Two-Port S-Parameters

Each 2-port S-parameter has the following generic descriptions: is the input port voltage reflection coefficient is the reverse voltage gain is the forward voltage gain is the output port voltage reflection coefficient

Insertion loss of a switch module at a particular frequency can be used to calculate the power loss or voltage attenuation caused by the switch on a signal at that frequency. Formula for calculating power loss:

Formula for calculating voltage attenuation:

VSWR

is the ratio of reflected-to-transmitted waves.The reflected wave, when summed with the input signal either increases or decreases its net amplitude, depending on whether the reflection is in phase or out of phase with the input signal. The ratio of the maximum (when reflected wave is in phase) to minimum (when reflected wave is out of phase) voltages in the "standing wave" pattern is known as VSWR.

Spectrum analyzer
A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within the full frequency range of the instrument. The primary use is to measure the power of the spectrum of known and unknown signals. The input signal a spectrum analyzer measures is electrical, however, spectral compositions of other signals, such as acoustic pressure waves and optical light waves, can be considered through the use of an appropriate transducer. By analyzing the spectra of electrical signals, dominant frequency, power, distortion, harmonics, bandwidth, and other spectral components of a signal can be observed that are not easily detectable in time domain waveforms. These parameters are useful in the characterization of electronic devices, such as wireless transmitters. The display of a spectrum analyzer has frequency on the horizontal axis and the amplitude displayed on the vertical axis. To the casual observer, a spectrum analyzer looks like an oscilloscope and, in fact, some lab instruments can function either as an oscilloscope or a spectrum analyzer.

. PROJECT NAME: ROLE: DURATION: CLIENTS:

SURGE ARRESTOR
MANUFACTURING ENGINEER OVER 1 YEAR ERRICSSON, VODAFON, IDEA, AIRTEL.

DESCRIPTION: Surge arrestor are designed to protect wireless base station,swithching centers and transmission line from the damaging effects of extreme high voltage surge caused by lighting strikes. RESPONSIBILITIES: Production and testing of surge arrestor with testing reports.

1. PROJECT NAME: ANECHOIC CHAMBER, ROLE: DURATION: CLIENTS: DESCRIPTION: sheet / GI Sheet . can measure the TESTING 6 MONTH

RF ABSORBERS

AIR FORCE SRINAGER,NASIK ( DRDO) The chamber consist of RF absorbers lined on aluminum No any outer waves enter in the anechoic chamber & we accurate Gain & radiation pattern of antenna.

RESPONSIBILITIES: Testing of RF absorber & anechoic chamber to the desired customers specs. A network analyzer A network analyzer (also called a protocol analyzer or packetanalyzer) is an instrument that measures the network parameters of electrical networks. Today, network analyzers commonly measure s parameters because reflection and transmission of electrical networks are easy to measure at high frequencies, Scalar network analyzer (SNA): The scalar network analyzer, SNA is a form of RF network analyzer that only measures the amplitude properties of the device under test - i.e. its scalar properties. In view of this it is the simpler of the various types of analyser.Read more . . . Vector network analyzer (VNA): The vector network analyzer, VNA is a more useful form of RF network analyzer than the SNA as it is able to measure more parameters about the device under test. Not only does it measure the amplitude response, but it also looks at the

phase as well. As a result vector network analyzer, VNA may also be called a gain-phase meter or an Automatic Network Analyzer. Read more . . . Large Signal Network Analyzer (LSNA): The large signal network analyzer, LSNA is a highly specialised for of RF network analyser that is able to investigate the characteristics of devices under large signal conditions. It is able to look at the harmonics and non-linearities of a network under these conditions, providing a full analysis of its operation. A previous version of the Large Signal Network Analyser, LSNA was known as the Microwave Transition Analyzer, MTA.