()

Rb
Rb

(Optical Pumping)
Alfred Kaster, 1950
, ,
1966

1970 (SQUIDs)
100 pT

SQUID

SQUID (Optical
pumping magnetometer, OPM)
SQUIDs OPM

SQUIDsVector OPM Scalar OPM

SQUIDs OPM OPM 0.5 fT/Hz1/2

1 mm SQUIDLow-TC high-TC SQUIDs MHz
Low-TC , high-TC SQUID

High-TC SQUID

Low-TC SQUID

OPM

200C

270C

180C

50 ~ 100 fT/Hz1/2

1 fT/Hz1/2

0.5 ~ 10 fT/Hz1/2

MHz

100 Hz

mm

1 ~ 10 mm

Operation
Temperature
Field sensitivity
Operation

MHz

Bandwidth
Spatial

> 8 mm

Resolution

(K)(Rb)(Cs)
(optical pumping)

(1)
1958

Glass cell
Light
Detector

source
B

(1):

4-1
4-1.1
(Rubidium) 1A

Rb85 Rb87
72.17 % 27.83 % 37
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p65s
L S J = L + S
( ) L
S, S 1/2 J S J = 1/2

2s+1

LJ

2S1/2 L 1 P
D, F, G, H,... P J L+S L-S
P 2P1/2 2P3/2(Fine
Structure)

Spectroscopy notation of electronic state of Rb

atom: 2S+1 LJ
In the case of P state, J can only have
the values L + S and L-S. Thus, there
are two P states 2 P1/2 and 2 P3/2

S
J

First electronic excited state:

2P
S = 1/2, L = 1, J = 1/2,
1/2
S = 1/2, L = 1, J = 3/2, 2 P3/2

2P
3/2
2P
1/2

2S

Fine structure s plitting

First excited electronic state

Ground electronic state

1/2

Ground state: S = , L = 0, J = ,

4-1.1 Rb 5s S, L J
Rb 2S1/2 2p
2P1/2 2P3/2

I J
F = I + JRb87 I = 3/2 F = 1, 2Rb85
I = 5/2 F = 3, 4 2
(F = 1, 2 F = 3, 4)(Hyperfine Structure)
2P1/2 2P3/2 2S1/2 2P1/2 D1 (D1 transition)

87
37Rb atom

1s 2 , 2s2 , 2p6 , 3s2 , 3p6 , 3d10 , 4s2 , 4p6 , 5s1

Spectrocopy notation of electronic state:
2S+1 S

(L=0) , 2S+1 PJ (L =1), 2S+1 DJ (L = 2),

S: Spin angular momentum of electron

L: Orbital angular mome ntum of electron
J: Total electron angular mome ntum
I: Nuclear spin angular momentum
F: Total Spin angular mome ntum of Rb

Alkaline atoms in external magnetic field

4-1.2 IJ

4-1.2
Zeeman
(hyperfine structure)(2F+1) Zeeman (Zeeman structure)
(4-2,a) Rb87 F = 1 mF 3 F = 2 mF 5
(4-2,b) Rb85 3 7 Zeeman
( T)

(4-3) B F (Larmour frequency)

M F

Fine
Structure

(a)

Hyperfine
Structure
F

Zeeman
Structure

2
1
0
-1
-2

2
2P

1/2

-1
0
1

= 795

nm
2
1
0
-1
-2

2
2S

1/2

-1
0
1

Fine
Structure

(b)

Hyperfine
Structure
F

Zeeman
Structure

2P

1/2

= 795

nm
3

2S

mF

1/2

(4-2): (a) Rb87 ; (b) Rb85

mF
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2

B
S
M
F J

(4-3):

F B F B M

g (Lande g-factor)
E =
gJ0MB gJ g 1 gJ:

gJ 1

J ( J 1) S ( S 1) L( L 1)
2 J ( J 1)

gF

gF gJ

J ( J 1) S ( S 1) L( L 1)
2 J ( J 1)

Zeeman
E = gF0MB
E E

E = gF0(M+1)BgF0MB = gF0B

(4-1)

E L

g F 0
1
L =
E =
B = B

(gyromagnetic ratio)

g F 0

(4-2)

Rb877 kHz

/ TRb854.7 kHz / T
1: J. C. Sltater, "Quantum Theory of Atomic Structure," McGraw-Hill, New York, (1960).

4-2 (Optical Pumping)

Rb87 Zeeman (4-4)

mF 1 (+)
(mF)(+1)
(selection rule) FF
= 0, 1 & mF = 0, 1 01
2(4-5)
mF

Fine
Structure

Hyperfine
Structure
F
2

2P

1/2

mF
2
1
0
-1
-2
-1
0
1

= 795 nm
2
2S

Zeeman
Structure

1/2

2
1
0
-1
-2
-1
0
1

(4-4): Rb87 +1 mF = +1

Fine
Structure

Hyperfine
Structure
F

Zeeman
Structure

mF
2
1
0
-1
-2

2
2P

1/2

-1
0
1

= 795 nm

2
1
0
-1
-2

2
2S

1/2

-1
0
1

(4-5): Rb872S1/2|F = 2; mF=02P1/2|F = 2;mF=1()F = 0,

1 & mF = 0, 1; mF=0,+1,+2 ()

F=2 mF =2
(4-6)
Fine
Structure

Hyperfine
Structure
F

Zeeman
Structure

2
2P

1/2

2
1
0
-1
-2
-1
0
1

= 795 nm
2
2S

mF

1/2

2
1
0
-1
-2
-1
0
1

(4-6): Rb87 F=2mF=2

mF=+1

(radio-frequency, RF)
(4-1)

ODMR

(relaxation
mechanism)

(He)(Ne)(Ar)(N2)
(spherical symmetry), Rb
Rb

Rb (1)

(2) 795 nm (3) 795 nm

(Polarizer (4)) (5)
. (7) Rb cell (10)(8)(Silicon
photo detector (9))

(6-2)

Light intensity

Rb

|B|

|B|
B=0

(6-2):

(6-3) B01 0 T
T BRF BRF = 0 Rb

Linear Circular
Polarizer Polarizer
Light
Source

x
RF
z

01

Rb Cell

Detector

to RF Coils
Function
Generator

Electric Meter

(6-3): B01

1/4
yz
yz x
x 0.1 T
(6-3) 14 kHz B01
0 T T rf = L
Rb85
Rb87 Rb85 (6-4)(4-2)
Rb85 Rb87 2.98 T 2 TRb85
Rb87 3.02 T 2.03 T

Transmitted light power (V)

1.145
1.14
1.135
1.13
1.125
1.12
Rb87

Rb85

1.115
0

2
3
External field B01 (T)

(6-4): B01 = 0
Rb87 Rb85

() 2
* Rb

(Zero-Field Transition)

Zeeman (Low-Field Zeeman Effect)

(1) 320 K
:
A.(T) X

B. Cell Heater
( T X SP1 X)
1.

SP1

2.

StRd

3.
4.

RUN

(2) 1/4
(3)
(4) Channels Detector Amplifier OUTPUT Horizontal
Magnetic Field Sweep RECORDER OUTPUT
(5)
(Vertical Magnetic Field 2.0 Horizontal Magnetic Field
0.0 )
(6) Horizontal Magnetic Field Sweep, Zero-Field Transition
(Time 2 Seconds
Start Field 5.5
Range Field 3.0 )
(7) Low-Field Zeeman Effect, RF Field ( Function
Generator ) 8 kHz~180 kHZ
(8) RF Amplifier
(9) Rb Lande g-factor (gF) 1/3,
1/2

() Rb 3
(1) Rb
cell Rb cell
(2) I = I0e-t Rb 790 nm
I0 Rb ()t cell
(t = 2.5 cm)
2: 4B. Low Field Resonances
3: 4A. Absorption of Rb resonance radiation by atomic Rb