30 25 20 15 MoM/PO AP/PO
Directivity (dB)
10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Phi (degrees)
Figure 3-83: Far eld pattern in the horizontal plane
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Figure 3-84: Far eld pattern around the main beam in the vertical plane
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3-159
3.36
Example 36: Example of S-parameter calculation above a ground plane

0 1 2 3 4
Figure 3-85: Strip dipole and grounded wire above an innite ground plane This example considers a strip dipole next to a grounded wire above a ground plane as shown in gure 3-85. The centre feed of the dipole and the two feed segments connecting the wire to the ground plane are considered to be a three port system. The S-parameters are calculated with the SP card. The input le (example_36.pre) is as follows.
** Example file using the SP card to calculate S-parameters ** A strip dipole next to a wire attached to a ground plane ** Parameters #lambda = 1 #hgt_w = 0.05 * #lambda #len_w = 0.5*#lambda #hgt_s = 0.05*#lambda #len_s = 0.75*#lambda #wid_s1 = 0.03*#lambda #wid_s2 = 0.08*#lambda ** Segmentation #edgelen = #lambda/15 #seglen = #lambda/20 #segrho = #seglen/100 IP
** ** ** ** ** **
Height of the wire above ground Length of half the wire Height of the strip dipole above ground Length of half the strip dipole Distance from wire to near end of strip Distance from wire to near end of strip
#segrho
#edgelen
#seglen
** Define the points in space DP A 0 DP B 0 DP C 0 DP B1 -#wid_s1 DP B2 -#wid_s1 DP B3 -#wid_s2 DP B4 -#wid_s2
#len_w #len_w 0 0 #len_s #len_s 0
0 #hgt_w #hgt_w #hgt_s #hgt_s #hgt_s #hgt_s
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** ** BL ** LA BP ** SY Create the geometry Horizontal wire C B Strip dipole arm 1 B1 B2 B3 B4 Use symmetry in the y=0 plane 1 0 1 0 1
FEKO EXAMPLES: 36
** We must add the port segment AFTER symmetry, since below different ** load impedances are used, and thus geometrical symmetry cannot be ** used (FEKO gives warning 536) LA 3 BL A B ** Create the symmetrical element TG 1 3 3 1 2 ** End of geometry EG 1 0 0
-2*#len_w
** Specify an infinite ground plane BO 2 ** Excitations of all 3 ports ** Only specify a port impedance for the second one, the rest will use the SP card value AE 0 1 2 1 0 A1 1 4 1 0 100 A3 1 3 1 0 #segrho 2*#segrho ** Export the S-parameters to a Touchstone *.SnP file DA 0 0 0 0 0 1 ** Frequency loop #freq = #c0 / #lambda FR 10 0
0.9*#freq
1.1*#freq
** Initiate the S-parameter computation SP 50 ** End EN
Note that the port wires are created after geometrical symmetry has been dened. Symmetry even geometrical symmetry implies that the loading will also be symmetrical. In this example, dierent port impedances are specied and thus these segments are loaded unsymmetrically. Some extracts of the S-parameters as listed in the output le are given on the next page.
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SCATTERING PARAMETERS ports sink source real part imag. part 1 1 4.40767E-01 -8.05506E-01 2 1 2.27276E-01 -5.91538E-02 3 1 -1.59453E-01 4.80535E-02 Sum |S|^2 of these S-parameters: magnitude linear in dB 9.18213E-01 -0.7411 2.34848E-01 -12.5843 1.66536E-01 -15.5698 9.26003E-01 -0.3339 phase in deg. -61.31 -14.59 163.23
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S S S
The S-parameters are also listed in a Touchstone format le (example 36.s3p) requested by the DA card. They are displayed in gure 3-86 note that S21 S12 and S23 S32 which is expected for a passive device. (The S-parameters are calculated from a small number of port current values and may therefore be sensitive to the mesh density the maximum segment and edge lengths used in this example are therefore smaller than normal. Note that the small separation between the strip and the wire also inuences the mesh requirements.)
Figure 3-86: S-parameters of a three port system above a BO card ground
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 37
3.37
Example 37: Proximity coupled circular patch antenna with microstrip feed
Figure 3-87: Proximity coupled circular patch antenna. The lighter triangles are on a lower level (closer to the ground plane). The dielectric layers are hidden to show the geometry of the triangular elements. This example considers a proximity coupled circular patch antenna. The geometry of the triangles is shown in gure 3-87 and the parameters of the dielectric layers can be obtained from the GF card in the listing of the input le (example_37.pre) below. The mesh size is related to the width of the strip to avoid having triangles with a large aspect ratio. Note that magnetic symmetry is used to reduce the number of unknowns. The AE card is used to dene a line between points as the strip line feed port this line must extend to both sides of the symmetry plane.
** ** ** ** ** Analysis of a circular patch antenna proximity coupled to microstrip line. Compare with Fig.s 7 and 8 in the paper "Greens Functions Analysis of Planar Circuits in a Two-Layer Grounded Medium", F Alonso-Monferrer, A A Kishk and A W Glisson, IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 40, no.6, pp. 690-696, June 1992
** Everything in mm, set correct scaling factor SF 1 0.001 ** Variables: #freq = 2.8e9 #d = 1.590 #er = 2.62 #ur = 1.00 #w = 4.373 #r = 17.5 #l = 79 ** Segmentation parameters #lam = 1000*#c0 / #freq / sqrt(#er) #edgelen = min(#lam/12,0.8*#w) IP
** ** ** ** ** ** **
the starting frequency half of the dielectric thickness relative permittivity relative permeability width of feedline radius of the circular patch length of the microstrip line
** the wavelength in the dielectric ** mesh size on patch and feed strip #edgelen
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** Define the points required by the geometry ** Circular patch DP s1 0 0 DP s2 0 0 DP s3 #r 0 ** Rectangular feed-line DP p1 0 0 DP p2 #w/2 0 DP p3 #w/2 #l DP p4 0 #l DP p3m -#w/2 #l ** Build the circular patch LA 0 KR s1 s2 s3 ** Symmetry plane y=0 SY 1 0 1 0 ** Feedline of the antenna LA 1 BP p3 p4 p1 p2 ** Magnetic symmetry plane x=0 SY 1 3 0 0 ** Geometry end EG 1 0 0
3-163
0 #r 0 -#d -#d -#d -#d -#d
90
** The dielectric layers GF 10 1 0 2*#d ** Excitation of the microstrip line AE 0 p3 p3m 3 1 ** Frequency loop: FR 8 0 ** Just calculate the impedance OS 0 ** The end EN
1 #er
1 #ur
#freq
0.05e9
Some extracts of the S-parameters as listed in the output le are given on the next page. Figure 3-88 shows the input impedance on the Smith chart. There is a small frequency shift which can be reduced by using a ner mesh.
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DATA FOR THE GREENS FUNCTION Multilayer dielectric substrate number of layers ground plane present? NLAYER = 1 GPLANE = Yes
1 phase -35.75 -35.75 35.75
Figure 3-88: Reection coecient of the proximity coupled patch.
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3.38
Example 38: Microstrip lter
Port 1
Figure 3-89: Simple microstrip lter
Port 2
In this example we consider a simple two port microstrip lter. A single stub is used to block transmission at the centre frequency. The SP card is used to determine the S-parameters. The two ports can be fed by making a physical connection to ground and feeding the edge between the line and the vertical strip. (The voltage in a microstrip line is between the line and ground. It yields better results to feed the edge at the line than the one connected to ground.) The input le, example_38a.pre, is as follows
** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Microstrip filter example, see G. V. Eleftheriades and J. R. Mosig, "On the Network Characterization of Planar Passive Circuits Using the Method of Moments", IEEE Trans. MTT, vol. 44, no. 3, March 1996, pp. 438-445, Fig. 9. The analysis here is just for the microstrip circuit, without the shielding cavity. This can of course be added as well in FEKO. Here we model the microstrip lines with vertical connections to ground (see options used at the AE-cards).
** All dimensions in mm SF 1 ** Substrate height #t = 1.57
0.001
** Meshsize #fmax = 4.0e9 #lam = #c0 / #fmax * 1000 ** in mm #l1 = #lam / 10 ** along lines #l2 = #lam / 20 ** across lines IP ** #x #y DP DP #x DP #x DP
#l1
Define the points for the filter structure = 0 = 23 P1 #x #y Q1 #x #y = #x + 41.4 P2 #x #y = #x + 4.6 P3 #x #y
0 -#t 0 0
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#x DP DP #y DP DP #x DP #y DP #x DP #y DP #x DP DP = 92 P4 Q4 = #y + P5 Q5 = 41.4 P6 = #y + P7 = #x P8 = #y P9 = #x P10 Q10
FEKO EXAMPLES: 38
#x #x 4.6 #x #x + 4.6 #x 18.4 #x 4.6 #x 18.4 #x 41.4 #x #x
#y #y #y #y #y #y #y #y #y #y
0 -#t 0 -#t 0 0 0 0 0 -#t
** Create the structure LA 1 BP P1 P2 P9 P10 LA 3 BP P2 P3 P6 P9 BP P9 P6 P7 P8 LA 2 BP P3 P4 P5 P6
#l2 #l2 #l2 #l2
#l2
** Vertical elements to ground LA 5 BP P1 P10 Q10 Q1 #l2 BP P4 P5 Q5 Q4 #l2 ** End of geometry EG 1 0 0 ** Greens function GF 10 1
0 #t
1 2.33
1 1
** Excitation of the two ports ** (The edges at the top of the vertical connections to ground) AE 0 1 5 0 1 AE 1 2 5 0 1 ** Frequency loop and S-parameter computations (Use the first FR card with FEKO LITE) ** FR 10 0 2.0e9 3.8e9 FR 51 0 1.0e9 4.0e9 SP ** End EN
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 38 Some extracts from the output le example_38a.out are

3-167
SCATTERING PARAMETERS ports sink source real part imag. part 1 1 -6.09731E-02 2.68205E-01 2 1 -9.57949E-01 -6.99244E-02 Sum |S|^2 of these S-parameters: magnitude linear in dB 2.75049E-01 -11.2118 9.60498E-01 -0.3501 9.98208E-01 -0.0078 phase in deg. 102.81 -175.83
S S
SCATTERING PARAMETERS ports sink source real part imag. part 1 2 -9.58381E-01 -6.99558E-02 2 2 2.06992E-02 2.74190E-01 Sum |S|^2 of these S-parameters: magnitude linear in dB 9.60931E-01 -0.3462 2.74970E-01 -11.2143 9.98996E-01 -0.0044 phase in deg. -175.83 85.68
S S
CPU-time ... Initialisation of the Greens function ... Calcul. of matrix A ... total times: 1465.330 62.960 1529.310
runtime 2017.974 94.624 2114.128
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 38
One may also see the le example_38b.pre use the AE card to excite the end of the microstrip line without a connection to ground. The two vertical strips and unused points are then omitted; and the two AE cards modied to specify the line where the port is located:
AE AE 0 1 P1 P4 P10 P5 3 3 1 1 0 0
The comparative extracts from the output le example_38b.out are

SCATTERING PARAMETERS ports sink source real part imag. part 1 1 -7.26299E-02 2.33305E-01 2 1 -9.59998E-01 -1.27969E-01 Sum |S|^2 of these S-parameters: magnitude linear in dB 2.44349E-01 -12.2398 9.68489E-01 -0.2781 9.97678E-01 -0.0101 phase in deg. 107.29 -172.41
S S
SCATTERING PARAMETERS ports sink source real part imag. part 1 2 -9.59980E-01 -1.27966E-01 2 2 9.63821E-03 2.44251E-01 Sum |S|^2 of these S-parameters: magnitude linear in dB 9.68472E-01 -0.2783 2.44441E-01 -12.2365 9.97689E-01 -0.0100 CPU-time ... Initialisation of the Greens function ... Calcul. of matrix A ... total times: 25.130 49.030 75.080 runtime 53.800 100.063 155.595 phase in deg. -172.41 87.74
S S
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 38
3-169
The results agree very well as can also be seen in gure 3-90, but there is a signicant dierence in the run time. The model using the vertical connections has vertical currents and thus requires a 3D interpolation table for the Greens functions while the model without it needs only a 2D interpolation table. The dierence in run time reects the calculation time required for these interpolation tables.
Figure 3-90: S-parameters of the single stub lter
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 39
3.39
Example 39: Log periodic antenna
Labels
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Figure 3-91: Log periodic antenna. Note the unique labels of the centre segments. This example uses the non-radiating transmission lines to form the connections for a log periodic antenna. The location of the transmission lines can be shown with POSTFEKO. Note that the lines on the gure cross to show crossed transmission lines as required for a log periodic antenna. This depends on the orientation of the segment as well as whether a crossed transmission line is specied. The example also demonstrates how one may use !!FOR . . . !!NEXT loops to create repetitive geometry. The last transmission line is also used to specify a termination load. The input le, example_39.pre, is as follows
** Analysis of a 12-element logarithmic periodic antenna ** (corresponds to the NEC example 5). ** Some definitions for the geometry #sigma = 0.70 ** initial spacing #tau = 0.93 ** scaling factor for elements #len = 2 ** length of first element (the shortest element) #rad = 0.00667 ** radius of first element #Zline = 50 ** transmission line impedance #Zload = 50 ** load impedance at the last element ** Frequency specification and segmentation #freq = 46.29e6 ** frequency #lambda = #c0 / #freq #seglen = #lambda / 10 IP
#seglen
** We can either use a !!FOR ... !!NEXT loop to construct the 12 elements, ** or we can use the TG-card. With the TG card one would create one ** element and duplicate it 11 times using the scaling factor 1/#tau.
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 39
** However, then the number of segments used for each dipole would be ** the same. Therefore use here rather a !!FOR ... !!NEXT loop construction. ** Initial values for the loop !!for #i = 1 to 12 !!if (#i = 1) then ** This is the first element to be created, at origin #x = 0 !!else ** Other elements with a certain distance from previous element #x = #x - #sigma !!endif ** Create the wire with the correct radius, use a unique ** label #i for the centre segment #y = 0.4*#seglen ** ensure that just one segment at the centre DP P1 #x -#len/2 0 DP P2 #x -#y 0 DP P3 #x #y 0 DP P4 #x #len/2 0 LA 0 BL P1 P2 #rad LA #i BL P2 P3 #rad LA 0 BL P3 P4 #rad ** Apply scaling #sigma = #sigma/#tau #len = #len/#tau #rad = #rad/#tau !!next ** End of the geometry EG 1 0 0 0
3-171
** Create all the transmission lines (again a loop is very useful) !!for #i = 1 to 11 ** Extra shunt admittance at the last element 12 !!if (#i=11) then #YS = 1 / #Zload !!else #YS = 0 !!endif ** Define the transmission line from label #i to label #i+1 (crossed) TL 1 #i #i+1 1 -1 #Zline !!next ** Excitation by a voltage source FR 1 0 #freq A1 0 1 1 ** Vertical radiation pattern FF 1 73 1 0 EN
#YS
90
-5
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DATA FOR TRANSMISSION LINES (TL cards) No. Type 1 2 3 ... 11 2 1 1 1 Segments numbers 3 -8 8 -13 13 -18 60 -68 Length in m 7.52688E-01 8.09342E-01 8.70260E-01 1.55520E+00 Transm. line impedance real part imag. part 5.00000E+01 0.00000E+00 5.00000E+01 0.00000E+00 5.00000E+01 0.00000E+00 5.00000E+01 0.00000E+00
FEKO EXAMPLES: 39
Shunt adm. real part 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
port 1 in S imag. part 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
...
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 Shunt adm. port 2 in S real part imag. part 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 2.00000E-02 0.00000E+00
NETWORK DATA FOR TRANSMISSION LINES (TL cards) No. Port 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 Port voltage in V real part imag. part 1.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -7.2976E-01 7.2933E-01 -7.2976E-01 7.2933E-01 1.1594E-02 -1.0570E+00 1.1594E-02 -1.0570E+00 8.5021E-01 5.9067E-01 Port current in A real part imag. part 2.1868E-02 -4.5764E-04 1.6292E-02 -1.3682E-02 -1.5311E-02 1.4273E-02 -5.1672E-04 2.0413E-02 -2.9827E-03 -2.2954E-02 -1.7784E-02 -1.5421E-02 Port impedance in Ohm real part imag. part 4.5710E+01 9.5661E-01 -4.8314E+01 4.1928E+00 4.9259E+01 -1.7146E+00 -5.1765E+01 7.4237E-01 4.5221E+01 6.3813E+00 -4.3728E+01 4.7038E+00 Power in W 1.0934E-02 -1.0934E-02 1.0792E-02 -1.0792E-02 1.2114E-02 -1.2114E-02 ...
SUMMARY OF LOSSES Metallic elements: Dielectric (surface equiv. princ.): Dielectric (volume equiv. princ.): Mismatch at feed: Non-radiating networks: Sum of all losses: Efficiency of the antenna: (based on a total active power: 0.0000E+00 W 0.0000E+00 W 0.0000E+00 W 0.0000E+00 W 1.6650E-03 W ------------1.6650E-03 W 85.7209 % 1.1660E-02 W)
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 39
VALUES OF THE SCATTERED ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH IN THE FAR FIELD in V Factor e^(-j*BETA*R)/R not considered LOCATION THETA PHI 90.00 0.00 85.00 0.00 80.00 0.00 ETHETA magn. phase 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 0.000E+00 0.00 EPHI magn. 2.559E+00 2.542E+00 2.490E+00
3-173
phase -27.83 -26.85 -23.92
directivity in dB ... vert. horiz. total -999.9999 10.3854 10.3854 -999.9999 10.3267 10.3267 -999.9999 10.1475 10.1475 POLARISATION axial r. angle direction 0.0000 90.00 LINEAR 0.0000 90.00 LINEAR 0.0000 90.00 LINEAR
The vertical pattern is shown in gure 3-92.

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 0
10 5 0 -5 -10 -15
345 330 315 300 285 270 255 240 225 210
Figure 3-92: Directivity of a log periodic antenna in the vertical plane
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 40
3.40
Example 40: Coupling between impedance matched dipoles
Port 2, label 2 Port 1, label 1
Figure 3-93: Two half wavelength dipole antennas, each fed with an active impedance matching network. This example shows how to use impedance loading in the presence of an SP card. The two dipoles are fed with active impedance matching networks. This is modelled by adding a load to cancel the imaginary part of the impedance and calculating the S-parameters for a source impedance equal to the real part of the input impedance. This results in maximum power transfer to the second dipole at all frequencies. (The two dipoles are identical, thus we will use the same load on both ports.) The input le (example_40.pre) which contains two frequency loops, is as follows
** Coupling between two half wavelength dipoles fed with matching networks ** Set the frequency #f_min = 400e6 #f_o = 470e6 #f_max = 490e6 #Nf = 10 #lam_o = #c0/#f_o #lam_m = #c0/#f_max and wavelength ** Start frequency ** Centre frequency ** End frequency ** Number of frequencies ** Wavelength at the centre frequency (defines the geometry) ** Wavelength at the highest frequency (defines the mesh size)
** Segmentation parameters #seg_len = #lam_m / 20 #seg_rad = 0.001 IP
#seg_rad
#seg_len
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 40
** #h #d #l Geometry parameters = #lam_o/4 ** Half the dipole length = 2*#lam_o ** Separation between dipoles = 0.4*#seg_len ** Half the length of the feed segment
3-175
** Define the points DP A DP B DP C
0 0 0
0 0 0
-#h -#l #l
** Define the lower half of the first dipole (without feed) BL A B ** Mirror the lower half of the dipole upwards SY 1 0 0 2 ** Create feed segment with the label 1 LA 1 BL B C ** Create the second dipole by copying the first ** Note that this does not destroy the symmetry ** Note also that label 0 is not incremented TG 1 0 1 1 0
#d
** End of the geometric input -- write complete geometry to output file EG 1 0 0 0 0
** Define the frequency FR #Nf 0
#f_min
#f_max
** Calculate the S-parameters in a 50 ohm system and write them to file ** Excite both dipoles as ports for S-parameter calculations DA 0 0 0 0 0 1 A1 0 1 1 0 A1 1 2 1 0 SP 50
** Now we create a FOR loop frequency loop to allow loading the dipoles. ** We load the dipoles in order to cancel the imaginary part of the input ** impedance and then calculate the S-parameters in a system impedance ** that match the real part of the input impedance. ** Note that loading ports change the interaction matrix such that it is ** not a severe penalty to create a second frequency loop here. ** #Nf = -1 ** For the first run we need to skip this loop !!for #n = 1 to #Nf ** Read the frequency and antenna input impedance from the prepared file #freq = fileread("example_40.dat",#n+1,1) * 1.0E6 #Zr = fileread("example_40.dat",#n+1,2) #Zi = fileread("example_40.dat",#n+1,3)
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** Set the frequency FR 1
FEKO EXAMPLES: 40
#freq
** Now determine the load to cancel the imaginary part of the impedance ** Note that we cannot use the LZ card as this impedance is overwritten ** by the SP card !!if #Zi < 0 then ** Negative impedance, add an inductive load #L = -#Zi/(2*#pi*#freq) LS 1 #L LS 2 #L !!elseif ** Positive impedance, add a capacitive load #C = 1/(#Zi*2*#pi*#freq) LS 1 LS 2 !!endif ** ** DA A1 A1 ** ** SP Finally calculate the S-parameters (we wont write them to file) Now add the sources, specifying the system impedance 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 Note that we have specified the system impedance at the ports (This could allow using different system impedances for the various ports)
#C #C
#Zr #Zr
** End of frequency loop !!next
** End EN
The rst frequency loop calculates the S-parameters in a 50 system. (Note that #Nf is set to -1 to skip the second loop during this phase as the second loop tries to read from the le example_40.dat which is calculated from the result of the rst run.) The results are written to a Touchstone format le (example_40.s2p). From this we can determine the input impedance at one port if the second port is terminated in a conjugate matched load. (These calculations were done in Mathematica and involved transforming from S-parameters to Z-parameters and solving a complex matrix equation for the optimum input impedance given that the second port is loaded with the complex conjugate of this input impedance.) Note that, since the coupling between the two dipoles is very small, the input impedance of one dipole is not very dependent on the load at the second dipole. Thus one will get a very similar result by just plotting the input impedance with 50 loading subtracted in POSTFEKO and writing this to a data le.
December 2005
FEKO EXAMPLES: 40 The calculated input impedance is

"Frequency [MHz]" 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 "Re{Z_in matched load}" 51.35897294752684 54.78298951057599 58.55367334913904 62.65276893582022 67.01399757492561 71.56254189197807 76.22303420171083 80.95653423584226 85.75940433192570 90.70622025526940 "Im{Z_in matched load}" -98.24440217970796 -78.49672704243486 -59.10669618038157 -40.11841191634703 -21.55044496478654 -3.38173332666909 14.46290879409742 32.08598498017869 49.62447813617270 67.19024349043431
3-177
For comparison, the input impedance if the second dipole is loaded with 50 is
"Frequency [MHz]" 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 "Re{Z_in}" 51.69 54.88 58.42 62.44 66.92 71.64 76.36 80.97 85.57 90.36 "Im{Z_in}" -98.47 -78.84 -59.36 -40.16 -21.44 -3.29 14.39 31.87 49.42 67.15
The second loop reads the frequency and impedance from this le. This loop is done with a FORNEXT loop rather than a FR card loop to allow reading the impedance values from le. Both ports are then loaded to cancel the imaginary part of the input impedance. It would be quite simple to do this with an LZ card, but the SP card overwrites the LZ card. Thus we use an LS card with an inductor to cancel negative imaginary values and a capacitor to cancel positive values. Note that one may pay a signicant penalty in performance if you construct two frequency loops like this for, for example, two sets of sources. However, changing the loading at ports changes the interaction matrix which requires a new LU decomposition such that in this case there is not a severe penalty for using a second loop. (We do calculate the element interaction twice, but this is usually a very small part of the total run time.) Some extracts from the second frequency loop in the output le example_40.out are
LOAD IMPEDANCES AT PORTS port 1 2 impedance in Ohm 7.15625E+01 7.15625E+01
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EXCITATION BY VOLTAGE SOURCE AT SEGMENT Number of voltage source: Frequency in Hz: Wavelength in m: Open circuit voltage in V: N = 1 FREQ = 4.50000E+08 LAMBDA = 6.66205E-01 |U0| = 1.00000E+00
FEKO EXAMPLES: 40
DATA OF LABELS Label 1: DOSKIN = 0 Rss= 0.000E+00 Ohm/m Rs = 0.000E+00 Ohm Rp = 0.000E+00 Ohm Zs = ( 7.156E+01 +j Zlasts=( 0.000E+00 +j Zlast =( 7.156E+01 +j DOLAST = 1 Lss= 0.000E+00 H/m Ls = 1.196E-09 H Lp = 0.000E+00 H 0.000E+00) Ohm 0.000E+00) Ohm/m 3.382E+00) Ohm DOCOVR = 0 Css= 0.000E+00 F Cs = 0.000E+00 F Cp = 0.000E+00 F (indep. of freq.) (freq. dep.) (freq. dep.)
DATA OF THE VOLTAGE SOURCE NO. real part imag. part 6.9869E-03 -1.0335E-07 6.9869E-03 -1.0335E-07 1.4313E+02 2.1170E-03 magn. 6.9869E-03 6.9869E-03 1.4313E+02
1 phase 0.00 0.00 0.00
SCATTERING PARAMETERS ports sink source 1 1 2 1 magnitude linear in dB 1.49965E-05 -96.4802 6.68803E-02 -23.4940 phase in deg. 80.52 108.49
S S
real part 2.47111E-06 -2.12123E-02
imag. part 1.47915E-05 6.34272E-02
Figure 3-94 shows the input impedance at the voltage source ports of either dipole. The rst two lines (solid red and green with + symbols) shows the input impedance in the 50 system of the rst frequency loop. Note that the real part includes the 50 load added by the SP card. The next two lines (yellow with square markers and blue with circular markers) shows the input impedance at the voltage sources for the matched system. As expected, the imaginary part is zero while the real part includes the loading (which is approximately equal to the real part of the 50 system less the 50 load) which explains the increased slope. Finally gure 3-95 shows the S-parameters. The reection coecient is drastically reduced it is less than -80 dB for the matched system which shows in the increased coupling to the second dipole away from the resonance frequency. (Using the input impedance for a single dipole when the second dipole is loaded with 50 instead of a matched load, increases S11 to about -60 dB.)
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 40
3-179
Re{Z_s} 50 W 200
Im{Z_s} 50 W
Re{Z_s} matched
Im{Z_s} matched
150
Impedance [Ohm]
100
50
-50
-100 400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
Frequency [MHz]
Figure 3-94: The impedance at the source port of either dipole in a 50 system and a matched system. Note that the added loads contribute to these impedances.
|S11| 50 W system 0
|S21| 50 W system
|S21| matched system
-5
S parameters [dB]
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30 400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
Frequency [MHz]
Figure 3-95: S-parameters for the two dipole antennas in a 50 system and a matched system. Note that S11 for the matched system is less than -80 dB and is not included in the gure.
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 41
3.41
Example 41: Using the MLFMM

Z
Figure 3-96: Plane wave incident on an electrically large trihedral In this example we consider a single plane wave incident (from = 60 and = 0 ) on a trihedral. The size of the trihedral (13.52 surface area) was chosen such that we can still solve it incore on a PC with 768 MByte of RAM. This is on the small side for the MLFMM, but enough to demonstrate the advantage thereof. The le example_41.pre is listed below. Note the use of the FM card at the end of the geometry section in the input le and the wrapped EG card which includes the Single precision eld (the 1 in column 101).
** RCS computation of a tetrahedral using the ** Multilevel Fast Multipole Method (MLFMM) ** Some general parameter settings #lambda = 1 ** Wavelength #a = 3*#lambda ** Length of an edge ** Segmentation parameters #tri_len = #lambda / 10 IP ** Define the points for the plate
#tri_len
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FEKO EXAMPLES: 41
#b = sqrt(0.5)*#a DP O DP L DP R DP T ** Create trihedral BT O L R BT O R T BT O T L ** Use the MLFMM instead of the standard MoM FM ** End of the geometry (we switch here to single precision storage ** to reduce the MLFMM memory requirement) EG 1 0 0 0 ** Projected length 0 #b #b 0
3-181
0 -#b #b 0
0 0 0 #a
... 1
** Set the frequency #freq = #c0 / #lambda FR 0
#freq
** Excitation by means of an incident plane wave A0 0 1 1 1 0
60
** Bistatic radar cross section in the vertical plane Phi=0 FF 1 91 1 0 0 0 2 ** End EN

DATA FOR MEMORY USAGE Number of metallic triangles: 3915 ...
FAST MULTIPOLE METHOD (FMM) Multilevel FMM is used Storage of some elements with single precision (saves memory)
DATA FOR THE FMM Level of the MLFMM: Finest box size DELTA/LAMBDA: Number of nearfield matrix elements: 5 0.2300 1437056 (
4.2601 % of full MoM)
SUMMARY OF MEMORY REQUIREMENT FMM (in MByte)
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Near-field matrix: Far-field matrix Direction vectors Fourier trans: Fourier trans. basis functions: Transfer function: Interpolation and Filtering: Matrix-vector-multiplication: total: for comparison classical MoM: 16.4458 0.0304 8.5078 3.0772 0.1733 2.8754 -----------31.1098 MByte 514.7227 MByte
FEKO EXAMPLES: 41
PRE-CONDITIONING OF THE LINEAR SET OF EQUATIONS ... Memory requirement for preconditioner: 54.443 MByte
A total memory of 87.190 MByte has been allocated dynamically (peak memory usage so far 95.295 MByte)
The solution required 47 seconds on a Pentium 4 2.4 GHz PC. For comparison the MoM result required about 515 MByte of RAM and 240 seconds solution time. Even if one sets up the model to exploit the single plane of symmetry, the MoM requires 262 MByte or RAM and 66 seconds solution time. As the problem size increase, the dierence will become more and more signicant. Figure 3-97 compares the results obtained with the MLFMM with those obtained with the MoM.
30
MoM
25
MLFMM
RCS (dBsm)
20
15
10
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
Theta (degrees)
Figure 3-97: Bistatic RCS of a trihedral. Comparison of the MLFMM and MoM results.
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Index
A0 card, 3-14, 3-21, 3-42 A1 card, 3-1, 3-4 A2 card, 3-124, 3-130 A4 card, 3-124 A5 card, 3-74, 3-93 AE card, 2-12, 3-162, 3-165 AP card, 3-149 aperture, 3-149 AR card, 3-149 attachment to UTD plate, 3-89 AW card, 2-21 biological tissue, 2-18 BL card, 3-1, 3-4 BO card, 3-46 BP card, 3-4, 3-10 BQ card, 3-27 BT card, 3-27 CB card, 3-64, 3-77 circular section, 3-24 CL card, 3-21 coaxial cable, 3-140 coaxial probe feed, 3-124 cone section, 3-103 copy geometry, 3-77 coupling, 3-174 cuboid sphere, 3-59 currents output, 3-21, 3-24, 3-53 cylinder, 3-71, 3-103, 3-116 UTD, 3-112 DK card, 3-59 DP card, 3-1 edge corrected PO, 3-53 edge excitation, 3-107 elements, 2-1, 2-5, 3-4, 3-10, 3-27 excitation, see sources exposure analysis, 2-18 far elds, 2-1, 3-4, 3-6, 3-10 as source, 3-149 FE card, 2-1, 3-4, 3-10, 3-62 feed, see sources FEM/MoM hybrid, 2-18 FF card, 2-1, 3-1, 3-4, 3-10 elds in dielectrics, 3-62 FM card, 2-15, 3-180 FO card, 3-71 Fock theory, 3-71 for loops, 3-170 FR card, 3-1, 3-4 gain power compensation, 2-5, 3-27 geometry copy and transform, 3-77 GF card, 3-46, 3-68, 3-98, 3-107, 3-124 Greens function coaxial probe feed, 3-124 planar substrate, 3-98, 3-107, 3-165 real ground, 3-46 sphere, 3-68 ground perfect conducting, 3-159 real, 3-46 reection, 3-46 Sommerfeld, 3-46 wires inside, 3-130
DI card, 3-14, 3-18, 3-56 dielectric coated sphere, 3-56 elds inside, 3-62 nite substrate, 3-120 Greens function, 3-46, 3-68 parameter setting, 3-14, 3-18 Hertzian dipole, 3-93 physical optics, 3-116 impedance sphere, 3-68 loading, 3-110, 3-174 substrate, 3-98, 3-107, 3-120, 3-124 transformation, 3-140 surface equivalence, 3-14, 3-18, 3-103, 3-120 innite substrate, 3-98 volume equivalence, 3-42, 3-59
I-1
input impedance, 3-1 IP card, 3-1, 3-4 KA card, 3-53 KK card, 3-103 KL card, 3-64 KR card, 3-24 KU card, 3-14, 3-56 LA card, 3-1, 3-4 labels, 3-2, 3-6, 3-64 large models, 2-15, 3-180 loading and SP card, 3-174 wire segments, 3-110 loops FORNEXT, 3-170 losses on plates, 3-6 LS card, 3-174 LZ card, 3-110, 3-174 magnetic media, 3-59 ME card, 3-14, 3-18, 3-56, 3-103, 3-120 microstrip feed line, 2-12, 3-162 lter, 3-165 wire approximation, 3-98 MLFMM, 2-15, 3-180 near elds, 2-1, 3-4, 3-10 non-radiating network, 3-170 OPTFEKO, 1-1 optimising parameters, 1-1 OS card, 3-21, 3-24, 3-53 parabolic reector, 3-74, 3-149 patch antenna, 2-12, 3-98, 3-107, 3-120, 3-124, 3-162 pattern source, 3-149 PB card, 3-74 physical optics, 2-1, 3-10 dielectric media, 3-116 edge correction, 3-53 Fock currents, 3-71 wedge correction, 3-64 plane wave incidence, 3-14, 3-21, 3-42 PO card, 2-1, 3-10, 3-116, 3-159
points, 3-5 polygons, 3-85, 3-89 power gain compensation, 2-5, 3-27 output setting, 3-24, 3-46 proximity coupling, 2-12, 3-162 PS card, 3-4 PW card, 3-24, 3-46 PY card, 3-85, 3-89 QU card, 3-42 radiation pattern, 3-1 real (reection) ground, 3-46 resistive loading, see loading S-parameter, 2-21 S-parameters, 3-159, 3-165 scaling, 2-5, 3-14, 3-27 segments, 3-1, 3-2, 3-4 SF card, 2-5, 3-14, 3-27 SK card, 2-9, 3-4, 3-134, 3-137 skin eect losses, 3-6 sources far eld pattern, 3-149 feed pin, 3-120, 3-124 Hertzian dipole, 3-74, 3-93 microstrip line, 2-12, 3-162, 3-165 on coaxial cable, 3-140 plane wave, 3-14, 3-21, 3-42 transmission line, 3-170 voltage at a node, 3-130 voltage on a segment, 3-1, 3-4 voltage on an edge, 2-12, 3-107, 3-162, 3-165 SP card, 3-159, 3-165, 3-174 spherical section, 3-14, 3-56 stub shorted, 3-140 substrate nite, 3-120 innite, 2-12, 3-98, 3-162, 3-165 surface equivalence, 3-14, 3-18 as source, 3-149 SY card, 3-1, 3-4 symmetry, 3-2, 3-4 loading requirements, 3-160 TG card, 3-77, 3-174
I-2
time domain, 1-1 TIMEFEKO, 1-1 TL card, 3-170 TO card, 3-21 torus section, 3-21 transform geometry, 3-77 transmission lines, 3-110, 3-170 UT card, 3-85, 3-89 UTD, 3-85, 3-93 current attachment, 3-89 cylinder, 3-112 UZ card, 3-112 volume equivalence, 3-42, 3-59 Waveguide port, 2-21 wedge corrected PO, 3-64 ZY card, 3-71, 3-103, 3-116
I-3

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FEKO Examples Guide

Suite 5.1 December 2005

FEKO Examples Guide

Example 41: Using the MLFMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd

FEKO Examples Guide

CAD INPUT EXAMPLES

CAD input examples

** Set source ** Excitation by means of a voltage gap (E-Field) A1: 0 : Dipole.Feed1 : : : : 1

FEKO Examples Guide

FEKO EXAMPLES: dipole plate PO

Some extracts from the output le dipole_plate_PO.out follow

Current in A Admitt. in A/V Impedance in Ohm

Power in Watt: 4.85489E-03

X/m -1.9700 -1.8700 -1.7700 -1.6700

X/m -1.9700 -1.8700 -1.7700 -1.6700

EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd

FEKO EXAMPLES: dipole plate PO

FEKO Examples Guide

FEKO EXAMPLES: dipole plate PO

EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd

FEKO EXAMPLES: horn

horn: A rectangular horn antenna

FEKO Examples Guide

FEKO EXAMPLES: horn

Some extracts from the output le horn.out are given below.

Current in A Admitt. in A/V Impedance in Ohm Inductance in H

Power in Watt: 5.23187E-04

EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd

FEKO EXAMPLES: horn

FEKO Examples Guide

FEKO EXAMPLES: horn

Figure 2-4: Radiation pattern in the horizontal plane = 90

Figure 2-5: Radiation pattern in the vertical plane = 0

EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd

FEKO EXAMPLES: RCS DI sheet

RCS DI sheet: RCS of a thin dielectric sheet

** Define the thin dielectric sheet

FEKO Examples Guide

FEKO EXAMPLES: RCS DI sheet

** Bistatic RCS (vertical cut) FF 1 181 1 0 0 ** End of file EN

** CADFEKO Checksum: 3c24b344689d85335fd3fe46af8e77a2

Field strength in V/m: (Phase in deg.)

180.00 0.00 0.00

coating 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

0.0000E+00 W 4.3373E-06 W 4.3373E-06 W

EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd

FEKO EXAMPLES: RCS DI sheet

Figure 2-7: Bistatic RCS of a thin dielectric sheet

FEKO Examples Guide

FEKO EXAMPLES: patch coupled

** The dielectric layers GF 10 1 0 2*#d

EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd

FEKO EXAMPLES: patch coupled

** Just calculate the impedance OS 0 ** End EN ** CADFEKO Checksum: bc7966c2ac08aef203047f2d69c33d97

1 phase -35.75 -35.75 35.75

Current in A Admitt. in A/V Impedance in Ohm Inductance in H

Power in Watt: 2.61415E-02

FEKO Examples Guide

FEKO EXAMPLES: patch coupled

Figure 2-9: Reection coecient of the proximity coupled patch.

EM Software & Systems-S.A. (Pty) Ltd

FEKO EXAMPLES: trihedral MLFMM

Set source Excitation by means of a voltage gap (E-Field) A1: 0 : Dipole.Feed1 : : : : 1

Bistatic RCS (vertical cut) FF 1 181 1 0 0 End of file EN

Just calculate the impedance OS 0 End EN ** CADFEKO Checksum: bc7966c2ac08aef203047f2d69c33d97

Set source Excitation by means of an incident plane wave A0 0 1 1 1 0 ** Solution control

Compute S-parameters SP End of file EN ** CADFEKO Checksum: 1356d269daf6addc28d6c52cb169d47a