WK116 Smoke Fire Detector Water Sprinkler

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WK116
Smoke/Fire Detector With Automatic Water Sprinkler System to Avoid Fire Accidents
Wine Yard Technologies, A2, II Floor, Eureka Court, Beside Image Hospitals, Himayathnagar, Hyderabad - 73 R&D Center: 3-5-587, Near Narayana College, Vittalwadi, Himayathnagar, Hyderabad - 29
www.WineYardTechnologies.com
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INDEX
1. ABSTRACT 2. BLOCK DIAGRAM 3. POWER SUPPLY 4. SMOKE SENSOR 5. DECADE COUNTER 6. SWITCHING CIRCUIT 7. RELAY 8. SCR FIRING CIRCUIT 9. LED 10. AC MOTOR 11. APPLICATIONS 12. ADVANTAGES 13. CONCLUSION 14. REFERENCES
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ABSTRACT
Security is primary concern everywhere and for every one. Every person wants his home, industry etc to be secured. This project describes a security alarm system that can monitor an industry and home. This is a simple and useful security system and easy to install. This fire / smoke detector is realized using readily available, low cost components. One of its many applications is in any offices and shops for
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security against fire. The detector will sense smoke caused by fire accident and switch on the water sprinkler to prevent major damage. The circuit works off a 5V battery or 5V regulated power supply and uses smoke detector as its principal component. Initially, when the power is switched on, decade counter is reset by power-on-reset components. As a result, output
of Decade counter
goes high and the entire
circuit is in idle state. LED indicates the power status. In the event of smoke, decade counter is clocked by the pulses from the piezo ceramic element connected to its clock pin. All the outputs of decade counter are fed to relay- driver switching transistor through diodes connected in OR mode. Immediately after clocking, any of the outputs of decade counter would go high and NPN transistor would conduct. As a result, SCR is fired through its gate. This, in turn, energizes relay. The relay contacts can be used to switch any water sprinkler device to prevent major damage caused by fire. The circuit can be reset by momentarily pressing switch. Two Zener diodes at the clock input of IC1 are used for protection against high voltage input. In the case of repeated false triggering of decade counter, add a 100nF capacitor in parallel to the piezoceramic element.
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Block Diagram
Smoke / fire detector 5V Supply
Decade Counter
Switching Circuit
SCR Firing Circuit
LED Display
AC Input
Relay
AIR Blower
Step down T/F
Bridge Rectifier
Filter Circuit
Regulator
Power supply to all sections
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POWER SUPPLY
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POWER SUPPLY DESIGN
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POWER SUPPLY: The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.
FILTER 230V AC 50Hz
D.C Output
Fig 4: Power supply
Step down transformer
Bridge Rectifier
Transformer:
Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required
H F
Regulator
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voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required level.
Fig 5: Transformer Rectifier: The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
Fig 6: Rectifier
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The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge. For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL. For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
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Fig 7: Bridge rectifier
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Filter: Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage. Voltage regulator: As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. The L78xx series of three-terminal positive regulators is available in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and several fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.
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Smoke Detector
DESCRIPTION
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The H21A1, H21A2 and H21A3 consist of a gallium arsenide infrared emitting diode coupled with a silicon phototransistor in a plastic housing. The packaging system is designed to optimize the mechanical resolution, coupling efficiency, ambient light rejection, cost and reliability. The gap in the housing provides a means of interrupting the signal with an opaque material, switching the output from an ON to an OFF state.
FEATURES Opaque housing Low cost .035 apertures High IC(ON) 1. Derate power dissipation linearly 1.33 mW/C above 25C. 2. RMA flux is recommended. 3. Methanol or isopropyl alcohols are recommended as cleaning agents. 1. Soldering iron tip 1/16 (1.6mm) minimum from housing.
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This sensor is used to detect any fire accidents. Whenever a fire accident occurs some smoke is generated. This sensor detest that smoke and gives the response to the microcontroller. The arrangement of this sensor in our sensor board is as shown below.
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CD 4017 Decade Counter/Divider
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General Description The CD4017BM/CD4017BC is a 5-stage divide-by-10 Johnson counter with 10 decoded outputs and a carry out bit. The CD4022BM/CD4022BC is a 4-stage divide-by-8 Johnson counter with 8 decoded outputs and a carry-out bit. These counters are cleared to their zero count by a logical ``1'' on their reset line. These counters are advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical ``0'' state. The configuration of the CD4017BM/CD4017BC and CD4022BM/CD4022BC permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting sequence. The 10/8 decoded outputs are normally in the logical ``0'' state and go to the logical ``1'' state only at their respective time slot. Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle. The carry-out signal completes a full cycle for every 10/8 clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any succeeding stages.
Features
Wide supply voltage range High noise immunity Low power Fan out of 2 driving 74L TTL compatibility or 1 driving 74LS Medium speed operation Low power 1 Fully static operation 5.0 MHz (typ.) with 10V VDD 0 mW (typ.) 3.0V to 15V 0.45 VDD (typ.)
Applications
Automotive Instrumentation Medical electronics Alarm systems Industrial electronics
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Remote metering
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Timing Diagrams
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TRANSISTOR : A Transistor consists of two p-n junctions formed by sandwiching either p-type or n-type semiconductor between a pair of opposite types . Accordingly ; there are two types of transistors , namely ; (i) (ii) n-p-n transistor p-n-p transistor
An n-p-n transistor is composed of two n-type semiconductors Seperated by a thin section of p-type as shown in fig . How ever a p-n-p transistor is formed by two p-sections seperated by a thin n-type as shown in fig.
In each type of transistor , the following points may be noted : (i) There are two p-n junctions . Therefore , a transistor may be regarded as a combination of two diodes connected back to back .
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(ii) (iii)
There are three terminals , taken from each type of semiconductor . The middle section is a very thin layer. This is most important factor in the function of a transistor.
5.7 COMMONLY USED TRANSISTOR CONNECTION: Out of the three transistor connections, the common emitter circuit is the most efficient. It is used in about 90 to 95 per cent of all transistor applications. The main reasons for the widespread use of this circuit arrangement are : HIGH CURRENT GAIN : In a common emitter connection, IC is the output current and IB input current. In this circuit arrangement, collector current is given by ; IC = B IB + ICEO As the value of B is very large, therefore, the output current IC is much more than the input current IB. Hence, the current gain in CE arrangement is very high. It may range from 20 to 500. HIGH VOLTAGE AND POWER GAIN : Due to high current gain, the common emitter circuit has the highest voltage and power gain of three transistor connections. This is the major reason for using the transistor in this circuit arrangement. MODERATE OUTPUT TO INPUT IMPEDANCE RATIO :
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In a common emitter circuit, the ratio of output impedance to input impedance is small (about 50). This makes this circuit arrangement an ideal one for coupling between various transistor stages. However, in other connections, the ratio of output impedance to input impedance is very large and hence coupling becomes highly inefficient due to gross mismatching.
5.8 TRANSISTOR AS AN AMPLIFIER IN CE ARRANGEMENT : Below figure shows the common emitter npn amplifier circuit. Note that a battery VBB is connected in the input circuit in addition to the signal voltage. This d.c. voltage is known as bias voltage and its magnitude is such that it always keeps the emitter-base junction forward biased regardless of the polarity of the signal source.
OPERATION : During the positive half-cycle of the signal, the forward bias across the emitter-base junction is increased. Therefore, more electrons flow from the emitter to the collector via
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the base. This causes an increase in collector current. The increased collector current produces a greater voltage drop across the collector load resistance RC. However, during the negative half-cycle of the signal, the forward bias across emitter-base junction is decreased. Therefore, collector current decreases. This results in the decreased output voltage ( in the opposite direction ). Hence, an amplified output is obtained across the load. 5.10 PERFORMANCE OF TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER : The performance of a transistor amplifier depends upon input resistance , output resistance , effective collector load , current gain , voltage gain and power gain. As common emitter connection is universally adopted , therefore the following mode of connections are taken into consideration INPUT RESISTANCE : It is the ratio of small change in base -emitter voltage to the resulting change in the base current at constant collector emitter voltage i.e. Input resistance , Ri = VBE IB The value of input resistance is quite small because the input circuit is always forward biased. It ranges from about 500 ohms for small forward transistors to as low as 5 ohms for high powered transistors. In fact . input resistance is the opposition offered by the base emitter junction to the flow of signal. Thus , if the input resistance is 500 ohms and the signal voltage at any instant is 1V , then Base current ib = 1V/500 ohms = 2mA OUTPUT RESISTANCE :
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It is the ratio of change in collector emitter voltage (VCE ) to the resulting change in collector current (IC) at constant base current i.e. Output resistance , Ro = VCE IC The output characteristics reveal that collector current changes very slightly with change in collector emitter voltage. Therefore , output resistance is very high. This value is of the order of several hundred kilo-ohms. EFFECTIVE COLLECTOR LOAD : It is the total load as seen by the a.c.collector current. In case of single stage amplifiers , the effective collector load is a parallel combination of Rc and Ro as shown in fig below. Effective collector load, RAC = Rc||Ro =Rc x RO RC+RO = * RC It follows, therefore, that for a single stage amplifier, effective load is equal to collector load Rc. However, in multistage amplifier ( i.e. having more than one amplification stage ), the input resistance Ri of the next stage also comes into picture as shown in below figure. Therefore, effective collector load becomes parallel combination of Rc, Ro, Ri i.e. Effective collector load, RAC = Rc || Ro || Ri = Rc || Ri = Rc x Ri Rc + Ri As input resistance Ri is quite small (25 ohm to 500 ohm ), therefore, effective load is reduced. CURRENT GAIN :
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It is the ratio of change in collector current (Ic) to the change in base current ( IB ) i.e. Current gain , = Ic IB The value of ranges from 20 to 500. The current gain indicates that input current becomes times in the collector circuit Voltage gain : It is the ratio of change in output voltage (VCE ) to the change in input voltage ( VBE ) i.e. Voltage gain, Av = VCE VBE = Change in output current x effective load Change in input current x input resistance = IC RAC IB Ri = IC x IB RAC Ri
= RAC Ri For single stage , RAC = RC. However for multistage , RAC = RC Ri RC + Ri Where Ri is the input resistance. power gain : It is the ratio of output signal power to the input signal power i.e. Power gain , Ap = ( Ic ) RAC (IB ) Ri = (Ic) IC RAC IB IB Ri = current gain voltage gain .
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5.11 Crystal oscillators : If a piezoelectric crystal, usually quartz, has electrodes Plated on opposite faces and if a potential is applied between these electrodes, forces will be exerted on the bound charges with in the crystal. If this device is properly mounted, deformation takes place with in the crystal, and an electromechanical system is formed which will vibrate when properly excited. The resonance frequency and Q depend upon the crystal dimensions, how the surfaces are oriented with respect to its axes, and how the device is mounted. Frequencies ranging from a few kilohertz to a few megahertz, and Qs in the range from several thousand to several hundred thousand , are commercially available. These extraordinarily high values of Q and the fact that the characteristics of quartz are extremely stable with respect to time and temperature account for the exceptional frequency stability of oscillators incorporating crystals . The electrical equivalent circuit of a crystal is indicated in below figure. The inductor L, capacitor C, and resistor R are the analogs of the mass, the compliance ( thee reciprocal of the spring constant ) , and the viscous-damping factor of the mechanical system
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Typical values for a 90-Khz crystal are L = 137 H , C = 0.0235 pF , and R = 15 K , corresponding to Q = 5500.The dimensions of such a crystal are 30 by 4 by 1.5 mm. Since C represents the electrostatic capacitance between electrodes with the crystal as a dielectric, its magnitude (~ 3.5 pF) is very much larger than C. If we neglect the resistance R, the impedance of the crystal is a reactance jX whose dependence upon frequency is given by jX = - j - S C - p S = 1/LC is the series resonant frequency ( the zero impedance frequency ),
where ,
and p = (1/L) (1/C + 1/C) is the parallel resonant frequency ( the infinite impedance frequency ). Since C C, then p S. for the crystal whose parameters are specified above, the parallel frequency is only three tenths of 1 percent higher than the series frequency. For S< < p, the reactance is inductive, and outside this range it is capacitive, as indicated in above fig.Hence the circuit will oscillate at a frequency which lies between S and p but close to the parallel-resonance value. Since p S, the oscillator frequency is essentially determined by the crystal, and not by the rest of the circuit.
PNP GENERAL PURPOSE TRANSISTORS BC547,557,567 FEATURES Low current (max. 100 mA) Low voltage (max. 65 V).
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APPLICATIONS General purpose switching and amplification. DESCRIPTION PNP transistor in a TO-92; SOT54 plastic package.
LIMITING VALUES In accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 134). SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. MAX. UNIT VCBO collector-base voltage open emitter BC556 - -80 V BC557 - -50 V
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VCEO collector-emitter voltage open base BC556 - -65 V BC557 - -45 V VEBO emitter-base voltage open collector - -5 V IC collector current (DC) - -100 mA ICM peak collector current - -200 mA IBM peak base current - -200 mA Ptot total power dissipation Tamb 25 C - 500 mW Tstg storage temperature -65 +150 C Tj junction temperature - 150 C Tamb operating ambient temperature -65 +150 C NPN GENERAL PURPOSE TRANSISTORS BC546; BC547 FEATURES Low current (max. 100 mA) Low voltage (max. 65 V). APPLICATIONS General purpose switching and amplification. DESCRIPTION NPN transistor in a TO-92; SOT54 plastic package.
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LIMITING VALUES In accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 134). 1. Transistor mounted on an FR4 printed-circuit board. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. MAX. UNIT VCBO collector-base voltage open emitter BC546 - 80 V BC547 - 50 V VCEO collector-emitter voltage open base BC546 - 65 V BC547 - 45 V VEBO emitter-base voltage open collector BC546 - 6 V
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BC547 - 6 V IC collector current (DC) - 100 mA ICM peak collector current - 200 mA IBM peak base current - 200 mA Ptot total power dissipation Tamb 25 C; note 1 - 500 mW Tstg storage temperature -65 +150 C Tj junction temperature - 150 C Tamb operating ambient temperature -65 +150 C
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RELAY
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A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered, in a broad sense, to be a form of electrical amplifier. Operation: When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force approximately half as strong as the magnetic force to its relaxed position. Usually this is a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or high current application, this is to reduce arcing. If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a spike of voltage and might cause damage to circuit components. If the coil is designed to be energized with AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the solenoid. This "shading ring" creates a small out-of-phase current, which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle. By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device, a solid-state relay is made with a thyristor or other solid-state switching device. To achieve electrical isolation, a light-emitting diode (LED) is used with a photo transistor. The contacts can be either Normally Open (NO), Normally Closed (NC), or changeover (CO) contacts.
Normally-open contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form A contact or "make"
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contact. Form A contact is ideal for applications that require to switch a highcurrent power source from a remote device. Normally-closed contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form B contact or "break" contact. Form B contact is ideal for applications that require the circuit to remain closed until the relay is activated. Selection of an appropriate relay for a particular application requires evaluation of many different factors:
Number and type of contacts - normally open, normally closed, changeover (double-throw) In the case of changeover, there are two types. This style of relay can be manufactured two different ways. "Make before Break" and "Break before Make". The old style telephone switch required Make-before-break so that the connection didn't get dropped while dialing the number. The railroad still uses them to control railroad crossings.
Rating of contacts - small relays switch a few amperes, large contactors are rated for up to 3000 amperes, alternating or direct current Voltage rating of contacts - typical control relays rated 300 VAC or 600 VAC, automotive types to 50 VDC, special high-voltage relays to about 15,000 V Coil voltage - machine-tool relays usually 24 VAC or 120 VAC, relays for switchgear may have 125 V or 250 VDC coils, "sensitive" relays operate on a few milliamperes
Package/enclosure - open, touch-safe, double-voltage for isolation between circuits, explosion proof, outdoor, oil-splashresistant Mounting - sockets, plug board, rail mount, panel mount, through-panel mount, enclosure for mounting on walls or equipment Switching time - where high speed is required "Dry" contacts - when switching very low level signals, special contact materials may be needed such as gold-plated contacts
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Contact protection - suppress arcing in very inductive circuits Coil protection - suppress the surge voltage produced when switching the coil current Isolation between coil circuit and contacts Aerospace or radiation-resistant testing, special quality assurance Accessories such as timers, auxiliary contacts, pilot lamps, test buttons Regulatory approvals
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Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
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Shockley diodes are curious devices, but rather limited in application. Their usefulness may be expanded, however, by equipping them with another means of latching. In doing so, each becomes true amplifying devices (if only in an on/off mode), and we refer to these as silicon-controlled rectifiers, or SCRs. The progression from Shockley diode to SCR is achieved with one small addition, actually nothing more than a third wire connection to the existing PNPN structure: (Figure below)
If an SCR's gate is left floating (disconnected), it behaves exactly as a Shockley diode. It may be latched by breakover voltage or by exceeding the critical rate of voltage rise between anode and cathode, just as with the Shockley diode. Dropout is accomplished by reducing current until one or both internal transistors fall into cutoff mode, also like the Shockley diode. However, because the gate terminal connects directly to the base of the lower transistor, it may be used as an alternative means to latch the SCR. By applying a small voltage between gate and cathode, the lower transistor will be forced on by the resulting base current, which will cause the upper transistor to conduct, which then supplies the lower transistor's base with current so that it no longer needs to be activated by a gate voltage. The necessary gate current to initiate latch-up, of course, will be much lower than the current through the SCR from cathode to anode, so the SCR does achieve a measure of amplification. This method of securing SCR conduction is called triggering, and it is by far the most common way that SCRs are latched in actual practice. In fact, SCRs are usually chosen so that their breakover voltage is far beyond the greatest voltage expected to be experienced
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from the power source, so that it can be turned on only by an intentional voltage pulse applied to the gate. It should be mentioned that SCRs may sometimes be turned off by directly shorting their gate and cathode terminals together, or by "reverse-triggering" the gate with a negative voltage (in reference to the cathode), so that the lower transistor is forced into cutoff. I say this is "sometimes" possible because it involves shunting all of the upper transistor's collector current past the lower transistor's base. This current may be substantial, making triggered shut-off of an SCR difficult at best. A variation of the SCR, called a Gate-TurnOff thyristor, or GTO, makes this task easier. But even with a GTO, the gate current required to turn it off may be as much as 20% of the anode (load) current! The schematic symbol for a GTO is shown in the following illustration: (Figure below)
The Gate Turn-Off thyristor (GTO) SCRs and GTOs share the same equivalent schematics (two transistors connected in a positive-feedback fashion), the only differences being details of construction designed to grant the NPN transistor a greater than the PNP. This allows a smaller gate current (forward or reverse) to exert a greater degree of control over conduction from cathode to anode, with the PNP transistor's latched state being more dependent upon the NPN's than vice versa. The Gate-Turn-Off thyristor is also known by the name of Gate-Controlled Switch, or GCS. A rudimentary test of SCR function, or at least terminal identification, may be performed with an ohmmeter. Because the internal connection between gate and cathode is a single PN junction, a meter should indicate continuity between these terminals with the red test lead on the gate and the black test lead on the cathode like this: (Figure below)
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Rudimentary test of SCR All other continuity measurements performed on an SCR will show "open" ("OL" on some digital multimeter displays). It must be understood that this test is very crude and does not constitute a comprehensive assessment of the SCR. It is possible for an SCR to give good ohmmeter indications and still be defective. Ultimately, the only way to test an SCR is to subject it to a load current. If you are using a multimeter with a "diode check" function, the gate-to-cathode junction voltage indication you get may or may not correspond to what's expected of a silicon PN junction (approximately 0.7 volts). In some cases, you will read a much lower junction voltage: mere hundredths of a volt. This is due to an internal resistor connected between the gate and cathode incorporated within some SCRs. This resistor is added to make the SCR less susceptible to false triggering by spurious voltage spikes, from circuit "noise" or from static electric discharge. In other words, having a resistor connected across the gate-cathode junction requires that a strong triggering signal (substantial current) be applied to latch the SCR. This feature is often found in larger SCRs, not on small SCRs. Bear in mind that an SCR with an internal resistor connected between gate and cathode will indicate continuity in both directions between those two terminals: (Figure below)
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Larger SCRs have gate to cathode resistor. "Normal" SCRs, lacking this internal resistor, are sometimes referred to as sensitive gate SCRs due to their ability to be triggered by the slightest positive gate signal. The test circuit for an SCR is both practical as a diagnostic tool for checking suspected SCRs and also an excellent aid to understanding basic SCR operation. A DC voltage source is used for powering the circuit, and two pushbutton switches are used to latch and unlatch the SCR, respectively: (Figure below)
SCR testing circuit Actuating the normally-open "on" pushbutton switch connects the gate to the anode, allowing current from the negative terminal of the battery, through the cathode-gate PN junction, through the switch, through the load resistor, and back to the battery. This gate
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current should force the SCR to latch on, allowing current to go directly from cathode to anode without further triggering through the gate. When the "on" pushbutton is released, the load should remain energized. Pushing the normally-closed "off" pushbutton switch breaks the circuit, forcing current through the SCR to halt, thus forcing it to turn off (low-current dropout). If the SCR fails to latch, the problem may be with the load and not the SCR. A certain minimum amount of load current is required to hold the SCR latched in the "on" state. This minimum current level is called the holding current. A load with too great a resistance value may not draw enough current to keep an SCR latched when gate current ceases, thus giving the false impression of a bad (unlatchable) SCR in the test circuit. Holding current values for different SCRs should be available from the manufacturers. Typical holding current values range from 1 milliamp to 50 milliamps or more for larger units. For the test to be fully comprehensive, more than the triggering action needs to be tested. The forward breakover voltage limit of the SCR could be tested by increasing the DC voltage supply (with no pushbuttons actuated) until the SCR latches all on its own. Beware that a breakover test may require very high voltage: many power SCRs have breakover voltage ratings of 600 volts or more! Also, if a pulse voltage generator is available, the critical rate of voltage rise for the SCR could be tested in the same way: subject it to pulsing supply voltages of different V/time rates with no pushbutton switches actuated and see when it latches. In this simple form, the SCR test circuit could suffice as a start/stop control circuit for a DC motor, lamp, or other practical load: (Figure below)
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DC motor start/stop control circuit Another practical use for the SCR in a DC circuit is as a crowbar device for overvoltage protection. A "crowbar" circuit consists of an SCR placed in parallel with the output of a DC power supply, for placing a direct short-circuit on the output of that supply to prevent excessive voltage from reaching the load. Damage to the SCR and power supply is prevented by the judicious placement of a fuse or substantial series resistance ahead of the SCR to limit short-circuit current: (Figure below)
Crowbar circuit used in DC power supply Some device or circuit sensing the output voltage will be connected to the gate of the SCR, so that when an overvoltage condition occurs, voltage will be applied between the gate and cathode, triggering the SCR and forcing the fuse to blow. The effect will be approximately the same as dropping a solid steel crowbar directly across the output terminals of the power supply, hence the name of the circuit.
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Most applications of the SCR are for AC power control, despite the fact that SCRs are inherently DC (unidirectional) devices. If bidirectional circuit current is required, multiple SCRs may be used, with one or more facing each direction to handle current through both half-cycles of the AC wave. The primary reason SCRs are used at all for AC power control applications is the unique response of a thyristor to an alternating current. As we saw, the thyratron tube (the electron tube version of the SCR) and the DIAC, a hysteretic device triggered on during a portion of an AC half-cycle will latch and remain on throughout the remainder of the half-cycle until the AC current decreases to zero, as it must to begin the next half-cycle. Just prior to the zero-crossover point of the current waveform, the thyristor will turn off due to insufficient current (this behavior is also known as natural commutation) and must be fired again during the next cycle. The result is a circuit current equivalent to a "chopped up" sine wave. For review, here is the graph of a DIAC's response to an AC voltage whose peak exceeds the breakover voltage of the DIAC: (Figure below)
DIAC bidirectional response With the DIAC, that breakover voltage limit was a fixed quantity. With the SCR, we have control over exactly when the device becomes latched by triggering the gate at any point in time along the waveform. By connecting a suitable control circuit to the gate of an SCR, we can "chop" the sine wave at any point to allow for time-proportioned power control to a load. Take the circuit in Figure below as an example. Here, an SCR is positioned in a circuit to control power to a load from an AC source.
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SCR control of AC power Being a unidirectional (one-way) device, at most we can only deliver half-wave power to the load, in the half-cycle of AC where the supply voltage polarity is positive on the top and negative on the bottom. However, for demonstrating the basic concept of timeproportional control, this simple circuit is better than one controlling full-wave power (which would require two SCRs). With no triggering to the gate, and the AC source voltage well below the SCR's breakover voltage rating, the SCR will never turn on. Connecting the SCR gate to the anode through a standard rectifying diode (to prevent reverse current through the gate in the event of the SCR containing a built-in gate-cathode resistor), will allow the SCR to be triggered almost immediately at the beginning of every positive half-cycle: (Figure below)
Gate connected directly to anode through a diode; nearly complete half-wave current through load.
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We can delay the triggering of the SCR, however, by inserting some resistance into the gate circuit, thus increasing the amount of voltage drop required before enough gate current triggers the SCR. In other words, if we make it harder for electrons to flow through the gate by adding a resistance, the AC voltage will have to reach a higher point in its cycle before there will be enough gate current to turn the SCR on. The result is in Figure below.
Resistance inserted in gate circuit; less than half-wave current through load. With the half-sine wave chopped up to a greater degree by delayed triggering of the SCR, the load receives less average power (power is delivered for less time throughout a cycle). By making the series gate resistor variable, we can make adjustments to the timeproportioned power: (Figure below)
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Increasing the resistance raises the threshold level, causing less power to be delivered to the load. Decreasing the resistance lowers the threshold level, causing more power to be delivered to the load. Unfortunately, this control scheme has a significant limitation. In using the AC source waveform for our SCR triggering signal, we limit control to the first half of the waveform's half-cycle. In other words, it is not possible for us to wait until after the wave's peak to trigger the SCR. This means we can turn down the power only to the point where the SCR turns on at the very peak of the wave: (Figure below)
Circuit at minimum power setting

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Raising the trigger threshold any more will cause the circuit to not trigger at all, since not even the peak of the AC power voltage will be enough to trigger the SCR. The result will be no power to the load. An ingenious solution to this control dilemma is found in the addition of a phase-shifting capacitor to the circuit: (Figure below)
Addition of a phase-shifting capacitor to the circuit The smaller waveform shown on the graph is voltage across the capacitor. For the sake of illustrating the phase shift, I'm assuming a condition of maximum control resistance where the SCR is not triggering at all with no load current, save for what little current goes through the control resistor and capacitor. This capacitor voltage will be phase-shifted anywhere from 0o to 90o lagging behind the power source AC waveform. When this phaseshifted voltage reaches a high enough level, the SCR will trigger. With enough voltage across the capacitor to periodically trigger the SCR, the resulting load current waveform will look something like Figure below)
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Phase-shifted signal triggers SCR into conduction. Because the capacitor waveform is still rising after the main AC power waveform has reached its peak, it becomes possible to trigger the SCR at a threshold level beyond that peak, thus chopping the load current wave further than it was possible with the simpler circuit. In reality, the capacitor voltage waveform is a bit more complex that what is shown here, its sinusoidal shape distorted every time the SCR latches on. However, what I'm trying to illustrate here is the delayed triggering action gained with the phase-shifting RC network; thus, a simplified, undistorted waveform serves the purpose well. SCRs may also be triggered, or "fired," by more complex circuits. While the circuit previously shown is sufficient for a simple application like a lamp control, large industrial motor controls often rely on more sophisticated triggering methods. Sometimes, pulse transformers are used to couple a triggering circuit to the gate and cathode of an SCR to provide electrical isolation between the triggering and power circuits: (Figure below)
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Transformer coupling of trigger signal provides isolation. When multiple SCRs are used to control power, their cathodes are often not electrically common, making it difficult to connect a single triggering circuit to all SCRs equally. An example of this is the controlled bridge rectifier shown in Figure below.
Controlled bridge rectifier In any bridge rectifier circuit, the rectifying diodes (in this example, the rectifying SCRs) must conduct in opposite pairs. SCR1 and SCR3 must be fired simultaneously, and SCR2 and SCR4 must be fired together as a pair. As you will notice, though, these pairs of SCRs do not share the same cathode connections, meaning that it would not work to simply parallel their respective gate connections and connect a single voltage source to trigger both: (Figure below)
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This strategy will not work for triggering SCR2 and SCR4 as a pair. Although the triggering voltage source shown will trigger SCR4, it will not trigger SCR2 properly because the two thyristors do not share a common cathode connection to reference that triggering voltage. Pulse transformers connecting the two thyristor gates to a common triggering voltage source will work, however: (Figure below)
Transformer coupling of the gates allows triggering of SCR2 and SCR4 . Bear in mind that this circuit only shows the gate connections for two out of the four SCRs. Pulse transformers and triggering sources for SCR1 and SCR3, as well as the details of the pulse sources themselves, have been omitted for the sake of simplicity.
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Controlled bridge rectifiers are not limited to single-phase designs. In most industrial control systems, AC power is available in three-phase form for maximum efficiency, and solid-state control circuits are built to take advantage of that. A three-phase controlled rectifier circuit built with SCRs, without pulse transformers or triggering circuitry shown, would look like Figure below.
Three-phase bridge SCR control of load

REVIEW: A Silicon-Controlled Rectifier, or SCR, is essentially a Shockley diode with an extra terminal added. This extra terminal is called the gate, and it is used to trigger the device into conduction (latch it) by the application of a small voltage.
To trigger, or fire, an SCR, voltage must be applied between the gate and cathode, positive to the gate and negative to the cathode. When testing an SCR, a momentary connection between the gate and anode is sufficient in polarity, intensity, and duration to trigger it.
SCRs may be fired by intentional triggering of the gate terminal, excessive voltage (breakdown) between anode and cathode, or excessive rate of voltage rise between anode and cathode. SCRs may be turned off by anode current falling below the holding current value (low-current dropout), or by "reverse-firing" the gate
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(applying a negative voltage to the gate). Reverse-firing is only sometimes effective, and always involves high gate current.
A variant of the SCR, called a Gate-Turn-Off thyristor (GTO), is specifically designed to be turned off by means of reverse triggering. Even then, reverse triggering requires fairly high current: typically 20% of the anode current.
SCR terminals may be identified by a continuity meter: the only two terminals showing any continuity between them at all should be the gate and cathode. Gate and cathode terminals connect to a PN junction inside the SCR, so a continuity meter should obtain a diode-like reading between these two terminals with the red (+) lead on the gate and the black (-) lead on the cathode. Beware, though, that some large SCRs have an internal resistor connected between gate and cathode, which will affect any continuity readings taken by a meter.
SCRs are true rectifiers: they only allow current through them in one direction. This means they cannot be used alone for full-wave AC power control. If the diodes in a rectifier circuit are replaced by SCRs, you have the makings of a controlled rectifier circuit, whereby DC power to a load may be time-proportioned by triggering the SCRs at different points along the AC power waveform.
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
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Example: Function
Circuit symbol:
LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them. Connecting and soldering LEDs must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be labelled a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for cathode!). The cathode is the short lead and there may be a slight flat on the body of round LEDs. If you can see inside the LED the cathode is the larger electrode (but this is not an official identification method). LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small unless you are very slow. No special precautions are needed for soldering most LEDs.
Testing an LED Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply! It will be destroyed almost instantly because too much current will pass through and burn it out. LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value, for quick testing purposes a 1k correct way round! Colours of LEDs LEDs are available in red, orange, amber, yellow, green, blue and white. Blue and white LEDs are much more expensive than the other colours. resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your supply voltage is 12V or less. Remember to connect the LED the
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The colour of an LED is determined by the semiconductor material, not by the colouring of the 'package' (the plastic body). LEDs of all colours are available in uncoloured packages which may be diffused (milky) or clear (often described as 'water clear'). The coloured packages are also available as diffused (the standard type) or transparent. Advantages

Efficiency: LEDs produce more light per watt than incandescent bulbs. Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without the use of color filters that traditional lighting methods require. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.
Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2) and are easily populated onto printed circuit boards. Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though time to complete failure may be longer.
AC motor
Electric motor
An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy. The reverse process, that of using mechanical energy to produce electrical energy, is accomplished by a
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generator or dynamo. Traction motors used on locomotives and some electric and hybrid automobiles often perform both tasks if the vehicle is equipped with dynamic brakes. Electric motors are found in household appliances such as fans, refrigerators, washing machines, pool pumps, floor vacuums, and fan-forced ovens. They are also found in many other devices such as computer equipment, in its disk drives, printers, and fans; and in some sound and video playing and recording equipment as DVD/CD players and recorders, tape players and recorders, and record players. Electric motors are also found in several kinds of toys such as some kinds of vehicles and robotic toys.
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Advantages: Highly sensitive Fit and Forget system Low cost and reliable circuit Applications: Home / Office Banks Factories Store Rooms
Conclusion
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In this project, we have used Smoke/Fire Detector With Automatic Water Sprinkler System to Avoid Fire Accidents. So using Triac have derived the AC motor. This project can be applied in various areas like spinning industries, offices and in manufacturing of home appliances etc. This project used regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac out put of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer.
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REFERENCE
Text Books: Basics of Secuirty Engineering By David Louis Sensors Engineering Applications By Morris Hamington Website: www.howstuffworks.com www.answers.com www.soundtech.com www.WineYardProjects.com Magazines: Electronics for you Electrikindia

WK116 Smoke Fire Detector Water Sprinkler

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goes high and the entire

Smoke / fire detector 5V Supply

SCR Firing Circuit

Step down T/F

Power supply to all sections

POWER SUPPLY DESIGN

FILTER 230V AC 50Hz

Fig 4: Power supply

Step down transformer

Fig 7: Bridge rectifier

CD 4017 Decade Counter/Divider

Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

Circuit at minimum power setting

Three-phase bridge SCR control of load

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

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